Full Text
44 Contact Information Summit County Weed Department [PHONE REDACTED], [PHONE REDACTED] or [PHONE REDACTED] ext. 3979 Email: [EMAIL REDACTED] USU Extension Office, Summit County [PHONE REDACTED], [PHONE REDACTED] or [PHONE REDACTED] ext. 3217 This book is printed by Summit County Weed Department 2018 Weeds of Summit County A guide to identifying noxious weeds. Yellow Toadflax Spotted Knapweed Black Henbane Jointed Goatgrass ---PAGE BREAK--- 2 43 ---PAGE BREAK--- 42 Class III SPURGE Euphorbia Myrsinites) Background: Spurge is also known as donkey tail or creeping spurge, It is a native of Eurasia. It was introduced as an ornamental in rock gardens. Spurge has escaped in some areas and taking over native plants. Spurge is poisonous if digested, and can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It also has the milky sap that can cause eye or skin irritation. Description: Spurge is a biennial or perennial. Grows by tap root and spreads by seed. Flowers: Their flowers are a showy yellowish. Stems are gray- ish green in color growing in close spirals. Control: Spurge can be controlled by pulling if it is a small Infestation. Large infestations need to be controlled with herbicide. 3 Biological, Herbicide and Mechanical control options are avail- able for many or all of the plant discussed in this booklet. Please contact your local weed specialist for more information on how to manage your specific area. Weed control equipment is available for public use. Equip- ment available includes: Back Pack Sprayers, ATV Sprayer, Truck Sprayer, and a Tractor Sprayer. Equipment may be bor- rowed, at no cost, for up to two weeks. ---PAGE BREAK--- 4 Using This Handbook This book contains a listing of weeds that are designated by the State of Utah and/or Summit County as noxious weeds. Effective April 2016 the Utah Noxious Weed Act was also amended to al- low for an updated categorization of weeds based on preventative or management measures. The categories are as follows: Class IA: Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR)/Watch List: Plants not known to be in Summit County, but thought to be pre- sent in neighboring states. If found in the state or county, swift eradication of any plants in this category is a very high priority. Class IB: Early Detection (ED): Plants that occur in Summit County at very low levels. It is a high priority to eradicate all known populations and prevent new ones. Class II: Control: Plants that have a reasonable distribution in Summit County, but do not occur everywhere. These should be given a high priority for control. Class III: Contain: Plants widely distributed in Summit County. The current populations of these plants should be contained to halt their spread. These plants should not enter commercial channels. Class IV: Prohibited: Plants that are present in Summit County, appear to be arriving in nursery stock/seed, and are being sold as ornamentals. This is now illegal. 41 Class III BERMUDAGRASS (Cynodon Dactylon) Background: Bermudagrass is a native of Africa, it prefers warmer climates. It can pose a threat to crops. Description: Bermudagrass reproduces by seed and rhizomes and lateral stolons that take root at any node. It is a low growing and sod forming perennial grass with upright stems about 12 inches tall. Seed head have 3 to 7 terminal spikes, each about 2 inches long. Control: Bio– Control is not available. Herbicides can offer good control. Do not use a tiller it will break up the root system and spread it faster. ---PAGE BREAK--- 40 Class III QUACKGRASS (Elytrigia Repens) Background: Quackgrass is a native of the Mediterranean. It infects rangelands, pastures, and lawns. It adapts well to most soils Description: Quackgrass is a perennial grass which grows 1 to 3 feet tall. It reproduces by seed and rhizomes, the rhizomes can penetrate hard soil. Leaf blades are up to 1 inch wide. Seed heads are 3 to 4 inches long and narrow. Control: Bio– Control is not available. Herbicides offer fair control for small infestations when applied from early spring to winter. 5 Noxious Weeds The Summit County weed department hopes this weed book will be helpful for weed identification and control in your yards, along trails, open space, fields, or pastures. What is a noxious Weed? A noxious weed is a plant that is not native to the United States or to Utah. These plants have been brought in by ignorance, mismanagement, or accident. A Noxious weed is invasive species of a plant that has been designat- ed by county or state as one that is injurious to agricultural and or horticultural crops, natural habitats, and ecosystems, or humans or livestock. Noxious weeds typically are plants that grow aggressively, multiply quickly without some type of control and adversely affect native habitats, and/or croplands. Noxious weeds are a large problem in many parts of Summit County greatly affecting acres of agriculture land, forest lands, parks, ski re- sorts and open spaces around older subdivisions. Devastation caused by noxious weeds is enormous, Economic losses from weeds are estimated to exceed $20 billion annually in the Unit- ed States. Preventing new infestations as well as preserving and protecting lands not presently infested, is the first line of defense against ag- gressive noxious weeds. Prevention requires awareness. Summit County is beefing up their program in hopes of increasing weed recognition, weed infestation reporting and ultimately better weed control. We ask that the public help us be more effective by being able to recognize, report, and control new infestations before they become a problem. ---PAGE BREAK--- 6 2017 County Reclassification of State List *not all weeds on this list are discussed in this booklet. Class 1A: Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) Watch Common crupina Crupina vulgaris Afican rue Pegamun harmala Small bugloss Anchusa arvensis Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopi Spring millet Milium vernale Syrian beancaper fabago Ventenata (North African Grass) Ventenata dubia Plumeless thistle Carduus acanthoides Malta thistle Centaurea melitensis Camelthorn Alhagi maurorum Purple starthistle Cantaurea calcitrapa Goatsrue Galega officinalis African mustard Brassica tournefortii Giant Reed Arundo donax Japanese knotweed Polygomun cuspidatum Elongated mustard Brassica elongate Common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum Cutleaf vipergrass Scorzonera laciniata Medusahead Taeniatherum caput-medusae Rush skeletonweed Chondrilla juncea Jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrical Perennial sorghum spp. Including but not limited to Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense) and Sorghum Almum (Sorghum Almum) 39 Class III FIELD BINDWEED (Convolvulus Arvensis) Background: Field Bindweed is native to Europe. It grows in fields, roadsides, pastures, gardens, and just about anywhere. Description: Field Bindweed is a perennial with stems up to 6 feet long growing prostrate. The root system may grow to a depth of 10 feet and seeds can lay viable for up to 50 years. Leaves are arrow shaped and can be 2 inches long. Flowers: Flowers are funnel shaped, White to Pink and 1 inch wide. Blooms from June through September. Control: Bio–control is available. Herbicides offer good control when applied from late spring to killing frost. ---PAGE BREAK--- 38 Class II PHRAGMITES (Phragmites austrailis) Background: Phragmites is a native to North America and Europe. This plant can grow in wetlands, marshes, and waterways, where it can form impenetrable stands. Description: A perennial grass that is rhizomatous with hollow and often creeping stems. This plant can grow up to 10 feet tall and has rough margined leaves up to 1.5 feet long. Flowers: Flowers form a dense, brown, feathery plumes at stem tips. Control: Bio-control is not available. Aquatically approved herbicides can be effective. 7 Class 1B: Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolate Common vipers bugloss (Blueweed) Echium vulgare Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula Purple loosestrife salicaria Squarrose knapweed Centaurea virgate Yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis Yellow toadflax Linaria vulgaris Diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa Tamarisk (Saltcedar) Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb Class 2: (Control) Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Spotted knapweed Centaurea virgate Dyers woad Isatis tinctoria Black henbane Hyoscyamus niger Dalmation toadfoax Linaris dalmatica Russian knapweed Rhaponticum repens Houndstounge Cynoglossum officianale Perennial Pepperweed (Tall Whitetop) Lepidium latifolium Phragmates (Common reed) Phragmutes australis ssp. Hoary cress (White top) Cardaria spp. Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum Musk thistle Carduus nutans Scotch thistle Onopordium acanthium ---PAGE BREAK--- 8 Class 3(Containment) Quackgrass Elymus repens Bermudgrass Cynodon dactylon Field bindweed (Wild Morning Glory) Convolvulus Arvensis Murtle spurge (Blue spurge) Euphorbia myrsinites Class 4: (Prohibited) Cogongrass (Japanese blood grass) Imperata cylindrical Dame’s rocket Hesperis matronalis Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia County listed weeds Scentless chamomile Mayweed chamomile Corn chamomile Common Burdock 37 Class II HOARY CRESS Background: This plant is a native of Europe. It is found along roadsides, disturbed areas, field edges, and grain fields. Description: Hoary cress is a perennial plant, 1 to 2 feet tall with creeping root stocks. Leaves are finely toothed, upper leaves clasp the stem. Bloom is late spring with cluster of white flowers, each flower containing 4 pedals. Seed pods are hear shaped and each contain 2 seeds. Control: Bio-control is in early stages. Herbicides can offer good control when applied from rosette to early bloom. Hoary cress infestations can take years to control effectively. ---PAGE BREAK--- 36 Class II COMMON BURDOCK (Arctium Minus) Background: Common Burdock is a native to Europe. This plant can be found throughout most of the United States, it grows along ditch banks, road sides, in pastures and waste areas. It likes shady areas. Description: Common Burdock is a biennial, which forms a rosette the first year, the second year the plant develops flowers and seeds. Some rosette’s can reach 3 feet across. Leaves are heart shaped and wooly underneath. The stem is hollow and can reach 3 to 7 feet tall. The seed heads are bur-like and can attach themselves to animal hair, clothes, etc. Control: Bio-control is not available. Herbicides work good if applied between the rosette and pre-bloom stage. This plant can be pulled out but may be tough depending on the size of the plant. 9 Table of Contents CLASS JOINTED CLASS GARLIC 11 YELLOW PURPLE YELLOW STAR 15 LEAFY DIFFUSE VIPERS CLASS DYER’S WOAD HOUNSTONGUE OXEYE DAISY BLACK HENBAE PERENNIAL PEPPERWEED 25 RUSSIAN KNAPWEED 26 SPOTTED KNAPWEED 27 CANADA THISTLE 28 MUSK THISTLE 29 SCOTCH THISTLE 30 DALMATION TOADFLAX 31 POISON HEMLOCK 32 SCENTLESS 33 MAYWEED CHAMOMILE 34 CORN CHAMOMILE 35 COMMON BURDOCK 36 HOARY CRESS 37 CLASS III…….. FIELD BINDWEED 39 QUACKGRASS 40 BURMUDAGRASS 41 ---PAGE BREAK--- 10 Class IA Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical) Background: Jointed Goatgrass is a native to Eurasia and is a weed in rangeland, disturbed areas, fields, pastures, and along roadsides. It is also a common contaminant in grain. Description: This plant is a winter annual grass with hollow stems that branch at the base and can grow up to 2.5 feet tall. The seed heads are cylindrical, jointed stacks that break into individual pieces when mature. Control: Bio-control is not available. Mowing and tilling can give good control prior to seed set. Crop Rotation can also be an effective control. 35 Class II CORN CHAMOMILE (Anthemis Arvensis) Background: Corn Chamomile is a native to Europe. It can be found in fields, gardens, and disturbed areas. Description: Corn Chamomile is an annual or winter annual. Leaves alternate, finely divided and has no odor. Flowers: Flowers are white rays with yellow rayed disks. This plant starts blooming in early spring until late summer. Control: Bio-control is not available. Herbicides work good if applied between the rosette and pre-bloom stage. ---PAGE BREAK--- 34 Class II MAYWEED CHAMOMILE (Anthemis Cotula) Background: Mayweed Chamomile is a native of Europe and the Mediterranean regions. This plant can be found in wood- lands, crop fields, road sides and other disturbed areas. Description: Mayweed Chamomile is an annual bush. It grows 1 to 2 feet tall. Leaves divide several times into narrow seg- ments. Flowers: Ray flowers are white and commonly have 12 petals. The disk flowers are yellow and numerous. Bract are papery in tex- ture. Mayweed has a strong odor when crushed. Control: Bio-control is not available. Herbicides can offer good control if applied from rosette to pre-bloom. It can also be pulled out or cut to the ground before the plant blooms. 11 Class IB GARLIC MUSTARD (Alliaria Petiloata) Background: Garlic Mustard is an exotic species introduced from Europe. Garlic Mustard grows in upland flood plains, under conifers, along streams and along roads and trails. Description: Garlic Mustard is a cool season biennial herb that ranges from 12-48 inches in height as an adult flowering plant. Leaves and stems emit odor of onion or garlic when crushed. First year plants consist of a cluster of 3-4 round, scal- lop-edged leaves. Second year plants generally produce one or two flowering stems with numerous white flowers. Leaves are triangle in shape, have large teeth and can be two inches across in fruiting plants. Control: Minor infestations can be eradicated by pulling the infested area for up to 10 consecutive years. Also, cutting flow- ering plants at ground level has resulted in 99% mortality if re- peated for many years. Herbicides can work well on large patch- es in early spring or late fall. ---PAGE BREAK--- 12 Class IB YELLOW TOADFLAX (Linaria Vulgaris) Background: Yellow Toadflax originated from Eurasia. It is an aggressive invader of range lands, roadsides, and waste areas. This plant has an extensive root system which makes it hard to control. It reproduces by seeds and roots. Description: This perennial weed grows to 2 feet tall. Leaves are narrow and pointed and are around 2 inches long. Flowers: The flowers are 1 inch long with an orange throat and a long tail. Yellow Toadflax blooms in late spring into summer. Fruits are small 2 celled capsules containing many seeds. Control: There is some bio-control that is working fair. Herbicide can offer good control. It is best to contact your local weed special- ist for options. 33 Class II SCENTLESS CHAMOMILE (Tripleurospermum Perforatum) Background: Scentless Chamomile was introduced to Can- ada as a garden flower from Europe, where it is a major weed. Since its introduction it has spread to most of the province of Can- ada. Description: Scentless Chamomile is a biennial or short lived perennial. The rosette has finely divided fern-like leaves. Flowers: Scentless Chamomile has a daisy-like flower and is a super seed producer. Control: Bio-control agents are currently being tested in Can- ada. Mowing and tillage can help reduce the seed production but mowing must be repeated often. Hand pulling and burning work very well. Herbicides are only effective when the plant is very young. ---PAGE BREAK--- 32 Class II POISON HEMLOCK (Conium Maculatum) Background: Poison Hemlock is a native of Europe. All parts of this plant are toxic. The plant is found along roadways, field edges and waterways. Description: Poison Hemlock is a biennial plant from the carrot family. It can grow 6 to 10 feet tall and has stout, hollow stems and shiny green leaves. Flowers: Small white flowers are borne in umbrella-shaped clusters about 3 inches across. It reproduces from seeds that are ridged and flattened with 2 seeds borne together. Control: Bio-control is available and can offer good control. Herbicides offer excellent control when used between the rosette and pre-bloom stages. 13 Class IB PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE Salicaria) Background: Purple loosestrife is a European plant probably introduced as an ornamental. It reproduces by both seed and creeping roots. Infestations can impede water flow and invades lakes, river beds and wetlands. Description: Purple loosestrife is a semi-aquatic perennial growing 6 to 8 feet tall. The flowers have 5 to 7 petals on a rose purple colored flower. It can produce up to 2.7 million seeds per mature plant. These characteristics allow purple loosestrife to invade and squeeze out native plants rapidly. Control: Bio-control offers some ability to provide long term control, however, this way takes years to become established. Herbicides with an aquatic label can offer good control. ---PAGE BREAK--- 14 Class IB MEDUSAHEAD (Taeniatherum Caput-Medusae) Background: Medusahead was brought to the United States from Eurasia. It is extremely competitive and can completely dis- place other desirable grasses. Description: Medusahead is a winter annual grass which grows 6 to 10 inches tall. Leaf blades are about 1/8 inch thick. The awns of the seed head are long and become twisted as the seed matures. Flowers: Flowering and seed production takes place in late spring and early summer. The stiff awns and hard florets can injure eyes and mouths of grazing animals. Control: Bio–control is not available. A combination of burning, herbicide and reseeding offers best control. This control is best used in late fall or early winter. 31 Class II DALMATION TOADFLAX (Linaria Dalmatica) Background: Dalmatian Toadflax is a native of Europe brought to the United States as an ornamental plant. It prefers sandy soil, range land, and road sides. It is very aggressive and has deep roots. Description: Dalmatian Toadflax is a perennial that can grow 2 to 4 feet. Blue-green leaves line the multiple stems that come from the base. It has wedge shaped leaves that have a waxy cuticle that clasps to the stem. It reproduces by seed or rootstock. Flowers: Flowers are yellow with white highlights and have long tails. They look a lot like snap dragons. Fruits are 2 celled berry-like capsules containing many seeds. Control: Bio-control offers fair to good control. Select herbi- cides offer good control if applied in the spring and fall. Pulling in the spring is an option for small infestations. ---PAGE BREAK--- 30 Class II SCOTCH THISTLE (Onoprodum Acanthium) Background: Scotch Thistle is native to Europe and east- ern Asia. This plant will grow well in waste areas and disturbed areas. Description: Scotch Thistle is a biennial plant that can grow 3 to 8 feet tall. Rosettes can grow up to 4 feet. Blue-green leaves are spiny up to 1 foot wide and 2 feet long covered with dense hair. Flowers: Flowers are violet to reddish with spine tipped bracts. Blooms occur in mid-summer. Control: Bio-control testing is currently being conducted. Herbicides can offer good control if applied during the rosette to pre-bloom stage. 15 Class IB YELLOW STAR THISTLE (Centaurea Solstitialis) Background: Yellow Star Thistle is native to Europe’s Medi- terranean region. It grows in dry rangelands, roadsides, and waste areas. Description: Yellow Star Thistle is a winter annual, maturing from 2 to 3 feet tall. It spreads exclusively by seed, which may lay dormant for as long as 10 years. Yellow Star Thistle poison- ing has occurred in horses as well as in laboratory test animals. Leaves are deeply lobed. Stems are sparsely leaved and heavily ridged. Flowers: Flowers are yellow, thorns are cream colored thorns, 1/4 to 3/4 inches long and protrude from the flowering head. It blooms in early spring. Control: Bio-control is available, and has shown to work well in some sites, and select herbicides offer good control when ap- plied between rosette and bloom stage. ---PAGE BREAK--- 16 Class IB LEAFY SPURGE (Euphorbia Esula) Background: Leafy Spurge is a native of Eurasia. It is an ag- gressive invader of pastures, rangelands, stream banks, or any waste area. Description: Leafy Spurge is a perennial which grows up to 3 feet tall. The leaves are narrow, 1 to 4 inches long. In late spring, yellow/green flower bracts appear. Seeds are contained in 3 celled capsules which can shoot seeds up to 15 feet. This plant has an extensive root system, up to 20 feet long and 15 feet deep. It is toxic to cattle and can cause death. Control: Leafy Spurge is very hard to control. Bio-control is proving to be a good way of controlling this plant. Some test plots have proven great success. Herbicides work fair; however, new herbicides are helping to reduce the infestations. 29 Class II MUSK THISTLE (Carduus Nutans) Background: Musk Thistle is a native of southern Europe and western Asia. This plant thrives in waste areas, pastures, road sides, and rangelands. Description: Musk Thistle is a biennial or winter annual that grows 2 to 6 feet tall. Leaves are deeply lobed distinguished by a dark green blade with prominent light green midrib. Flowers: Flowers may be violet, purple or rose colored. This plant blooms in June and July. Control: Bio-control is not available. Select herbicides offer good control if applied from rosette to pre-bud stage. Cutting the plant to ground level will help control seed production. ---PAGE BREAK--- 28 Class II CANADA THISTLE (Cirsium Arvense Background: Canada Thistle is native of southeastern Eur- asia. This plant can live in almost any condition, but does espe- cially well in moist soils. Description: Canada Thistle is a perennial plant that usual- ly grows 1 to 4 feet tall and has spiny tipped leaves. Flowers: Flowers are softly spiny light pink to purple. Bloom occurs in July and August. Control: There are several bio-control agents that offer fair control. Herbicides work well when applied to actively growing plants from spring to fall. 17 Class IB TAMARISK (Tamarix Chinensis) Background: Tamarisk is a deciduous shrub or small tree from Eurasia. Tamarisk was brought to the United States as an ornamental plant and was later used as a wind break and to stabi- lize river banks. Tamarisk grows in dense, nearly impenetrable thickets, Tamarisk can consume up to 200 gallons of water a day, it is also a fire threat. Description: Tamarisk is also known as Salt Cedar. It can grow up to 25 feet tall, its leaves are scale-like and alternate with salt secreting glands. Flowers: Tamarisk has small petals that are pinkish, or white. Each plant can produce as many as 500,000 seeds annually. Control: Bio-control works well with the salt cedar leaf beetle. Mowing works with fair success when trees are small enough. Herbicide can work well when treating with a follow up treat- ment for a couple of years. ---PAGE BREAK--- 18 Class IB DIFFUSE KNAPWEED ( Centaurea Diffusa) Background: Native of Eurasia, Diffuse Knapweed inhabits dry rangeland, roadsides, and field edges. This exotic invader is a member of the sun flower family. This plant threatens wildlife habitat, and pasture grasses. Description: Diffuse Knapweed is an annual or short lived perennial. It grows 1 to 2 feet tall. Leaves have finely divided lobes. Flowers: Flowers are white to rose colored. It has toothed flower bracts that are straight rather than arched outward. Control: Several bio-control agents are available that provide fair to good control. Select herbicides can offer good to excellent control when applied at the right time of year. Cutting, mowing and tillage offers good control. 27 Class II SPOTTED KNAPWEED (Centaurea Maculosa) Background: Native of Eurasia this plant is found in rangelands, roadsides and any disturbed soils. It also releases a chemical into the soil that will inhibit the growth of native plants. Description: Spotted Knapweed is a short lived perennial, growing 1 to 3 feet tall. Leaves are deeply lobed and may be 6 inches in length. Flowers: Flowers are pink with spots on the bracts. They bloom in early summer. Control: There are several bio-control options that offer good control. Select herbicides offer good to excellent control if ap- plied from rosette to pre-bud stage. ---PAGE BREAK--- 26 Class II RUSSIAN KNAPWEED (Acroptilon Repens) Background: Russian Knapweed is from Eurasia. It infests rangelands, right-of-ways and any disturbed soils. It also releases chemical substances in the soil that inhibit the growth of native plants. Description: Russian Knapweed is a perennial that grows 2 to 3 feet tall. Leaves are basal lobed and are 2 to 4 inches long. Flowers: Flowers are pinkish to purple and flower bracts have membranous cream colored tips. Blooms early to late sum- mer. Control: Bio-control is in its early stages. Select herbicides offer good control if applied between pre-bloom and killing frost. 19 Class IB VIPERS BUGLOSS (Echium Vulgare) Background: Viper’s Bugloss is a native of Europe and Cen- tral Asia. Description: Viper’s Bugloss is a biennial plant. The first year it produces a rosette. During the second year the plant will bolt and produce 1 to 20 flowering stems. This can be found on roadsides and disturbed areas where is spreads fast on any dry soil. Flowers: Flower colors are florescent light blue to purple. Flowering occurs from July until hard frost. Control: Bio-control is not available. Herbicide is very effec- tive, when applied in the spring or fall. WARNING– ALL PARTS OF VIPERS BUGLOSS ARE TOXIC ---PAGE BREAK--- 20 Class IB PUNCTUREVINE (Tribulus Terrestris) Background: Puncturevine is a native to Eurasia and Africa. It can be found along roadsides, in croplands, pastures, and waste areas. It tolerates very dry conditions and poor soil. Description: Punctervine is a summer annual plant with a deep taproot. Leaves consist of four to eight pairs of oval-shaped leaflets. Tiny hairs cover the stem and leaves. Flowers: The plant produces a single, bright yellow flower with five-petals, that bloom throughout the summer. The fruit is spiny and turns brown and woody as it matures. It then splits into five separate, wedge-shaped seedpods. Control: Biocontrol may be available. It can be controlled by digging, hoeing, and hand pulling every few weeks throughout the season before fruit develops. Herbicide can be effective. 25 Class II PERENNIAL PEPPERWEED (Lepidium Latifolium) Background: Native of Europe and Asia this plant is found mostly in wet areas along roadsides, pastures and crop lands. Description: Perennial Pepperweed is a perennial which grows from 1 to 6 feet tall. Leaves have smooth to toothed margins. Stems and leaves are waxy. Flowers: Flowers are white and form white clusters at the end of the branches. Flowering takes place from summer to fall. This weed has lateral spreading rootstalks. Control: Bio-control is in its early stages. Select herbicides offer good control if applied from rosette actively growing to pre- bloom. DO NOT till the soil, as each plant fragment can grow into another plant. ---PAGE BREAK--- 24 Class II BLACK HENBANE (Hyoscyamus Niger) Background: Black Henbane is a native of Europe. It is found in waste areas, along right-of-ways and fence lines. Description: Black Henbane is toxic to both humans and animals. It is a biennial. This plant grows 1 to 3 feet tall. Flowers: Flowers are off white with purple centers. Seed pods are pineapple shaped and contain hundreds of tiny black seeds. They bloom in late spring. Control: Bio-control is not available. Herbicides can be very effective if applied from the rosette to pre-bloom stage. 21 Class II DYER’S WOAD (Isatis Tinctoria) Background: Dyer’s Woad is a native of Europe. This plant was brought here for the production of textile dyes. It thrives in waste areas, gravel pits, road sides, pastures, and any disturbed soils. Description: Dyer’s Woad can be a biennial, or short lived perennial or winter annual. Heights of 1 to 3 feet are common and it has a thick deep tap root. The leaves are blue-green with a whit- ish midrib. Large plants can produce up to 100,000 seeds. Mature seeds turn black to dark brown. Flowers: Dyer’s Woad has a bright yellow bloom that are highly visible in late spring. Control: Bio-control rust fungus and other agents are under research. Herbicide offers good control if applied at the proper time of year and when applied in rosette to pre-bloom stage. ---PAGE BREAK--- 22 Class II HOUNDSTONGUE (Cynoglossum Officinate) Background: Houndstongue is a native to Europe. It thrives along roadsides, trails, pastures, and rangelands. Because of the Velcro/bur like seed it can travel anywhere. Description: Houndstongue is a biennial that is 1 to 4 feet tall, basal leaves are about 3 inches wide with a hairy surface. Up- per leaves are narrower about 1 inch wide and have a curled ap- pearance. Flowers: Houndstongue has small reddish purple flowers. They bloom in early spring. Each flower produces four green, bur- like fruits that turn brown as they mature. Control: Bio-control is not available. Herbicides can offer good to excellent control when applied between the rosette and bloom stage. Digging before plant seeds develop can offer good control. 23 Class II OXEYE DAISY Leucanthemum) Background: This plant is native to Europe, it lives in poor soils and thrives on roadsides, meadows and waste areas. Description: Oxeye Daisy is a perennial. This rhizomatous plant grows 1 to 3 feet tall. Leaves are lance shaped with coarse teeth. Flowers: Flowers range in diameter from 1 to 2.5 inches and appear from June to August. It can spread by seed. Control: Bio-control is not available. Cutting or mowing is effective but it must be kept from going to seed. Herbicides are also effective if applied from rosette to bloom stage.