Document Puyallup_doc_d4cf12e629

Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek, Puyallup River Drainage (WRIA 10): Measuring Oxygen-Demanding Sources FINAL June 2012 Submitted to: Puyallup Tribe of Indians 3009 East Portland Avenue Tacoma WA 98404 Submitted by: Tetra Tech, Inc. Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. Surface Water Group 1420 Fifth Avenue, Suite 550 Seattle, WA 98101 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- STORMWATER SAMPLING IN CLARKS CREEK, PUYALLUP RIVER DRAINAGE (WRIA 10): MEASURING OXYGEN-DEMANDING SOURCES NWIFC Cooperative Agreement No. PA-00J32201-0 FINAL June 2012 The Clarks Creek Stormwater Monitoring Project is a joint effort between the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, and The United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 10. To conduct this project, The Puyallup Tribe of Indians contracted with: Tetra Tech, Inc. 1420 5th Avenue, Suite 550 Seattle WA 98101 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- i Puyallup Tribe of Indians Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek, Puyallup River Drainage (WRIA 10): Measuring Oxygen-Demanding Sources TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Description and 3 1.2 Purpose and 3 SECTION 2. SAMPLING DESIGN AND 2.1 Sampling 7 2.2 Water Quality Parameters and Collection 8 2.3 Stormwater Outfall and Creek 11 2.3.1 Stormwater Outfall 11 2.3.2 Clarks Creek Receiving Water Monitoring 12 2.3.3 Sediment Oxygen 14 2.4 Flow-Rating Curves and Storm Design Conditions 15 2.5 Analysis and Interpretation of Storm Event 16 SECTION 3. STORMWATER MONITORING 3.1 Storm Event Description 17 3.2 Flow-Rating Curves and 20 3.3 Stormwater Quality 24 3.3.1 Storm Event #1 (November 16, 25 3.3.2 Storm Event #2 (February 17, 2012) 32 3.3.3 Storm Event #3 (March 13, 2012) 38 3.3.4 Storm Event #4 (March 29, 2012) 43 3.4 Stormwater Quality Patterns and 48 3.5 Sediment Oxygen Demand Results 48 SECTION 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Stormwater Quality Trends 51 4.2 Sources of Stormwater 51 4.3 Correlates With Fecal Coliform Impacts 53 4.4 Cumulative Impacts 54 SECTION 5. Appendices Appendix A. Stormwater Quality Data Appendix B. Storm Event Water Quality Graphs Appendix C. Rainfall Event Characterization ---PAGE BREAK--- ii LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page No. Table 2-1. Water Quality Parameters and Measurement Methods for Analysis of Surface Water Samples 9 Table 2-2. Monitoring Schedule and Timing/Frequency for Collection of Samples 11 Table 2-3. Criteria That Trigger Storm Event 13 Table 3-1. Water Level Heights (staff gage or tape down) Were Measured at Sites During the Storm Events to Estimate 24 Table 3-2. Sample Collection Times for Each Storm 24 Table 3-3. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on November 16, 2011. 26 Table 3-4. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on February 17, 2012. 33 Table 3-5. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on March 13, 39 Table 3-6. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on March 29, 44 Table 3-7. In situ SOD versus CSOD in Clarks Creek, Puyallup, 49 Table 4-1. Summary of sources and types of impacts that are cumulative 54 LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page No. Figure 2-1. Sample sites and locations for collection of stormwater outfall, surface water, and sediment oxygen demand data 7 Figure 2-2. Sediment oxygen demand monitoring sites (3 of the sites were moved to adjacent locations from those originally proposed in the QAPP; Murphy 2011) 15 Figure 3-1. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (Nov. 15-17, 2011) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, 18 Figure 3-2. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (Feb. 16-19, 2012) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, 18 Figure 3-3. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (March 12-14, 2012) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, 19 Figure 3-4. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (March 28-30, 2012) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, 19 Figure 3-5. Flow rating curve constructed for the Clarks Creek, West Pioneer Way sampling site (SW- Puyallup, 20 Figure 3-6. Flow rating curve constructed for the Clarks Creek, 7th Avenue sampling site (SW-2), Puyallup, 21 Figure 3-7. Flow rating curve constructed for the Meeker Creek sampling site (SW-3), Puyallup, WA 22 Figure 3-8. Flow rating curve constructed for Clarks Creek, 12th Avenue sampling site (SW-3), Puyallup, 23 ---PAGE BREAK--- iii Figure 3-9. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 25 Figure 3-10. Total Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 27 Figure 3-11. Volatile Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 28 Figure 3-12. Fecal Coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 29 Figure 3-13. Total Phosphorus concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 30 Figure 3-14. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (November 16, 2011 storm event) 31 Figure 3-15. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (November 16, 2011 storm event) 31 Figure 3-16. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 32 Figure 3-17. Total Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 34 Figure 3-18. Volatile Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 34 Figure 3-19. Fecal coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 35 Figure 3-20. Total phosphorus concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 36 Figure 3-21. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (February 17, 2012 storm event) 37 Figure 3-22. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (February 17, 2012 storm event) 37 Figure 3-23. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 13, 2012 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 mg/L) 38 Figure 3-24. Volatile suspended sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 13, 2012 40 Figure 3-25. Fecal coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 13, 41 Figure 3-26. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 13, 2012 storm 42 Figure 3-27. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 13, 2012 storm event) 42 Figure 3-28. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 mg/L) 43 Figure 3-29. Total suspended sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 45 Figure 3-30. Total volatile suspended sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 45 ---PAGE BREAK--- iv Figure 3-31. Fecal coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 46 Figure 3-32. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 29, 2012 storm 47 Figure 3-33. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 29, 2012 storm event) 47 Figure 4-1. Existing land use for Pierce County and the City of Puyallup (source: Tetra Tech 53 ---PAGE BREAK--- v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS °C Degrees Celsius µg/L micrograms per liter µS/cm MicroSiemens per centimeter BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand cfs cubic feet per second cfu colony forming units cm Centimeters CSOD Community Substrate Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen DQI Data Quality Indicators DQO Data Quality Objectives Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology EIM Environmental Information Management EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FC Fecal Coliform Bacteria ft feet / foot g Grams GPS global positioning system Hrs hour(s) m Meter(s) mg milligrams mg/L Milligrams per Liter Min minutes mL milliliter MS4 Multiple Separate Storm Sewer System NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System NPS Non-Point Source PDF Portable Document Format pH hydrogen ion concentrate QA Quality Assurance QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan QC Quality Control QCO Quality Control Officer RL Reporting Limit RPD Relative Percent Difference RSD Relative Standard Deviation SAV Submerged Aquatic Vegetation SOD Sediment Oxygen Demand SOP Standard Operating Procedure SW Stormwater TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load TP Total Phosphorus TSS Total Suspended Sediment Tt Tetra Tech, Inc. ---PAGE BREAK--- vi USGS U.S. Geological Survey VSS Volatile Suspended Sediment WA Washington WHNP West Hills Neighborhood Plan WSDOT Washington State Department of Transportation WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant . ---PAGE BREAK--- 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose for conducting stormwater sampling at four Clarks Creek locations was to determine if influent water (from storm drains into the creek) carried pollutants that would diminish dissolved oxygen concentrations in the receiving water. The objectives for this study were to determine site- specific and large-scale impacts from stormwater input by the following:  Evaluate water quality in stormwater conveyances from storms of varying duration and intensity;  Identify differences in water quality conditions of each stormwater outfall monitored to Clarks Creek;  Determine if specific water quality parameters are associated with a decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations;  Identify the influence of sediment oxygen demand on surface water dissolved oxygen concentrations within Clarks Creek; and  Describe location(s) where cumulative impacts may occur from upstream pollution sources. Data collected at several locations within the study area of Clarks Creek, during four different types of storm events were used to identify how stormwater impacts water quality and support of aquatic life. The information collected in this study was intended for use in selecting locations and types of best management practices that produce immediate improvements to water quality. Monitoring during winter storm conditions in Clarks Creek described changes in water quality at four sites from West Pioneer Way to 12th Avenue bridge at South Clarks Creek Park. The four storm events selected for sampling varied in intensity and duration. Short duration rain events lasted approximately 6 hours while duration of large storm events was identified by rain events lasting more than 12 hours. The intensity of a rain event was defined by both the cumulative amount of rainfall and the quantity of rain falling in each of the 15-minute monitoring intervals. The Washington water quality standard for dissolved oxygen in Clarks Creek is 9.5 mg/L. Violations of the water quality standard occurred at all stormwater conveyances for all events except at SW-1 on November 16, 2011. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.21 mg/L to 11.17 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater conveyance were significantly lower than upstream and samples at Meeker Creek (SW-3) and at West Pioneer Way (SW-1) during the first three storm events (November 16, 2011; February 17, 2012; and March 13, 2012). The ranges of dissolved oxygen concentrations during storm events are similar among the upstream samples at Clarks Creek sites and Meeker Creek. Oxygen-demanding substances like total phosphorus, BOD, and an indicator of stormwater runoff (fecal coliform bacteria), had higher concentrations at and the stormwater conveyance at Meeker Creek (SW-3). Total phosphorus was consistently high at Meeker Creek (SW-3) and the stormwater conveyance at West Pioneer Way (SW-1) during all storm events. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentrations were elevated at Meeker Creek and then at SW-1 during select one or more of the sample time intervals. Sources for oxygen-demanding substances were identifiable from stormwater conveyances from Meeker Creek and from Meeker Creek. Estimates for community sediment oxygen demand showed an increasing spatial trend from Clarks Creek at 7th Avenue bridge to The Puyallup Tribe Salmon Hatchery. These estimates further explain the depression of dissolved oxygen concentrations with higher concentrations upstream and lower concentrations at sites. Water quality in Clarks Creek near the end of the winter storm season showed a gradual decline in average dissolved oxygen concentrations in the mainstem from the uppermost site (SW-4) to the lowermost (SW-1). ---PAGE BREAK--- 2 Dissolved oxygen concentrations at SW-1 were substantially lower during the November 16, 2011 storm event, and did not change the Clarks Creek water quality condition below this outfall. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were very high (~0.23 mg/L) from the outfall at SW-1 during the next storm event sampled (February, 2012), and of the same magnitude as measured in Meeker Creek (SW- Fecal coliform concentrations at SW-1 and SW-2 were near or greater than 1,000 colonies/100 mL during the February 2012 storm event, and greater than 2,000 colonies/100 mL in Meeker Creek (SW-3). These sampling areas are bordered by high use parks on one side of the creek and built-out single family residential on the other side. The high TP concentrations at all sites in the study area indicates source(s) upstream are responsible, and that stormwater input is masked by an already high concentration of TP. The submerged aquatic macrophytes throughout the creek channel modify the hydrology enough that localized impacts to water quality may be occurring and are difficult to identify at any one sampling event. Trapping of sediment that was detected entering the stream at SW-4 and SW-2, may be sequestered in select locations, and this modifies habitat for natural spawning. Modified hydrology can also entrain organics at locations below macrophyte beds, and this causes localized effects that may lead to oxygen demanding conditions. Some storm condition impacts were detected when flows reached a minimum threshold, and cumulative impacts were described for select parameters. However, the changes to Clarks Creek water quality conditions by surrounding land use, and subsequent influence on hydrology has re-set some parameter concentrations total phosphorus). Magnitude of flow in the creek has a direct influence on dissolved oxygen concentrations. The lowest flows measured during storm event sampling were in November 2011 where some of the highest DO concentrations were observed. In contrast, the storm events sampled during March 2012 where higher flows occurred showed a uniform and low range of dissolved oxygen concentrations observed at all mainstem Clarks Creek sites. Diminished dissolved oxygen concentrations during higher flows indicate that a combination of pollutants transported into the creek has a measurable effect and may be cumulative over time. The built-out areas surrounding the creek co-occurred with locations that had the lower dissolved oxygen concentrations during storm events. Implementation of any stormwater control by limiting observed direct entry of stormwater from parks and streets will limit any sediment and associated pollutants from accumulating in the immediate vicinity of areas where oxygen sags occur. ---PAGE BREAK--- 3 SECTION 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Description and Background The Clarks Creek watershed is located in the lower Puyallup River Basin, not far from Commencement Bay (southern end of Puget Sound) and the northwest corner of Pierce County, WA. The Clarks Creek drainage occupies and area of approximately 16.3 square miles. The headwaters of the Clarks Creek surface drainage network starts approximately one-third of a mile south of Maplewood Springs and flows 3.6 miles through Pierce County, the City of Puyallup, and Puyallup Tribal lands before discharging into the Puyallup River. Clarks Creek watershed is part of an extensive plateau of glacial deposits that border the Puget Sound. Clarks Creek and adjacent tributaries are fed by swale and wetland-dominated stream channels and ravines flowing between the rolling terrains of northern-aligned ridges that descend from the southern part of the watershed. Elevations in the watershed range from sea level at the mouth in Puget Sound to 394 feet on adjacent bluffs and 689-804 feet in the upper foothills. The Clarks Creek watershed has approximately equal proportions of area in the City of Puyallup and unincorporated areas of Pierce County. In addition, residences within the city limits are generally on sewer, while those in the county use on site wastewater disposal. Land uses in the Clarks Creek watershed consist mostly of single family residences (47 percent of the watershed) scattered with vacant forest land, pastures, lawns, and hobby farms. Most of the area in unincorporated Pierce County is not sewered and relies on onsite wastewater disposal. The land use becomes more urban closer to the City of Puyallup, Tacoma, and South Hill Mall. Commercial development is mostly concentrated along the major transportation corridors such as the Meridian Avenue and SR-12 interchange. It is important to note that in many portions of Clarks Creek of DeCoursey Park managed lawns associated with single-family residences extend up to the edge of the creek. This may be associated with a variety of impacts including direct input of lawn fertilizers, lack of riparian shade, and reduced filtering of pollutant loads in storm runoff. Stormwater conveyance of pollutants is suspected of causing an oxygen-demand in the creek. Stormwater reaching Clarks Creek is also regulated under the NPDES system as Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s). Pierce County is a Phase I community under the MS4 program, while the City of Puyallup is a Phase II community. The County has developed both a stormwater manual and a best management practices manual to control stormwater discharges to the creek. The City of Puyallup’s Engineering and Collection Division and conveyances owned by Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is responsible for stormwater infrastructure, drainage and flood protection, improving surface water quality, incorporating current development standards, and stormwater management. 1.2 Purpose and Objectives Stormwater sampling in Clarks Creek provided an opportunity to determine the source(s) and magnitude of pollution impacts. The purpose for the characterization of several storm events in Clarks Creek is described by the following: Purpose 1. Evaluate Stormwater quality conditions from select storm drains discharging into Clarks Creek in the study area beginning from the upstream 12th Avenue ---PAGE BREAK--- 4 SW site to the W. Pioneer Avenue site. Four sites were identified that were visited for stormwater quality characterization in outfalls. Stormwater outfalls had been identified at each site and a final selection of specific outfalls made following a reconnaissance visit. Output: The water quality characteristics of stormwater delivered to Clarks Creek from storms of varying duration and intensity was determined. Purpose 2. Characterized receiving water conditions in Clarks Creek of the select storm drains and compared to water quality conditions immediately above the influence of each stormwater outfall. Four sites had been identified that were visited for stormwater quality characterization in receiving water; 2 locations at each site on Clarks Creek. Output: The impact of stormwater input to Clarks Creek was evaluated to determine if there was a measurable change to water quality. Sampling determined if storm characteristics, including combinations of duration and intensity, resulted in measurable change of pollutants of each storm outfall. Implementation of the stormwater sampling in Clarks Creek was intended to focus on two major objectives. This project was organized to provide sampling and analysis methods that generated data and interpretations necessary to address the following objective(s): 1. To determine the influence stormwater has on Clarks Creek receiving water quality at locations between 12th Avenue SW upstream and West Pioneer Avenue Outcome: Able to determine the type and magnitude of changes from stormwater to water quality in Clarks Creek. 2. To use results from stormwater characterization and influence on receiving water quality in future management for where current stormwater conveyance is directed. Outcome: Able to determine if stormwater has measurable impacts on receiving water and identify alternate solutions for stormwater management. Responding to objectives was approached by formulating three questions addressing depletion of dissolved oxygen in Clarks Creek. The questions were focused on identifying source(s) and specific elements that lead to oxygen-demanding environments and are as follows: Question 1: What is the contribution of oxygen-demanding pollutants discharging to Clarks Creek from outfalls and during storm events? ● What parameters contribute to depressed dissolved oxygen concentrations in Clarks Creek receiving water? ● Are there specific locations on Clarks Creek that are particularly sensitive to stormwater pollutant input resulting in dissolved oxygen sag? ---PAGE BREAK--- 5 Question 2: What is the impact of stormwater from outfalls on Clarks Creek receiving water? ● What is the magnitude of change in dissolved oxygen concentrations attributable to stormwater input? ● What are the receiving water channel characteristics most susceptible to dissolved oxygen sag with stormwater input? Question 3: What is the effect of sediment oxygen demand on overlying surface water in Clarks Creek? ● What is the magnitude of influence SOD can have on dissolved oxygen concentrations? ● Are there identifiable channel characteristics that are associated with higher levels of sediment oxygen demand? By generating information from select locations in Clarks Creek, identification of pollution sources was determined and storm event conditions that would mobilize pollutants described. The questions presented above were the basis for water quality parameter selection, presentation style of data in graphical form, and for interpretation of results. ---PAGE BREAK--- 6 This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- 7 SECTION 2.SAMPLING DESIGN AND METHODS Stormwater introduction into Clarks Creek has been identified as one of several factors that have been consuming oxygen, and reducing oxygen concentrations in the water column during portions of the year. Following several years of intensive evaluation of existing data, and identification of potential causes for the 303(d) listings for low dissolved oxygen concentrations, local, federal, tribal, and state governments have been focused on identifying how stormwater influences water quality in this drainage. The sampling design and rationale for this project are intended to provide information that can be used to contribute to data gaps in the current modeling effort, and enhance the predictive capacity so that management actions are more likely to be effective. The monitoring strategy addressed the impact potential sources of non-point stormwater contributions has in reducing dissolved oxygen concentrations, and explained how much each of the identified factors that diminished dissolved oxygen (DO) had on this continuing water quality impairment. 2.1 Sampling Locations The two types of monitoring require collection of physicochemical field data and water samples for laboratory analysis. A description of study sites and design for sampling (at discrete sites) are presented in descriptive and map form Figure 2-1. The proposed discrete sites for sampling were field-verified prior to final location. Site locations were monumented using a GPS locational unit. Figure 2-1. Sample sites and locations for collection of stormwater outfall, surface water, and sediment oxygen demand data ---PAGE BREAK--- 8 The West Pioneer Avenue site (SW-1) was characterized as a broad channel (average of 57-feet) with dense aquatic macrophyte growth above and below the bridge (dominated by Elodea nuttallii). Lawn is planted to the stream edge and stabilized with rock rip-rap preventing erosion during flood season. The storm drain was greater than 40-inches in diameter, and drained storm runoff from a busy highway (West Pioneer Avenue) west of the creek. Location of the storm drain is toward the upstream side of the bridge on the left bank (looking Sampling stormwater at SW-2 (7th Avenue bridge) was conducted directly through a storm access lid on 7th Avenue. The 36-inch outfall was not accessible under the bridge and was submerged most of the time. The aquatic macrophyte growth covered more than 50 percent of the channel at this site with duckweed (Lemna minor) aggregated along both channel banks. Average creek channel width is 36-feet at this sample site. Almost 100 percent of the shoreline is accessible from DeCoursey Park along the left bank of the creek. A paved maintenance access road parallels the creek with several locations where storm drainage runs beneath, and directly to, Clarks Creek. Meeker Creek (SW-3) was directly sampled along with stormwater that is temporarily held in vault and then actively pumped at intervals determined by the time it takes to fill the holding chamber. Meeker Creek is uniform in channel width; approximately 9-feet with very little fluctuation in depth during storm events. The storm drain sampled for this project is located on the side of 14th Street SW south of the ditch. When pumping is activated (float-level activated), stormwater, draining a fairly extensive residential area south of the ditch, is released from a greater than 40-inch opening. Reed canary grass lines the shoreline of Meeker Creek with some incidental growth rooted within the channel. SW-4 (12th Avenue) stormwater sampling was the uppermost location in this project. The sampled stormwater drains, the impervious parking area, and South Clarks Creek Park. The channel width at this location is approximately 47-feet with an irregularly defined shoreline that has a mix of deciduous and coniferous riparian canopy, and a dense understory. The 12-inch pipe was sampled directly for stormwater, and is located on the left bank of the channel at the upstream side of the bridge. Aquatic macrophyte growth was substantially less upstream of the 12th Avenue bridge, with growth density and on the left bank, covering more than 50 percent of the creek bottom. 2.2 Water Quality Parameters and Collection Frequency Nitrogen and phosphorus parameters, field measured parameters, suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon, and biochemical oxygen, are important influences on the dissolved oxygen concentrations in Clarks Creek. Results from collection and analysis of water samples enabled partitioning of pollutants or parameters that depressed oxygen concentrations in Clarks Creek, and the points of origin. By recording water velocity and/or flow measurements, the relative influence these parameters had on oxygen concentration reduction was described. The direct measurement of sediment oxygen demand (SOD) on overlying surface water was also measured using SOD chambers. Field measured parameters include temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and specific conductance. Sampling and analytical methods focused on characterization of surface water chemistry dissolved oxygen and pH), and some physical properties temperature and conductivity). The collection of samples was used to describe conditions in both surface water and sediment (Table 2-1). Analysis of surface water samples by an accredited laboratory used the instrumental methods reported in Table 2-1. These water quality parameters were the basis for identifying the type of stormwater impacts to Clarks Creek, and for describing oxygen-demanding factors that could explain any decline in concentrations. ---PAGE BREAK--- 9 Table 2-1. Water Quality Parameters and Measurement Methods for Analysis of Surface Water Samples Analyte Sample Matrix Expected Range of Results Reporting Limit (RL) Sample Prep Method Analytical (Instrumental) Method Laboratory Results Total Phosphorus Water 2.0 µg/L Persulfate, autoclave EPA 365.1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Water 1.0 µg/L 0.45u filtration EPA 365.1 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Water 50 µg/L Persulfate, autoclave SM 4500 NO3+NO2-N Water 10 µg/L None EPA 353.2 Ammonia-N Water 5.0 µg/L None EPA 350.1 Total Suspended Sediment Water 0.5 mg/L None SM2540D Volatile Suspended Sediment Water 0.5 mg/L None SM2540E Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Water 0.250 mg/L None EPA 415.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5-day) Water 2.0 mg/L None SM5210B Fecal Coliform Water 1 cfu/100 mL None SM9222D Dissolved Oxygen (DO)b Water RL to 12 mg/L <0.1 mg DO/L None Standard Methods 4500-O G a pH b Water pH 3-9 pH<1 None Standard Methods 4500-H+ a Temperature b Water 0-30 0C 32oC None Standard Methods 2550B a ---PAGE BREAK--- 10 Analyte Sample Matrix Expected Range of Results Reporting Limit (RL) Sample Prep Method Analytical (Instrumental) Method Conductivity b Water RL to 200 µsiemens/cm 1 Microsiemens/cmc None USGS NFM 6.3.3A-SW SOD Chamber Sediment 0.2 mg/L None (field reagents for samples if using Winkler Titration) ECY EAP036 SOP Non-point source pollutants enter streams at different rates during each season throughout the year with transfer, and distance of travel, influenced primarily by climatic events. Each of the components of the project addressed potential source and pathway for introduction of pollution into Clarks Creek, and accounted for optimal time of year when pollution is either detectable or loading is greatest to surface water. The winter wet season was used to characterize the timing and location of pollutant entry into Clarks Creek. The following are descriptive examples for sampling dates and frequencies for satisfying study objectives for this project: Stormwater Outfall Sampling  Sampling Intervals from the stormwater outfall pipes; Rainfall Events and No. of Visits October 1st – March 31st (4 storm events) Clarks Creek Sampling Clarks Creek sampling: October 1st – March 31st  Surface Water Temperature (grab)  Dissolved Oxygen concentration (grab)  Conductivity (grab)  pH (grab) April 1st – September 30th  SOD Chambers (deployments at 4 sites x 3 replicates; non-storm event) Stormwater structure and Creek sampling occurred over a five month Index Period (Wet Season); characterizing the variety of storm events through several water quality collection events will capture pollutant loading from intensity and length of individual storms. Measurements were taken at pre- determined locations for characterizing water quality in each component of the study area based on seasonal delineations reported in Table 2-2. ---PAGE BREAK--- 11 Table 2-2. Monitoring Schedule and Timing/Frequency for Collection of Samples Sampling Routine Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Outfalls Stormwater Outfall Monitoring (Wet Season) Stormwater Outfall Monitoring (Dry Season) Stormwater Outfall Monitoring (Wet Season) Creek Clarks Creek Monitoring (Wet Season) Clarks Creek Monitoring (Dry Season) Clarks Creek Monitoring (Wet Season) SOD Monitoring 1 event during the dry season (Dry Season) Note: a. Outfalls – Grab sample collection and field meter results of 3-5 water quality samples collected per storm event (4 storm events characterized) at each sampling location. b. Creek – Grab sample collection and field meter results of 6-10 water quality samples collected per storm event (4 storm events characterized). 2.3 Stormwater Outfall and Creek Sampling The project focused on a monitoring strategy that evaluates parameters that cause depression in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the mainstem of Clarks Creek. Parameters that are known to cause dissolved oxygen sag in surface water include: nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen input), organics associated with inorganic materials like suspended sediment, and a direct measurement of oxygen- demanding media that strip dissolved oxygen from solution in surface water. 2.3.1 Stormwater Outfall Monitoring Purpose: Determine volume and concentration of stormwater input from four outfalls into Clarks Creek. Oxygen-demanding parameters were measured and used to interpret differences between sampling results. Sampling of four outfalls within the study area occurred during four storm events within the term of the project. Storm water samples were characterized as wet season results where wet season, which is defined as October 1st through March 31st and dry season as April 1st through September 30th. All samples collected during the term of the project were characterized as wet season samples. Samples were collected from the outflow of select stormwater pipes in order to determine water quality characteristics of nutrients, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and other parameters that described oxygen demand. Samples were collected manually. The grab samples were delivered to an accredited ---PAGE BREAK--- 12 Washington laboratory that has met analytical performance standards established by the Washington Department of Ecology. Storm Design Conditions For the purposes of defining a single storm event, the minimum amount of rainfall forecasted should be at least 0.2 inches in a 24-hour period, and the event must be preceded by a dry period of at least 4 hours. Two of the four storm events had a minimum amount of rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. To account for the variability of each sampling event, storm conditions, and outfall discharge, each sampling event lasted for four hours or for the duration of the storm. Samples were collected at defined time intervals i.e., one sample every hour. Flow volume was estimated at each outfall pipe at the time of sampling. Flow data was used to calculate volume and load for eventual use in the existing modeling effort to characterize dissolved oxygen conditions. 2.3.2 Clarks Creek Receiving Water Monitoring Purpose: Determine how inflow of stormwater affected parameters that influenced dissolved oxygen concentrations in the receiving water. Grab samples were collected in Clarks Creek at two points, upstream and of each monitored stormwater outfall to characterize nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and other oxygen-demand indicators during storm events. Collecting nutrient samples, dissolved oxygen, and oxygen demand indicator data from these two locations provided information on effects of stormwater input on dissolved oxygen concentrations. Developing relationships between increases in parameter(s) from stormwater inflow, and decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations, was intended to inform the dissolved oxygen model of additional elements that affect predictions. Sampling of locations within the Clarks Creek study area occurred during four storm events. Storm water samples were characterized as wet season samples as they were collected during October 1st through March 31st. Samples were collected from the outflow of select stormwater pipes in order to determine water quality characteristics of nutrients (total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrite nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen), dissolved oxygen concentrations, parameters that can directly increase oxygen demand (volatile suspended sediment and biochemical oxygen demand), and other parameters that are indicators of the presence and magnitude of stormwater input to Clarks Creek. In addition, sediment oxygen demand chambers were deployed below select outfall locations in Clarks Creek, and a direct measurement of the effects sediment oxygen demand has on reducing dissolved oxygen concentrations from overlying surface water. Water quality samples were collected manually during each of the storm events. The grab samples were delivered to an accredited Washington laboratory that has met analytical performance standards established by the Washington Department of Ecology. Stormwater outflow pipes varied in size from 18 inches (SW-4, 12th Avenue at South Clarks Creek Park) to 30 inches (SW-1, West Pioneer Way bridge crossing). There was baseflow from some of these pipes during non-storm events and increased flow from these pipes once stormwater reached the collection system. The creek inundated some of the pipes as stage height increased during storm events. Two of the four stormwater outfall pipes were not accessible during storm event sampling, so were sampled directly from the conveyance system through access covers at street level (SW-2, 7th Avenue bridge crossing; SW-3, Meeker Creek at 14th Street). ---PAGE BREAK--- 13 For the purpose of defining a single storm event, the minimum amount of rainfall forecasted should be at least 0.2 inches in a 24-hour period, and the event must be preceded by a dry period of at least 4 hours. Two of the four storm events should have a minimum amount of rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. To account for the variability of each sampling event, storm conditions, and outfall discharge, each sampling event lasted four hours or for the duration of the storm. Water quality samples were collected at defined time intervals and based on minimum rainfall triggers as reported in Table 2-3. Laboratory and field parameters were described from each set of samples collected at a site and during each sampling interval for the duration of the storm event (Table 2-3). Flow volume can be estimated at each creek sampling location using the recorded stage height during each site visit, and the flow-rating curves developed for the site. Flow data can be used to calculate parameter loads for use in numerical modeling and to describe magnitude of water quality issues related to declining dissolved oxygen concentrations. Flow measurements were made outside of the storm sampling events; several flow measurements at different stage heights were made at each site for development of flow-rating curves. Field water quality parameters temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen) were collected during each sampling event. Table 2-3. Criteria That Trigger Storm Event Sampling Storm Condition (rainfall triggers in a 24-hr period) Duration of the Storm <24 hrs or >24 hrs Sample Collection Interval Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #3 Sample #4 Sample #5 0.2 inches > 24 hrs 1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs 4 hrs 5 hrs 0.2 inches < 24 hrs 30 min 1 hr 2 hrs 0.6 inches > 24 hrs 1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs 0.6 inches < 24 hrs 30 min 1 hr 1.5 hrs Note: The rainfall triggers are guides for selecting the variety of storm conditions that commonly occur in Puget Sound. However, some of these design conditions may not occur during this project due to the unpredictable nature of climate events and unforeseen logistical issues. Storm event duration is a principle characteristic that relates to timing and magnitude of pollutant mobilization, and was used to distinguish storm types in in this study. The wet season in Puget Sound has storm events that can last more than 24-hours, and was used as a delineator for categorizing storm event duration (Table 2-3). Criteria from Table 2-3 was used to determine timing for storm event sampling and the goals for generating storm event samples were used for determining potential for pollutant impact. Some general guidelines were established in this project to alert the sample team when a candidate storm event was likely. Forecasting stormwater sampling events used the following indicators: a. The probability of precipitation was greater than 50 percent. b. The forecasted rainfall was greater than 0.2 inches in 24-hours. c. For purposes of sample timing within the week, a candidate rainfall began between Monday 12:00, and not be forecast later than Thursday 22:00 (this time period allowed for sample delivery to a contract laboratory within holding times for some parameters). ---PAGE BREAK--- 14 The following web sites were consulted in order to determine when an eligible storm event was likely to occur: a. National Weather Service http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/ b. University of Washington Forecast Models http://www.atmos.washington.edu/mm5rt/ 2.3.3 Sediment Oxygen Demand Benthic flux chambers were deployed at three sites in order to measure the magnitude of effect nutrient-laden sediments had on stripping dissolved oxygen from overlying surface water. Locations for deployment of the benthic flux chambers are reported in Figure 2-2. The chambers were also used to determine total community respiration that combines other factors that create an oxygen demand from the surface water. Each of the chamber placements was at locations where the water velocity was lower, and the potential for accumulation of sediment organics was high. These were likely locations for recording high sediment oxygen demand, and high rates of community respiration. Initial study planning called for only in situ chamber measurement of SOD (Murphy & Hicks, 1986) at three locations within Clarks Creek. However, once on site, it became evident that dense aquatic vegetation and macro-algae occupied a substantial portion of the stream bed throughout the study reach at the observed locations. Dense grass mats are problematic for establishing an effective chamber-to-substrate seal necessary for in situ SOD chamber measurements. Accordingly, in situ chamber SOD measurements were conducted on open sediment patches of sand/mud or sand/small gravel with limited submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) or macro-algae. To effectively assess the respiration demand of the SAV throughout the stream reach, additional assessment of total community substrate oxygen demand (CSOD) was accomplished using sondes to acquire diel dissolved oxygen curves. This method involves determination of total community oxygen metabolism using the diel curve method (Odum & Hoskins 1957, 1958), in conjunction with appropriate correction for oxygen gains/losses at the air/water interface through diffusion, and additional adjustment for water column respiration. Estimates of re-aeration coefficients or diffusion rates at the air/water interface are best determined through direct measurement using the gas/dye tracer method (Tsivoglou, 1967 and Koenig- USEPA/HydrO2, unpublished) or the modified diffusion dome method (Copeland, Duffer, Hall – 1963/1970) as modified by HydrO2 personnel. In the absence of direct measurements, re-aeration rates can be estimated using empirical equations appropriate for stream type, which was necessary for Clarks Creek since no direct re-aeration measurements were available. Water column respiration was determined via the “blank” chambers during in situ SOD measurements as well as deployment of dark bottles allowed to incubate for long time periods in the creek. An average water column respiration was computed by combining the results of all water column respiration measurements. ---PAGE BREAK--- 15 Figure 2-2. Sediment oxygen demand monitoring sites (3 of the sites were moved to adjacent locations from those originally proposed in the QAPP; Murphy 2011) 2.4 Flow-Rating Curves and Storm Design Conditions Flow rating curves were constructed for each of the storm event monitoring sites in Figure 2-1. Discharge was estimated by making instream measurements using a Marsh-McBirney flow meter and by wading cross-section of the channel during each visit. The standard operating procedure described by Washington Department of Ecology was used as a guide in producing high quality stream discharge estimates (EAP056), and can be accessed on the web at: arge_v1_1EAP056.pdf). Stream discharge measurements are relatively straightforward procedures, but can be complicated by instream obstructions. Dense aquatic plant growth located at positions along transects may prevent accurate stream velocities from being measured, and will introduce an error in final calculation of discharge at a cross-section. The USGS had noted in calculating stream discharge at the site (Clarks Creek at Tacoma Road; Site No. 12102075) that aquatic macrophyte obstructions had prevented representative stream velocity measurements, and so were modified to reflect an unobstructed water column. Flow measurements were paired with a “tape-down” measurement that was recorded on each site visit. A stationary point was identified on each bridge that was used to measure a straight-line distance from the reference point to the surface of the water. The flow rating curve was constructed by relating discharge estimate (independent factor) and the tape-down distance (dependent factor). The rating curve is useful for estimating flow at a location when sampling on additional dates, and without having to make instream distance, depth, and velocity measurements. ---PAGE BREAK--- 16 2.5 Analysis and Interpretation of Storm Event Data Storm event data was analyzed first by partitioning into individual storm events that reflected storm intensity and duration over the four month period (November 2011 through March 2012). In order to develop information that satisfied objectives, and questions presented by the Puyallup Tribe, graphs and data tables were used to identify which water quality parameters appeared to be increasing in concentration at locations at a site SW-1), a cumulative effect at locations, and the source of potential impacts. Patterns in stormwater input from storm drains emptying into Clarks Creek (and Meeker Creek) were identified in order to trace sources of pollutants, and determine the severity of impact at the point of entry to Clarks Creek. Also, the type of pollutant(s) identified at these locations was further considered for the potential of influencing dissolved oxygen concentrations in surface water (oxygen demand). Identifying source and intensity of impact could be used to guide the location and type of best management practices implemented, and makes measurable improvements to water quality. The focus for analysis of storm event data was to:  Identify sources and type of pollutant(s) entering Clarks Creek;  Identify the type of storm event where pollutant(s) enter the creek;  Determine location and severity of dissolved oxygen depression in relation to the stormwater conveyance input to Clarks Creek. ---PAGE BREAK--- 17 SECTION 3. STORMWATER MONITORING RESULTS 3.1 Storm Event Description Four storm events were monitored to characterize water quality conditions in Clarks Creek and incoming stormwater. Multiple samples were collected over a period of time that reflected conditions during each portion of the hydrograph antecedent period, rising limb, peak, and falling limb). Each of the events was used to describe how water quality parameters that influence dissolved oxygen conditions were introduced or moved in Clarks Creek. In addition, factors that introduce or distribute pollutants in Clarks Creek were identified. Definitions for storm types were described in the Quality Assurance Project Plan (Tetra Tech 2011) that outlined selection criteria. The following are criteria used to select four different storm events:  Minimum of 0.2 inches in >24-hr period.  Minimum of 0.2 inches in <24-hr period.  Minimum of 0.6 inches in >24-hr period.  Minimum of 0.6 inches in <24-hr period. Sampling storm events was based on projections by a local and national weather service and did not ensure that stream response would be directly related to rainfall amount. For example, early season rainfall did not result in dramatic increases in creek discharge. Whereas, later season rainfall events resulted in a more immediate response with higher flows in the creek. Regardless of when sampling was completed on the discharge hydrograph, precipitation that began to accumulate before, and following the initiation of stormwater sampling, resulted in a measurable rise in the creek hydrograph, and in flow from the sampled stormwater outfalls and underground lines. Stormwater sampling was conducted on different portions of the hydrograph for each of the storm event types. The timing for sampling is identified in the following series of figures, and labeled with the start time and end time for sample collection. The intent for selecting different storm types, and for sampling on distinct portions of storm events, was to adequately describe the range of water quality conditions that occurred in Clarks Creek and Meeker Creek. Figure 3-1 through Figure 3-4 show precipitation (before, during, and after each storm), and Clarks Creek discharge for the four storm events sampled. It is likely that the hydrograph rising limb, peak, and falling limb occurred sooner than indicated by these figures depending on distance of site upstream. All storm event samples were collected within the criteria established for selecting and event and mobilizing for field work. The following list reports type of storm event; the date each occurred, and total rainfall associated with the event:  Minimum of 0.2 inches in >24-hr period; November 11, 2011; 0.41 inches.  Minimum of 0.2 inches in <24-hr period; February 17, 2012; 0.69 inches.  Minimum of 0.6 inches in >24-hr period; March 13, 2012; 0.98 inches.  Minimum of 0.6 inches in <24-hr period; March 29, 2012; 1.12 inches. Storm sampling intervals reported in the following series of graphs (Figure 3-1 through Figure 3-4) indicates the peak of individual storm events were not sampled, but this is not the case. The hydrograph reflects response of the creek at a site well below the study area and means that peaks of project area hydrographs occurred earlier at upstream sites in the study area. Increased flows observed during sampling confirmed input of stormwater during each of the rainfall events. ---PAGE BREAK--- 18 Figure 3-1. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (Nov. 15-17, 2011) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, WA Figure 3-2. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (Feb. 16-19, 2012) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, WA 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 11/15/11 12:00 PM 11/15/11 6:00 PM 11/16/11 12:00 AM 11/16/11 6:00 AM 11/16/11 12:00 PM 11/16/11 6:00 PM 11/17/11 12:00 AM 11/17/11 6:00 AM 11/17/11 12:00 PM 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Discharge (cfs) Rainfall (inches) 1st Sample Taken, 11/16/11 @ 9:30 am Last Sample Taken, 11/16/11 @ 6:00 pm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2/16/12 12:00 PM 2/16/12 6:00 PM 2/17/12 12:00 AM 2/17/12 6:00 AM 2/17/12 12:00 PM 2/17/12 6:00 PM 2/18/12 12:00 AM 2/18/12 6:00 AM 2/18/12 12:00 PM 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Discharge (cfs) Rainfall (inches) 1st Sample Taken, 2/17/12 @ 8:07 am Last Sample Taken, 2/17/12 @ 3:30 pm ---PAGE BREAK--- 19 Figure 3-3. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (March 12-14, 2012) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, WA Figure 3-4. Hydrograph for Clarks Creek at Tacoma Rd. bridge (USGS) and the 48 hour rainfall record (March 28-30, 2012) collected by the Washington State University Research Extension, Puyallup, WA 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 3/12/12 12:00 PM 3/12/12 6:00 PM 3/13/12 12:00 AM 3/13/12 6:00 AM 3/13/12 12:00 PM 3/13/12 6:00 PM 3/14/12 12:00 AM 3/14/12 6:00 AM 3/14/12 12:00 PM 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 Discharge (cfs) Rainfall (inches) 1st Sample Taken, 3/13/12 @ 10:30 am Last Sample Taken, 3/13/12 @ 3:30 pm 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 3/28/12 12:00 PM 3/28/12 6:00 PM 3/29/12 12:00 AM 3/29/12 6:00 AM 3/29/12 12:00 PM 3/29/12 6:00 PM 3/30/12 12:00 AM 3/30/12 6:00 AM 3/30/12 12:00 PM 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Discharge (cfs) Rainfall (inches) 1st Sample Taken, 3/29/12 @ 8:40 am Last Sample Taken, 3/29/12 @ 12:30 pm ---PAGE BREAK--- 20 3.2 Flow-Rating Curves and Hydrograph Flow rating curves for each sample location were constructed from several instream discharge estimates. In all cases, the number of discharge estimates available to develop flow rating curves for each site was inadequate (less than 10 observations). Access to the stream channel was limited, especially at the high flow periods, so flow estimates were limited to lower flow conditions (60 cfs to 70 cfs). The preliminary flow rating curves for each sampling site are in Figure 3-5 through Figure 3-8, with an accompanying regression equation. Improvement to the current flow rating curve could be accomplished by making additional observations over a greater range of flow conditions. Challenges in developing flow rating curves for these sites included channel shape and accuracy of discharge estimates. The channel shape at each sampling site is an inverse trapezoid with a broad wetted width-to- depth, and this results in the potential for appreciable change in discharge with minimal change in surface elevation (staff gage reading or tape down reading from a stationary object). The result is a flow estimate and corresponding staff gage reading that has low repeatability. Figure 3-5. Flow rating curve constructed for the Clarks Creek, West Pioneer Way sampling site (SW-1), Puyallup, WA y = 0.2091ln(x) + 2.4724 R² = 0.3919 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Stage Reading (ft) Q (cfs) Pioneer Bridge ---PAGE BREAK--- 21 Figure 3-6. Flow rating curve constructed for the Clarks Creek, 7th Avenue sampling site (SW-2), Puyallup, WA 4.23 4.00 3.90 4.15 4.45 4.30 y = 0.6419ln(x) + 1.5223 R² = 0.7093 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Stage Reading (ft) Q (cfs) 7th Avenue ---PAGE BREAK--- 22 Figure 3-7. Flow rating curve constructed for the Meeker Creek sampling site (SW-3), Puyallup, WA y = 0.0678ln(x) + 25.127 R² = 0.2384 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.2 25.21 25.22 25.23 25.24 25.25 25.26 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Stage Reading (ft) Q (cfs) Meeker Ditch ---PAGE BREAK--- 23 Figure 3-8. Flow rating curve constructed for Clarks Creek, 12th Avenue sampling site (SW-3), Puyallup, WA Water level heights were measured using tape down measurements from a fixed point on a bridge at sample sites SW-1 and SW-2 (Table 3-1). Stage height from existing staff gages at remaining sites were used to record water level and then estimate flow from flow rating curves. The values reported in Table 3-1 are rough estimates for flow conditions at select times of sampling. Precision is low on the flow rating curves so the calculation of any flows based on stage height data in Table 3-1 are also rough estimates. The flow-rating curve developed for the West Pioneer Way site (SW-1) did not have a strong relationship with water level. The channel shape prevented a strong signal in water level measurements with variation in flow, and is attributed to the shallow channel, and a broad wetted width. Accuracy of flow measurements made at the Meeker Creek (SW-3) site was affected by active pumping of stormwater from a collection vault that runs parallel with 14th Street. Stormwater is collected in this vault and pumping to Meeker Creek is float- activated. The volume of the collection vault is added to the flow estimate in the channel, but is periodic and does not represent a constant flow volume that changes gradually with stormwater runoff. Flow volume estimates from the outfalls at each site were difficult to estimate as each was either partially or mostly submerged during most of the rain events. y = 1.1619ln(x) + 19.127 R² = 0.8204 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 24 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Stage Reading (ft) Q (cfs) 12th Avenue ---PAGE BREAK--- 24 Table 3-1. Water Level Heights (staff gage or tape down) Were Measured at Sites During the Storm Events to Estimate Flows Storm Sample Date Storm Design Condition Water Level Sampling Interval Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #3 Sample #4 Sample #5 Nov 16, 2011 0.2 inches, > 24 hrs SW-1 (Tape Down ft) 3.34 SW-2 (Tape Down ft) 4.4 SW-3 (Staff gage) 24.14 25.39 SW-4 (Staff gage) 24.19 24.22 24.22 Feb 17, 2012 0.2 inches, < 24 hrs SW-1 (Tape Down ft) 11.6 11.6 11.6 SW-2 (Tape Down ft) 8 8 8 SW-3 (Staff gage) 25.17 25.17 25.19 SW-4 (Staff gage) 23.98 23.98 23.98 Mar 13, 2012 0.6 inches, > 24 hrs SW-1 (Tape Down ft) 11.6 11.6 11.6 SW-2 (Tape Down ft) 7.55 7.55 7.55 SW-3 (Staff gage) 25.6 25.48 SW-4 (Staff gage) 24.37 24.36 24.30 Mar 29, 2012 0.6 inches, < 24 hrs SW-1 (Tape Down ft) 11.6 11.6 11.5 SW-2 (Tape Down ft) 7.7 7.7 7.6 SW-3 (Staff gage) 25.52 25.52 25.54 SW-4 (Staff gage) 24.24 24.30 24.32 3.3 Stormwater Quality Sample collection proceeded during each of the storm events within time intervals described in Table 3-2. Stormwater was sampled at various portions of the hydrograph during each of the events. Based on unpredictability of a storm and the ability to capture a storm event with the same timing of arrival, water quality characterizations were made across a range of hydrograph conditions. Each water quality data result is reported in Appendix A for each of the following storm events. Table 3-2. Sample Collection Times for Each Storm Event Storm Sample Date Storm Design Condition Sample Collection Time Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #3 Sample #4 Sample #5 Nov 16, 2011 0.2 inches, > 24 hrs 09:30- 10:45 11:20- 12:30 13:15- 14:20 14:45- 16:00 16:45- 18:00 Feb 17, 2012 0.2 inches, < 24 hrs 08:07- 09:40 12:40- 13:55* 14:10- 15:30 Mar 13, 2012 0.6 inches, > 24 hrs 10:30- 11:35 12:00- 13:15 13:40- 15:30 Mar 29, 2012 0.6 inches, < 24 hrs 08:40- 09:50 10:10- 11:00 11:15- 12:30 Note: *Rainfall stopped and sampling resumed when precipitation increased. ---PAGE BREAK--- 25 3.3.1 Storm Event #1 (November 16, 2011) This storm event was characterized as a low intensity, short duration storm with sampling that extended from before the event, included the rising limb, peak, and falling limb of the hydrograph. The results examined from storm event monitoring on this date were used as a guide to modify the number of repeat measures necessary to adequately characterize water quality conditions. Results show (Appendix B) that water quality data collected during this storm event at adjacent time intervals were not significantly different, and that it was only necessary to collect at the beginning, middle, and end of a storm event. There were no remarkable differences at any of the sites in the study area from upstream to sampling. This meant that input of stormwater measured at each site did not change concentrations for any of the parameters. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater conveyance input to site SW-1 (West Pioneer Way bridge) and SW-3 (Meeker Creek), were significantly lower than the upstream and sampling conducted at these sites Figure 3-9 (up to 2.5 mg/L lower). Figure 3-9. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 mg/L) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 30 minutes 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 26 Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranges varied widely among replicate samples at Clarks Creek and the Meeker Creek site. A comparison of mean DO concentrations showed relatively uniform concentrations among all sites, but with differences between minimum and maximum observations from 0.58 mg/L (SW-1 Down) to 1.8 mg/L (SW-3 Up) (Table 3-3). The decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations with repeated observations at the same locations occurred as the storm duration increased. Table 3-3. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on November 16, 2011. Site Mean DO (mg/L) Min DO (mg/L) Max DO (mg/L) SW-4 Up SW-4 Input SW-4 Down 9.1 9.6 9.1 8.68 8.27 8.68 9.43 11.17 9.43 SW-3 U SW-3 Input SW-3 D 9.4 7.0 9.4 8.74 7.89 8.84 10.54 8.41 10.49 SW-2 Up SW-2 Input SW-2 Down 9.3 9.2 9.3 8.91 8.89 8.91 9.68 9.54 9.66 SW-1 Up SW-1 (Input) SW-1 Down 9.3 7.1 9.4 8.9 6.4 9.07 9.66 8.15 9.65 ---PAGE BREAK--- 27 Total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations were substantially higher from stormwater outfalls at upstream (SW-4) and (SW-1) sites (Figure 3-10). Average concentration of stormwater outfall TSS was 24 mg/L at SW-4 and 15.5 mg/L at SW-1. The average TSS concentrations at Meeker Creek were similar to the upstream SW-4 site ranging from between 27.2 mg/L to 32.5 mg/L. The Clarks Creek sample locations at each site showed little change in concentrations, especially following input of TSS. Figure 3-10. Total Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 28 Volatile suspended sediment (VSS) concentrations followed a similar pattern as TSS from the upstream (SW- 4) site to the (SW-1) site (Figure 3-11). Average VSS concentration from the Meeker Creek stormwater outfall was 4 times higher (27.2 mg/L) than the outfall concentration at SW-1 (6.8 mg/L). Average suspended sediment concentrations were higher during this initial sampling event (November 16, 2011) than in later storm events. Figure 3-11. Volatile Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) VSS Concentrations (mg/L) 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 29 Fecal coliform bacteria (FC) concentrations were very high at Meeker Creek and ranged from 275 cfu/100 mL (cfu = colony forming units) to 1,120 cfu/100 mL (Figure 3-12). Average concentrations of FC from all stormwater outfalls were higher than locations sampled at each site. These elevated FC concentrations indicate the significant amount of stormwater that comprises surface runoff from adjacent land. Figure 3-12. Fecal Coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D Fecal Coliform 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean <20,000 I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 30 Average total phosphorus concentrations (TP) were about 4 times higher from stormwater outfalls at SW-1 and upstream SW-4 than in the receiving water of Clarks Creek (Figure 3-13). The average TP concentrations from Meeker Creek at locations were about 7 times higher than at sites in Clarks Creek (0.46 mg/L to 0.58 mg/L). Even though total phosphorus concentrations were high from Meeker Creek input to Clarks Creek, the (SW-2) location had little to no change in average TP concentration. Figure 3-13. Total Phosphorus concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on November 16, 2011 Dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured at each site and during each of the time intervals for a portion of the storm hydrograph. The observed dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were compared against DO concentrations that represent saturation at surface water temperatures measured during each time interval visit at all sites Figure 3-14. DO saturation is the potential oxygen concentration that could be reached at the range of surface water temperatures measured from a site. DO saturation estimates were determined for the range of water temperatures observed during storm event sampling. The DO saturation curve was used as a reference for comparison with observed dissolved oxygen concentrations. This reference is not a goal for attainment, but is strictly used as a standardized expression that enables comparison of change in DO concentrations among storms. The difference between trends of saturated DO concentrations and observed DO concentrations was fairly constant with an approximate 3 mg/L deficit below saturation. This shows there are oxygen-demanding factors that reduce DO concentrations in surface water including from natural sources. The lower end of the observed DO concentrations along the trend line was recorded from SW-4 (the uppermost storm event sampling site). 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 4.00 8.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) Total Phosphorus Concentrations 30 minutes 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 31 Figure 3-14. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (November 16, 2011 storm event) The lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were recorded primarily at SW-1 (West Pioneer Avenue) as sampled from the outfall Figure 3-15 (6.4 mg/L). Additional low DO concentrations were recorded at Meeker Creek (SW-3). The highest DO concentrations were observed from the outfall at SW-4 (South Clarks Creek Park) during the November 2011 storm event (11.2 mg/L). Figure 3-15. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (November 16, 2011 storm event) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s DO Saturation Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) Linear (DO Saturation Conc.'s) November 16, 2011 Storm Event 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Tenperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) ---PAGE BREAK--- 32 3.3.2 Storm Event #2 (February 17, 2012) Water quality conditions in Clarks Creek were characterized during one of the low, steady rainfall events (>0.2inches, >24hrs). Sampling was conducted during the beginning of the rainfall interval with Clarks Creek discharge elevated approximately 10 cubic feet per second (cfs) higher than baseline flow of approximately 60 cfs. There was no dissolved oxygen concentrations measured from positions at a site or from stormwater conveyance that met the water quality standard of 9.5 mg/L (Figure 3-16). This is a significant departure from the more than 25 percent of dissolved oxygen concentrations meeting the criterion in the previous storm event. The same pattern for depression of dissolved oxygen concentrations occurred in stormwater conveyances at SW-3 (Meeker Creek; 6.7 mg/L) and SW-1 (West Pioneer Way; 6.4 mg/L), but did not have a noticeable effect on DO concentrations in receiving water. Figure 3-16. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 mg/L) Dissolved oxygen concentrations varied by up to 0.6 mg/L from between upstream SW-4 (12th Avenue bridge) and SW-1 (West Pioneer Way bridge). A comparison of mean DO concentrations showed a general decline from the November 16, 2011 storm event results (Table 3-4). The range in minimum and maximum observations at individual locations was smaller than the previous storm event monitoring results. 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 33 Table 3-4. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on February 17, 2012. Site Mean DO (mg/L) Min DO (mg/L) Max DO (mg/L) SW-4 Up SW-4 Input SW-4 Down 8.0 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.31 8.31 7.97 7.74 SW-3 U SW-3 Input SW-3 D 7.7 6.7 7.6 7.63 6.7 7.35 7.65 6.78 7.75 SW-2 Up SW-2 Input SW-2 Down 8.2 7.8 8.1 7.92 7.7 7.8 8.7 7.9 8.69 SW-1 Up SW-1 (Input) SW-1 Down 8.1 6.4 8.1 7.79 6.25 7.72 8.7 6.55 8.64 The sustained flow in the receiving water (Clarks Creek) reflected slight increases in concentrations from several parameters at stations. Both total suspended sediment (TSS) and volatile suspended sediment (VSS) showed increases at sites SW-2 (7th Avenue bridge) and SW-1 (West Pioneer Way Bridge) during the February 17, 2012 storm event (Figure 3-17 and Figure 3-18, respectively). ---PAGE BREAK--- 34 Figure 3-17. Total Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 Figure 3-18. Volatile Suspended Sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L VSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 35 A small increase in fecal coliform concentration (Figure 3-19) occurred at the upstream site SW-4, but showed a much larger increase further at SW-2 (7th Avenue bridge) and SW-1 (West Pioneer Way Bridge). Total phosphorus (TP) concentration increased at site SW-1 and SW-2 in the sample (Figure 3-20) following substantially larger concentrations originating from Meeker Creek (SW-3) during the same time intervals for the storm event. Flow records from Clarks Creek show baseflow from between 60 cfs to 64 cfs during pre-rain events at most times of the year. Rainfall was sporadic at Clarks Creek during the morning hours, but is not reflected in rainfall records at the Washington State University Research Extension location. Field notes from staff indicate intense rainfall at the project area during the last hour of storm sample collection. Previous sampling notes observed runoff into Clarks Creek at all sites even though little or no rain was recorded by rainfall gages. The bacteriological contamination and phosphorus input to the stream occurred during a storm condition that had previously elevated and sustained receiving stream discharge. Sampling occurred on the rising limb of the hydrograph at each of the Clarks Creek sites, and concentrations of both fecal coliform and TP responded to the increase of the rising hydrograph. These water quality observations reflected the mobilization of pollutants that occur at the beginning of a cumulative storm event where rainfall is a slow, steady event, and delivers stormwater to the stream over a longer time interval. Figure 3-19. Fecal coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 1 10 100 1000 10000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Fecal Coliform 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 36 Figure 3-20. Total phosphorus concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on February 17, 2012 Dissolved oxygen concentrations observed during the February 17, 2012, storm event were lower than those from the previous storm event (Table 3-4); 6.3 mg/L to 8.7 mg/L). Three rounds of samples were collected at each site during this storm event as compared to the five rounds collected for the November 2011, storm event. The comparison of trend lines between the estimates of saturated DO concentrations and observed concentrations, are inversely related (Figure 3-21). The low outfall DO concentrations measured from SW-1 and SW-3, account for this reverse trend compared with the expected DO saturation concentrations based on surface water temperatures. The lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations were observed at SW-1 (West Pioneer Way bridge) stormwater outfall at consecutive sampling intervals over the duration of the sampling interval (6.32 mg/L – 1st interval, 6.55 mg/L – 2nd interval, and 6.25 mg/L – 3rd interval). 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Total Phosphorus Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 37 Figure 3-21. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (February 17, 2012 storm event) There were no dissolved oxygen concentrations that met the designated aquatic life use (core summer salmonid habitat) criteria of 9.5 mg/L during the February 17, 2012, storm event (Figure 3-22). The DO conditions during this storm event were a significant departure from the previous fall 2011 creek condition. The mean dissolved oxygen concentration observed from the lower project area, SW-1, was 2.0 mg/L less than the core summer salmonid habitat criterion (9.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) applicable throughout the year on Clarks Creek. Figure 3-22. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (February 17, 2012 storm event) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s Saturation DO Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) Linear (Saturation DO Conc.'s) February 17, 2012 Storm Event 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 7 8 9 10 11 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) ---PAGE BREAK--- 38 3.3.3 Storm Event #3 (March 13, 2012) The samples for this storm event were collected on the falling limb of the hydrograph that represented a much greater increase in discharge from previous baseflow conditions (60 cfs – 64 cfs). This storm event was the first sampled when flow was greater than 100 cfs in the stream channel. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were consistently below the water quality criterion (9.5 mg/L) at all sites during the third storm event (Figure 3-23). The low DO from the lowermost stormwater conveyance corresponded with a high volatile suspended sediment. There were stormwater indicators like fecal coliform bacteria that identified substantial runoff through stormwater conveyance at SW-4 and SW-1. These inputs from stormwater runoff were detected in samples from SW-3 (Meeker Creek), SW-2 (7th Avenue Bridge), and at SW-1 (West Pioneer Way). The influence of stormwater from upstream was identified at sampling locations using the bacteriological marker. Figure 3-23. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 13, 2012 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 mg/L) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 39 Dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary much at locations within any one of the mainstem Clarks Creek sites. A comparison of mean DO concentrations showed a difference of 0.8 mg/L from the uppermost site to sites in the middle and lower project area (Table 3-5). There was a small increase in mean concentration of dissolved oxygen beginning with upstream SW-4 (7.9 mg/L) to SW-1 (8.7 mg/L). All observations made during this storm event did not meet the core summer salmonid habitat criterion (9.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen). Table 3-5. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on March 13, 2012. Site Mean DO (mg/L) Min DO (mg/L) Max DO (mg/L) SW-4 Up SW-4 Input SW-4 Down 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.61 7.68 7.65 8.07 8.11 8.1 SW-3 U SW-3 Input SW-3 D 8.6 7.9 8.6 8.33 7.71 8.38 8.72 8.17 8.82 SW-2 Up SW-2 Input SW-2 Down 8.8 7.8 8.7 8.24 7.76 8.14 9.03 7.9 8.97 SW-1 Up SW-1 (Input) SW-1 Down 8.7 6.9 8.7 8.19 6.68 8.2 9.15 7.22 9.22 ---PAGE BREAK--- 40 Stormwater sampling during the March 13, 2012, event identified increased concentration of volatile suspended sediment (VSS) at site SW-1. Higher VSS concentrations were also noted at the Meeker Creek site (SW-3), but declined as the storm event lessened in intensity (Figure 3-24). These concentrations were similar to those at the SW-1 site in the storm drain outfall. Figure 3-24. Volatile suspended sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 13, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L VSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 41 Fecal coliform (FC) concentrations were initially high at Clarks Creek sites SW-4 storm outfall, SW-2, and SW- 1 (mainstem creek sites). FC concentrations did not increase in the sample at SW-4, with the much higher concentrations originating from the storm outfall at this site. The concentration of FC systematically declined with succeeding sample intervals, and a receding hydrograph at all of these Clarks Creek sites Figure 3-25. The fecal coliform concentrations at Clarks Creek sites were directly related to discharge in the creek. Figure 3-25. Fecal coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 13, 2012 Dissolved oxygen concentrations observed during the March 13, 2012, storm event were approximately the same as those from the previous storm event (Figure 3-26). The numbers of observations were fewer resulting from three rounds of sampling during the storm event instead of the five rounds completed for the November 2011, storm event. DO saturation estimates were determined for the range of water temperatures observed during storm event sampling. The DO saturation curve was used as a reference for comparison with observed dissolved oxygen concentrations. This reference is not a goal for attainment, but is strictly used as a standardized expression that enables comparison of change in DO concentrations among storms. The comparison of trend lines between an estimate of saturated DO concentrations and observed concentrations, are inversely related, but not as strongly divergent as those from the February 17, 2012, storm event. The low outfall DO concentrations measured from all sites (ranging from 6.7 mg/L to 7.8 mg/L) account for this reverse trend compared with the expected DO saturation concentrations based on surface water temperatures. This comparison between the DO saturation estimate trend line and actual observations from the storm is the same trend observed from the February 17, 2012, storm event. 1 10 100 1000 10000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Fecal Coliform 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 20,000 ---PAGE BREAK--- 42 Figure 3-26. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 13, 2012 storm event) There were no dissolved oxygen concentrations that met the designated aquatic life use (core summer salmonid habitat) criteria of 9.5 mg/L during the March 13, 2012, storm event (Figure 3-27). The DO conditions during this storm event were again a significant departure from the fall season stormwater quality condition. Comparison of the saturated DO concentrations with observed DO concentrations were a deficit of between 3-4 mg/L. The lowest dissolved oxygen measured from all sites was associated with cooler water and should have higher concentrations than observed. Saturation estimates were all higher than the core summer salmonid habitat criterion (9.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) applicable throughout the year on Clarks Creek. The results from this storm sampling event indicate increased oxygen demand based on observations of DO concentrations that should be higher than measured. Figure 3-27. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 13, 2012 storm event) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s DO Saturation Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) Linear (DO Saturation Conc.'s) March 13, 2012 Storm Event 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) ---PAGE BREAK--- 43 3.3.4 Storm Event #4 (March 29, 2012) The most intense storm event sampled in a period less than 24 hours occurred on March 29, 2012. Sampling occurred on the rising limb of this storm event which eventually reached a stream discharge of almost 120 cfs. Actual discharge estimates for water quality sampling sites can be found in Appendix C. In most cases, water quality parameter concentrations remained similar between upstream and sampling points at each Clarks Creek site. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were relatively uniform among the upper monitoring sites, but declined at SW-1 (West Pioneer Way) (Figure 3-28). All DO concentrations were lower than the water quality criterion (9.5 mg/L) and did not differ significantly between upstream (SW-4) and (SW-1) during most of the monitoring intervals during the storm event. The lowest DO concentrations observed among the sampling intervals occurred at the beginning of the storm event (1-hour interval) with a slow recovery at successive intervals. Other parameters that showed declining concentrations included total suspended sediment (TSS) and volatile suspended sediment (VSS) at mainstem Clarks Creek sites (SW-4, SW-2, and SW- Figure 3-28. Dissolved oxygen concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 (red line is the water quality standard; 9.5 mg/L) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 44 Mean dissolved oxygen concentrations declined from upstream SW-4 (12th Avenue bridge) to SW-1 (West Pioneer Way bridge). The minimum DO concentrations were recorded from the lowermost site (SW-1) and are associated with the lowest DO input concentrations for this storm event (Table 3-6). The maximum dissolved oxygen concentrations did not meet minimum requirements of core summer salmonid habitat criterion (9.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) applicable throughout the year on Clarks Creek. Table 3-6. Summary of dissolved oxygen results for storm event sampling on March 29, 2012. Site Mean DO (mg/L) Min DO (mg/L) Max DO (mg/L) SW-4 Up SW-4 Input SW-4 Down 7.8 8.3 7.7 7.45 8.3 7.42 8.0 8.4 7.93 SW-3 U SW-3 Input SW-3 D 8.1 7.7 8.4 7.99 7.5 8.11 8.37 7.81 8.57 SW-2 Up SW-2 Input SW-2 Down 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.37 7.78 7.27 8.34 8.05 8.33 SW-1 Up SW-1 (Input) SW-1 Down 7.4 6.7 7.4 6.86 6.21 6.86 7.91 7.04 7.9 Although there were some large increases in concentrations from storm outfalls TSS, VSS, and fecal coliform at Site SW-4), no effect on receiving water concentrations was detected with storm sampling. In addition, the magnitude of total suspended sediment concentration was low, both originating from the storm outfall, and in the receiving water Figure 3-29 and Figure 3-30. ---PAGE BREAK--- 45 Figure 3-29. Total suspended sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 Figure 3-30. Total volatile suspended sediment concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L VSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- 46 Fecal coliform concentrations were substantially higher at the Clarks Creek site (SW-1) than at SW-4 (Figure 3-31). The source for fecal coliform appears to be upstream of Clarks Creek site SW-2 (7th Avenue bridge). Consistently high concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria were greatest at the Meeker Creek site than at SW-2 and SW-1. Figure 3-31. Fecal coliform concentrations from stormwater sampling at Clarks Creek sites on March 29, 2012 Dissolved oxygen concentrations observed during the March 29, 2012, storm event were similar to those from the previous March storm event (Figure 3-32). The numbers of observations were fewer, resulting from three rounds of sampling during the storm event, instead of the five rounds completed for the November 2011 storm event. DO saturation estimates were determined for the range of water temperatures observed during storm event sampling. The DO saturation curve was used as a reference for comparison with observed dissolved oxygen concentrations. This reference is not a goal for attainment, but is strictly used as a standardized expression that enables comparison of change in DO concentrations among storms. The comparison of trend lines between an estimate of saturated DO concentrations, and observed concentrations, were inversely related, but not as strongly divergent as those from the February 17, 2012, or March 13, 2012, storm event. 1 10 100 1000 10000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Fecal Coliform 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 20,000 ---PAGE BREAK--- 47 Figure 3-32. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations compared with saturated concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 29, 2012 storm event) There were no dissolved oxygen concentrations that met the designated aquatic life use (core summer salmonid habitat) criteria of 9.5 mg/L during the March 29, 2012, storm event (Figure 3-33). The DO conditions during this storm event were uniform across a range of recorded surface water temperatures from each sample. Comparison of the saturated DO concentrations with observed DO concentrations were a deficit of between 3-5 mg/L. The highest dissolved oxygen concentrations in the mid-portion of the data range were from mainstem, locations at SW-3, and all below core summer salmonid habitat criterion (9.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) applicable throughout the year on Clarks Creek. Figure 3-33. Observed dissolved oxygen concentrations during all time intervals at each site (March 29, 2012 storm event) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s DO Saturation Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) Linear (DO Saturation Conc.'s) March 29, 2012 Storm Event 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Surface Water Temperature (oCelsius) Observed DO Conc.'s Linear (Observed DO Conc.'s) ---PAGE BREAK--- 48 3.4 Stormwater Quality Patterns and Trends Stormwater impacts to water quality conditions in Clarks Creek were examined by comparing surface water quality with surrounding land use activities. A description of these activities is provided for the study area by the following: 12th Avenue SW Bridge (SW-4) This station is located below the 12th Avenue bridge. This site is upstream from the confluence of Meeker Creek and Clarks Creek, from the Puyallup Trout Hatchery, and just prior to a concentrated streamside residential area. 7th Avenue SW Bridge (SW-2) This station is located near the end of concentrated streamside residential development, and of the confluence of Meeker Creek and Clarks Creek. Between 7th Avenue and 12th Avenue bridges there are questionable contributions from fertilizers, pesticides, landscaping activities, oil and grease. West Pioneer Avenue (SW-1) This station is located just below the Pioneer Street bridge. The Pioneer site is just below DeCoursey Park, where populations of ducks are living in the pond throughout the year. We believe the ducks contribute high levels of nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria. Patterns for parameter concentrations discussed earlier in this section are further examined in Section 4, where adjacent land uses are related to these observations. The relationships identified between water quality conditions during a storm event and the land use type may be used to determine priority locations for implementation of best management practices, and to promote observable improvements in water quality conditions. 3.5 Sediment Oxygen Demand Results The dense assemblage of submerged aquatic vegetation was assumed to induce the highest respiration demand for diel oxygen resources in the system. Results from the sediment oxygen demand (SOD) chambers indicated that by accounting for additional sources for biological respiration, the Community Substrate Oxygen Demand (CSOD) further increased the consumption of dissolved oxygen estimated in Clarks Creek. A comparison of in situ SOD with CSOD (Table 3-7), shows CSOD exceeding the SOD for all stations within the study reach. While in situ, SOD rates average 1.58 gmO2/m2/day (CC-1), and 1.99 gmO2/m2/day (CC-2); computed CSOD rates were 2.46, 4.71, and 3.73 gmO2/m2/day at Stations CC-1, CC-2, and CC-3, respectively. An average stream depth of 0.75 meters was used for adjustment of depth-specific CSOD. An average water column respiration rate of 0.48 gmO2/m2/day (Table 7 in Murphy, 2011), was used to adjusted total community respiration for water column demands in the computation of CSOD. The CSOD is a computed rate, and includes respiration associated with all substrates in contrast to SOD associated with “clean” sediments. ---PAGE BREAK--- 49 Table 3-7. In situ SOD versus CSOD in Clarks Creek, Puyallup, WA In situ Sediment Oxygen Demand versus Community Sediment Oxygen Demand (September 19-21, 2011) Station in situ SOD (gm O2/m2/day) CSOD (gm O2/m2/day) CC-1 1.58 2.46 CC-2 1.99 4.71 CC-3 See Note below 3.73 Note: SOD estimation was not possible at the Puyallup Tribe Salmon Hatchery (CC-3) due to both dense submerged aquatic vegetation mats and/or scoured rock stream bed. SOD has been estimated in this study from “clean sediments” (soft sediments free of aquatic plants and other hard surfaces like gravel/cobble substrate). Other sources for oxygen demand are aquatic plants, and heterotrophic respiration in algal mats. These sources of respiration are not accounted for in this study, and could represent a substantial increase over SOD rates reported in Table 3-7. Total biological respiration from sources other than those measured or calculated likely account for double the current CSOD estimate. The chronically high nutrient concentrations in the creek will promote dense growth of plants and algae (zooplankton density will increase); other sources for oxygen demand not accounted for by the estimates in Table 3-7. ---PAGE BREAK--- 50 This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- 51 SECTION 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Stormwater Quality Trends Several significant points can be made regarding water quality trends and conditions in Clarks Creek. For example, conservative parameters like conductance and non-conservative parameters like total phosphorus, fecal coliform, and biochemical oxygen demand, indicate that stormwater inflows deliver uniform and high concentrations, and resulting in low dissolved oxygen concentrations in Clarks Creek during the winter storm season. Sources for oxygen depletion in surface water include estimates made from Community Substrate Oxygen Demand (respiration on substrates other than soft-bottom), and sediment oxygen demand (clean sediments); a component of CSOD. Phosphorus concentrations are very high in Clarks Creek (0.037-0.286 mg/L); the higher concentrations approximately 50 times higher than expected in Western Washington streams. The observations in water quality conditions from the study area indicate substantial nutrient contribution from land use and human activity from surrounding upstream locations. The elevated nutrient concentrations are exacerbated by contributions of stormwater runoff. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were highest at the beginning of the wet season and slowly diminished during successive storm events. DO concentrations meeting the core summer salmonid habitat criterion occurred only in November 2011 and incrementally declined at all sites by March 2012. Stormwater outfalls at Meeker Creek (SW-3 Input) and then at West Pioneer Way (SW-1 Input) consistently delivered low dissolved oxygen to Clarks Creek. These consistently low dissolved oxygen concentrations coupled with a general decline in DO over time at all mainstem Clarks Creek sites indicates that stormwater has a cumulative effect on water quality. Water quality conditions at the Meeker Creek site (SW-3), in contrast to the other sites, has significantly higher concentrations of pollutants. The input of these pollutants to Clarks Creek (above site SW-2), is significantly higher, and was periodically identified at sites SW-2 and SW-1, of the confluence with Meeker Creek. This is an identifiable point source of pollution that contributes an accumulating impact on locations from the confluence with Clarks Creek. The sequestering of pollutants in Clarks Creek, contributed from Meeker Creek, will increase in slack water areas created by dense aquatic macrophyte beds. The convergence of factors like 1) decline in mainstem water velocity that promote settling of suspended pollutants, and 2) concentrated stormwater pollution contributing untreated stormwater to the mainstem, is a major obstacle for achieving the core summer salmonid habitat criterion for dissolved oxygen. 4.2 Sources of Stormwater Impacts The stormwater sampling area in Clarks Creek extends upstream from West Pioneer Way to below the State Fish Hatchery (12th Avenue bridge) at South Clarks Creek Park (Figure 4-1). The area of watershed upstream of SW-4 (the most upstream of stormwater monitoring sites) is dominated by both low density residential and the West Hills Neighborhood Plan (WHNP). Open space public parks and low density residential, are the primary land use types dominating both sides of the creek in the study area. Although not a high concentration, total suspended sediment was higher at the upstream site (SW-4) outfall during a more intense rainfall event (March 29, 2012) where larger volumes of water wash over adjacent land to storm conveyance systems. The same occurs with fecal coliform contaminants when a high volume of rainfall occurs and outfall concentrations begin to show higher inputs that accumulate in ---PAGE BREAK--- 52 locations of Clarks Creek (SW-2 and SW-1). Meeker Creek has been identified as a contributing source during a high rainfall event as well as the adjacent parks and single-family residential land uses. A dense plume of suspended sediment was observed entering Clarks Creek from a stormwater conveyance pipe at the 7th Avenue bridge on the opposite bank from the outfall pipe sampled during November 16, 2011. The City of Puyallup constructed a map of the stormwater outfalls in the Clarks Creek drainage (March 2010) and named this outfall # CC-10 with a pipe size of 48 inches. This stormwater conveyance drains a large residential area along 7th Avenue in Puyallup. Evidence shows from this study that magnitude of flow in the creek has an influence on dissolved oxygen concentrations. The lowest flows measured during storm event sampling were in November 2011, where some of the highest DO concentrations were observed. The storm events sampled during March 2012, resulted in an increasingly narrow range of dissolved oxygen concentrations observed from all mainstem Clarks Creek sites. The exception was the higher dissolved oxygen concentrations observed from Meeker Creek (SW-3), during the March 29, 2012, storm event. At least 25 percent of the dissolved oxygen observations made from the November 2011 storm event met or exceeded the designated use criterion for Clarks Creek in contrast to the remaining storm events where none of the observations met this criterion. The accumulation of oxygen-demanding conditions in the creek increased over the winter storm season indicating that factors like CSOD and the volume of other oxygen-stripping pollutants have increasing effects. The evidence for this observation is the comparison of dissolved oxygen concentrations with the standardized DO saturation threshold. The actual DO concentration trend showed increasing divergence from this standardized DO saturation trend line as the winter storm season progressed. ---PAGE BREAK--- 53 Figure 4-1. Existing land use for Pierce County and the City of Puyallup (source: Tetra Tech 2010) 4.3 Correlates With Fecal Coliform Impacts Rainfall events that forced Clarks Creek discharge at Tacoma Road over 90 cfs, showed increased fecal coliform concentrations at both storm outfalls, and at Clarks Creek sites (SW-2 and SW-1). Discharge response to intense rainfall events with lower amounts of rain (>0.2 inches) or rainfall events with higher volumes of rainfall (>0.6 inches), fecal coliform concentrations were directly related to Clarks Creek flow conditions. The adjacency with high-use parks in the study area and built-out single family residential land uses, suggests that excess fecal coliform contaminants can reach Clarks Creek by both surface flow, and through existing storm conveyance systems. ---PAGE BREAK--- 54 4.4 Cumulative Impacts Water quality parameters measured during each storm event were evaluated for potential cumulative impacts at locations. Increases in concentration for a parameter at monitoring locations were the primary indicator for determining cumulative impact. The extent of cumulative impact was based on the distance where increases in parameter concentrations were detected. Table 4-1 summarizes the results from analysis of concentration patterns among Clarks Creek sites, and the Meeker Creek site. Table 4-1. Summary of sources and types of impacts that are cumulative Source (Site) Water Quality Parameter Type of Storm Event SW-2, SW-1 Total Suspended Sediment >0.2 inches, >24 hours (Feb 17, 2012) SW-2, SW-1 Volatile Suspended Sediment >0.2 inches, >24 hours (Feb 17, 2012) SW-4, SW-2 Total Phosphorus >0.2 inches, >24 hours (Feb 17, 2012) SW-4, SW-2 Fecal Coliform >0.2 inches, >24 hours (Feb 17, 2012) SW-1 Volatile Suspended Sediment >0.6 inches, >24 hours (Mar 13, 2012) SW-2 Fecal Coliform >0.6 inches, >24 hours (Mar 13, 2012) Increases in water quality parameter concentrations that accumulate at sites from upstream sources, represent a potential threat to the anadromous fisheries in Clarks Creek by developing physicochemical barriers to migration, and survival for encountering acute, toxic conditions. The cumulative impact of several parameters was determined to be a potential issue that may indicate sources for declines in dissolved oxygen concentrations. Water quality parameters that increased during storm event sampling when dissolved oxygen concentrations declined included: total suspended sediment, volatile suspended sediment, and total phosphorus. Each of these parameters may have a direct or indirect influence on availability of dissolved oxygen concentrations in surface water. Total phosphorus indirectly effects dissolved oxygen concentrations by mediating biological activity and associated respiration rates. The source(s) for impacts to dissolved oxygen concentrations were detected below the state hatchery. In addition, the effect of localized aquatic macrophyte growth modifies the environment to promote some of the accumulating effects from these water quality parameters. Effects from CSOD may be greater in these slackwater areas when greater exposure of water to oxygen-demanding environments occurs. Instantaneous measurements for CSOD (and SOD) do not reflect the cumulative effect of oxygen-demanding elements until the cumulative influence of flow modifications is considered. Specifically, aquatic macrophytes are known to lower water velocity in Clarks Creek, increase potential for exposure to oxygen- demanding conditions, and modify the physicochemical conditions in surface water of these dense beds. An example of this condition occurred when the lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations occurred at SW-1, the most site in the study area during the first storm event sampled (November 16, 2012). SW-1 had extensive macrophyte beds growing in the stream channel from between SW-2 and SW-1, and had not yet died back during the winter season. The aquatic macrophyte beds were patchy, dense stands in the vicinity of CC-2, where SOD estimates were highest (4.71 gm O2/m2/day), and ---PAGE BREAK--- 55 lowest at CC-1, where macrophytes were not as prevalent. Previous researchers have documented the effect the macrophyte beds have on dissolved oxygen concentrations in Clarks Creek, and results of this study provides additional detail for understanding of how dissolved oxygen concentrations have been affected by the type of storm events occurring in this region of Puget Sound. The Pacific Northwest is atypical when describing stormwater impacts to receiving streams. Stream flows are high in winter when stormwater runoff is high, and water temperature and plant growth are low, so stormwater pollution shows a pattern for accumulation with instream sediment scouring, and transport to slackwater habitat. Summer conditions are dry with low instream volume and have the potential for greater impacts from small amounts of stormwater input. ---PAGE BREAK--- 56 This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- 57 SECTION 5.REFERENCES Copeland, B. J. and Duffer, W.R., “Use of a Clear Plastic Dome to Measure Gaseous Diffusion Rates in Natural Waters: Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 1, 1963. pp. 494-499. Hall, C.A.S. 1970. “Migration and Metabolism in a Stream”. PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. HydrO2, Inc. Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual, January 2006. Murphy, P. 2011. Data Report Clarks Creek Sediment Oxygen Demand, Puyallup, WA. Hydro2, Inc. Athens, GA. September 2011. 18p. Murphy, P.J. and D.B. Hicks, 1986. In-situ method for measuring sediment oxygen demand, in Hatcher, K.J. ed., Sediment Oxygen Demand – Processes, modeling, and measurement. University of Georgia Institute of Natural Resources, Athens, GA. P 307-322. Puyallup, City of. 2010. Puyallup Storm Outfalls to Clark/Meeker Creeks. City of Puyallup Information Technology and Communications Department for the Stormwater Division. File name: “mpalme2/Clarks Creek/Clarks Creek Stormwater Outfalls.mxd”. Puyallup, WA. Tetra Tech. 2010. Clarks Creek Dissolved Oxygen TMDL and Implementation Plan: Data Review and Analysis (Revised). Prepared for United States EPA, Region 10, Seattle, WA. Research Triangle Park, NC. 111p. Tetra Tech. 2011. Quality Assurance Project Plan for Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek, Puyallup River Drainage (WRIA 10): Measuring Oxygen-Demanding Sources. Prepared for The Puyallup Tribe of Indians. Prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. Surface Water Group, Seattle, WA. 51p. Tsivoglou, E.C., “Tracer Measurements of Stream Re-aeration”, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. June 1967. ---PAGE BREAK--- 58 This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- Puyallup Tribe of Indians Clarks Creek Stormwater Monitoring Project APPENDIX A. STORMWATER QUALITY DATA November 2011 – March 2012 ---PAGE BREAK--- This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-1 Table A-1. Water quality monitoring data from the November 16, 2011 storm event Note: SW-3-I (Meeker Creek Storm Pipe) sample was mistakenly collected from a Combined Storm Sewer Overflow (CSO) during the 30-minute and 1-hour time intervals; but, was collected for the remainder of the time intervals at the correct location from a stormwater conveyance system to the Ditch. ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-2 Table A-2. Water quality monitoring data from the February 17, 2012 storm event ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-3 Table A-3. Water quality monitoring data from the March 13, 2012 storm event ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-4 Table A-4. Water quality monitoring data from the March 29, 2012 storm event ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-5 Table A-5. Water quality field monitoring data from the November 16, 2011 storm event Station Name Sampling Interval Date Time Sample Location Temperature (oC ) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH Conductivity (umhos/cm) SW1 SW1-D 0.5H 11/16/2011 9:30 D 8.54 9.07 6.9 221 SW1 SW1-U 0.5H 11/16/2011 9:30 U 8.52 8.9 6.93 222 SW1 SW1-I 0.5H 11/16/2011 9:30 I 8.23 6.72 6.85 180.1 SW2 SW2-U 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:00 U 8.67 9.05 6.93 221.7 SW2 SW2-D 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:00 D 8.68 9.17 6.92 221.7 SW2 SW2-I 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:00 I 9.13 9.22 6.95 227.5 SW3 SW3-D 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:20 D 8.5 8.96 6.99 219.6 SW3 SW3-U 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:20 U 6.97 9.45 6.97 214.4 SW3 SW3-I 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:20 I (sewer) 14.22 3.73 6.95 414.8 SW4 SW4-U 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:45 U 8.88 9.15 7.11 221.8 SW4 SW4-D 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:45 D 8.84 9.07 6.96 221.4 SW4 SW4-I 0.5H 11/16/2011 10:45 I 5.76 11.17 7.23 52.9 SW1 SW1-D 1H 11/16/2011 11:20 D 8.56 9.21 7.06 221.5 SW1 SW1-U 1H 11/16/2011 11:20 U 8.58 9.2 7.05 221.4 SW1 SW1-I 1H 11/16/2011 11:20 I 7.39 7.09 7.00 147.7 SW2 SW2-U 1H 11/16/2011 11:45 U 8.71 9.22 6.92 220.4 SW2 SW2-D 1H 11/16/2011 11:45 D 8.67 9.14 6.93 219.6 SW2 SW2-I 1H 11/16/2011 11:45 I 7.6 9.54 7.01 175 SW3 SW3-D 1H 11/16/2011 12:10 D 8.41 9.16 6.92 201.7 SW3 SW3-U 1H 11/16/2011 12:10 U 8.45 9.14 6.83 187.6 SW3 SW3-I 1H 11/16/2011 12:10 I (sewer) 12.62 7.14 6.81 270 SW4 SW4-D 1H 11/16/2011 12:30 D 8.95 9.27 7.05 221.2 SW4 SW4-U 1H 11/16/2011 12:30 U 8.95 9.24 6.98 220.9 SW4 SW4-I 1H 11/16/2011 12:30 I 6.88 10.39 6.84 15.4 SW1 SW1-D 2H 11/16/2011 13:15 D 8.74 9.61 6.85 217.9 SW1 SW1-U 2H 11/16/2011 13:15 U 8.74 9.46 6.83 217.4 SW1 SW1-I 2H 11/16/2011 13:15 I 6.87 8.15 6.89 136.1 SW2 SW2-U 2H 11/16/2011 13:30 U 8.79 9.62 6.84 211.9 SW2 SW2-D 2H 11/16/2011 13:30 D 8.78 9.62 6.86 211.8 SW2 SW2-I 2H 11/16/2011 13:30 I 8.36 6.83 204.4 SW3 SW3-U 2H 11/16/2011 13:50 U 6.8 10.54 6.75 84 SW3 SW3-D 2H 11/16/2011 13:50 D 6.84 10.49 6.72 84.4 SW3 SW3-I 2H 11/16/2011 13:50 I 7.37 8.41 7.01 168.7 SW4 SW4-D 2H 11/16/2011 14:20 D 9.22 9.43 6.91 221.7 SW4 SW4-U 2H 11/16/2011 14:20 U 9.23 9.43 6.89 221.5 SW4 SW4-I 2H 11/16/2011 14:20 I 9.21 9.28 6.86 154.6 SW1 SW1-D 3H 11/16/2011 14:45 D 8.83 9.65 7.03 208.8 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-6 Station Name Sampling Interval Date Time Sample Location Temperature (oC ) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH Conductivity (umhos/cm) SW1 SW1-U 3H 11/16/2011 14:45 U 8.83 9.66 6.97 208.5 SW1 SW1-I 3H 11/16/2011 14:45 I 7.77 7.38 6.92 156.1 SW2 SW2-U 3H 11/16/2011 15:15 U 9.01 9.68 6.93 210.1 SW2 SW2-D 3H 11/16/2011 15:15 D 9.02 9.66 6.95 210.5 SW2 SW2-I 3H 11/16/2011 15:15 I 9.09 9.08 6.94 220.2 SW3 SW3-D 3H 11/16/2011 15:45 D 7.77 9.73 7.04 148 SW3 SW3-U 3H 11/16/2011 15:45 U 7.76 9.28 6.73 130.1 SW3 SW3-I 3H 11/16/2011 15:45 I 7.95 7.89 6.67 197.7 SW4 SW4-D 3H 11/16/2011 16:00 D 9.31 9.05 6.9 222.4 SW4 SW4-U 3H 11/16/2011 16:00 U 9.31 9 6.88 222.2 SW4 SW4-I 3H 11/16/2011 16:00 I 9.42 8.27 6.81 208.7 SW1 SW1-D 4H 11/16/2011 16:45 D 9.02 9.29 7.05 210.9 SW1 SW1-U 4H 11/16/2011 16:45 U 9.01 9.31 6.97 211.1 SW1 SW1-I 4H 11/16/2011 16:45 I 8.42 6.4 6.7 176.4 SW2 SW2-I 4H 11/16/2011 17:00 I 9.33 8.89 6.85 224.4 SW2 SW2-U 4H 11/16/2011 17:00 U 9.19 8.91 6.85 216.8 SW2 SW2-D 4H 11/16/2011 17:00 D 9.19 8.91 6.88 216.7 SW3 SW3-D 4H 11/16/2011 17:30 D 7.83 8.84 7.06 151.8 SW3 SW3-U 4H 11/16/2011 17:30 U 7.9 8.74 6.7 154.5 SW3 SW3-I 4H 11/16/2011 17:30 I 8.31 7.92 6.7 206 SW4 SW4-D 4H 11/16/2011 18:00 D 9.31 8.68 6.9 222.7 SW4 SW4-U 4H 11/16/2011 18:00 U 9.31 8.68 6.86 222.9 SW4 SW4-I 4H 11/16/2011 18:00 I 9.45 8.94 6.92 219 Note: Shaded cells indicate dissolved oxygen concentrations that meet the aquatic life use designation of core summer salmonid habitat (≥9.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen concentration). Salmonid spawning, rearing, and migration within the window of September 16 through June 14, dissolved oxygen concentrations should be ≥8.0 mg/L. ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-7 Table A-6. Water quality field monitoring data from the February 17, 2012 storm event Station Name Time Interval Date Sampling Time Sample Location Temperature ( oC ) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH Conductivity (umhos/cm) SW1-D 1H 2/17/2012 9:40 D 9.15 7.72 7.52 209.8 SW1-I 1H 2/17/2012 9:50 I 8.29 6.32 7.33 168.4 SW1-U 1H 2/17/2012 10:00 U 9.16 7.79 7.35 209.4 SW1-U 2H 2/17/2012 13:55 U 9.88 8.7 7.64 210.7 SW1-I 2H 2/17/2012 14:00 I 8.95 6.55 7.38 169 SW1-D 2H 2/17/2012 14:10 D 9.85 8.64 7.3 210.6 SW1-U 3H 2/17/2012 15:15 U 9.8 7.9 7.48 208.4 SW1-I 3H 2/17/2012 15:20 I 9.12 6.25 7.3 144.5 SW1-D 3H 2/17/2012 15:30 D 9.75 8.04 7.29 204.9 SW2-U 1H 2/17/2012 9:00 U 9.15 7.92 6.82 211.3 SW2-D 1H 2/17/2012 D 9.17 7.8 7.2 211.6 SW2-I 1H 2/17/2012 I 9.25 7.9 7.19 214.9 SW2-I 2H 2/17/2012 13:30 I 9.54 7.8 6.9 215.2 SW2-U 2H 2/17/2012 13:50 U 9.88 8.7 7.46 211.9 SW2-D 2H 2/17/2012 D 9.87 8.69 7.37 212 SW2-I 3H 2/17/2012 15:00 I 9.5 7.7 7.27 144.9 SW2-U 3H 2/17/2012 U 9.78 7.98 7.2 211.1 SW2-D 3H 2/17/2012 D 9.79 7.92 7.3 209 SW3-U 1H 2/17/2012 8:40 U 7.92 7.71 7.29 187.6 SW3-D 1H 2/17/2012 D 7.92 7.75 7.16 187.2 SW3-I 1H 2/17/2012 I 7.94 6.78 6.88 192.5 SW3-U 2H 2/17/2012 13:00 U 9.95 7.75 7.23 205.3 SW3-I 2H 2/17/2012 I 8.48 6.75 7.18 192 SW3-D 2H 2/17/2012 D 10.01 7.57 7.1 207.2 SW3-U 3H 2/17/2012 14:40 U 9.75 7.63 7.39 201.5 SW3-D 3H 2/17/2012 D 9.73 7.35 7.21 204.9 SW3-I 3H 2/17/2012 I 8.56 6.7 7.29 190.1 SW4-U 1H 2/17/2012 8:07 U 9.26 7.5 6.89 212.4 SW4-I 1H 2/17/2012 I 8.61 7.3 6.62 203.3 SW4-D 1H 2/17/2012 D 9.26 7.51 6.78 212.6 SW4-U 2H 2/17/2012 12:40 U 9.87 8.31 7.57 213.1 SW4-I 2H 2/17/2012 I 9.29 7.97 7.37 213.1 SW4-D 2H 2/17/2012 D 9.85 7.31 7.29 213 SW4-I 3H 2/17/2012 14:15 I 9.52 7.6 7.34 208.5 SW4-U 3H 2/17/2012 14:10 U 9.78 8.11 7.67 213.9 SW4-D 3H 2/17/2012 D 9.76 7.74 7.39 213.1 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-8 Table A-7. Water quality field monitoring data from the March 13, 2012 storm event Station Name Sampling Interval Date Time Sample Location Temperature (oC ) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH Conductivity (umhos/cm) SW1-U 1H 3/13/2012 11:40 U 8.12 8.19 7.1 185 SW1-I 1H 3/13/2012 11:35 I 6.59 7.22 7.12 122.6 SW1-D 1H 3/13/2012 11:45 D 8.12 8.2 7.1 184.8 SW1-U 2H 3/13/2012 13:20 U 8.51 8.76 6.83 188.8 SW1-I 2H 3/13/2012 13:15 I 7.33 6.68 6.74 129.6 SW1-D 2H 3/13/2012 13:25 D 8.5 8.77 6.97 188.9 SW1-U 3H 3/13/2012 14:35 U 8.98 9.15 6.92 190.4 SW1-I 3H 3/13/2012 14:30 I 7.43 6.78 6.8 133.4 SW1-D 3H 3/13/2012 14:40 D 8.97 9.22 6.98 189.7 SW2-D 1H 3/13/2012 11:20 D 8.16 8.14 7.15 187.9 SW2-I 1H 3/13/2012 11:30 I 8.12 7.9 7.2 182.3 SW2-U 1H 3/13/2012 11:25 U 8.21 8.24 7.09 187.8 SW2-U 2H 3/13/2012 12:50 U 8.74 9.03 6.94 194 SW2-I 2H 3/13/2012 13:00 I 8.66 7.76 6.86 194 SW2-D 2H 3/13/2012 12:45 D 8.7 8.97 6.78 193.7 SW2-U 3H 3/13/2012 14:15 U 9.07 8.98 7.04 194.7 SW2-I 3H 3/13/2012 14:20 I 8.75 7.85 6.79 193 SW2-D 3H 3/13/2012 14:10 D 9.06 8.89 6.91 194 SW3-U 1H 3/13/2012 11:05 U 5.83 8.72 6.39 114 SW3-I 1H 3/13/2012 11:10 I 5.99 8.17 6.37 126.7 SW3-D 1H 3/13/2012 11:15 D 5.88 8.82 6.4 124.1 SW3-U 2H 3/13/2012 12:25 U 6.74 8.68 6.44 122 SW3-I 2H 3/13/2012 12:35 I 6.71 7.92 6.41 114.8 SW3-D 2H 3/13/2012 12:30 D 6.83 8.56 6.47 122 SW3-U 3H 3/13/2012 13:55 U 7.05 8.33 6.79 131.1 SW3-I 3H 3/13/2012 14:05 I 7 7.71 6.71 103 SW3-D 3H 3/13/2012 14:00 D 7.05 8.38 6.76 134.9 SW4-D 1H 3/13/2012 10:30 D 8.76 7.65 6.45 205.1 SW4-I 1H 3/13/2012 11:00 I 7.4 7.68 6.66 144.3 SW4-U 1H 3/13/2012 10:45 U 8.8 7.61 6.8 205.1 SW4-U 2H 3/13/2012 12:05 U 9.19 8.07 7.06 206 SW4-I 2H 3/13/2012 12:10 I 8.68 8.03 6.89 183 SW4-D 2H 3/13/2012 12:00 D 9.16 8.1 7.02 205.7 SW4-U 3H 3/13/2012 13:40 U 9.33 8.01 7.49 205.9 SW4-I 3H 3/13/2012 13:45 I 8.89 8.11 7.28 193.4 SW4-D 3H 3/13/2012 13:50 D 9.33 8.03 7.23 206.2 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-9 Table A-8. Water quality field monitoring data from the March 29, 2012 storm event Station Name Sampling Interval Date Time Sample Location Hour Temperature (OC ) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH Conductivity (umhos/com) SW1-I 1H 3/29/2012 8:40 I 1 10.12 6.21 6.41 59.6 SW1-U 1H 3/29/2012 8:40 U 1 9.2 6.86 6.98 199.3 SW1-D 1H 3/29/2012 8:40 D 1 9.19 6.86 6.96 198.3 SW1-I 2H 3/29/2012 10:10 I 2 8.32 7.04 7.17 101.7 SW1-U 2H 3/29/2012 10:10 U 2 9.22 7.3 7.22 194 SW1-D 2H 3/29/2012 10:10 D 2 9.22 7.32 7.23 193.9 SW1-D 3H 3/29/2012 11:15 D 3 9.3 7.9 7.53 187.2 SW1-U 3H 3/29/2012 11:15 U 3 9.31 7.91 7.37 187.6 SW1-I 3H 3/29/2012 11:15 I 3 7.2 6.89 7.29 106.5 SW2-D 1H 3/29/2012 9:05 D 1 9.18 7.27 7.28 194.5 SW2-U 1H 3/29/2012 9:05 U 1 7.14 7.37 7.14 196.3 SW2-I 1H 3/29/2012 9:05 I 1 9.02 8.05 7.01 150.6 SW2-U 2H 3/29/2012 10:30 U 2 9.22 7.85 7.47 189 SW2-D 2H 3/29/2012 10:30 D 2 9.22 7.83 7.32 189.1 SW2-I 2H 3/29/2012 10:30 I 2 9.17 7.99 7.28 156.6 SW2-D 3H 3/29/2012 11:40 D 3 9.33 8.33 7.32 184.1 SW2-U 3H 3/29/2012 11:40 U 3 9.34 8.34 7.27 184.2 SW2-I 3H 3/29/2012 11:40 I 3 9.42 7.78 7.34 165.1 SW3-U 1H 3/29/2012 9:25 U 1 8.64 7.99 7.06 55.2 SW3-D 1H 3/29/2012 9:25 D 1 8.63 8.11 6.83 96.6 SW3-I 1H 3/29/2012 9:25 I 1 8.27 7.81 7.09 109.6 SW3-U 2H 3/29/2012 10:50 U 2 8.77 8.37 6.91 80 SW3-D 2H 3/29/2012 10:50 D 2 8.69 8.57 6.81 78 SW3-I 2H 3/29/2012 10:50 I 2 8.49 7.7 6.69 95.4 SW3-U 3H 3/29/2012 12:10 U 3 9.19 8.02 7.38 91 SW3-D 3H 3/29/2012 12:10 D 3 9.01 8.43 7.1 95 SW3-I 3H 3/29/2012 12:10 I 3 8.81 7.5 7.17 121.6 SW4-U 1H 3/29/2012 9:50 U 1 9.38 7.45 7.23 210 SW4-I 1H 3/29/2012 9:50 I 1 8.38 8.32 7.44 55.7 SW4-D 1H 3/29/2012 9:50 D 1 9.36 7.42 6.98 210.4 SW4-U 2H 3/29/2012 11:00 U 2 9.41 7.95 7.19 209.9 SW4-I 2H 3/29/2012 11:00 I 2 8.68 8.3 7.21 35.4 SW4-D 2H 3/29/2012 11:00 D 2 9.48 7.84 7.03 210.3 SW4-U 3H 3/29/2012 12:30 U 3 9.59 8 7.38 210.4 SW4-I 3H 3/29/2012 12:30 I 3 9.19 8.4 7.28 36.9 SW4-D 3H 3/29/2012 12:30 D 3 9.08 7.93 7.06 209.3 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page A-10 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Puyallup Tribe of Indians Clarks Creek Stormwater Monitoring Project APPENDIX B. STORM EVENT WATER QUALITY GRAPHS November 2011 - March 2012 ---PAGE BREAK--- This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-1 June 27, 2012 Storm Event: 11/16/2011; 0.41 inches of rainfall 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D °C Temperature 30 minutes 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 30 minutes 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-2 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D Units pH 30 minutes 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D µMhos/cm Conductivity 30 minutes 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-3 June 27, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) VSS Concentrations (mg/L) 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-4 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.1 1 10 100 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) DOC Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.1 1 10 100 1000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) BOD Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream <2 SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-5 June 27, 2012 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D Fecal Coliform 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean <20,000 I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 4.00 8.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) Total Phosphorus Concentrations 30 minutes 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-6 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 4.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) SRP Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-3 SW-4 SW-1 SW-2 0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) Ammonia Concentrations 30 minutes 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean < I-Input U-Upstream SW-4 SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-7 June 27, 2012 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 4.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) NO3-NO2 Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hours 3 Hours 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream I-Input U-Upstream SW-4 SW-3 SW-2 SW-1 0.13 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 4.00 8.00 16.00 32.00 64.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D (mg/L) TKN Concentrations 30 minute 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-3 SW-2 SW-1 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-8 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 Storm Event: 2/17/2012; 0.69 inches of rainfall 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D °C Temperature 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-9 June 27, 2012 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D Units pH 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D µmhos/cm Conductivity 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-10 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L VSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-11 June 27, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L DOC Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 1 10 100 1000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L BOD Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-12 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 1 10 100 1000 10000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Fecal Coliform 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Total Phosphorus Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-13 June 27, 2012 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L SRP Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Ammonia Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-14 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L NO3 + NO2 Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TKN Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-15 June 27, 2012 Storm Event: 3/13/2012; 0.98 inches of rainfall 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D °C Temperature 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-16 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D Units pH 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D µmhos/cm Conductivity 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-17 June 27, 2012 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L VSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-18 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L DOC Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 1 10 100 1000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L BOD Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-19 June 27, 2012 1 10 100 1000 10000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Fecal Coliform 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 20,000 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Total Phosphorus Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-20 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L SRP Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Event I-Input U-Upstream SW-4 SW-3 SW-2 SW-1 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Ammonia Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-4 SW-3 SW-2 SW-1 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-21 June 27, 2012 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L NO3 + NO2 Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-4 SW-3 SW-2 SW-1 0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TKN Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-4 SW-3 SW-2 SW-1 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-22 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 Storm Event: 3/29/2012; 1.12 inches of rainfall 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D °C Temperature 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Dissolved Oxygen 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-23 June 27, 2012 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D Units pH 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D µmhos/cm Conductivity 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-24 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L VSS Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-25 June 27, 2012 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L DOC Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 1 10 100 1000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L BOD Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-26 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 1 10 100 1000 10000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Fecal Coliform 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 20,000 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Total Phosphorus Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page B-27 June 27, 2012 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L SRP Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L Ammonia Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Page B-28 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L NO3 + NO2 Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 SW4-U SW4-I SW4-D SW3-U SW3-I SW3-D SW2-U SW2-I SW2-D SW1-U SW1-I SW1-D mg/L TKN Concentrations 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour Storm Mean I-Input U-Upstream SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Puyallup Tribe of Indians Clarks Creek Stormwater Monitoring Project APPENDIX C. RAINFALL EVENT CHARACTERIZATION November 2011 – March 2012 ---PAGE BREAK--- This page intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page C-1 June 27, 2012 Table C-1. Clarks Creek, West Pioneer Way (Puyallup, WA) data used to develop the flow rating curve. Tab Name Date Stage (ft) Discharge (cfs) Avg Velocity (ft/s) 1.12.12 1/12/12 3.30 54.57 0.45 2.7.12 2/7/12 3.21 52.06 0.44 2.21.12 2/21/12 3.40 52.74 0.44 3.13.12 3/13/12 3.40 88.00a 3.29.12 3/29/12 3.40 81.00a Note: Discharge estimates used from the USGS Clarks Creek @ Tacoma Rd. Bridge as the West Pioneer Way site on Clarks Creek was unwadeable at the flow level for that day. Table C-2. Clarks Creek, 7th Avenue Site (Puyallup, WA) data used to develop the flow rating curve. Tab Name Date Stage Discharge 11.30.11 11/30/11 4.23 61.32 1.12.12 1/12/12 4.00 53.08 2.7.12 2/7/12 3.90 50.56 2.21.12 2/21/12 4.15 47.36 3.13.12 3/13/12 4.45 88.00 3.29.12 3/29/12 4.30 83.00 Table C-3. Meeker Creek, (Puyallup, WA) data used to develop the flow rating curve. Tab Name Date Stage Discharge 11.30.11 11/30/11 25.16 2.76 1.12.12 1/12/12 25.20 1.81 2.7.12 2/7/12 25.16 2.47 2.21.12 2/21/12 25.25 3.82 Table C-4. Clarks Creek,12th Avenue Site (Puyallup, WA), data used to develop the flow rating curve. Tab Name Date Stage Discharge 11.30.11 11/30/11 23.99 71.52 1.12.12 1/12/12 23.66 56.02 2.7.12 2/7/12 23.93 59.47 2.21.12 2/21/12 24.04 59.68 3.13.12 3/13/12 24.36 88.00a 3.29.12 3/29/12 24.32 88.00a Note: Discharge estimates used from the USGS Clarks Creek @ Tacoma Rd. Bridge as the West Pioneer Way site on Clarks Creek was unwadeable at the flow level for that day. ---PAGE BREAK--- Page C-2 Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek June 27, 2012 Table C-5. Clarks Creek at West Pioneer Way Bridge (Puyallup, WA) tape-down location description for developing the flow rating curve. Notes: Tape-Down taken from top deck, lower lip (below) Table C-6. Clarks Creek at 7th Avenue Bridge (Puyallup, WA) tape-down location description for developing the flow rating curve. Notes: a. Transect along side of bridge (North). b. Tape-Down taken from top deck, lower lip (below). Table C-7. Meeker Creek, (Puyallup, WA) tape-down location description for developing the flow rating curve. Notes: a. Transect taken upstream of culvert in pool area, just upstream of riffle. b. Gage located on side of culvert. c. Tape-down taken to base of top lip of culvert deck ---PAGE BREAK--- Stormwater Sampling in Clarks Creek Page C-3 June 27, 2012 Table C-8. Clarks Creek at 12th Avenue Bridge (Puyallup, WA) tape-down location description for developing the flow rating curve. Notes: a. Tape-Down measurement taken to top of wooden hand-rail. b. Transect along upstream edge of bridge.