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City of Star Demographic Report Summary 2025 PREPARED FOR CITY OF STAR MAY 2025 CLEARWATER FINANCIAL I www.clearwaterfinancial.biz ---PAGE BREAK--- 1 Contents Executive Summary: Demographics & Growth 2 Key Demographic and Growth-Based Takeaways 2 Population 5 Gender Composition 0 Age Structure 0 Population Forecast 1 Housing 3 Education 4 Income and Earnings 6 Workforce and Economic Activity 8 Key Growth-Based Takeaways by Sector 9 Demographic-Based Implications for Capital Planning 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms 14 Attachments 16 ---PAGE BREAK--- 2 City of Star, Idaho, Demographics Executive Summary: Demographics & Growth The City of Star, Idaho, is undergoing transformative population growth, with increases in both total residents and changes in age, household, and employment composition. The City’s population grew from 11,117 in 2020 to over 20,000 by 2024, a growth rate of over 80% in four years, and more than 1,000% since 1990. Mid-range projections estimate the population will reach 34,250 by 2030, 57,000 by 2040, and 87,250 by 2060. These numbers represent a tripling of Star’s population within the next 35 years. This accelerated expansion places increasing demand on Star’s core public services and infrastructure, particularly police protection, parks, and multi-use pathways, which were largely built to serve a much smaller, less dense population. In addition, Star’s shifting age structure, declining household size, and expanding labor force point to evolving service expectations that require a data-informed approach to long-range capital planning. Key Demographic and Growth-Based Takeaways Population Growth Trends • Star's population has increased by over 800% since 2000, reflecting one of the fastest- growing communities in the Treasure Valley. • Between 2020 and 2024, the City added more than 9,000 residents, growth rates that previously occurred over 10-year periods now occurring in less than half that time. • The annual population change in recent years (2020-2024) has averaged approximately 2,313 residents per year, up from a historical average of 905 per year. • Long Range forecasts suggest continued strong growth: o Low: 71,356 residents by 2060 o Mid: 87,250 residents by 2060 o High: 110,587 residents by 2060 Age and Household Composition • Star's median age increased from 31.3 in 2013 to 40.6 in 2023, suggesting an aging population. • The senior population (65+) grew 606.6% from 2013 to 2023, from 391 to 2,763 residents. • The number of households grew from 1,841 in 2013 to 4,682 in 2023 (a 154.3% increase). • While average household sizes have declined, larger household sizes among renters indicate shifting housing needs and increased demand for multi-functional public spaces. Housing and Density • Housing units increased from 1,841 in 2013 to 4,682 in 2023, tracking closely with population growth. ---PAGE BREAK--- 3 • Vacancy rates dropped significantly, from 13.5% in 2013 to 4.3% in 2023, suggesting strong and sustained housing demand. • Forecasted housing units by 2060 range from 25,409 (low) to 39,321 (high), with the mid-range estimate at 31,045 units. • Higher residential densities, particularly in newer subdivisions, will require corresponding increases in nearby infrastructure. Educational and Income Shifts • Educational attainment has risen significantly, with residents holding bachelor’s degrees increasing by 257% between 2013 and 2023. • Median household income rose from $63,503 in 2013 to $91,318 in 2023, with the number of households earning over $200,000 growing from 6 to 452 in the same period. Employment and Workforce • The employed labor force grew by 154%, from 2,494 workers in 2013 to 6,336 in 2023. • Full-time workers grew by 141%, and workforce growth was most significant in education, health services, construction, and the arts/entertainment/food sectors. • These trends suggest increased demand for police services, recreational facilities, and non-motorized transportation infrastructure. Introduction Star, Idaho is located within southwestern Idaho in Ada and Canyon Counties. The City of Star is one of 14 incorporated cities in the Ada-Canyon Counties area, and adjacent to the Cities of Eagle, Meridian, Middleton, and Nampa. Several highways are adjacent to or cross the City, including US20/26 on the South, SH16 generally on the east, and SH 44 east-west through Star. The Boise River bisects the City between State Street (SH 44) and Chinden Boulevard (US 20/26). All highways are operated by the Idaho Transportation Department, and all other public roadways by the Ada County Highway District (in Ada County) or Canyon Highway #4 (in Canyon County). ---PAGE BREAK--- 4 Figure: City of Star, Aerial ---PAGE BREAK--- 5 Figure: City of Star, Regional Context Population As of the most recent decennial Census (2020), the population of Star was 11,117 people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2025). The total population change from 1990 to 2020 was 10,469 people. All population changes between decennial (10-year) Census counts were positive, 1,147 being the lowest and 5,324 being the highest. The average decennial change has been 163.88% (+3,490 people per 10-years) or 16.39% year over year averages (+291 people per 1-year). In Ada and Canyon Counties, the regional Metropolitan Planning Organization (COMPASS) processes yearly population estimates based on the housing unit methodology. This uses the most recent decennial data for housing, and builds upon it considering new construction, demolitions, average persons per household, and then vacancies. The following table includes Census data for 10-year periods, and COMPASS data for 1-year periods. ---PAGE BREAK--- 6 Table: City of Star, Decennial Census Populations and COMPASS Estimates Year Population Change Over Previous (10 yr.) % Change (10 Yr.) Year Over Year % Change # Change Year over Year 1980 - - - - - 1990 648 - - - - 2000 1,795 1,147 177.0% 17.7% 96 2010 5,793 3,998 222.7% 22.3% 333 2020 11,117 5,324 91.9% 9.2% 444 2021 (est.) 13,410 20.6% 2,293 2022 (est.) 15,230 13.6% 1,820 2023 (est.) 17,690 16.2% 2,460 2024 (est.) 20,370 15.1% 2,680 Total Change (dec.) 10,469 Recent Change (dec.) 5,324 1,326 157.3% 15.7% 111 Historical Change (dec.) 3,490 163.88% 16.39% 291 Recent Change (est.) 163.8% 16.4% 2,313 Average Change (all) 161.6% 16.2% 905 Note: See the References section for list of historical Census population records. 1980 Census population information and earlier is not available from the Census Bureau (despite incorporation as a City much earlier). Years with “dec.” reflect decennial counts, years with “est.” include COMPASS estimates, and Average all (all) is for all periods. Orange underlined values are important for forecasting work later in this Report. Growth has been increasing dramatically since 2020, with 10-year increases during previous decades being matched in only 2 to 3-years. Since small changes to percentage values can amount to large housing and population changes and since a flat percentage is exponential when considering high yearly gains, it is an unrealistic metric when considering changes to the City of Star. Instead, average population changes by total will be overviewed when considering both more recent changes and forecast values later in this Report. Where historical decennial changes amount to approximately 300 people per year, more recent population estimates from COMPASS are more than 2,300 people per year. The average of yearly changes is approximately 900 people per year. The following maps depict the City of Star, its Area of City Impact (modified to account for annexations by the City of Star and others), and the decennial Census populations by Census blocks (the smaller geographic area that information is reported), both by total counts and population per acre. ---PAGE BREAK--- 7 Figure: City of Star, City Limits and Area of City Impacts Note: Area of City Impact adjusted from current Ada County and COMPASS versions, to reflect annexations by Star and others. The Area of City Impact (AOCI) is a geographical area where a city is expected to grow into and annex at some future time. Idaho Code requires all cities to define an AOCI with their respective counties. Star Police Department shares the jurisdiction of Chinden Blvd just east of Star Rd. (indicated within the purple box) with the Meridian Police. ---PAGE BREAK--- 8 Figure: City of Star, Population Total by Census Blocks Note: Area of City Impact adjusted from current Ada County and COMPASS versions, to reflect annexations by Star and others. ---PAGE BREAK--- 9 Figure: City of Star, Population per Acre by Census Blocks Note: Area of City Impact adjusted from current Ada County and COMPASS versions, to reflect annexations by Star and others. ---PAGE BREAK--- The U.S. Census Bureau also has several population estimate programs (rather than counts), including the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS also includes other demographic related information which corresponds with population estimates and will be referenced throughout this Report. While the Census Bureau has 1-year and 5-year programs, the 1- year program is generally only available for Census designated places and boundaries with populations of 65,000 or more people. The 5-year program is available in all areas, but functions on a rolling average, with lower margins of error. While the 5-year averages are less current, they are usually a better indicator of demographic and socioeconomic change over time. For the rest of this Report, 5-year data (U.S. Census Bureau, Via TidyCensus, 2025) is referred to as only a single year; for example, 2023 refers to that most recent year as well as the four previous (e.g. – 2019 to 2023). Keep in mind these averages represent a population with approximately 7,000 fewer people than live in the City of Star, today. Gender Composition According to the most recent (2019-2023) American Community Survey 5-year estimates, the City of Star is comprised of 51.7% males and conversely 48.3% females. This gender gap has decreased by 1.4% since 2013 but has a small increase since 2018. This gender split varies by age group. Age Structure The median age in Star for the 2019-2023 dataset is 40.6, up by 9.3 years from the 2009-2013 ACS. The median age for males is 40.0 and 40.7 for females. The following Population Pyramid depicts age groups for the most recent ACS by age group and gender. Notably, there are more males 65 and older in Star than females, which is atypical. Figure: City of Star Population Pyramid Between 2013 and 2023 5-year datasets, the largest age group increase was 65 and older at 606.6% or 2,372 people. The group with the smallest increase (there were no decreases) was 0 to 9 at 8.2% or 113 people. 636 1,012 938 837 739 1,182 1,500 847 1,021 374 826 900 1,156 1,263 12.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 0 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 64 65 and Older Percent of Total Population Age Groups % Males %Females ---PAGE BREAK--- Figure: City of Star, Total Population by Age Groups (2019-2023) Figure: City of Star, Change in Population Age Groups by % (2009-2013 to 2019-2023) Population Forecast This Report includes Low, Mid, and High forecast scenarios for comparison of population estimates. Each of these scenarios use 10-year increments starting in 2020 and going out to 2060. Since Star has accurate estimates for 2021 through 2024 (by COMPASS), built on top of the 2020 Decennial Counts, each scenario has identical forecast estimate for 2030 (34,250 people) using current trends. This trend is 2,313 people per year. Additionally, the historical average of 905 is used, as are 10% modifiers both positive and negative to transition these values between 10-year estimates. Note that housing estimates provided later in this Report are a direct extension of the population estimates. The Mid forecast starts with the 2020 decennial population count at 11,117, builds upon current average population increases and is estimated at 34,250 people in 2030. This is true of the low and high forecast scenarios. The Mid 2060 forecast is 87,250 people, generally holding the recent average trend until 2050 when a negative modifier is used, and then a historical average - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 0 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 64 65 and Older 0.0% 100.0% 200.0% 300.0% 400.0% 500.0% 600.0% 700.0% 0 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 64 65 and Older ---PAGE BREAK--- building up to 2060. Assumptions are generally consistent growth, the City not staffing or tooling up to take on more permit capacity and eventually slowing due to land constraints. The High scenario utilizes the recent trend all the way through 2060, to a population total of 110,587 people, and includes positive modifiers beginning in 2040. Assumptions here are that the City increasing its ability to grow by population and households, faster. The Low scenario uses the recent trend in 2040 with a negative modifier, and then historical census averages also with negative modifiers for a forecast total of 71,356 people in 2060. The Low trend is seen as less likely given the availability of land and continued growth of the City and Treasure Valley but could occur due to service limitations or changing public sentiment of growth. Figure: City of Star Historical and Future Population Forecast Table: City of Star, Population Forecast Year Low Forecast Low % Change Mid Forecast Mid % Change High Forecast High % Change 2020 11,117 - 11,117 - 11,117 - 2030 34,250 208.1% 34,250 208.1% 34,250 208.1% 2040 55,069 60.8% 57,382 67.5% 59,695 74.3% 2050 63,212 14.8% 78,201 36.3% 85,141 42.6% 2060 71,356 12.9% 87,250 11.6% 110,587 29.9% Forecasting is heavily dependent on not just historical activity, but also external factors such as land availability, social and market forces, and services such as utilities. This Report uses a trend method to forecast population. All population forecasting methods have and weaknesses, but trend is advantageous in that it does not rely on variables such as birth, death, immigration, and emigration information, all of which have their own unique opportunities for variation from the norm. In addition, the trend method does not require tracking or modeling of permitting and utility expansion across a variety of separate agencies and service providers. It is 34,250 59,695 85,141 110,587 57,382 78,201 87,250 55,069 63,212 71,356 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Population Projection High Mid Low ---PAGE BREAK--- for these reasons the trend forecast should be maintained over time, to reflect on any significant changes. Housing As of the 2020 decennial Census, the total number of housing units was 4,048 units, an increase of 92.9% (or 1,950 units) since the 2010 Census (U.S. Census Bureau, 2025; U.S. Census Bureau, 2025). Overall, vacancies have declined from 8.2% in 2010 to 3.1% in 2020. While Census data is typically more current than ACS data, ACS data includes other housing characteristics that are not available in decennial counts. The 2023 ACS 5-year average person per household is 2.82, down from 3.27 in 2013. Note there are significant differences between owner occupied and renter occupied households. In 2023 owner occupied units had persons per household of 2.66, where renter per household was 3.47. While Census and ACS housing units are low compared to more recent COMPASS estimates, many ACS values like persons per household are considered the most accurate source of related housing data. Table: City of Star, ACS Housing Households 2013 2018 2023 Change # 2013 - 2023 Change % 2013 - 2023 Housing Units: Total 1,841 3,157 4,682 2,841 154.3% Housing Units: Total Occupied 1,593 3,117 4,480 2,887 181.2% Housing Units: Total Vacancy 248 40 202 (46) -18.5% % Vacancy 13.5% 1.3% 4.3% -9.2% -9.2% Owner-occupied housing units 1,491 2,563 3,721 2,230 149.6% Renter-occupied housing units 350 594 961 611 174.6% % Owner Occupied 81.0% 81.2% 79.5% -1.5% -1.5% % Renter Occupied 19.0% 18.8% 20.5% 1.5% 1.5% Table: City of Star, ACS Household Size Household Size 2013 2018 2023 Change # 2013 - 2023 Change % 2013 - 2023 Average Household Size: All 3.27 2.69 2.82 (0.45) -13.8% Average Household Size: Owner 3.15 2.67 2.66 (0.49) -15.6% Average Household Size: Renter 3.78 2.77 3.47 (0.31) -8.2% Housing Forecast The following housing unit projections, Low, Mid, and High, are a companion to the population forecasts. These forecasts rely on average person per household information collected as part of the 2023 5-Year ACS, to understand future housing needs. The current average for persons per household of all types, 2.82, is used for the housing forecast. This number considers population growth and is built on the 2020 decennial housing unit counts of 4,048. ---PAGE BREAK--- The Mid scenario housing forecast estimate is 31,045 units for 2060, the High forecast is 39,321, and the Low forecast is 25,409. Figure: City of Star, Housing Forecast Chart Table: City of Star Housing Forecast Table Year Low Forecast Low % Change Mid Forecast Mid % Change High Forecast High % Change 2020 4,048 - 4,048 - 4,048 - 2030 12,251 202.6% 12,251 202.6% 12,251 202.6% 2040 19,634 60.3% 20,454 67.0% 21,274 73.7% 2050 22,522 14.7% 27,837 36.1% 30,298 42.4% 2060 25,409 12.8% 31,045 11.5% 39,321 29.8% Education Educational levels of attainment vary significantly between 2013, 2018, and 2023. The only area with a reduction both by total and percent was less than high school, at -37 people between 2013 and 2023 The area of greatest change was those with a bachelor's degree, up by +1,586 people (+256.6%). - 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Housing Projection High Low Mid ---PAGE BREAK--- Figure: City of Star, Changes to Educational Attainment, 2013 to 2023 Figure: City of Star, % Change to Educational Attainment, 2013 to 2023 Another perspective on educational attainment is the split by gender. The area of greatest disparity for both males and females in 2023 was females who received an associate degree. This is also reflected in changes between 2013 and 2023 where the most significant change for either gender of any attainment was females who attained an associate degree. The area of greatest change for males was those with a bachelor’s degree. - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Less than High School Equivalency High School or Equivalency Some College, No Degree Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate or Professional Degree 2013 2018 2023 -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% Less than High School Equivalency High School or Equivalency Some College, No Degree Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate or Professional Degree Change % ---PAGE BREAK--- Figure: City of Star, Educational Attainment by Gender, 2023 Figure: City of Star, % Change to Educational Attainment by Gender, 2013 to 2023 For additional educational references, see Attachment 01: American Community Survey 5-year Data Tables. Income and Earnings Household income was an area that also experienced great change. While those households earning less than $50,000 generally remained stable, this is despite large population increases. Generally, 2023 values are greater than 2013, but less than 2018. The largest increase by total households were those earning between $100,000 and $149,000, an increase of 1,058 households (or 442.7%). The area of greatest change by percentage were those earning more than $200,000, an increase of 7433.3%, or 446 households up from 6 in 2013. Poverty has also increased overall, by 75.9% or 268 people, to a total of 621. The educational attainment levels of those below the poverty line have changed significantly. The 2013 data indicate the largest group in poverty was those with some college (177) and the smallest group, those with a high school education (44). In 2023, the largest group below the poverty line was those with a bachelors or higher with 370 people, an increase of 340. from 2013. - 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 Less than High School Equivalency High School or Equivalency Some College, No Degree Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate or Professional Degree Education: Male Education: Female -100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350% Less than High School Equivalency High School or Equivalency Some College, No Degree Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate or Professional Degree Education: Male Education: Female ---PAGE BREAK--- Figure: City of Star, Changes to Household Income by Total Households, 2013 to 2023 Figure: City of Star, Changes to Household Income by 2013 to 2023 - 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 or more 2013 2018 2023 -1000% 0% 1000% 2000% 3000% 4000% 5000% 6000% 7000% 8000% Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 or more Change % ---PAGE BREAK--- Workforce and Economic Activity The City of Star workforce grew between 2013 and 2023 5-year period. The employed workforce grew by 3,842 people (or 154.0%) and the full-time workforce grew by 2,645 people (or 141.7%). Trade areas with the largest increases by count were Education and Social Services (+719 people or 128.6%), Arts, Entertainment, and Food (+635 people or 747.1%), Construction (+611 people or 207.8%), and Retail (+520 people or 179.3%). No trade areas decreased, but those with the lowest increases by count were Wholesale Trade (+15 people or 14.9%) and Information (+43 people or 61.4%). Figure: City of Star, ACS Changes in Workforce, 2013 to 2023 Table: City of Star, ACS Changes in Labor Force, 2013 to 2023 Workforce 2013 2018 2023 Change # 2013 - 2023 Change % 2013 - 2023 Total 16 Plus 3,813 6,106 10,553 6,740 176.8% Total in Labor Force 2,636 3,888 6,742 4,106 155.8% Total in Military - - - - 0.0% Total Civilian in Labor Force 2,636 3,888 6,742 4,106 155.8% Total Civilian Employed in Labor Force 2,494 3,785 6,336 3,842 154.0% Total Civilian Unemployed in Labor Force 142 103 406 264 185.9% Total Not in Labor Force 1,177 2,218 3,811 2,634 223.8% Unemployment Rate 5.4% 2.6% 6.0% 0.6% 11.8% - 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Ag, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining Construction Manufacturing Wholesale trade Retail trade Trans and warehousing, and util Information Finance and ins, and real estate, and rental and… Prof, sci, and mgmt, and admin, and waste mgmt… Edu services, and health care and social assistance Arts, ent, and rec, and accom and food services Other services, except public administration Public administration 2013 2018 2023 ---PAGE BREAK--- Table: City of Star, ACS Workforce Industries, 2013 to 2023 Workforce 2013 2018 2023 Change # 2013 - 2023 Change % 2013 - 2023 Ag, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 14 49 81 67 478.6% Construction 294 363 905 611 207.8% Manufacturing 215 170 304 89 41.4% Wholesale trade 101 132 116 15 14.9% Retail trade 290 368 810 520 179.3% Transportation & Warehousing 47 70 142 95 202.1% Information 70 - 113 43 61.4% Finance and ins, and real estate, and rental and leasing 191 531 522 331 173.3% Professional 299 478 655 356 119.1% Education and Social Services 559 827 1,278 719 128.6% Arts, Entertainment, and Food 85 198 720 635 747.1% Other Services 169 265 448 279 165.1% Public administration 160 334 242 82 51.3% Total Employed Workforce 2,494 3,785 6,336 3,842 154.0% Total Full Time Workforce 1,866 2,710 4,511 2,645 141.7% Key Growth-Based Takeaways by Sector 1. Police Services – Growth-Based Infrastructure Pressures • Population growth will triple facility demand: The police department currently serves about 20,000 residents from a shared 3,600 sq. ft. facility. By 2030, with over 34,000 residents expected, this facility will be serving more than 3x the population it was designed to support. By 2060, the population could reach nearly 90,000 under the mid- range scenario, requiring multiple new police facilities distributed across the city. • Officer-to-population ratios will demand sustained growth in staffing: Maintaining even the current coverage of 1.02 officers per 1,000 residents will require the City to add over 13 officers by 2030, and up to 65 officers by 2060. This has spatial implications — increased staffing drives the need for expanded workspaces, secure storage, training areas, and equipment-ready vehicle bays. • A spatial shift in population will require geographic distribution: As Star expands west and south, police substations or satellite offices will be required in newly developed areas to ensure service responsiveness. Growth is not only vertical but geographical, increasing the need for distributed, embedded public safety facilities. • Aging demographics increase complexity of service demands: The share of residents age 65+ increased over 600% from 2013 to 2023. As this group continues to grow, public safety services may need to adapt to age-related needs wellness ---PAGE BREAK--- checks, response to medical calls), necessitating flexible space and diversified equipment types. 2. Parks and Recreation – Growth-Based Recreation Deficits • Population-based parkland deficits are widening: Star currently provides about 2.5 acres of parkland per 1,000 residents, half the City's stated goal of 5 acres per 1,000. At the projected 2030 population of 34,250, this means Star will need an additional 121 acres of parkland to meet its own standard — an increase of over 70 acres from current levels. • Demand for field and indoor space will rise sharply: Existing recreational programming is already oversubscribed. Assuming proportional growth, demand for sports fields, courts, and indoor programming space will more than double by 2030. This includes demand for multi-use indoor facilities due to limited school gym availability and growing seasonal use needs. • Smaller household sizes increase recreational demand per unit: Average household size in Star declined from 3.27 to 2.82 between 2013 and 2023, while the total number of households nearly tripled. This shift implies more recreational demand per capita, as more homes represent a higher density of users with individual schedules, preferences, and recreation expectations. • Youth population remains strong, but older adult segments are expanding rapidly: While ages 0–9 grew by only 8.2% over the past decade, residents 65 and older grew by 606%, and 50–64 by 322%. These trends suggest growing demand for both youth- focused active spaces and senior-accessible passive recreation (trails, gardens, pavilions, etc.). • Geographic equity will be harder to maintain: As Star continues to grow west and south, large portions of the future population will reside outside the current service areas of existing parks. Without near-term expansion, large swaths of the city will lack walkable or short-distance access to recreation infrastructure. 3. Pathways – Growth-Based Mobility Demands • A multi-modal network will become essential: As Star grows toward 30,000+ residents by 2030, demand for non-vehicular mobility options (walking, biking) between neighborhoods, schools, and commercial centers will intensify. A robust, connected multi-use pathway system is necessary to mitigate traffic, reduce parking needs, and serve those without vehicles. • Network continuity and cross-city access will become critical: Many planned developments are separated by rivers, canals, or undeveloped land. The City will need to develop bridges, boardwalks, and new trail corridors to ensure safe, accessible connections between major growth areas. Without these, the network will remain fragmented, limiting its usability. • School-age and aging populations both support pathway investment: Youth (ages 10–19) grew by 76.9% from 2013–2023, while older adults (65+) grew by 606%. Both age groups benefit from safe, grade-separated, or low-conflict travel routes, reinforcing the role of pathways as both a transportation and public health asset. • Land acquisition needs will rise quickly: With many pathway alignments crossing private or undeveloped land, continued population growth will shrink the window for ---PAGE BREAK--- affordable land acquisition. Securing land now is key to preserving right-of-way for future pathway segments as development pressure increases. • Household composition and density suggest more users per mile of trail: Star’s rise in single-family households and infill development will result in more pathway users per linear mile than in prior decades. The demand for durable, well-designed trail surfaces, lighting, and wayfinding will grow accordingly. Demographic-Based Implications for Capital Planning 1. Population Growth Will Exponentially Increase Facility Demand: All three service areas — police, parks, and pathways — will need more square footage, acreage, or linear miles of infrastructure to keep up with projected growth. The scale of need is not linear — each new resident or household brings disproportionate pressure to systems already functioning near or beyond capacity. 2. Age Composition Will Reshape Space Design: The rise in older residents and persistent youth demand require facilities to be more adaptable, inclusive, and varied — e.g., shaded walking loops alongside sports fields, and indoor spaces that can serve both seniors and teens. Age-specific design is a demographic necessity. 3. Household Fragmentation Elevates Per-Capita Demand: The shift toward smaller household sizes implies higher recreational, policing, and mobility service loads per capita. A city of 30,000 with mostly 2–3 person households has different needs than one with larger family units — particularly in terms of flexible space and decentralized service points. 4. Spatial Growth Will Require Decentralized Infrastructure: As new neighborhoods form in the west, northwest, and south, geographic dispersion of facilities will be required. One central station, park, or trailhead will no longer suffice. Planning must assume a future city that is physically much larger and therefore demands distributed nodes of service. 5. Demographics Justify Capital Expansion at a Rapid Pace: The current and projected rate of growth — in total population, housing units, and workforce participation — presents a clear, data-supported rationale for significant capital expansion in all three categories within the next decade. Conclusion Star’s explosive demographic growth will require a proportional expansion of its public infrastructure. Population forecasts indicate that the demand for public safety, recreational amenities, and non-motorized transportation will outpace current capacity in the next 5 to 10 years. Aligning impact fee planning with these demographic trends ensures that new development contributes its fair share toward sustainable and equitable infrastructure, setting a foundation for long-term community health and vitality. Star’s explosive, spatially dispersed growth and rapid demographic shifts (aging, smaller households, rising incomes/education) mean that capital planning must: 1. Anticipate and secure land early (for police sub-stations, pocket parks, trail corridors) to avoid “retrofitting” in built-out subdivisions. 2. Design flexible, age-inclusive facilities community centers with modular spaces for seniors and teens). ---PAGE BREAK--- 3. Update land-use policies and impact-fee structures to capture growth-related costs equitably and timely. 4. Coordinate regionally—ensuring that Ada and Canyon County partners, school districts, and COMPASS align service expansions transit, broadband, water/sewer) with Star’s forecasts over the next 5–10 years. ---PAGE BREAK--- References Metropolitan Planning Organization (COMPASS) Idaho Population Estimates 2021-2024 Bureau of the Census. (1981). 1980 Census of Population, Idaho. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. (1992). 1990 Census of Population, Idaho, General Population Characteristics. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration. U.S. Census Bureau. (2025, February). 2010 and 2020 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94:171; p1 Race; H1 Occupancy Status. Retrieved from Explore Census Data: U.S. Census Bureau. (2025, February). DP03: Selected Industry Charactersistics. Retrieved from Explore Census Data: U.S. Census Bureau, Via TidyCensus. (2025, February). Available API's. Retrieved from Data & Maps: ---PAGE BREAK--- Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms ACS (American Community Survey): An ongoing U.S. Census Bureau survey that provides detailed demographic, housing, economic, and social data in 1-year and 5-year estimates. This report uses 5-year data for greater accuracy in small jurisdictions. Area of City Impact (AOCI): A geographic area outside current city limits where the city expects to grow and potentially annex in the future. Defined in coordination with the county, per Idaho Code. Bachelor’s Degree or Higher: Includes individuals who have completed a four-year college degree (bachelor’s) or advanced degrees (master’s, doctorate, or professional degrees). Census Block: The smallest geographic unit used by the U.S. Census Bureau to report population and housing data. COMPASS: The Community Planning Association of Southwest Idaho. A regional planning agency that provides population and housing estimates and forecasts for Ada and Canyon Counties. Decennial Census: A full population count conducted every 10 years by the U.S. Census Bureau, used to establish official population figures. Educational Attainment: The highest level of education completed by individuals age 25 and older. Common categories include high school graduate, some college (no degree), associate’s, bachelor’s, and graduate degrees. Forecast Scenarios (Low, Mid, High): Population and housing projections using different assumptions about future growth rates. Mid represents the most likely trend based on current data; Low and High explore slower or faster growth possibilities. Household: An occupied housing unit, including all the people who live in a single home, regardless of relationship. Household Size: The average number of people living in a household. Housing Unit: A house, apartment, mobile home, or group of rooms intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Labor Force: All people aged 16 and older who are either employed or actively seeking work. Does not include those not seeking employment retirees, students, homemakers). ---PAGE BREAK--- Median Age: The age that divides the population into two equal halves — half younger, half older. Median Household Income: The income level at which half of households earn more and half earn less. Owner-Occupied Housing: Housing units where the occupant owns the home. Renter-Occupied Housing: Housing units where the occupant pays rent to reside in the unit. Population Pyramid: A bar graph showing the distribution of a population by age group and gender, often used to illustrate demographic trends. Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively looking for work. Vacancy Rate: The percentage of total housing units that are unoccupied. Workforce: The segment of the population that is employed or available for employment. Often categorized by industry sector in reports. ---PAGE BREAK--- Attachments Attachment 01: American Community Survey 5-Year Data Tables ACS Data for 2013, 2018, and 2023 Population 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Total Population 6,032 8,495 13,231 7,199 119.3% Total Male Population 3,202 3,950 6,844 3,642 113.7% Total Female Population 2,830 4,545 6,387 3,557 125.7% % Male 53.1% 46.5% 51.7% -1.4% -2.6% % Female 46.9% 53.5% 48.3% 1.4% 2.9% Age Groups 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % 0 to 9 1,370 1,618 1,483 113 8.2% 10 to 19 1,149 998 2,033 884 76.9% 20 to 29 406 812 1,312 906 223.2% 30 to 39 893 1,568 1,663 770 86.2% 40 to 49 1,269 1,193 1,639 370 29.2% 50 to 64 554 1,324 2,338 1,784 322.0% 65 and Older 391 982 2,763 2,372 606.6% Less than 18 2,398 2,553 3,123 725 30.2% 18 and Older 3,634 5,942 10,108 6,474 178.2% Total Median Age 31.3 35.8 40.6 9.3 29.7% Total Median Age Male 29.3 36.4 40.0 10.7 36.5% Total Median Age Female 33.4 35.3 40.7 7.3 21.9% Income Collapsed 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Less than $10,000 82 199 111 29 35.4% $10,000 to $14,999 13 143 [PHONE REDACTED].4% $15,000 to $24,999 95 301 197 102 107.4% $25,000 to $34,999 156 177 155 -0.6% $35,000 to $49,999 257 615 315 58 22.6% $50,000 to $74,999 535 590 850 315 58.9% $75,000 to $99,999 420 361 753 333 79.3% $100,000 to $149,999 239 378 1,297 1,058 442.7% $150,000 to $199,999 38 264 394 356 936.8% $200,000 or more 6 129 [PHONE REDACTED].3% Median income (dollars) 63,503 54,386 91,318 27,815 43.8% Poverty 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Below poverty, All Attainment 353 515 621 268 75.9% Below Poverty, Less than High School 48 97 2 (46) -95.8% ---PAGE BREAK--- Below poverty High school 44 205 98 54 122.7% Below poverty Some college 177 128 151 (26) -14.7% Below poverty Bachelors or higher 84 85 370 286 340.5% Households 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Households: People Living In 6,021 8,489 13,214 7,193 119.5% Households: People Living In Families 5,642 7,286 11,540 5,898 104.5% Households: People Living in Non- families 379 1,203 1,674 1,295 341.7% Households: People not Living in Households 11 6 17 6 54.5% Households: Total 1,841 3,157 4,682 2,841 154.3% Households: Family 1,523 2,015 3,514 1,991 130.7% Households: Non-family 318 1,142 1,168 850 267.3% Average Household Size: All 3.27 2.69 2.82 (0.45) -13.8% Average Household Size: Owner 3.15 2.67 2.66 (0.49) -15.6% Average Household Size: Renter 3.78 2.77 3.47 (0.31) -8.2% Households 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Housing Tenure by Educational Attainment All 1,841 3,157 4,682 2,841 154.3% Housing Units: Total Occupied 1,593 3,117 4,480 2,887 181.2% Housing Units: Total Vacancy 248 40 202 (46) -18.5% % Vacancy 13.5% 1.3% 4.3% -9.2% -9.2% Owner-occupied housing units 1,491 2,563 3,721 2,230 149.6% Renter-occupied housing units: 350 594 961 611 174.6% % Owner Occupied 81.0% 81.2% 79.5% -1.5% -1.5% % Renter Occupied 19.0% 18.8% 20.5% 1.5% 1.5% Owner-occupied housing units Less than high school graduate 104 5 29 (75) -72.1% Owner-occupied housing units High school graduate (including equivalency) 296 575 393 97 32.8% Owner-occupied housing units Some college or associate's degree 644 1,198 1,700 1,056 164.0% Owner-occupied housing units Bachelor's degree or higher 447 785 1,599 1,152 257.7% occupied housing units Less than high school graduate 6 13 28 22 366.7% Renter-occupied housing units High school graduate (including equivalency) 64 145 559 495 773.4% Renter-occupied housing units Some college or associate's degree 198 270 250 52 26.3% ---PAGE BREAK--- Renter-occupied housing units Bachelor's degree or higher 82 166 124 42 51.2% Education 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Educational Attainment 25+ 3,458 5,563 8,808 5,350 154.7% Less than High School Equivalency 212 214 175 (37) -17.5% High School or Equivalency 687 1,216 1,954 1,267 184.4% Some College, No Degree 1,150 1,581 2,690 1,540 133.9% Associate's Degree 524 893 1,012 488 93.1% Bachelor's Degree 618 1,262 2,204 1,586 256.6% Graduate or Professional Degree 267 397 773 506 189.5% High School or Higher 3,246 5,349 8,633 5,387 166.0% Bachelor's Degree or Higher 885 1,659 2,977 2,092 236.4% Education: Male 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Educational Attainment 25+ 1,696 2,653 4,485 2,789 164.4% Less than High School Equivalency 117 183 119 2 1.7% High School or Equivalency 264 370 962 698 264.4% Some College, No Degree 546 782 1,468 922 168.9% Associate's Degree 285 542 264 (21) -7.4% Bachelor's Degree 308 541 1,187 879 285.4% Graduate or Professional Degree 176 235 485 309 175.6% High School or Higher 1,579 2,470 4,366 2,787 176.5% Bachelor's Degree or Higher 484 776 1,672 1,188 245.5% Education: Female 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Educational Attainment 25+ 1,762 2,910 4,323 2,561 145.3% Less than High School Equivalency 95 31 56 (39) -41.1% High School or Equivalency 423 846 992 569 134.5% Some College, No Degree 604 799 1,222 618 102.3% Associate's Degree 239 351 748 509 213.0% Bachelor's Degree 310 721 1,017 707 228.1% Graduate or Professional Degree 91 162 288 197 216.5% High School or Higher 1,667 2,879 4,267 2,600 156.0% Bachelor's Degree or Higher 401 883 1,305 904 225.4% Workforce 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Total Employed Workforce 2,494 3,785 6,336 3,842 154.0% Total Full Time 1,866 2,710 4,511 2,645 141.7% Ag, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 14 49 81 67 478.6% ---PAGE BREAK--- Construction 294 363 905 611 207.8% Manufacturing 215 170 304 89 41.4% Wholesale trade 101 132 116 15 14.9% Retail trade 290 368 810 520 179.3% Trans and warehousing, and util 47 70 142 95 202.1% Information 70 - 113 43 61.4% Finance and ins, and real estate, and rental and leasing 191 531 522 331 173.3% Prof, sci, and mgmt., and admin, and waste mgmt. services 299 478 655 356 119.1% Edu services, and health care and social assistance 559 827 1,278 719 128.6% Arts, Ent., and Rec., and Accom. and food services 85 198 720 635 747.1% Other services, except public administration 169 265 448 279 165.1% Public administration 160 334 242 82 51.3% Workforce by Gender 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Total Male: Ag, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining: 14 49 81 67 478.6% Total Male: Construction 242 349 884 642 265.3% Total Male: Manufacturing 184 142 280 96 52.2% Total Male: Wholesale trade 101 85 109 8 7.9% Total Male: Retail trade 191 209 479 288 150.8% Total Male: Trans and warehousing, and util: 34 70 114 80 235.3% Total Male: Information 41 0 48 7 17.1% Total Male: Finance and ins, and real estate, and rental and leasing: 80 247 152 72 90.0% Total Male: Prof, sci, and mgmt., and admin, and waste mgmt. services: 200 259 422 222 111.0% Total Male: Edu services, and health care and social assistance: 160 188 367 207 129.4% Total Male: Arts, Ent., and rec., and Accom. and food services: 23 104 [PHONE REDACTED].0% Total Male: Other services, except public administration 44 161 116 72 163.6% Total Male: Public administration 96 150 161 65 67.7% Total Female: Ag, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining: 0 0 0 0 0.0% Total Female: Construction 52 14 21 -31 -59.6% Total Female: Manufacturing 31 28 24 -7 -22.6% Total Female: Wholesale trade 0 47 7 7 0.0% Total Female: Retail trade 99 159 331 232 234.3% ---PAGE BREAK--- Total Female: Trans and warehousing, and util: 13 0 28 15 115.4% Total Female: Information 29 0 65 36 124.1% Total Female: Finance and ins, and real estate, and rental and leasing: 111 284 370 259 233.3% Total Female: Prof, sci, and mgmt., and admin, and waste mgmt. services: 99 219 233 134 135.4% Total Female: Edu services, and health care and social assistance: 399 639 911 512 128.3% Total Female: Arts, Ent., and rec., and Accom. and food services: 62 94 280 218 351.6% Total Female: Other services, except public administration 125 104 332 207 165.6% Total Female: Public administration 64 184 81 17 26.6% Labor Force Combined 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Total 16 Plus 3,813 6,106 10,553 6,740 176.8% Total In Labor Force 2,636 3,888 6,742 4,106 155.8% Total In Military - - - - 0.0% Total Civilian In Labor Force 2,636 3,888 6,742 4,106 155.8% Total Civilian Employed In Labor Force 2,494 3,785 6,336 3,842 154.0% Total Civilian Unemployed In Labor Force 142 103 406 264 185.9% Total Not In Labor Force 1,177 2,218 3,811 2,634 223.8% Unemployment Rate 5.4% 2.6% 6.0% 0.6% 11.8% Labor Force Full 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Total Male 16 Plus 1,924 2,785 5,648 3,724 193.6% Total Male In Labor Force 1,483 2,046 3,887 2,404 162.1% Total Male In Military - - - - 0.0% Total Male Civilian In Labor Force 1,483 2,046 3,887 2,404 162.1% Total Male Civilian Employed In Labor Force 1,410 2,013 3,653 2,243 159.1% Total Male Civilian Unemployed In Labor Force 73 33 234 161 220.5% Total Male Not In Labor Force 441 739 1,761 1,320 299.3% Total Female 16 Plus 1,889 3,321 4,905 3,016 159.7% Total Female In Labor Force 1,153 1,842 2,855 1,702 147.6% Total Female In Military 0 0 0 - 0.0% Total Female Civilian In Labor Force 1,153 1,842 2,855 1,702 147.6% Total Female Civilian Employed In Labor Force 1,084 1,772 2,683 1,599 147.5% ---PAGE BREAK--- Total Female Civilian Unemployed In Labor Force 69 70 172 103 149.3% Total Male Civilian Unemployed In Labor Force 736 1,479 2,050 1,314 178.5% Labor Force by Age and Gender 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % Male: 16-19: In LF: 16 Plus 48 - 263 215 447.9% Male: 20-21: In LF: 16 Plus - - 105 105 0.0% Male: 22-24: In LF: 16 Plus 33 91 [PHONE REDACTED].5% Male: 25-29: In LF: 16 Plus 132 195 221 89 67.4% Male: 30-34: In LF: 16 Plus 202 391 567 365 180.7% Male: 35-44: In LF: 16 Plus 547 652 480 (67) -12.2% Male: 45-54: In LF: 16 Plus 386 378 881 495 128.2% Male: 55-59: In LF: 16 Plus 41 172 251 210 512.2% Male: 60-61: In LF: 16 Plus 27 80 95 68 251.9% Male: 62-64: In LF: 16 Plus 29 45 56 27 93.1% Male: 65-69: In LF: 16 Plus 38 27 323 285 750.0% Male: 70-74: In LF: 16 Plus - - 42 42 0.0% Male: 75 plus: In LF: 16 Plus - 15 24 24 0.0% Female: 16-19: In LF: 16 Plus 35 36 194 159 454.3% Female: 20-21: In LF: 16 Plus 12 - 73 61 508.3% Female: 22-24: In LF: 16 Plus 10 133 107 97 970.0% Female: 25-29: In LF: 16 Plus 146 179 160 14 9.6% Female: 30-34: In LF: 16 Plus 176 242 318 142 80.7% Female: 35-44: In LF: 16 Plus 377 534 755 378 100.3% Female: 45-54: In LF: 16 Plus 292 376 586 294 100.7% Female: 55-59: In LF: 16 Plus 56 174 355 299 533.9% Female: 60-61: In LF: 16 Plus - 15 70 70 0.0% Female: 62-64: In LF: 16 Plus 49 63 128 79 161.2% Female: 65-69: In LF: 16 Plus - 78 109 109 0.0% Female: 70-74: In LF: 16 Plus - 12 - - 0.0% Female: 75 plus: In LF: 16 Plus - - - - 0.0% Education By Grades and Sector 2013 2018 2023 Change # Change % All plus 5,683 8,078 13,037 7,354 129.4% All 3 plus enrolled 2,082 2,293 3,406 1,324 63.6% All enrolled in nursery school, preschool 113 156 186 73 64.6% All enrolled in nursery school, preschool, public 29 48 97 68 234.5% All enrolled in nursery school, preschool, private 84 108 89 5 6.0% All enrolled in kindergarten 93 220 192 99 106.5% ---PAGE BREAK--- All enrolled in kindergarten Public school 93 204 192 99 106.5% All enrolled in kindergarten Private school - 16 - - 0.0% All enrolled in grade 1 to grade 4 599 694 706 107 17.9% All enrolled in grade 1 to grade 4 Public school 576 644 705 129 22.4% All enrolled in grade 1 to grade 4 Private school 23 50 1 (22) -95.7% All enrolled in grade 5 to grade 8 645 556 733 88 13.6% All enrolled in grade 5 to grade 8 Public school 594 539 709 115 19.4% All enrolled in grade 5 to grade 8 Private school 51 17 24 (27) -52.9% All enrolled in grade 9 to grade 12 350 308 824 474 135.4% All enrolled in grade 9 to grade 12 Public school 336 284 758 422 125.6% All enrolled in grade 9 to grade 12 Private school 14 24 66 52 371.4% All enrolled in college undergraduate years 243 305 581 338 139.1% All enrolled in college undergraduate years Public school 217 238 530 313 144.2% All enrolled in college undergraduate years Private school 26 67 51 25 96.2% All enrolled in graduate or professional school 39 54 184 145 371.8% All enrolled in graduate or professional school Public school 39 44 179 140 359.0% All enrolled in graduate or professional school Private school - 10 5 5 0.0% All 3 plus NOT enrolled 3,601 5,785 9,631 6,030 167.5%