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Table of Contents Cover Letter Table of Contents Klickitat County Energy Overlay Fact Sheet Table of Contents Section 1: Summary of Proposed Non-Project Action 1-1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Projected Energy Development in Klickitat 1.3 Purpose and Need for Energy Amendments to Comprehensive Plan and Development 1.4 Significant Areas of 1.5 Summary of Potential Impacts 1.6 Summary of Proposed Mitigation Measures Section 2: Alternatives Analysis 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Technology: Summary of Alternative Technologies Considered and Those Eliminated from Detailed Evaluation 2.3 Geography: Summary of Areas Considered and Eliminated from Detailed Examination and Description of Proposed Boundaries of Energy Overlay 2.4 Procedural 2.5 Preferred Alternative Section 3: Affected Environment, Environmental Consequences, and 3-1 3.1 Introduction: Regional 3.2 3.3 3.4 Vegetation and Wildlife 3.5 Geologic and Flood 3.6 Water Resources 3.7 Cultural 3.8 Visual Resources and 3.9 Public Health and 3.10 Land Use and Recreation 3.11 3.12 3.13 Public Services and 3.14 Draft Comprehensive Plan Amendments and Overlay Regulations Section 4: Consultation and Coordination 4-1 4.1 Public Notices 4.2 Scoping Meeting and Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page i ---PAGE BREAK--- 4.3 Draft EIS 4.4 Distribution Section 5: List of 5-1 Section 6: 6-1 Appendices A Wind Energy Resource Assessment (Found in Draft EIS) B WEST Avian Study Report (Found in Draft EIS) C Aspect Water Resources and Water Supply Report (Found in Draft EIS) D Draft Comprehensive Plan Amendments E Draft Development Regulation Amendments F Mitigation Summary G Response to Comments Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page ii ---PAGE BREAK--- List of Graphics in EIS Graphic 1-1 Summary of Proposed Mitigation Measures Page 1-9 Graphic 2-1 Summary of Energy Technologies Considered in Alternatives Analysis Page 2-2 Graphic 2-2 Wind Power Classification Page 2-11 Graphic 2-3 Non-Proprietary Data Validation Locations in Klickitat County Page 2-11 Graphic 3-1 Ambient Air Quality Standards Page 3-3 Graphic 3-2 Acceptable Source Impact Levels for Selected Toxic Air Pollutants Page 3-6 Graphic 3-3 Typical Emissions from a 248-MW Power Station Page 3-7 Graphic 3-4 Typical Concentrations Resulting from a 248-MW Power Station Emissions Page 3-8 Graphic 3-5 Uncontrolled Emissions from a 248-MW Hog Fuel Boiler Page 3-10 Graphic 3-6 Klickitat County Emissions for 1996 Page 3-13 Graphic 3-7 Representative Background Air Quality Concentrations In Regional Air Shed Page 3-14 Graphic 3-8 Cumulative Emissions from Four Typical Power Plants Page 3-15 Graphic 3-9 Typical Sound Levels Page 3-16 Graphic 3-10 Ecology Noise Regulations Page 3-17 Graphic 3-11 Typical Sound Power Levels for CCCT Page 3-20 Graphic 3-12 Anadromous Salmonid Species with ESU Status and Distribution Page 3-41 Graphic 3-13 Summary of Existing Conditions for White Salmon River and Its Major Tributaries Page 3-42 Graphic 3-14 Anadromous Fish Supported by White Salmon River Page 3-43 Graphic 3-15 Summary of Existing Conditions for the Klickitat River, Little Klickitat River, and Their Tributaries Page 3-45 Graphic 3-16 Anadromous Fish Supported by the Klickitat River System Page 3-47 Graphic 3-17 Tributaries of the Klickitat River Impaired Water Quality Page 3-48 Graphic 3-18 Summary of Existing Conditions for the Columbia River in Klickitat County Page 3-49 Graphic 3-19 Anadromous Fish Supported by the Columbia River Page 3-50 Graphic 3-20 Ground Acceleration Seismic Hazards in Washington Page 3-81 Graphic 3-21 Tax Benefits Associated with Typical Wind Turbine Development Page 3-124 Graphic 3-22 Major Grid Facilities Related to Need for Main Grid Transmission Facilities Page 3-134 Graphic 3-23 BPA-owned Transmission Lines in Klickitat County, Washington Page 3-136 Graphic 3-24 ROW Requirements Page 3-146 Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page iii ---PAGE BREAK--- List of Tables 2-1 Summary of Representative Recently Constructed, Permitted, or Proposed Washington and Oregon Power Projects 2-2 Energy Technology Screening Matrix (Found in Draft EIS) 3-1 Occurrence of Special Status Avian Species in Klickitat County (Found in Draft EIS) 3-2 Bat Species Documented in Klickitat County, Washington and a Summary of Preferred Habitat (Found in Draft EIS) 3-3 Special Status Animal Species in Klickitat County and Proposed Energy 3-4 Special Status Plant Species in Klickitat County and Proposed Overlay (Found in Draft EIS) 3-5 Summary of Wetland Types and Areas in Klickitat County (Found in Draft EIS) 3-6 Summary of Recorded Water Rights and Claims by Primary Beneficial Use (Found in Draft EIS) Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page iv ---PAGE BREAK--- List of Figures New figures 2-6A Limited Geographic Alternative Wind and Solar – Western Portion 2-6B Limited Geographic Alternative Wind and Solar – Eastern Portion 2-6C Limited Geographic Alternative Biomass – Western Portion 2-6D Limited Geographic Alternative Gas-Fired – Western Portion 2-6E Limited Geographic Alternative Gas-Fired – Eastern Portion Included in the Draft EIS 1-1 Proposed Energy Overlay Zone Boundary - Full County 2-1A Wind Power and Energy Infrastructure - Western Portion 2-1B Wind Power and Energy Infrastructure - Eastern Portion 2-2A Land Use - Western Portion 2-2B Land Use - Eastern Portion 2-3A Zoning - Western Portion 2-3B Zoning - Eastern Portion 2-4A Geographic Screening - Western Portion 2-4B Geographic Screening - Eastern Portion 2-5A Overlay Boundary Area - Western Portion 2-5B Overlay Boundary Area - Eastern Portion 3-1A Wetlands - Western Portion 3-1B Wetlands - Eastern Portion 3-2A Watershed and Impaired Water Body Segments - Western Portion 3-2B Watershed and Impaired Water Body Segments - Eastern Portion 3-3A Flood Hazards - Western Portion 3-3B Flood Hazards - Eastern Portion 3-4A Geologic Hazards - Western Portion 3-4B Geologic Hazards - Eastern Portion 3-5A Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIA) and Water Right Certificate and Permit Areas - Western Portion 3-5B Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIA) and Water Right Certificate and Permit Areas - Eastern Portion 3-6A Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIA) and Water Right Claim Areas - Western Portion 3-6B Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIA) and Water Right Claim Areas - Eastern Portion 3-7A Visual Impact Analysis - Western Portion 3-7B Visual Impact Analysis - Eastern Portion 3-8A Population Destiny - Western Portion 3-8B Population Destiny - Eastern Portion Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page v ---PAGE BREAK--- Documents Incorporated by Reference A significant amount of environmental analysis has already been completed on environmental conditions in Klickitat County and on the likely impacts of various types of energy projects. The EIS has relied upon this information and incorporates by reference the documents identified below: • Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Lower White Salmon National Wild and Scenic River Management Plan (November 1991). The FEIS evaluates management alternatives for the White Salmon National Wild and Scenic River. • Roosevelt Loop Pipeline Segment SEPA Checklist by Northwest Pipeline Corporation (September 24, 1993). The Checklist summarizes impacts of 4 mile long, 30” diameter loop pipeline adjacent to an existing pipeline in southern Klickitat County. • Goldendale Loop Pipeline Segment SEPA Checklist by Northwest Pipeline Corporation (September 24, 1993). The Checklist summarizes impacts of 10.8 mile, 30” diameter loop pipeline north of the Columbia River in Klickitat County. • NWP System Expansion Project, Existing Goldendale Compressor Station SEPA Checklist by Northwest Pipeline Corporation (November 22, 1993). The Checklist summarizes impacts of increasing compression by 5,700 horsepower at an existing compressor station located about three miles south of Goldendale. • Washington Windplant #1 Botanical Resources Field Survey, Prepared for Klickitat County Planning Department Bonneville Power Administration, December 1994 by R.W. Beck. Field Survey for 115 MW windfarm in the Columbia Hills near Goldendale. The Survey identifies rare plant species, high-quality native plant communities, and plant species of potential cultural importance. • Klickitat Cogeneration Project Final Environmental Assessment, U.S. Department of Energy DOE/EA-0765 Bonneville Power Administration, September 1994. The EA evaluates impacts from BPA acquisition of 49.5 aMW from Klickitat Cogeneration Project. Project involves obtaining power from existing wood waste-fired cogeneration system and new gas- fired turbine and heat recovery system generator. • Joint NEPA/SEPA Draft Environmental Impact Statement Washington Windplant Proposed by Kenetech Windpower, Inc. Lead Agencies: Klickitat County, Washington and Bonneville Power Administration, February 1995. Evaluates impacts of 115 MW windpower project in Columbia Hills southeast of Goldendale in Klickitat County. • Joint NEPA/SEPA Final Environmental Impact Statement Washington Windplant Proposed by Kenetech Windpower, Inc., Lead Agencies: Klickitat County, Washington and Bonneville Power Administration, May 1995. Evaluates impacts of 115 MW windpower project in Columbia Hills southeast of Goldendale in Klickitat County. • Proposed Columbia Wind Farm #1 Joint NEPA/SEPA Draft Environmental Impact Statement Proposed by Conservation and Renewable Energy System, Lead Agencies Bonneville Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page vi ---PAGE BREAK--- Power Administration and Klickitat County, Washington, March 1995 DOE/EIS-0206. Evaluates impacts of 25 MW wind power project in Columbia Hills area southeast of Goldendale in Klickitat County. • Proposed Columbia Wind Farm #1 Joint NEPA/SEPA Final Environmental Impact Statement, September 1995 DOE/EIS-0206. Evaluates impacts of 25 MW wind power project in Columbia Hills area southeast of Goldendale in Klickitat County. • Historical Research Associates, Inc., Cultural Resources Assessment of the Kenetech Windpower Washington Windplant No. 1 Project Klickitat County, Final Report, May 26, 1995. The Assessment analyzes the natural and cultural history of the region surrounding Washington Windplant No. 1 Project in Klickitat County. It also outlines archaeological survey results. • Technical Report Avian Use of Proposed Kenetech and Cares Wind Farm Sites in Klickitat County, Washington, Appendix C to Washington Windplant #1 EIS, prepared by Jones & Stokes Associates, Inc., January 31, 1995. Evaluates avian impacts from two wind projects (115 MW and 25 MW proposals) in the Columbia Hills area north of the Columbia River in Klickitat County. • Appendix B - Botanical Resources Technical Report for the Conservation and Renewable Energy System Columbia Wind Farm #1 EIS, by Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc., February 3, 1995. Botanical investigation for 25 MW wind project in Klickitat County. . • Appendix C - Technical Report: A Cultural Resources Study of the Proposed Cares Columbia Wind Farm #1 Klickitat County, Washington by Ken Boreson, Fred Crission and Craig Holstine, February 1995. Cultural resources inventory for 25 MW wind project proposed in Klickitat County. • Baseline Avian Use and Behavior at the Cares Wind Plant Site, Klickitat County, Washington, Final Report by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) December 1999. Preconstruction avian data for proposed wind project in the Columbia Hills of Klickitat County. • Resource Contingency Program – Washington Final Environmental Impact Statement Satsop Combustion Turbine Unit 1 Chehalis Generation Facility, Volume 1 and Volume 2 with Public Comments and Responses, Bonneville Power Administration, November 1995 DOE/EIS-0230. The EIS evaluates impacts of natural gas-fired, combined cycle combustion turbine projects near Chehalis and Satsop, Washington. • Cliffs Energy Project Environmental Checklist, Prepared by Greystone Environmental Consultants, Inc., May 17, 2001. The Checklist summarizes impacts of a gas fired generation facility located approximately 10 miles southeast of Goldendale, Washington. The project includes construction of a connecting natural gas pipeline and transmission line. • Goldendale Energy Project SEPA Expanded Environmental Checklist, October 20, 2000, Prepared by URS Corporation. The Checklist summarizes impacts of a 248 MW combustion turbine generation project, transmission line, and gas pipeline. Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page vii ---PAGE BREAK--- • Wetland Report Goldendale Energy Project Klickitat County, Washington for Goldendale Energy Inc., November 15, 2000. The Report evaluates the presence, extent, and character of wetlands and streams on properties planned for natural gas power generation facility, electrical transmission line, and natural gas pipeline. • Starbuck Power Project Potential Site Study, December 2001. The Study evaluates a 1,200 MW natural gas-fueled combustion turbine power plant and associated facilities proposed in Columbia County, Washington. • Walla Walla County Regional Planning: Final SEPA EIS for FPL Energy’s Stateline Wind Project, October 2000. The EIS evaluates impacts of 300 MW wind project in Walla Walla County, Washington, and in northern Umatilla County, Oregon. • Proposed Emergency Plan Modified Operations for Klickitat County PUD Landfill Gas Generating Facility at Roosevelt Regional Landfill by Northwest Regional Power, January 29, 2001. Provides detail on permitted air emissions for internal combustion project which uses landfill gas to generate up to 10.5 MW of electrical power in Klickitat County. • Record of Decision for the Electrical Interconnection of Goldendale Energy Project, March 20, 2001 United States Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration. Decision offers contract for integrating power from Goldendale Energy Project into Federal Columbia River Transmission System. • Supplement Analysis for the Goldendale Energy Project (DOE/EIS-0183/SA-03) Bonneville Power Administration Business Plan Environmental Impact Statement, March 19, 2001. The Analysis evaluates previous environmental review for 248 MW gas-fired electric-power generating project in Goldendale, Washington. It determines that no further National Environmental Policy Act review is required. • Mercer Ranch Project Final Potential Site Study, Prepared by Science Applications International Corporation, July 20, 2001. Study of 800 MW gas-fired power generation facility in Benton County, Washington. • Condon Wind Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement DOE/EIS-0321 May 2001. The EIS evaluates impacts of 49.8 MW wind project in Gilliam County, Oregon. • Condon Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Statement DOE/EIS-0321 August 2001. The EIS evaluates impacts of 49.8 MW wind project in Gilliam County, Oregon. • Sumas Energy 2 Generation Facility Final EIS, Volume 1 Environmental Impact Statement and Appendices, Prepared by Jones & Stokes, February 2001. The EIS evaluates impacts of a 660 MW combined cycle combustion turbine electrical generation facility and associated components in Whatcom County, Washington. • Sumas Energy 2 Generation Facility Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Prepared by Jones & Stokes, May 2002. The EIS evaluates construction and operation impacts of 660 MW combined cycle combustion turbine electrical generation facility and associated components in Whatcom County, Washington. • Evergreen Expansion Project Northwest Pipeline Corporation Docket No. CP02-4-000 Applicant –Prepared NEPA Document and SEPA Checklists, April 2002. The document Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page viii ---PAGE BREAK--- evaluates environmental impacts of four, 36” diameter pipeline loop segments totaling approximately 27.8 miles. • Evergreen Expansion Project Environmental Assessment, Northwest Pipeline Corporation, May 3, 2002. Evaluates environmental impacts of four, 36” diameter pipeline loop segments totaling approximately 27.8 miles. • The Effect of Wind Development on Local Property Values, Analytical Report, by Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP), May 2003. The Report evaluates impacts on property values from wind development. • Assessing the Economic Development Impacts of Wind Power Final Report, Prepared by Northwest Economic Associates, February 12, 2003. The Report analyzes the economic impacts of wind power. • Economic Impacts to Wind Power in Kittitas County Final Report by ECON Northwest, October 2002. Evaluates economic impacts of wind power development. • McNary-John Day Transmission Line Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0330) February 2002. Evaluates impacts of construction, operation, and maintenance of 79-mile long 500-kilovolt transmission line in Benton and Klickitat Counties, Washington, and in Umatilla and Sherman Counties, Oregon. • McNary-John Day Transmission Line Project Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0330) August 2002. Evaluates impacts of construction, operation, and maintenance of 79-mile long 500-kilovolt transmission line in Benton and Klickitat Counties, Washington, and in Umatilla and Sherman Counties, Oregon. • Wallula Power Project and Wallula – McNary Transmission Line Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement Lead Agencies: Bonneville Power Administration and Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (DOE/EIS-0330) February 2002. EIS evaluates impacts of 1,300 MW natural-gas fired combined-cycle combustion gas turbine facility in Walla Walla County, Washington. • EFSEC Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, Wallula Power Project and Wallula-McNary Transmission Line Project Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (DOE/EIS-0330) Bonneville Power Administration, August 2002. The EIS evaluates impacts of a 1,300 MW natural-gas fired combined-cycle combustion gas turbine facility in Walla Walla County, Washington. • Northwest Pipeline Corporation Evergreen Air Quality and Noise Reports Roosevelt Compressor Station, Klickitat County, by Williams Gas Pipeline – West October 2001. Air quality and noise analysis for compressor station modifications and installations. • Northwest Pipeline Corporation Evergreen Air Quality and Noise Reports Goldendale Compressor Station, Klickitat County, by Williams Gas Pipeline – West October 2001. Air quality and noise analysis for compressor station modifications and installations. Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page ix ---PAGE BREAK--- • The Wind Turbine Company Roosevelt Landfill Windfarm SEPA Checklist/CUP Application, November 1, 2001. Analyzes impacts for 15 MW windfarm proposed for installation at the Roosevelt Landfill. • Results of a Phase I Cultural Resources Study for the Northwest Pipeline Corporation Expansion II Project, Washington Facilities, Goldendale South Loop, Roosevelt South Loop, Othello Loop, and the Sumas, Mt. Vernon, Snohomish, Sumner, Chehalis, Washougal, Willard, Goldendale, and Roosevelt Compressor Stations, Volumes I and II prepared by Historical Research Associates, Inc., Seattle Washington, July 30, 1993. Cultural resources analysis for natural gas pipeline construction in Washington.1 1 Note that access to this document may be limited consistent with cultural resource preservation policies. Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page x ---PAGE BREAK--- List of Acronyms AAQS ambient air quality standard AC alternating current ACHP advisory council on historic preservation AFY acre-feet per year ASIL acceptable source impact level BACT best available control technology BEPA Bald Eagle Protection Act BMPs best management practice BNSF The Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company BPA Bonneville Power Administration Btu British thermal unit C Candidate (species) CAO Critical Areas Ordinance (Klickitat County) CCCT combined-cycle combustion turbine CFR Code of Federal Regulations cfs cubic feet per second CGNSA Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area CH4 methane CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide CRB Columbia basalt group Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area CRP Conservation Reserve Program CT combustion turbine dBA decibel A-weighted DC direct current DOT Department of Transportation Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page xi ---PAGE BREAK--- EA Extensive Agriculture (county zoning) Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology EFH essential fish habitat EFSEC Washington Energy Facility Siting Evaluation Council EIS environmental impact statement EMF electric and magnetic fields EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act ESP electrostatic precipitator ESU evolutionary significant unit {F degrees Fahrenheit FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service GI General Industrial (county zoning) GIS geographic information system gpm gallons per minute GR General Rural (county zoning) GWP global warming potential HABS/HAER Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record HAP hazardous air pollutants HAPC habitat areas of particular concern HGM hydrogeomorphic hp horsepower HRSG heat recovery steam generator Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page xii ---PAGE BREAK--- IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IP Industrial Parks (county zoning) IPP Independent Power Producers kg/m3 kilograms per cubic meter kV kilovolt kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt-hour lb/MM pounds per million LE listed endangered (species) Leq equivalent average sound level LT listed threatened (species) mg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act mgd million gallons per day MMcf/day million metric cubic feet per day mph miles per hour MSA Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether MW megawatt NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page xiii ---PAGE BREAK--- NRHP National Register of Historic Places N2O Nitrous Oxide NOX nitrogen oxide NOC notice of construction NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NSPS new source performance standard NWI National Wetland Inventory Northwest Power Planning Council OAHP Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation OASIS open access same time information system OS Open Space (county zoning) PE proposed endangered (species) PEIS programmatic environmental impact statement PGE Portland General Electric PHS priority habitat and species PM2.5 particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter PM10 particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter ppm parts per million PSD prevention of significant deterioration PT proposed threatened (species) PUD public utility district PV photovoltaic RCW Revised Code of Washington RM river mile rpm revolutions per minute ROW right of way Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page xiv ---PAGE BREAK--- SC Species of Concern scf standard cubic foot SCR selective catalytic reduction SEED Sustainable Energy For Economic Development SEPA State Environmental Policy Act SIS system impact study Sodar sound detection and ranging SO2 sulfur dioxide SMA Shoreline Management Act SPCC spill prevention control and countermeasures SWCAA Southwest Clean Air Agency Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan TAP toxic air pollutants TBL transmission business line TCP traditional cultural property TMDL total maximum daily load tpy tons per year US ACE United States Army Corps of Engineers USC United States Code USCG United States Coast Guard USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Services USGS United States Geological Survey VOC volatile organic compound WAC Washington Administrative Code WEST Western Eco-Systems Technology, Inc. WDFW Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page xv ---PAGE BREAK--- WISHA Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act WNHP Washington Natural Heritage Program WPD wind power density WRATS water rights application tracking system WRA Wind Resource Area WRIA water resource inventory area WRMP Washington Water Resources Management Program WSDOT Washington State Department of Transportation WTG wind turbine generator WUTC Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission Klickitat County Energy Overlay FEIS Page xvi