Document Kalispell_doc_4ae062fb92

THIRD EDITION NOVEMBER 1, 2023 SAFETY & HEALTH MANUAL ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- i GENERAL POLICY STATEMENT 1 SAFETY & HEALTH MANUAL DEFINITIONS 2 GENERAL SAFETY PROGRAMS 3 LIST OF GENERAL SAFETY 4 TABLE OF ORGANIZATION 5 EXECUTIVE SAFETY COMMITTEE 7 EVENT ANALYSIS POLICY 9 Injury/Illness Report – First Report of Injury or Illness (FROI) 12 INJURY / ILLNESS TREATMENT 14 SAFETY AUDITS AND 15 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) 19 SAFETY TRAINING 24 CONTRACTOR SAFETY PROGRAM 25 CONFINED SPACE POLICY (ENTERING AND WORKING 26 FACILITY SECURITY POLICY 40 HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD 41 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT POLICY 45 WORKSITE & OFFICE SAFETY POLICY 51 FALL PREVENTION FROM HEIGHTS GUIDELINES 60 COMPRESSES GAS CYLINDERS – STORAGE & USE 61 HEAT STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE 63 FROSTBITE AND HYPOTHERMIA 65 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER POLICY 66 SLING, SHACKLE & HOOK INSPECTIONS 71 RESPIRATOR PROTECTION POLICY 76 PORTABLE LADDER 80 CRANE AND HOIST OPERATION SAFETY 82 OVERHEAD UTILITY SAFETY 86 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND LANE CLOSURE POLICY 90 TRENCHING AND SHORING SAFETY POLICY 96 SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS SAFETY POLICY 105 ---PAGE BREAK--- ii VEHICLE SAFETY POLICY 106 WORKPLACE VIOLENCE POLICY 108 ACTIVE SHOOTER SITUATION 109 NEW EMPLOYEE SAFETY ORIENTATION CHECKLIST 110 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY 111 CONFINED SPACES POTENTIAL HAZARDS CHECKLIST 112 CONFINED SPACE DESCISION 113 LADDER INSPECTION CHECKLIST 115 TRENCHING AND EXCAVATION CHECKLIST 116 VEHICLE PRE-OPERATION SAFETY CHECKLIST 117 SAFETY AUDIT CHECKLIST 118 ---PAGE BREAK--- 1 GENERAL POLICY STATEMENT The City’s Policy is: To provide a safe and healthful place of employment for every employee. To abide by accident prevention regulations set forth by the federal, state, and local governments. To provide rules and regulations for the safety of employees and to warn them under certain conditions as to the hazards of their position or employment. To furnish reasonably safe machinery and/or instruments. Included is the duty to inspect and repair by both supervision and the employees who operate them. That the rules listed on the following pages should be strictly observed at all times. Although these rules are considered to be very important, it is impossible to publish a rule to cover every circumstance and should not be considered all inclusive. If a rule that might cover any specific safety hazard condition has been omitted, that shall be no excuse for carelessness or a disregard of common sense in the performance of your work. Safety should always be at the forefront of our minds along with the use of common sense. You are urged to cooperate fully. Abuse or a disregard of these rules is a violation of City policy and will be treated accordingly. Remember, your help in preventing accidents benefits you and your fellow employees. We should all strive for a record of zero accidents/events. ---PAGE BREAK--- 2 SAFETY & HEALTH MANUAL DEFINITIONS Key Word(s) Definitions Event - In the context of this manual an event is defined as an occupational injury or illness, damage to property, or a “near miss.” The theory being that with few exceptions job-related injuries, illnesses, property damage and “near misses” don’t happen by “accident” and are preventable. Event Analysis – Is a fact-finding activity with the purpose of determining the cause of the event and what measures can be taken to prevent similar events in the future. Confined Space – Is an area large enough or configured so that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work, has limited or restricted means of entry or exit, and is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. The danger associated with entry may come from chemical or physical hazards within the space. Hazard Communication Standard - Employee Right to Know – Federal standard where employees have the right to know the properties and potential safety and health hazards of substances to which they may be exposed. Lockout - The placement of a lockout device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) – formally known as Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), is a document providing both workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedures for handling or working with a particular substance. SDS's include information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, flash point etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures. Near Miss – A situation wherein if circumstances would have been different, property damage, serious injury, or death could have resulted. Tagout - The placement of a tagout device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed. ---PAGE BREAK--- 3 GENERAL SAFETY PROGRAMS 1. Purpose a. The City’s primary objectives are to ensure the safety and health of our employees, citizens, contractors, etc., and to protect property. b. Most accidents/events are preventable. A safety conscious attitude, combined with using established safety programs, is paramount and will result in a safe working environment. Events can be prevented if everyone uses the assigned safety equipment and follows the established safety rules. To operate a safe and successful City, we must work as a team. c. This safety program has been and will continue to be developed with input from Management, Supervision, and Employees. d. Each employee shall become familiar with and follow General and Departmental Safety Programs and Rules. e. Supervisors must enforce safe work practices through strict adherence to the safety programs. 2. Communication of Safety Programs are Accomplished By: a. Discussion of safe work practices. b. Safety handbooks, publications, and postings at all facilities. c. Initial attendance at safety training and then subsequent refresher training. d. On-the-spot corrections and reinforcement of safety rules and procedures. 3. Operating Safety Rules a. The City has additional safety rules for specific operations and departments that apply to those engaged in hazardous work areas or operations. Examples of these rules are contained in other safety manual chapters and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) - Standard Operating Guidelines (SOG) such as those for: i. Lockout - Tagout ii. Confined Space Entry iii. Traffic Control THINK SAFE, WORK SAFE, AND BE SAFE ---PAGE BREAK--- 4 LIST OF GENERAL SAFETY RULES 1. General Safety Rules a. Report the following immediately to your Supervisor: i. All work-related injuries, illnesses and “near misses” ii. Property damage as a result of City operations iii. All unsafe acts or unsafe conditions b. Use seat belts when on City business in any vehicle or equipment, if so equipped. c. Only authorized and trained employees may possess firearms, weapons, concealed weapons, or explosives on City of Kalispell property or while “on duty.” d. Use, possession, sale, or being under the influence of illegal drugs, drugs, controlled substances, alcohol, and/or the misuse of prescription drugs is not permitted on City Property or while “on duty.” Refer to Personnel Policy Manual, Section 40-15, Drug Free Workplace. e. Only authorized and trained employees may enter a posted Confined Space. All confined spaces will be posted Confined Space - Permit Required. Entry is allowed only after permits are properly issued. f. Only qualified and trained employees may dispense or use chemicals. It is your responsibility to know where SDS (Safety Data Sheets) are located for your use and review. g. Only authorized and trained employees may repair or adjust machinery and equipment. Lock and Tagout procedures must be followed before removing any machine guards or working on powered (energized) machinery and equipment. Replace all guards when the job is completed. h. Only qualified and trained employees may work on or near exposed and energized electrical parts or electrical equipment. Follow electrical safety rules when working with electrically powered machinery and equipment. i. Keep work areas clean, aisles clear, and clean up spills. j. Wear and use the prescribed Personal Protective Safety Equipment. This includes eye, foot and head protection, gloves, respirators, etc. k. Smoking is permitted only in the designated smoking areas. l. All City of Kalispell vehicles will be inspected daily prior to initial use (pre-trip inspection). Failure to follow the above rules may cause serious injury and/or illness. Disciplinary action, up to and including termination, will be used to ensure rule enforcement. Please use common sense and think before you act. If you are not sure how to complete a job or task safely or have any questions, ask your supervisor. Note: Due to the special requirements of the job, Public Safety Departments (Police & Fire) may have separate requirements, policies and/or regulations that may apply to them outside the course and scope of this manual. ---PAGE BREAK--- 5 TABLE OF ORGANIZATION 1. General An effective safety program must include a complete and clear description of safety responsibilities for all employees. It is important for everyone to understand not only their responsibilities but also the responsibilities of fellow employees. All levels of management and supervisors are charged with the responsibility of preventing conditions that could lead to occupational injury or illness. While the ultimate success of our safety and health program depends upon the full cooperation of each employee, it is management’s responsibility to see that safety and health rules and procedures are adequate and enforced, and to see that effective training and education programs are implemented to the best advantage of both the employees and the City. This section describes key roles and responsibilities of those involved in the Safety Program. The positions covered include City Manager, Safety Coordinator and Safety Committee Chairperson, Safety Committee Members, Department Heads and Supervisors, and Employees. a. City Manager i. Be informed of all events and investigation reports ii. Promote and communicate safety information iii. Appoint Safety Coordinator iv. Approve special safety programs v. Set an example of safe working habits and follow all safety regulations b. Safety Coordinator & Safety Committee Chairperson i. Update Safety Policies and Procedures Manual ii. Establish City safety goals iii. Monitor Safety Program 1. Ensure safety committee meetings take place and safety training is conducted iv. Coordinate safety audits as needed v. Ensure timely and accurate event reporting vi. Communicate safety information vii. Recommend improvements in the safety program viii. Assist with safety activities and reporting issues ix. Assist in investigating unsafe conditions and events x. Assist in training new and existing employees xi. Maintain safety records and information xii. Set an example of safe working habits and follow all safety regulations ---PAGE BREAK--- 6 c. Executive Safety Committee Members i. The Department Director/Chief or designee will appoint people as necessary to serve as Executive Safety Committee Members. Committee members will: 1. Recommend safety training sessions. 2. Assist Safety Coordinator in conduction of safety audits. 3. Assist Safety Coordinator in monitoring safety program activities. 4. Recommend improvements in the safety program, including policies and procedures. 5. Set an example of safe working habits and follow all safety regulations. d. Department Heads and Supervision i. Responsible for the safety of employees reporting directly to them, as well as the safety of others who may enter their work area, including the public. ii. Communicate and enforce all safety policies and procedures within their operations. iii. See that all injuries are treated and reported. iv. Instruct employees of hazards on the job, appropriate emergency procedures and how to avoid injury. v. Assist in training new and existing employees. vi. Investigate, document, and implement corrective actions of all events and injuries. vii. Periodically inspect all work areas to ensure that work practices and equipment are meeting established safety standards. viii. Ensure safety devices and personal protective equipment are provided and used. ix. Take immediate corrective action whenever unsafe conditions and/or unsafe acts are noted. x. Recommend improvements in the safety program. xi. Investigate all reported hazards, take corrective action, and/or report to the Safety Committee. xii. Set an example of safe working habits and follow all safety regulations. e. Employee i. Read, understand, and follow all City of Kalispell safety policies and procedures ii. Recommend improvements in the Safety Program iii. Perform duties in a safe manner iv. Report all unsafe acts and conditions v. Report all events timely and accurately to the appropriate person(s) vi. Wear all personal protective equipment as intended and that is required, and maintain the equipment in good condition vii. Set an example of safe working habits and follow all safety regulations ---PAGE BREAK--- 7 EXECUTIVE SAFETY COMMITTEE 1. Function a. The Executive Safety Committee provides an important communication link allowing management, supervisors, and employees to share information and concerns related to safety with the intent to provide for the safety and welfare of all employees. 2. Organization a. The Committee must be composed of a representative group of City employees from all departments. It is important to include representatives from each functional area. The total number serving on the Committee should be kept small to facilitate better communication during meetings, and to achieve optimum safety coordination and prevention within the departments. b. There are three positions on the Safety Committee: Chairperson, Recorder, and Committee Members. The responsibility of each position is listed below. 3. Chairperson and Recorder are Responsible For: a. Scheduling and presiding over safety committee meetings and distributing the agenda. b. Prioritizing and delegating assignments and ensuring follow-up action is taken. c. Ensuring all committee members are aware of their responsibilities and perform their duties. d. Making sure safety program deadlines are met. e. Communicating effectively with the City Manager, Safety Coordinator, Supervisors, and Employees. f. Making sure minutes are typed and copies are properly distributed and posted in designated locations. g. Setting an example of safe working habits and following all safety regulations. 4. Committee Members are Responsible For: a. Attending and actively participating in all Safety Committee meetings. b. Assisting in completing assigned tasks and special safety projects. c. Encouraging open communication between the Safety Committee and all employees. d. Acting as a sounding board for all personnel on safety matters. e. Setting an example of safe working habits and following all safety regulations. 5. Committee Member Size a. There is no required number of members for a Safety Committee. The size of the group is dependent on the staff size and functional make-up. It is important to have representation from all departments, this allows for multiple viewpoints and committee diversity. ---PAGE BREAK--- 8 6. City Safety Meetings a. The committee is responsible for developing the agenda and obtaining trainers for a general safety meeting to be held once per month. The committee will review the minutes of the previous meeting and any old business. Other topics may include event reviews, introduction of new policies, review of old safety procedures, and safety training. This involvement by the Committee ensures the meeting will be topical and informative. 7. Safety Training a. The type of training conducted at training sessions is based on requirements established by the Safety Committee. The Safety Committee is responsible for obtaining trainers and selecting subjects which are meaningful and timely. The Committee guides and supports the safety training effort to ensure quality training is provided. Training may be held in a group setting, or by department as a tailgate session. All trainings need to be documented and must contain the following information: Type of training held, who conducted the training, date, time, and employees’ signature of attendance. 8. Hazard Notification and Mitigation a. The Committee will respond to any reported hazard conditions by a department supervisor or its employees. It is important employees first report hazardous conditions immediately to their supervisor for corrective action. 9. Event Review a. All events may be reviewed by the Safety Committee. The Committee may provide or recommend corrective actions and be involved with follow-up activities. b. The Committee is responsible for developing safety policies and procedures and communicating that information to all employees. ---PAGE BREAK--- 9 EVENT ANALYSIS POLICY 1. Purpose a. Event prevention and control of hazards are the results of a well-designed and executed safety and health program. One of the keys to a successful program includes unbiased, prompt, and accurate event analysis. The basic purpose of the analysis is to determine measures which can be taken to prevent similar events in the future. This chapter addresses: i. City Policy ii. Responsibilities iii. Hazard Control iv. Role of Supervisors v. Analysis Procedures 2. Policy a. It is the policy of the City of Kalispell that all analysis for work related events, injuries and illnesses are to be conducted in a professional manner to identify probable causes and are used to develop specific management actions for the prevention of future events. 3. Responsibilities a. Management i. Conduct event prevention and analysis training for supervisors. ii. Ensure all events and injuries are properly analyzed. iii. Ensure immediate and long-term corrective actions are taken to prevent reoccurrence. iv. File and maintain event reports per the retention schedule/submit signed copy to HR. b. Supervisors i. Conduct immediate initial and follow-up event analysis. ii. Report all events to management as soon after the event as possible. iii. Collect and preserve all evidence which may be useful in an analysis. iv. Conduct interviews of witnesses in a polite professional manner. v. Do not attempt to find or assign blame for events. vi. Take action to protect people and property from secondary effects of an event. c. Employees i. Immediately report all events and injuries to their supervisor. ii. Assist as requested in any event analysis. iii. Report all hazardous conditions and near-misses to supervisors. ---PAGE BREAK--- 10 4. Hazard Control a. Engineering Controls - There are numerous engineered safeguards throughout the City used to protect employees and prevent exposure to hazards. Examples of engineering controls include, but are not limited to machine guards, safety controls, isolation of hazardous areas and monitoring devices. Specific engineering controls are addressed in other chapters of the City safety manual and in equipment and process procedures. b. Administrative Controls - Involve the use of procedures, assessments, inspections, and records to monitor and ensure safe practices and environments are maintained. Other administrative controls identify new hazards and implement corrective action. Examples of administrative controls include, but are not limited to periodic inspections, equipment operating and maintenance procedures, hazard analysis, and selection and assignment of personal protective equipment. c. Training Controls - This aspect of hazard control is used to ensure employees are fully and adequately trained to safely perform all tasks to which they are assigned. No employee shall attempt any task without proper training on the equipment, any required personal protective equipment, specific hazards, and control and emergency procedures. Examples of training controls are initial new hire safety orientation, job specific safety training and periodic refresher training. 5. Supervisor Involvement a. The immediate supervisor will conduct the initial phase of an event analysis. This initial activity is primarily a recording of facts involved in the event and a list of affected employees and witnesses. The immediate steps are: i. Provide First Aid for any injured persons ii. Eliminate or control hazards iii. Document event scene information and collect evidence iv. Interview witnesses immediately v. Notify their department heads vi. Contact Human Resources 6. Steps of an Event Review a. Secure the area. Do not disturb the scene unless a hazard exists. b. Prepare the necessary sketches and photographs. Label each carefully and keep accurate records. c. Interview each victim and witness. Also interview those who were present before the event and those who arrived at the site shortly after the event. i. All interviews should be conducted in a quiet and private location. It is essential to get preliminary statements as soon as possible from all witnesses. Analyst should not provide any facts to the witness - only ask non-leading questions. ii. Explain the purpose of the analysis (event prevention) and put each witness at ease. iii. Listen, let each witness speak freely, be professional, courteous, and considerate. iv. Take notes without distracting the witness. v. Use sketches and diagrams to help the witness. ---PAGE BREAK--- 11 vi. Emphasize areas of direct observation, and label hearsay accordingly. vii. Do not argue with the witness. viii. Record the exact words used by the witness to describe each observation. ix. Identify each witness (name, address, occupation, yrs. of experience, etc.) x. Keep accurate records of each interview and determine: 1. What was not normal before the event. 2. Where the abnormality occurred. 3. When it was first noted. 4. How it occurred. 7. Follow-up Event Analysis a. The follow-up analysis is used to: i. Analyze the data obtained in the initial investigation. ii. Determine the causes, why the event happened, and take corrective actions necessary to prevent reoccurrence. iii. Prepare a summary report, including the recommended actions to prevent a recurrence. 8. Analysis Report a. An event analysis is not complete until a report is prepared and submitted to management. To be an effective tool, an event report should be complete, clear, concise and provide sufficient detail to understand what happened. The purpose of the analysis is to prevent future events. The following outline is useful in developing the information to be included in the formal report: i. Background Information 1. Where and when the event occurred 2. Who and what were involved 3. Operating personnel and other witnesses ii. Account of the Event (What happened) 1. Sequence of events 2. Extent of damage 3. Event type iii. Discussion (Analysis of the Event: How and Why) 1. Direct causes (energy sources, hazardous materials) Examples are: ---PAGE BREAK--- 12 • Unsafe Conditions • Ergonomic hazards • Environmental hazards • Inadequate housekeeping • Blocked walkways • Improper or damaged PPE • Inadequate machine guarding 2. Indirect causes (unsafe acts and conditions) Examples are: • Unauthorized operation of equipment • Running - Horse Play • Not following procedures • By-passing Safety Devices • Not using protective equipment • Under influence of drugs, alcohol, or controlled substances 3. Basic causes (management policies, personal or environmental factors) iv. Recommendations (to prevent a recurrence) for immediate and long-range action(s) to prevent the incident from happening in the future. 1. Basic causes Example – alter management policy/procedures 2. Indirect causes Example – retrain employee in proper safety procedure 3. Direct causes (such as reduced quantities or protective equipment “PPE” or structures) Example – Install machine guarding or changing workstation design 9. Job Safety Analysis a. Formal procedures are helpful in identifying and solving problems. In general, a JSA breaks a job into basic steps, and identifies the hazards associated with each step. If a JSA is not available, create one. The JSA: i. Prescribes controls for each hazard. ii. Is a chart listing the steps, hazards, and controls. iii. Can be reviewed if an event occurs. iv. Is used as a training tool (initial and refresher) for employees. 10. Injury/Illness Report – First Report of Injury or Illness (FROI) a. Employees who have suffered a work-related injury/illness will be required to complete an Injury/Illness report immediately (within the same shift) and submit the report to their supervisor explaining the details of the incident. ---PAGE BREAK--- 13 i. Employees reporting an injury or illness are to use the First Report of Injury and Illness form. ii. The employee’s supervisor will review the report to ensure that it was completed correctly, to understand what has occurred, and to investigate and provide comments and corrective actions to ensure it does not happen in the future. Supervisor and Department Head/Director will sign the final document. b. All Injury/Illness (FROI) reports will be maintained on file permanently. All reports shall receive timely review by the safety coordinator to ensure proper corrective actions have been taken. 11. Incident Reports a. Incident reports are to be filed for the following: i. Event that does not result in an employee being injured, but: 1. There was damage to equipment/property and/or, 2. Any claims by non-city employees (citizens) who claim damage to personal property by city workers or sustain an injury while using or being on City of Kalispell property. b. All Incident reports will be maintained on file permanently. All reports shall receive prompt review by the safety coordinator/supervisor/superintendent to ensure proper corrective actions have been taken. 12. Injury/Illness and Incident Reports – When both are required a. Should an employee be injured and there also is damage to property, equipment, or a vehicle, both the Injury/Illness and Incident Report will be required to be completed. ---PAGE BREAK--- 14 INJURY / ILLNESS TREATMENT POLICY 1. Purpose a. To ensure injured or ill employees receive prompt and professional medical attention. 2. Policy a. All employees are responsible for immediately reporting all events to their supervisor, regardless of the degree of injury or illness. b. It is the responsibility of the supervisor to ensure prompt first-aid or medical attention is provided. c. All appropriate event procedures set forth in this section will be followed in a timely manner. 3. Procedures a. In the event of an injury or illness, the following actions should be taken (all injuries/illness need to be reported to your supervisor): i. First aid or medical attention should be sought if needed. ii. If it is an emergency or life threatening, call 911 immediately. 1. You will need to provide the 911 Dispatcher with the following information: • Your name and the name of the injured or ill person. • Your location, be specific. • Nature of the injury or illness, specify “This is an emergency” and request immediate assistance. 2. Stay with the injured or ill person until medical help arrives. If the injured person is unconscious or incapable of describing the injury, another employee should go with them to the hospital. This should be the same person who provided first-aid and/or the person with the most complete knowledge of the event. In all cases where CPR is administered, the person administering the CPR should accompany the injured person to the hospital. iii. For non-emergencies, if properly trained, provide first aid. If the injury or illness requires more than simple first aid: 1. The injured/ill employee should be taken to a hospital emergency room or if appropriate, urgent care. 2. Transport the injured/ill employee to the hospital emergency room or urgent care facility in a City vehicle driven by another City employee, who will wait until medical treatment is completed. The transporting employee shall contact their Department Superintendent and/or Supervisor to advise them of any changes or special instructions that are given by emergency room staff or doctor. 3. Under no conditions should an injured employee be permitted to drive himself/herself to the emergency room or urgent care, no matter how slight the injury may appear to be. b. Notify your immediate supervisor, who is to report the injury to the Department Director and the Human Resources Director. c. Due to liabilities, injured members of the public are not to be transported by City vehicles for medical care other than City ambulance or law enforcement. d. All serious injuries that result in hospitalization or death are to be immediately reported to the Human Resources Director and Department Director who will then report it to the City Manager. ---PAGE BREAK--- 15 SAFETY AUDITS AND INSPECTIONS 1. Purpose a. Inspection of work areas and audits of safety programs are tools used to identify problems and hazards before conditions cause accidents, injuries, or near-misses. Audits also help to identify the effectiveness of safety compliance programs and keep a safe workplace. 2. Responsibilities a. Department Heads/Superintendents i. Design and schedule audit and inspection procedures for their work areas of responsibility. ii. Ensure supervisors and employees understand the various safety programs and policies. b. Supervisors i. Conduct informal daily safety inspections and ensure all unsafe conditions are corrected ii. Conduct documented or as scheduled, inspections and ensure all unsafe conditions are corrected. 3. Types of Inspections a. Supervisor Informal Walk-through: This is an undocumented inspection conducted daily to ensure the facility and equipment are in a safe condition for employees. b. Focused Safety Inspections: Formal inspections of a department or an area within a department will be conducted on a timeline commensurate with the level of risk present to the staff and/or the public. i. Attendees should include: 1. Department Head/Superintendent 2. Supervisors 3. Safety Coordinator 4. Employee representative and/or Safety Committee member • Using an Inspection/Audit report approved by the Department Head and Safety Coordinator, problem areas and deficiencies will be documented, and corrective actions noted. Where deficiencies cannot be corrected immediately, interim safety measures will be taken and recommendations for corrective action forwarded to the Department Head. c. Equipment Inspections: are conducted to ensure specific safety equipment is in good working order and will function properly when needed. Examples and frequencies are: i. Fire Sprinkler Inspection - ii. Emergency Lighting Test - iii. Fire Extinguisher/AED Inspections - iv. Safety Equipment Inventories - v. Respirator Inspections - Before/After Use at a minimum) ---PAGE BREAK--- 16 d. Program Audits: are conducted to check the administration of specific safety and health programs. Examples of program audits may include, but not limited to: i. Accident Prevention ii. Emergency Responses iii. Fire Prevention iv. Material Handling v. Flammable Material Storage vi. Lockout-Tagout vii. Hazard Communication viii. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ix. Confined Space Entry x. Contractor Safety xi. Bloodborne Pathogens xii. Electrical Safety xiii. Tool Safety xiv. Hot Work xv. Respiratory Protection 4. Correcting Deficiencies a. All safety deficiencies and conditions which present hazards found during audits and inspections are to be corrected or controlled immediately. Documentation of corrections will be made on the audit or inspection sheet. 5. Records a. Records of audits and inspections will be maintained in accordance with the requirements of the specific programs. Routine inspection records will be maintained on a most current basis. Records of deficiency corrections will be maintained for three calendar years from date of correction. 6. Conducting Formal Safety Audits - Audit Areas - Most audits can be broken down into these areas: a. Employee Knowledge - The City Safety Manual requires “effective training” - an effective program ensures employees have the knowledge required to perform their job/task in a safe manner on a daily basis. The level of knowledge required depends on the specific duties and responsibilities of the job. Determining employee level of knowledge can be achieved through various methods which can include: i. Written quizzes ii. Formal interviews iii. Informal questions in the workplace iv. By demonstration ---PAGE BREAK--- 17 b. Authorized Employees - Supervisors and department heads are classified as “authorized” employees. i. Generally, supervisors and department heads should have a higher level of knowledge than their employees. This includes practical knowledge of program administration, management, and training. They should be able to discuss all elements of each program affecting their assigned employees. c. Written Program Review - During the audit, a comprehensive review of the written program should be conducted. This review compares the City programs to requirements for hazard identification and control, required employee training and record keeping against local, state, and federal requirements. d. Program Administration - This review checks the implementation and management of specific program requirements. This section asks these and other similar questions: i. Is there a person assigned and trained to manage the program? ii. Are specific duties and responsibilities assigned? iii. Are sufficient assets provided? iv. Is there an effective and on-going employee-training program? 7. Safety Audits - Four basic questions an audit should answer. The persons or team designated to conduct the audits should take a fact-finding approach to gather data. These auditors should be familiar with both the City program and the various Local, State, And Federal requirements. All audit comments, recommendations, and corrective actions should focus on these four questions: a. Does the program cover all regulatory and industry best practice requirements? b. Are the program requirements being met? c. Is there documented proof of compliance? d. Is an employee performing work in a safe manner? 8. Phase One: Audit Preparation a. Step One - Determine the scope of the audit. This can be based on accident and inspection reports as well as input from various supervisors and/or department head(s). Set a start and stop time and date for the audit. b. Step two - Schedule and inform all affected individuals. They should be directed to have all records, documents, and procedures available when audits start. c. Step Three - Review past program audits and corrective action recommendations. d. Step Four - Review all city, local, state, and federal requirements for the specific program. Become familiar with documentation, inspection, and training requirements. i. Missing or incomplete documents or records are a good indication a program is not working as designed. Records are the City’s only means of proving specific regulatory requirements have been met. Record review also includes a look at the results, recommendations, and corrective actions from the previous program audit. ---PAGE BREAK--- 18 9. Phase Two: General Area Walk-Through a. While audits are not designed to be comprehensive physical wall-to-wall facility inspections, a general walk-through of work areas can provide additional insight into the effectiveness of the safety programs. Auditors should take written notes of unsafe conditions and unsafe acts observed during walk-through. b. Equipment and Material – This area of an audit inspects the material condition and applicability of the equipment for hazard control in a specific program. Examples of audit questions for this area are: i. Is the equipment in a safe condition? ii. Is there adequate equipment to conduct tasks safely? iii. Is personal protective equipment used and stored properly? iv. Is equipment, such as exit lights, emergency lights, fire extinguishers, material storage, and equipment handling designed and staged to control hazards effectively? 10. Phase Three: Review of Findings a. After all documents, written programs, procedures, work practices, and equipment have been inspected; the audit team must formulate a report detailing all areas of the audit. Focus on the four basic audit questions. Each program requirement should be addressed with deficiencies noted. Include comments of a positive nature for each element being effectively managed. 11. Phase Four: Recommendations a. Develop recommended actions for each deficient condition of the program. Careful forethought should be applied to ensure this is not a process simply making more rules, additional record-keeping requirements, or making tasks more difficult. Examine the manner and means in which the procedure can be employed. 12. Phase Five: Corrective Actions a. Development of corrective action should involve the supervisors and department heads who are required to execute the corrections. b. Set priorities based on the level of hazard. c. All corrective actions should be assigned a completion and review date. d. Records of completed corrective actions should be reviewed through the normal management chain and then be filed for use during the next audit. ---PAGE BREAK--- 19 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) 1. Purpose a. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an important cornerstone of a safety program and is a critical step in the protection of workers and is never to be taken PPE should be considered as the last resort and where possible, safety hazards should be engineered out of the work environment. b. The workplace should be assessed beforehand to determine if hazards are present that necessitate the use of PPE, including protective clothing. Management should use common sense and their expertise to assess the hazards present in the workplace and address them appropriately, whether it is through the use of PPE or through a dress code (employee personnel manual) but keeping in mind an employee’s safety is the priority. Common hazards include, but are not limited to: i. Chemical/biological (gas/vapors, liquid. solids) hazards ii. Environmental (heat, cold, wet, intense light, etc.) iii. Machinery, including moving equipment/vehicles, and tools iv. Sharp &/or abrasive materials v. Radiological hazards vi. Electrical hazards vii. Irritants viii. Flying debris/materials, etc. ix. Beams, pipes, falling/moving objects x. Working surfaces (slippery, heights) xi. Noise 2. Assessment and Selection of PPE a. PPE alone should not be relied on to provide protection against hazards but should be used in conjunction with safeguards and engineering controls. b. To assess the need for PPE, a survey should be conducted of the area(s) in question. The purpose of the survey is to identify sources of hazards to workers, co-workers, and what potential PPE should be worn. i. The basic hazard categories include, but are not limited to: 1. Impact 2. Penetration 3. Compression (roll-over) 4. Chemical 5. Heat 6. Harmful dust 7. Light (optical) radiation 8. Noise ---PAGE BREAK--- 20 ii. The types of PPE to consider include, but are not limited to: 1. Hard hats 2. Safety glasses 3. Goggles or face shield 4. Gloves or other forms of hand protection 5. Respirators 6. Hearing protection 7. Safety shoes/boots 8. Chemical resistant clothing/aprons 9. Long sleeve shirts/pants/coveralls 10. Reflective clothing 11. Fall protection 12. Other iii. The walk-through survey should consist of observing: 1. Sources of motion/energy, i.e., machinery/vehicles or processes where any movement of tool/equipment/vehicles, machine elements or particles could exist, or movement of personnel that could result in collision. 2. Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injury or ignition of protective equipment, etc. 3. Types of chemical exposures. 4. Sources of harmful dust. 5. Sources of light radiation, i.e., welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc. 6. Sources of falling objects or potential for dropping objects. 7. Sources of sharp objects which might pierce the feet or cut the hands. 8. Sources of rolling or pinching objects which could crush the feet. 9. Layout of workplace and location of co-workers. 10. Any electrical hazards. 11. In addition, injury/accident data should be reviewed to help identify problem areas. 3. Hard Hats a. The purpose of the hard hat policy is to minimize the frequency and severity of head injuries incurred by employees by establishing a policy for wearing hard hats. b. OSHA approved hard hats are required for the following jobs: i. Building construction sites. ii. Excavation and grading sites. iii. Construction sites outside of ROW. iv. Work zones, sign installations and aerial lifts. ---PAGE BREAK--- 21 v. Working within roadway or alleyway or outside of roadway/alleyway with overhead hazards. vi. Where danger from electrical hazards exist. vii. Where there is risk of overhead or side impact from objects. viii. Tree/brush cutting &/or trimming. ix. Hard hats will also be required based on manufacture recommendations for equipment operation. x. The supervisor will evaluate the work activities of their employee(s) and determine whether their presence in a work area could reasonably expose the employee to a head injury and will direct employees to use hard hats as appropriate. c. Hard hats must, at a minimum, meet current OSHA Class A Level, which protects against impact hazards and provides limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts). Class level is to be determined by job duties and hazards associated with the job. d. Bump Style Caps will only be allowed after a hazard assessment has been conducted and approved by the Superintendent and Safety Officer or designee. i. Bump caps are intended for those workers who will be in areas with low head clearance and are not designed to protect against falling or flying objects or electrical hazards. e. Hard hats are to be inspected, maintained, and worn in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. f. Hard hats that sustain a heavy impact are to be taken out of service. *A work zone is an area of a roadway/alleyway with construction, maintenance, or utility work activities. A work zone is marked by signs, channelizing devices, barriers, pavement markings, and/or work vehicles. It extends from the first warning sign or high intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle to the END ROAD WORK sign or the last TTC device. 4. Hearing Protection a. Hearing loss can be subtle and can occur over a period of time without the employee’s knowledge. By taking appropriate preventative measures in noisy environments, employees will limit such losses. b. Employees should always carry appropriate hearing protection. c. A good rule of thumb when to wear hearing protection: Anytime you need to raise your voice to be heard, you should wear hearing protection. d. Single level hearing protection (either plugs or muffs) is required when operating in or near the vicinity of: i. Impact wrenches ii. Chipping guns, jackhammers, or Teledyne hammers iii. Air arc cutting, high speed saws, mechanical hammers, or portable grinders iv. Skid-steer/Bobcat v. Loaders, excavators, graders, Supervac trucks, etc. vi. Sandblasting vii. Lawn mowers viii. Gas powered weed trimmers, leaf blowers and chainsaws ---PAGE BREAK--- 22 5. Eye and Face Protection a. Personnel shall use appropriate eye or face protection (glasses and/or face shields or goggles) when working with liquid chemicals, acids, caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, molten metal, cryogenic liquids, potentially injurious light radiation, cutting and welding, and flying objects/particles. b. Protective eye and face equipment shall comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989, "American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection". "Z87" and the name of the manufacturer shall be stamped on the frame. c. Personnel wearing contact lenses shall exercise extreme care when working with liquid chemicals, gases, or vapors. Non-gas permeable contact lenses shall not be worn in these types of operations due to the increased risk of eye injury in the event of exposure to a chemical. d. OSHA approved face shields are required to be worn anytime portable or stationary grinders are being used. 6. Foot Protection a. Employees shall wear appropriate foot protection when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, where an employee's feet are exposed to electrical hazards, and/or where there is a slipping hazard. To be considered a safety hard toed shoe, it must meet OSHA minimum requirements. b. Open-toed shoes, sandals, flip-flops, etc. shall not be worn into any area where there is a potential for foot injuries as noted above. 7. Hand Protection a. Employees shall use appropriate hand protection when hands are exposed to potential hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances, contact with acids or caustics, severe cuts or lacerations, abrasions, punctures, electrical/thermal/chemical burns, and harmful temperature extremes. b. There is no single glove which provides protection against all potential hand hazards, and commonly available materials provide only limited protection against chemical and physical hazards. c. It is important to select the most appropriate glove for a particular application and to determine how long it can be worn effectively. Consider work activities, degree of dexterity required, duration, frequency, degree of exposure, physical stresses, and toxic properties of chemicals. d. When working with liquid hazardous chemicals, gloves such as rubber, nitrile, neoprene, PVC, butyl rubber, latex shall be selected based on permeability, toxicity, and corrosiveness of the material. e. Leather or cotton gloves shall be worn when there is a potential for injury from being struck against, caught between, cut, or punctured, and materials handling. These types of gloves shall not be worn for protection from liquid or hazardous materials. f. Gloves designed to protect from temperature extremes shall be worn when handling or working with materials or equipment. ---PAGE BREAK--- 23 8. Leg Protection a. Long pants are required to be worn (per the Personnel Policy Manual, dress must conform to the work environment), any time there is a risk of exposure to electrical shock, waste/storm water, chemicals, abrasives, hot materials such as sparks, tar, asphalt, open flame, flying debris or objects. i. A risk assessment considering the potential hazards is to be conducted beforehand by the immediate superintendent/manager/supervisor, who will make the initial determination; however, this can be subject to review by the department head and/or safety officer. 9. Respirators a. See “Respirator Section” found later in this manual. (Refer to index for page number). 10. High Visibility Apparel (Vests, Shirts, Outerwear) a. All workers are to wear high visibility apparel as required under ANSI 107-2020 anytime they will be working on or within close proximity of city streets, right-of-ways or operating vehicles. i. Class 1 garments are defined as apparel for use in activities that permit the wearer’s full and undivided attention to approaching traffic, with ample separation of workers from traffic. Examples are parking lot attendants, delivery drivers, and solid waste personnel. ii. Class 2 garments are defined as apparel for use in activities where greater visibility is necessary during inclement weather conditions or in work environments with risks exceeding those for Class 1 and who perform tasks that divert their attention from approaching traffic or put them in close proximity to passing vehicles. Examples are survey crews, signs & signal personnel and anyone working on or near roadways during the day or night. iii. Class 3 garments are defined as having the highest level of visibility for workers who face serious hazards and have high task loads requiring attention away from their work. These garments should provide enhanced visibility to more of the body, such as the arms and legs, making the wearer conspicuous through the full range of body motions. Examples are emergency response personnel and roadway construction flaggers. ---PAGE BREAK--- 24 SAFETY TRAINING 1. Purpose a. Training is one of the most important elements of any safety and health program. Training is designed to enable employees to learn their jobs properly as well as reinforce safety policies and procedures. Safety training also provides an opportunity to communicate safety principles and commitment of management to a safe workplace. 2. New Employee Safety Orientation & Training a. New Employee Safety Orientation & Training is required for all new hires. This orientation is conducted by the Department Head or their designee. Safety training, at a minimum consists of: i. General Safety Rules and Policies ii. Hazard Communication and Chemical Safety Procedures iii. Hearing Conservation iv. Control of blood, air, organic and biological borne pathogens v. Electrical Safety and Lockout/Tagout vi. Proper lifting and ergonomic techniques vii. Safety equipment, supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE) viii. Emergency plans, evacuation routes, assembly locations, and emergency actions ix. Rules for reporting safety violations, accidents, and near-misses x. Safe/Standard Operating Procedures and Guidelines xi. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) xii. Location and use of Emergency Eye Wash and Shower Stations xiii. Location and use of Fire Alarm/Pull boxes/AED if applicable xiv. Use of tools and equipment, lifting and material handling equipment xv. Machine and Tool Guards, Emergency Stop Control Locations and Use xvi. Proper Ergonomic procedures and lifting techniques for the tasks assigned 3. Records of all safety training will be maintained by the Department Head or designee. ---PAGE BREAK--- 25 CONTRACTOR SAFETY PROGRAM 1. Purpose a. The Contractor Safety Program is designed to protect the City and Independent Contractor’s employees, equipment, and facilities from injury, accident, or loss. Independent Contractors are persons not directly employed by the City of Kalispell who provide specific labor or services. Examples of Independent Contractor Employers are: i. Construction Companies ii. Utility Service or Repair Companies iii. Pest Control Services iv. Transportation and Shipping Services v. Product Suppliers 2. As a condition of doing business with the City of Kalispell all contractors must comply with applicable local, state, and federal regulatory requirements. 3. Contractors must provide the following to the City of Kalispell, before they begin any work: a. A Certificate of Liability Insurance noting the required minimum allowed dollar coverages and the certificate must list the City of Kalispell as an additional insured on their policy; and b. Proof of Worker’s Compensation coverage for their employees or a certificate noting they are an approved independent contractor. ---PAGE BREAK--- 26 CONFINED SPACE POLICY (ENTERING AND WORKING IN) 1. Introduction a. Entering and working in confined spaces has been and will be an integral part of daily activity by City of Kalispell employees. As it is the policy of the City of Kalispell to provide its employees with a safe work environment, the City requires conformance with the safety standards set herein. The program contained herein describes reasonable and necessary policies and procedures for all facilities, departments, and individuals who are associated with confined space entry operations. b. This program and all parts of 29 CFR 1910.146 shall apply to all confined space entry operations conducted in the City of Kalispell. As it is the policy of the City of Kalispell to provide its employees with the safest work environment possible, the City requires conformance with safety standards set herein. A site-specific Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) program may be used, providing it meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in this manual. The contents of this manual are: 2. Identifying Confined Spaces a. Department Heads or their designated representatives will determine if any personnel under their supervision are required to enter or conduct work in confined spaces as defined in this section. 3. Identifying Confined Space Hazards a. This section gives information on the types of hazards that may be present in a confined space. It should be reviewed whenever the hazards of a confined space are being evaluated. 4. Confined Space Entry Program a. If it is determined that department personnel are required to perform duties in confined spaces, the program outlined in “The Permit System” should be implemented. 5. Responsibilities and Training Requirements a. This section lists the responsibilities and training requirements of each individual involved in a confined space entry. 6. List of Confined Space Terms a. Authorized Entrant - A person who is approved and assigned by the department head in charge of the entry to perform a specific type of duty or duties or to be at a specific location at the job site. b. Bonding - The joining of two or more items with an electrical conductor so that all ends joined have the electrical charge or potential of electrical charge. c. Confined Space – Explained later in the policy. d. Department Superintendent - Department Superintendent are those people in charge of their respected department(s). e. Entry - The action by which a person passes through an opening into a confined space. Entry includes the ensuing work activities in that space. ---PAGE BREAK--- 27 f. Entry Permit - The written or printed document that is provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space and that contains the information specified in this program. g. Entry Supervisor - Department Superintendent or the designated representative such as a supervisor or lead person who is responsible for determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required by this program. h. Hazardous Atmosphere - An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, and impairment of ability to self-rescue (escape unaided from a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one of more of the following: i. Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess 10% of its lower flammable limit (LEL). ii. Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LEL. iii. NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less. iv. Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%. v. Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible exposure limit is published in Subpart 0, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, of 29 CFR 1910 and that could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit. vi. NOTE: Atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not capable of causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects is not covered by this provision. vii. Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health. viii. NOTE: For other contaminants for which OSHA has not determined a dose or permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as Safety Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard Communication Standard, section 1910.1200, published information, and internal documents can provide guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions. ix. Hot Work - Any work involving burning, welding, or similar fire-producing operations. Also, any work that produces a source of ignition such as grinding, drilling, or heating. x. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) - An atmosphere that poses an immediate threat of loss of life that may result in irreversible or immediate severe health effects; may result in eye damage/irritation; or other condition that could impair escape from a confined space. xi. Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) - The minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor in air that will ignite if an ignition source is introduced. xii. Non-Permit Required Confined Space - A confined space that does not contain, nor has the potential to contain, any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm (with respect to atmospheric hazards). xiii. Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere - An atmosphere that contains an oxygen concentration of less than 19.5% by volume. ---PAGE BREAK--- 28 xiv. Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere - An atmosphere that contains an oxygen concentration greater than 22% by volume. xv. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment - Any devices or clothing worn by the worker to protect against hazards in the environment. Examples are respirators, gloves, and chemical splash goggles. xvi. PEL - Permissible Exposure Level - Concentration of a substance to which an individual may be exposed repeatedly without adverse effect. xvii. Permit - Required Confined – means a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics: 1. Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere. 2. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant. 3. Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or by inwardly converging walls, or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or 4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. xviii. Purging - The removal of gases or vapors from a confined space by the process of displacement. xix. Standby Person - A person designated by the department head who is in charge of entry to remain outside the confined space and to be in constant communication with personnel working inside the confined space. 7. Identifying Confined Spaces a. The first step toward conducting a safe confined-space entry is to identify the space as potentially dangerous. All Confined Spaces shall be considered “permit-required” until pit-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. To clarify what constitutes a Confined Space, the following definition will be used. 8. A Confined Space is any space that has the following characteristics: a. Large enough or so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work. b. Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit. Confined-space openings may be small in size and may be difficult to move through easily. However, in some cases openings may be very large; for example, open-topped spaces such as pits or excavations. Entrance and exit may be required from top, bottom, or side. Size or location may make rescue efforts difficult. c. Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. d. Most confined spaces are not designed for employees to enter and work on a routine basis. They may be designed to store a product, enclose materials and process, or transport products or substances. Therefore, occasional employee entry for inspection, maintenance, repair, cleanup, or similar tasks, is often difficult and dangerous. The danger associated with entry may come from chemical or physical hazards within the space. ---PAGE BREAK--- 29 9. Non-Permit Confined Space means a confined space that does not contain, nor has the potential to contain, any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm (with respect to atmospheric hazards). 10. Permit-Required Confined Space (permit space) means a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics: a. Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere. b. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant. c. Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or d. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. 11. Other “Confined Space” - based on the definition, many types of spaces may be considered “confined,” and therefore, hazardous. Some examples of confined spaces might be sewers, electrical vaults, steam tunnels, mechanical rooms, or other types of enclosures. 12. It is the responsibility of Department Heads or their designated representative to evaluate potentially hazardous spaces within facilities or area under their control and ensure that the proper precautions are taken for safety. a. This responsibility may be delegated to a competent person within the department provided they are qualified. b. It may be determined that a space presents no real danger for employees. However, until the space has been evaluated and tested, it shall be assumed to be confined and potentially dangerous. c. Once a space has been evaluated and it has been determined that confined space characteristics are present, the Department Head or their designee shall determine if the Confined Space requires a permit and will apply appropriate labeling. 13. Identifying Confined Space Hazards Once a space has been identified as confined, the hazards that may be present within the confined space must be identified. Confined-space hazards can be grouped into the following categories: a. Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres i. The normal atmosphere is composed of approximately 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. Atmosphere containing less than 19.5% oxygen shall be considered oxygen deficient. The oxygen level inside a confined space may be decreased as the result of either consumption or displacement. ---PAGE BREAK--- 30 ii. There are a number of processes that consume oxygen in a confined space. Oxygen is consumed during combustion of flammable materials, as in welding, cutting, or brazing. A more subtle consumption of oxygen occurs during bacterial action, as in the fermentation process. Oxygen can also be consumed during chemical reactions such as in the formation of rust on the exposed surfaces of a confined space. The number of people working in a confined space and the amount of physical activity can also influence oxygen consumption. Oxygen levels can also be reduced as the result of oxygen displacement by other gases. b. Flammable Atmospheres i. Flammable atmospheres are generally the result of flammable gases, vapors, dust mixed in certain concentrations with air, or an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. ii. Oxygen-enriched atmospheres are those atmospheres that contain an oxygen concentration greater than 22%. An oxygen-enriched atmosphere will cause flammable materials such as clothing and hair to burn violently when ignited. iii. Combustible gases or vapors can accumulate within a confined space when there is inadequate ventilation. Gases that are heavier than air will accumulate in the lower levels of a confined space. Therefore, it is especially important that atmospheric tests be conducted near the bottom of all confined spaces. iv. The work being conducted in a confined space can generate a flammable atmosphere. Work such as spray painting, coating or the use of flammable solvents for cleaning can result in formation of an explosive atmosphere. Welding or cutting with oxyacetylene equipment can also be the cause of an explosion in a confined space and shall not be allowed without a hot work permit. Oxygen and acetylene hoses may have small leaks in them, which could generate an explosive atmosphere and, therefore, should be removed when not in use. The atmosphere shall be tested continuously while any hot work is being conducted within the confined space. c. Toxic Atmospheres i. Toxic atmospheres may be present within a confined space as the result of one or more of the following: 1. The product stored in the confined space. 2. When a product is stored in a confined space, the product can be absorbed by the walls and give off toxic vapors when removed or when cleaning the residual material. The product can also produce toxic vapors, which will remain in the atmosphere due to poor ventilation. 3. Toxic atmospheres can be generated as the result of work being conducted inside the confined space. Examples of such work include welding or brazing. d. Mechanical and Physical Hazards i. Problems such as rotating or moving mechanical parts or energy sources can create hazards within a confined space. All rotating or moving equipment such as pumps, process lines, electrical sources, etc., within a confined space must be identified. ii. Physical factors such as heat, cold, noise, vibration, and fatigue can contribute to accidents. These factors must be evaluated for all confined spaces. ---PAGE BREAK--- 31 14. Confined Space Entry Program a. All confined spaces located within a facility or under a department’s control should be identified. Once the space has been identified as Confined, the Safety Coordinator/Superintendent shall determine if a permit is required. b. All employees shall be made aware of these confined spaces through training or instruction provided by Department Superintendents or their designated representatives. The Safety Coordinator shall provide assistance with this training. 15. Preventing Unauthorized Entry a. Department Superintendents or their designated representatives shall instruct all employees that entry into a confined space is prohibited without an authorized permit. b. Department Superintendents or their designated representatives shall instruct all employees to list their names on the authorized permit before they will be allowed to enter a confined space. 16. The Permit System a. When a confined space must be entered, a permit shall be completed and authorized by department superintendents, supervisors, or their designated representatives prior to entry of the confined space. This permit shall serve as certification that the space is safe for entry. The permit shall contain the date, the location of the space, and the signature of the person providing the certification. b. A permit shall not be authorized until all conditions of the permit have been met. c. The permit to be used by City of Kalispell employees can be requested from the Department Superintendent. 17. Planning the Entry a. The first step towards conducting a safe confined-space entry is to plan the entry. This will allow for the identification of all hazards, and for the determination of all equipment necessary, to complete the project. 18. Gathering General Data a. Identify the confined space. Give the name or location of the confined space. b. Give the reason for entering the confined space. Be specific and identify if hot work will be done. c. Identify the contents of the confined space. This refers to any chemicals or other materials and energy that are usually present in the confined space. 19. Identifying the Hazards a. The attendant will determine the oxygen and flammable content and describe the testing procedures and type of equipment/analyzer(s) used. b. If a toxic substance is determined to be in the confined space during testing by the attendant, the department supervisor shall be contacted to assist in obtaining a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or other chemical information to determine what type of personal protective equipment is required, the potential health effects, the Permissible Exposure Limits, and any other information needed to safely conduct the work. ---PAGE BREAK--- 32 c. Department supervisor or their designated representatives will determine mechanical and physical hazards. They should list all items and energy that will require lockout/tagout, blanking and bleeding, disconnecting, or securing. Physical hazards should also be listed. 20. Ventilation of Confined Space a. Indicate whether mechanical or natural ventilation will be used. Describe the procedures to be used. b. NOTE: If mechanical ventilation is to be used, the exhaust must be pointed away from personnel or ignition sources. Also, mechanical ventilators should be bonded to the confined space. 21. Isolating the Confined Space a. Describe the procedures for disconnecting equipment or lockout/tagout. All mechanical, electrical, or heat-producing equipment should be disconnected or locked and tagged out. This would also include any pumps that pull fluid from, or pump fluid into, confined space. 22. Purging/Cleaning the Confined Space a. Indicate if the confined space will be purged. Purging with inert gas is not recommended. If the space must be purged, describe the procedures. b. Indicate the type of cleaning methods to be used. If chemical cleaners are to be used, name the type and describe the procedures. The SDS for the chemical should be consulted prior to use. i. NOTE: When introducing a chemical into a confined space, the compatibility of that chemical with the contents of the confined space must be checked. If in doubt, consult the department superintendent. ii. NOTE: If steam is to be used, the hose should be bonded to the confined space. 23. Placement of Warning Signs a. Indicate if warning signs or barriers will be needed to prevent unauthorized entry or to protect workers from external hazards. If the confined space will be left open and unattended for any length of time, warning signs and barriers will be required. 24. Identifying All Personnel a. List all employees that will be required to prepare the confined space and complete the work inside the space. 25. Identifying Necessary Equipment a. List all equipment that will be necessary to complete the project. 26. Conducting Entry Training a. Once the entry has been planned, the department supervisor or their designated representatives must train all employees who will be involved in the entry. The training should be conducted no earlier than one day before entry is to be made and the following outline should be used for the training: ---PAGE BREAK--- 33 i. Identify the confined space and the reason(s) for entry. ii. Identify the work detail. iii. Assign each employee the job(s) they are to perform in the project (entrant, standby person, etc.). iv. If an employee is required to use a piece of equipment, be sure that they are capable of using the equipment properly. v. Inform all personnel that no one is to enter the confined space unless the standby person is present at the work site. 27. Inform Entrants of all Known or Suspected Hazards: a. Any access or exit problems. b. All equipment that must be locked out or tagged out. c. The contents of the confined space. d. All atmospheric levels that must be maintained before entering and while working in the confined space. If a toxic atmosphere or substance is present or could become present, the following additional training must be completed: i. If respiratory protection is not going to be used, inform personnel of the maximum permissible exposure level (PEL) that can exist within the confined space, and the method used to monitor. ii. Inform personnel of the potential health effects of exposure to the toxic atmosphere or substance. iii. Inform personnel of the signs and of exposure to the toxic flume. iv. Inform personnel of the personal protective equipment (PPE) that they will be required to wear. v. If entrants are unaware of the proper use of the PPE, they must be trained in the proper use of this equipment. 28. Medical Examinations a. Employees will not be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators until they have undergone an initial medical evaluation by a health care provider to determine their ability to use and be fit tested to wear a respirator. b. A local physician shall determine what health and physical conditions are pertinent. The respirator user’s medical status should be reviewed periodically (for instance, annually). c. If an employee is showing signs or related to their ability to use a respirator, they will be required to see a health care provider. 29. Identify Isolation Procedures a. Inform the personnel responsible for the lockout/tagout of all equipment that must be isolated. b. Inform the personnel responsible for performing this function of the methods to be used. ---PAGE BREAK--- 34 30. Identify Purging and/or Ventilation Procedures a. Inform all personnel responsible for performing this function of the methods to be used. 31. Identify all Equipment Needed a. Inform personnel involved in the project of all equipment that will be necessary to complete the project. b. Make sure that all employees are capable of using their assigned equipment properly. 32. Determine Necessary Personal Protective Equipment a. Inform personnel of all PPE that must be used to ensure their safety. b. Make sure that all personnel required to use PPE are trained in the proper use of the equipment. 33. Establish Communication a. Inform all entrants that they are required to maintain communication with the standby person. b. Inform standby person that they must maintain constant contact with all entrants. c. Inform personnel of the type of communication they are to use. 34. Protect From External Hazards a. Inform personnel where signs and barriers will be placed to prevent unauthorized entry and protect entrants from external hazards. 35. Pre-plan Rescue Procedures a. The attendant(s) should be informed of the rescue procedures to be followed. b. The attendant(s) should be informed that they can have no other duty but to maintain contact with personnel inside the confined space. c. Inform the attendant(s) that they must not enter the confined space under any circumstances. d. Individual departments may have specific Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), in addition to this policy, which can be referred to, so long as it does not reduce responsibilities or lessen the safety of employees. 36. Place the Confined Space Back into Service a. Inform personnel of the steps to be taken to place the confined space back into service. 37. Preparing the Confined Space for Entry a. Once the entry has been planned and personnel have been trained, the next step is to prepare the confined space for entry. The following steps are to be followed when preparing the confined space for entry: i. If warning signs or barriers are to be used to prevent unauthorized entry or to protect entrants from external hazards, they should be placed on or around the confined space as planned and discussed in training. ---PAGE BREAK--- 35 ii. Place all tools, safety equipment, monitoring equipment, etc., near the confined space. iii. Isolate all mechanical and/or electrical hazards as planned and discussed in training. iv. Purge/ventilate the confined space as planned and discussed in training. b. The entry supervisor will test the atmosphere as discussed in training. c. If oxygen content is less than 19.5% or greater 22%, perform additional ventilation. Then, shut off ventilation equipment and re-test the oxygen content. d. If oxygen content is between 19.5% and 21.5%, continue entry preparation. e. The entry supervisor will test for flammable gas level as planned and discussed in training. f. If the meter reading is less than 10% of the lower explosive limit (LEL), continue entry preparations. g. If the meter reading is above 10% of the LEL, continue ventilation of the confined space. Shut off the ventilation and have the atmosphere re-tested. h. If the meter reading is still above 10% of the LEL, the confined space must be cleaned before entry is permitted. If the confined space must be entered for cleaning purposes proper ventilation/purging of the atmosphere must be accomplished, then re-tested before entry. i. The entry supervisor will determine the toxicity of the atmosphere as planned and discussed in training. If a toxic atmosphere is present, no person should be permitted to enter the confined space at a level exceeding the Permissible Exposure Limit without proper Personal Protective Equipment. The department superintendent should be called to assist in identifying proper precautions and the protective measures to be taken. j. Assemble all personnel involved prior to entry and review the work required and how to handle emergencies. k. The entry supervisor will then add any needed information, then complete and sign the permit. 38. Utilizing Safety Equipment a. Where practical, all personnel entering a permit required confined space should be equipped with a retrieval line secured at one end to the entrant by a full-body harness with its other end secured on a tripod lifting hoist. 39. Atmospheric Testing Procedures a. All testing equipment shall be calibrated as instructed by the manufacturer. b. All the manufacturer’s operating instructions must be followed. c. The test equipment should be tested in a known atmosphere to ensure its accuracy. d. Ventilation equipment must be shut off before conducting any atmospheric tests. e. The atmosphere must be tested at the bottom, top, and middle of all confirmed spaces. f. The atmosphere must be continuously monitored while work is being conducted in the confined space. ---PAGE BREAK--- 36 g. If the confined space is left for any reason, the atmosphere must be re-tested before re- entering the space. 40. Confined Space Cleaning Procedures a. If cleaning must be conducted in a confined space to achieve acceptable atmospheric conditions, the following procedures must be followed: i. All entrants must be equipped with designated safety equipment. ii. All entrants must be equipped with an SCBA. iii. No spark-producing tools will be allowed for use. 41. Rescue Procedures a. In the event of an emergency, the standby person should: i. The standby person(s) is not to enter the confined space for any reason! ii. Immediately summon the City of Kalispell Fire Department by radio or telephone (Dial 911). iii. Attempt to remove the victim by use of the retrieval line from outside the confined space if this can be accomplished without creating further hazard for the entrant or the attendant. iv. If the standby person is able to remove the victim with the retrieval line, he/she should administer aid within the limits of his/her training until emergency medical services arrive. v. If the standby person is unable to remove the victim by using the retrieval line, he or she must wait for help to arrive. vi. Give EMS/Rescue personnel any information they request. 42. Personnel Responsibilities & Training a. Everyone involved in a confined-space entry project has responsibilities and requires training. It is very important that every individual is familiar with their responsibilities. This section outlines the responsibilities and training requirements of each individual involved in a project. 43. Responsibilities of the Safety Coordinator or their Designee a. Review and update the City of Kalispell Confined Space Program. b. Ensure compliance with standards set forth in the program by periodic inspection of entry sites and canceling permits where unsafe conditions are present. c. Assisting Department Superintendent/Supervisors with: i. Training as set forth in the program. ii. Identification of confined spaces. iii. Identifying spaces that require a permit for entry. iv. Labeling Permit-Required Confined Spaces. v. Perform a single annual review covering all entries performed during a 12-month period to ensure employees participating in entry operations are protected from permit space hazards. ---PAGE BREAK--- 37 44. Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Department Superintendents or their Designated Representatives a. Identifying confined spaces within facilities or areas under their control. b. Identifying hazards within a confined space under their control. c. Documenting that all training requirements for a specific confined space entry have been met by signing the pre-entry authorization space on the permit. d. Ensuring that the required atmospheric tests are performed at the confined space and results recorded on the permit prior to entry authorization. e. Obtaining and maintaining all equipment necessary to complete the confined-space entry project. f. Authorize entry by signing the Entry Authorization space on the entry permit after all conditions for a safe entry have been met. g. Terminating the entry and canceling the permit when: i. Entry operations covered by the entry permit have been completed. ii. Condition that is not allowed under the entry permit arises in or near the permit space. iii. When the responsibility for the permit space entry operations is transferred to another entity. 45. Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Authorized Entrants a. The person(s) authorized to enter a confined space shall be responsible for and receive training in the following: i. The knowledge of hazards that may be faced during entry, including the mode. ii. Signs, or and consequences of the exposure. iii. Proper use of equipment, which includes: 1. Atmospheric testing and monitoring equipment. 2. Ventilating equipment needed to obtain acceptable entry conditions. 3. Communication equipment necessary to maintain contact with the standby person. 4. Personal protective equipment as needed. 5. Lighting equipment as needed. 6. Barriers and shields as needed. 7. Equipment, such as ladders, needed for safe ingress and egress. 8. Rescue and emergency equipment as needed. 9. Any other equipment necessary for safe entry into and rescue from permit spaces. iv. Communications with the attendant, as necessary, to enable the attendant to monitor entrant status and to enable the attendant to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space if required. b. Alert the attendant (standby person) whenever: ---PAGE BREAK--- 38 i. The entrant recognizes any warning sign or of exposure to a dangerous situation, or ii. The entrant detects a prohibited condition. c. Exiting the permit space as quickly as possible whenever: i. An order to evacuate has been given by the attendant or the entry supervisor. ii. The entrant recognizes any warning sign or of exposure to a dangerous situation. iii. The entrant detects a prohibited condition. iv. An evacuation alarm is activated. 46. Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Standby Persons (Attendants) a. Persons authorized to perform duties as attendant shall be responsible for and receive training in the following: i. Knowing the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode, signs or and consequences of exposure. ii. Is aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized entrants. iii. Continuously maintaining an accurate count of authorized entrants in the permit space and ensures that the means used to identify authorized entrants accurately identifies who is in the permit space. iv. Remains outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant. v. Attempting non-entry rescue if proper equipment is in place and the rescue attempt will not present further hazards to the entrant or attendant. vi. Communicating with authorized entrants as necessary to monitor entrant status and to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space when conditions warrant. vii. Monitoring activities inside and outside the space to determine if it is safe for entrants to remain in the space and ordering the authorized entrants to evacuate the permit space immediately under any of the following conditions: 1. If the attendant detects a prohibited condition. 2. If the attendant detects the behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized entrant. 3. If the attendant detects a situation outside the space that could endanger the authorized entrants. 4. If the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all the duties required by this program. 5. Summoning rescue and other emergency services as soon as the attendant determines that authorized entrants may need assistance to escape from the permit space hazards. viii. Taking the following actions when unauthorized persons approach or enter a permit space while entry is underway: 1. Warn the unauthorized persons that they must stay away from the permit space. ---PAGE BREAK--- 39 2. Inform the unauthorized persons that they must exit immediately if they have entered the permit space. 3. Inform the authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if unauthorized persons have entered the permit space. 4. Performs no duties that might interfere with the attendant’s primary duty to monitor and protect the authorized entrants. 47. Signs & - Potential Effects of Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres Oxygen Content Effects and 19.5% *Minimum permissible level 15 - 19% *Decreased ability to work strenuously. Impaired coordination and possible coronary, pulmonary or circulatory problems. 12 - 14% *Respiration and pulse increases in exertion. Impaired coordination, perception, and judgement. 10 - 12% *Respiration further increases. Poor judgement, blue lips. 8 - 10% *Mental fatigue, fainting, nausea, unconsciousness, ashen face, blue lips, and vomiting. 6 - 8% *Six minutes--50% fatal; eight minutes--100% fatal; 4-5% recovery with treatment. 4 - 6% *Coma in 40 seconds, convulsion, death. Potential Effects of Carbon Monoxide Exposure PPM Effects & Time 35 Permissible exposure 8 hrs. 200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 hrs. 400 Headache, discomfort 2 hrs. 600 Headache, discomfort 1 hr. 1000 Confusion, nausea, headache 2 hrs. 1000 Slight heart palpitation ½ hr. 2000 Unconsciousness ½ hr. 2500 Fatal <1 hr. CARBON MONOXIDE IS AN ODORLESS, COLORLESS GAS THAT CAN BUILD UP IN A CONFINED SPACE. ---PAGE BREAK--- 40 FACILITY SECURITY POLICY 1. Purpose a. To establish minimum security requirements for all City facilities. 2. Policy a. All reasonable precautions will be taken to keep unauthorized people from entering City operated facilities. b. All buildings and outdoor equipment not monitored on a 24 hour per day basis will be kept locked while unattended. c. Damage to security gates, fences, signs, locks, etc. shall be repaired 3. Procedures a. Facilities that are fenced must be inspected to verify that the fencing, security gates, warning signs, etc. are intact and functioning as intended. b. All main gates to restricted facilities must be posted with a warning sign and a placard indicating who to call in an emergency. c. Whenever there is an indication of an attempted break-in, vandalism, or stolen City property, the matter shall be reported immediately to the police and to your supervisor or Department Head. ---PAGE BREAK--- 41 HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD 1. Policy a. The City of Kalispell will use as a guide, the Federal OSHA Standards, 29 CFR 1910 and 1926. WWW.OSHA.GOV 2. Hazard Communication Standard - Employee Right-to-Know a. Employees of the City of Kalispell have the right to know the properties and potential safety and health hazards of substances to which they may be exposed. Such knowledge is essential to reducing the risk of occupational illness and injury. 3. Goal of Right to Know: a. To help you reduce the risks involved in working with hazardous materials. b. To transmit vital information to employees about real and potential hazards of substances in the workplace. c. To reduce the incidence and cost of illness and injury resulting from hazardous substances. d. To promote public employee’s need and right to know. e. To encourage a reduction in the volume and toxicity of hazardous substances. 4. Hazardous Substance a. A hazardous substance is any substance that is a physical or health hazard. 5. “Health Hazard” means any chemical or biological substance or agent which is listed in the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s list of Toxic and Hazardous Substance 29 CFR Part 1910 and; a. Any other substance including but not limited to chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, and; b. Agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, and; c. Any substance for which a Safety Data Sheet has been provided by the manufacturer, as a hazardous material, or such substances deemed by the Commissioner, based on documented scientific evidence that poses a threat to the health of an employee. 6. “Physical Hazard” means a chemical which is a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water - reactive, and; a. which is contained in the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s list of Hazardous Materials, 29 CFR Part 1910 and; b. any substance for which a Safety Data Sheet has been provided by the manufacturer as a hazardous material, or such substances deemed by the Commissioner, based on documented scientific evidence that it poses a threat to the safety of an employee. ---PAGE BREAK--- 42 7. Identifying Hazardous Substances a. Every container of hazardous substances must bear a label showing the chemical name and the Chemical Abstract Service number (CAS or the manufacturer’s label. In addition, many containers will have pictorial labels suggesting the protective measures required in handling the substance. b. Other labels and placards will utilize a numbering system of 0-4 to determine the seriousness or the hazard of the substance in the three categories of Health, Flammability, and Reactivity. In all cases, a 0 means the least threat while a rating of 4 means the greatest danger. 8. How to Determine which Substances Are in Your Workplace a. Discuss this topic with your supervisor and review your department’s SDS (Safety Data Sheets). To determine the extent of the hazard for a substance or protective measures required in using a chemical, locate the Safety Data Sheets (SDS). The SDS will provide an in-depth analysis of the substance along with all precautions necessary to handle the substance safely. 9. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) a. It is very important to know how to read and understand the SDS. It is designed and written in sections: i. Identification ii. Hazard(s) identification iii. Composition/information on ingredients iv. First-aid measures v. Fire-fighting measures vi. Accidental release measures vii. Handling and Storage viii. Exposure controls/personal protection ix. Physical and chemical properties x. Stability and reactivity xi. Toxicological information xii. Ecological information xiii. Disposal considerations xiv. Transport information xv. Regulatory information xvi. Other information 10. Appropriate Work Practices a. It is strongly suggested that you read the SDS for every substance you come in contact with and utilize the control measures (protective measures) and the special precautions delineated on the SDS. When in doubt, consult with your supervisor. ---PAGE BREAK--- 43 11. Emergency Procedures a. Report all spills and avoid contact with substances without proper protective equipment. b. If you were exposed to a hazardous substance that required protective equipment, and you did not have the required protective equipment, seek medical attention. Be sure to make a written report of the exposure with your supervisor. The record of the exposure will be kept permanently and will be available to you. 12. Emergency 911 a. To report emergencies, dial 911. The 911 number will provide access to fire, police, ambulance, or emergency services or use your portable radio, if applicable. 13. Acronyms You May Wish to Become Familiar With: OSHA- Occupational Safety & Health Act EPA - Environmental Protection Agency NRC - National Response Center (Coast Guard) DOT - Department of Transportation NIOSH - National Institute of Safety and Health MSHA - Mine Safety & Health Act TSCA - Toxic Substance Control Act CFR - Code of Federal Regulations CAS - Chemical Abstract Service (number) TLV - Threshold Limit Value TWA - Time Weighted Averaged PEL - Personal Exposure Limit UEL - Upper Explosion Limit La - Lower Explosion Limit PPE - Personal Protection Equipment P1’S - Parts Per Million Mg/I - Milligrams per Liter ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist SARA - Superfund Amendments Re-authorization Act 14. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are the key sources to determine which substances are in the workplace and how to avoid exposure to hazardous substances. SDS’s are available in your department. Learn where the safety data sheets are kept and review them frequently. ---PAGE BREAK--- 44 15. Safety Data Sheets must be reviewed and updated annually and only those safety data sheets for chemicals currently in use should be placed in the active binder within the respective department. 16. Outdated Safety Data Sheets are to be retained and stored separately, in a secure place within the respective department for a minimum of forty (40) years. 17. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.1000 Air contaminants, 29 CFR 1910.1001 Asbestos, and 29 CFR 1926.1101 Asbestos, for further hazard control and limits of airborne contaminants ---PAGE BREAK--- 45 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT POLICY 1. Scope a. This program specifically outlines the purpose, authorization, rules, and techniques to be utilized by City of Kalispell employees on a daily basis to guard against unexpected energizing, start-up, or release of stored energy, which could cause injury. It shall be the duty of each employee to become familiar with the contents of this program and ensure compliance with its procedures. Department Superintendents and Supervisors shall ensure that employees under their supervision receive training in the contents of this program and ensure records of this training are maintained. 2. Purpose a. The purpose of this program is to establish procedures for affixing appropriate lockout or tagout devices to energy-isolating devices, and to otherwise disable machines or equipment to prevent unexpected energizing, start-up, or release of stored energy in order to prevent injury to employees. 3. Definitions Applicable to this Program a. Affected Employee: An employee whose job requires them to operate or use a machine or piece of equipment on which servicing is being performed under lockout or tagout, or whose job requires them to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. b. Authorized Employee: A person who locks or implements a tagout system procedure on machines or equipment to perform the servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. An authorized employee and an affected employee may be the same person when the affected employee’s duties also include performing maintenance or service on a machine or piece of equipment, which must be locked, or a tagout system implemented. c. Energy Source: Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy. d. Lockout: The placement of a lockout device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed. e. Lockout Device: A device that utilizes a positive means, such as a lock, to hold an energy-isolating device in the safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or piece of equipment. f. Normal Production Operations: The utilization of a machine or piece of equipment to perform its intended production function. g. Primary Authorized Employee: The authorized employee who has been vested with responsibility for a set number or group of employees performing service or maintenance on machines or equipment subject to lockout or tagout procedures. ---PAGE BREAK--- 46 h. Servicing and/or Maintenance: Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, and maintaining and/or servicing machines or equipment. These activities include lubrication, cleaning or un-jamming of machines or equipment, and making adjustments or tool changes where the employee may be exposed to the unexpected energizing or start-up of the equipment or release of hazardous energy. i. Tagout: The placement of a tagout device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed. 4. Authorization a. A designated City of Kalispell representative may authorize the use of this program by all facilities, departments, and individuals associated with the control of hazardous energy on any City of Kalispell entity. b. Department Superintendents/Supervisors will implement the program and ensure that the personnel under their supervision are trained in accordance with the procedures established herein. This responsibility may be delegated to another person or persons within the department providing it is done so in writing and the designated person(s) is qualified and competent. This person(s) will authorize employees to implement the locking and tagging system procedure. c. An employee who has been authorized by his or her department Superintendent or Supervisor shall lock or implement a tagout system procedure on machines or equipment to perform servicing or maintenance; or on a machine which the unexpected energizing or start-up of the machine or equipment, or release of stored energy could cause injury. 5. Rules a. Each department utilizing the City of Kalispell program for the control of hazardous energy shall establish and document site-specific procedures for energy isolation. Specialized lockout devices shall be obtained and kept within the department for its use. b. A standard supply of the most often used lockout devices shall be maintained. c. If an energy-isolating device is capable of being locked out, the authorized employee shall utilize lockout, unless the Department Superintendent or Supervisor can demonstrate utilization of a tagout system providing full employee protection. When a tagout device is used for energy-isolating, which is capable of being locked out, the tagout device shall be attached at the same location the lockout device would have been attached. d. Lockout devices used for the implementation of this program shall be accompanied by a standard lockout tag. These devices shall be used for no other purpose than lockout and shall be substantial enough to prevent removal without the use of excessive force or unusual techniques. Tagout devices, including their means of attachment, shall be substantial enough to prevent inadvertent or accidental removal. Tagout device attachment means shall be of a non-releasable, with a minimum unlocking strength of no less than 50 pounds and having the general design and basic characteristics of being at least equivalent to a one-piece, all-environment-tolerant nylon cable tie. ---PAGE BREAK--- 47 e. The Safety Coordinator or his/her designated representative shall conduct periodic inspection of the energy control procedure at least annually to ensure that the procedure and the requirements of 29 CFR 1910 are being followed. f. Department Superintendents or their designated representatives are required to provide training to ensure the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees. Through training, employees will be required to possess the knowledge and skills required for safe applications, usage, and removal of energy controls. Training shall include the following: i. Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. ii. Each affected employee shall be instructed on the purpose and use of the energy control procedure. iii. All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or re-energize machines or equipment which are locked-out or tagged-out. iv. When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags: 1. Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy-isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by lockout. 2. When a tag is attached to an energy-isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person responsible for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated. 3. Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective. 4. Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials that will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace. 5. Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program. 6. Tags must be securely attached to energy-isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use. g. Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or process that presents a new hazard, or when there is a change in energy control procedures. Retraining shall establish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures as necessary. h. The Superintendents of departments or their designated representatives shall certify that employees training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee’s name and dates of training. ---PAGE BREAK--- 48 6. Techniques a. Only authorized employees shall perform implementation of the lockout or tagout system. b. The established procedure for the application of energy control shall cover the following elements and actions and shall be done in the following sequence: 7. Preparation for Shutdown a. Before an authorized or affected employee turns off a machine or piece of equipment, they shall have knowledge of the type and magnitude of the energy, the hazards of the energy to be controlled, and the method or means to control the energy. 8. Machine or Equipment Shutdown a. An orderly shutdown must be utilized to avoid any additional or increased hazard(s) to employees as a result of equipment de-energizing. 9. Machine or Equipment Isolation a. All energy-isolating devices that are needed to control the energy to the machine or equipment shall be physically located and operated in such a manner as to isolate the machine or equipment from the energy source(s). 10. Lockout or Tagout Device Application a. Authorized employees shall affix lockout or tagout devices to each energy-isolating device. Lockout devices, where used, shall be affixed in a manner that will hold the energy in a “safe” or “off’ position. Tagout devices, where used, shall be affixed in such a manner as will clearly indicate that the operation or movement of energy- isolating devices from the “safe” or “off’ position is prohibited. 11. Where Tagout Devices Are Used with Energy-Isolating Devices Designed with the Capability of Being Locked a. The tag shall be fastened at the same point at which the lock would have been attached. 12. Where a Tag Cannot Be Affixed Directly to the Energy-Isolating Device a. The tag shall be located as close as safely possible to the device, in a position that will be immediately obvious to anyone attempting to operate the device. 13. Stored Energy a. Following the application of lockout or tagout devices to energy-isolating devices, all potentially hazardous stored energy shall be rendered safe. If there is a possibility of re-accumulation of stored energy to a hazardous level, verification of isolation shall be continued until the servicing or maintenance is completed, or until the possibility of such accumulation no longer exists. ---PAGE BREAK--- 49 14. Verification of Isolation a. Prior to starting work on machines or equipment that have been locked out or tagged out, the authorized employee shall verify that isolation and de-energizing of the machine or equipment has been accomplished. 15. Release from Lockout or Tagout a. Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and energy is restored to the machine or equipment, procedures shall be followed, and actions taken by the authorized employee(s) to ensure the following: i. The Machine or Equipment: The work area shall be inspected to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and that machine or equipment components are operationally intact. ii. Employees: The work area shall be checked to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed. Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and before machines or equipment are energized, affected employees shall be notified. 16. Lockout or Tagout Device Removal a. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy-isolating device by the employee who applied the device. b. Exception: When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device (installer) is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the installer’s immediate supervisor. Each department involved in lockout or tagout operations shall provide specific training and procedures for such removal. The procedures and training shall be documented, and the specific procedure shall include at least the following elements: i. Verification by the immediate supervisor that the employee who applied the device is not at the facility and; ii. Making all reasonable efforts to contact the authorized employee to inform them that his/her lockout or tagout device has been removed, and; iii. Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before they resume work at the facility. 17. Testing or Positioning of Machines, Equipment, or Components Thereof a. In situations where lockout or tagout devices must be temporarily removed from the energy-isolating device and the machine or equipment energized to test or position the equipment or component thereof, the following sequence of actions shall be followed: i. Clear the machine or equipment of tools and materials. ii. Remove employees from the machine or equipment area. iii. Remove the lockout or tagout devices. iv. Energize and proceed with testing or positioning. v. Re-energize all systems and reapply energy control measures to continue the servicing and/or maintenance. ---PAGE BREAK--- 50 18. Group Lockout or Tagout a. When servicing and/or maintenance is performed by a crew or department, they shall utilize a procedure which affords the employees a level of protection equivalent to that provided by the implementation of a personal lockout or tagout device. This shall be accomplished by: i. The application of a multi-lock accepting device by the primary authorized employee to the energy-isolating device. ii. The primary authorized employee attaching his/her lock to the multi-accepting device. iii. Each authorized employee shall affix a personal lockout or tagout device to the multi-lock accepting device when they begin work and shall remove those devices when they stop working on the machines or equipment being serviced or maintained. iv. The primary authorized employee removing his/her lock and the multi-lock accepting device when all service or maintenance has been complete. 19. Shift or Personnel Changes a. To ensure the orderly transfer of lockout or tagout devices between off-going and on- coming employees and minimize exposure to hazards form unexpected energizing start-up of the machine or equipment, or release of stored energy, these procedures shall be followed: i. The on-coming personnel shall notify the off-going personnel that they are ready to begin work on the machine or equipment. ii. All lockout and/or tagout devices attached to the machine or equipment by the off- going personnel shall be removed and immediately replaced with like devices by the on-coming authorized personnel. iii. The primary authorized employee shall insure that all pertinent coordination between off-going and oncoming personnel has been completed before the formal transfer of their personal lockout and tagout device ---PAGE BREAK--- 51 WORKSITE & OFFICE SAFETY POLICY 1. Purpose a. The purpose of this program is to provide guidance to directors, supervisors, and employees on general safety practices. Both worksites, inside and out, can present potential health and safety hazards. This includes, but is not limited to slips, trips, falls, electrical/mechanical hazards, noise, temperature extremes, humidity, confined spaces, being struck by or striking objects, workplace violence. 2. Responsibilities a. Management – Provide training for all their employees on proper safety practices to include, but not limited to: i. Emergency procedures ii. Electrical/mechanical safety iii. Ergonomics iv. Ensure equipment is in safe working order v. Proper storage for supplies & housekeeping vi. Hazard Communication & Employee Right-to-Know vii. Lockout/Tagout viii. Hearing and respiratory protection ix. Proper reporting of injuries, illnesses, property damage, and “near misses” b. Employees: i. Be conscientious as to your work environment and the hazards you may encounter. ii. Learn and always perform safe work practices. iii. Report unsafe conditions, injuries, illnesses, property damage, and “near misses” immediately to your supervisor. 3. Slips, Trips, and Falls a. The following checklist can help stop a fall before it happens: i. Be sure pathway and work areas are clear before you walk. ii. Close drawers and cabinets completely after every use. iii. Always use a stepladder for overhead reaching. Chairs should never be used as ladders. iv. Clean up spills immediately. v. Pick up objects co-workers may have left on the floor. vi. Report loose carpeting or damaged flooring. vii. Never carry anything that obscures your vision. viii. Wear stable shoes with non-slip soles. ix. If you find yourself heading for a fall, remember - roll, don’t reach. By letting your body crumple and roll you are more likely to absorb the impact and momentum of a fall without injury. Reaching an arm or leg out to break your fall may result in a broken limb instead. ---PAGE BREAK--- 52 4. Strains and Overexertion a. It’s important to follow the principles of safe lifting. Even small, light loads stacks of files or boxes) can wreak havoc on your back, neck, and shoulders if you use your body incorrectly. Backs are especially vulnerable. Most back injuries result from improper lifting. If you feel the lift is beyond your ability, contact your supervisor or ask another employee to assist you. Before you pick up an object, ask yourself these questions: i. Is this too heavy for me to lift and carry alone? ii. How high do I have to lift it? iii. How far do I have to carry it? iv. Am I trying to impress anyone by lifting this? 5. Safe Lifting Steps: a. Take a balanced stance; feet placed shoulder-width apart. When lifting something from the floor, squat close to the load. b. Keep your back in its neutral or straight position. Tuck in your chin so your head and neck continue the straight back line. c. Grip the object with your whole hand. Draw the object close to you holding your elbows close to your body to keep the load and your body weight centered. d. Lift by straightening your legs. Let your leg muscles, not your back muscles, do the work. e. Tighten your stomach muscles to help support your back. Maintain your neutral back position as you lift. f. Never twist when lifting. When you must turn with a load, turn your whole body, feet first. g. Never carry a load that blocks your vision. h. To set something down use the same body mechanics designed for lifting. 6. Lifting from a Seated Position a. Bending from a seated position and coming back up places tremendous strain on your back. Also, your chair could be unstable and slip out from under you. Instead, stand and move your chair out of the way. Squat and stand whenever you must retrieve something from the floor. 7. Ergonomic Solutions to Backbreaking Tasks a. If you are doing a lot of twisting while lifting, try to rearrange the space to avoid this. People who twist under a load are more likely to suffer a back injury. b. Rotate through tasks so periods of standing alternate with moving or sitting. Ask for stools or footrests for stationary jobs. c. Store materials at knee level whenever possible instead of on the floor. Make shelves shallower (12-18”). d. If you must carry a heavy object some distance, consider storing it closer. Request a table to rest it on or try to use a hand truck or cart to transport it. ---PAGE BREAK--- 53 e. Lifting weights in excess of fifty (50) pounds should normally not be attempted alone. Work in teams and use assistive devices to limit lifts per employee to fifty (50) pounds or less. 8. Struck By or Striking Objects a. Pay attention to where you are walking, working, and driving at all times. Do not allow yourself to become distracted. 9. Caught In or Between Objects a. Workers may be injured as a result of: i. Body extremities (fingers, hands, arms, legs) can be caught in machinery, drawers, and doors. 1. Always keep your extremities away from pinch points. ii. Fingers, hair, or articles of clothing and jewelry caught in machines. 1. Never wear loose clothing around moving equipment. 2. Long hair should be pulled back, tucked inside clothing or under a hat. 3. While working on equipment, concentrate on what you are doing. 10. Material Storage a. Materials that are improperly stored can lead to objects falling on workers, poor visibility, and create a fire hazard. A good housekeeping program will reduce or eliminate hazards associated with improper storage of materials. Examples of improper storage include disorderly piling, piling materials too high and obstructing doors, aisles, fire exits, and fire-fighting equipment. b. Good storage practices: i. Boxes, papers, and other materials should not be stored on top of lockers or file cabinets because they can cause a landslide of problems. Boxes and cartons should all be of uniform size in any pile or stack. Always stack material in such a way that it will not fall over. ii. Store heavy objects on lower shelves. iii. Try to store materials inside cabinets, files, and lockers. iv. Equipment should not be placed on the edges of a desk, filing cabinet, or table. v. Aisles, corners, and passageways must remain unobstructed. vi. Storage areas should be designated and used only for that purpose. vii. Store heavy materials so you do not have to reach across something to retrieve them. viii. Fire equipment, extinguishers, fire door exits, and sprinkler heads should remain unobstructed. Materials should be at least a minimum of 18 inches away from sprinkler heads. ---PAGE BREAK--- 54 11. Reducing Noise Hazards a. The following measures are useful for reducing the level of noise or its effects: i. Select quiet equipment if possible. When there is a choice between two or more products, sound levels should be included as a consideration for purchase and use. ii. Provide proper maintenance of equipment, such as lubrication and tightening of loose parts. iii. Place loud equipment in areas where its effects are less detrimental. iv. Use barrier walls or dividers to isolate noise sources. The use of buffers or acoustically treated materials can absorb noise that might otherwise travel further. Rubber pads to insulate vibrating equipment can also help to reduce noise. v. When possible, schedule noisy tasks at times when it will have less effect on other tasks in the work area. 12. Electrical Safety a. Electric cords should be examined on a routine basis for fraying and exposed wiring. Particular attention should be paid to connections behind furniture. b. Electrical appliances must be designed and used in accordance with UL requirements. c. Extension cords shall only be used in temporary immediate situations where fixed wiring is not feasible. d. Extension cords shall be kept in good repair and free from defects. e. Extension cords shall be placed where they do not present a tripping or slipping hazard. f. Extension cords shall not be placed through doorways having doors that can be closed, and thereby damage the cord. g. All extension cords shall be of the grounding type (three conductors). h. Power Strips, also known as “relocatable power taps” are only intended for indoor use, and never for use on construction sites and similar locations. They are intended to be directly connected to a permanently installed branch-circuit receptacle outlet only, and not intended to be series connected (daisy chained) to other relocatable power taps or to extension cords. In addition, they are not intended to be permanently secured to building structures, tables, work benches or similar structures, nor are they intended to be used as a substitute for fixed wiring. They are only rated for 20 amps or less of power in total, meaning they are typically intended for use only with a few smaller appliances (such as computers and printers) and not for connecting to higher amperage tools or appliances like microwave ovens, heaters, refrigerators, hammer drills, grinders, hoists, etc. 13. Housekeeping a. Good housekeeping is an important element of accident prevention in the work area. b. Poor housekeeping may lead to fires, injuries to personnel, or unhealthy working conditions. Mishaps caused by dropping heavy cartons and other related equipment and supplies could also be a source of serious injury to personnel. c. Passageways should be free and clear of obstructions. Proper layout, spacing, and arrangement of equipment, furniture, and machinery are essential. ---PAGE BREAK--- 55 d. All aisles within the work area should be clearly defined and kept free of obstructions. e. Working with damaged equipment can be especially hazardous and should be repaired, replaced, or taken out of service. f. Cabinet drawers should always be kept closed when not in use. Heavy equipment and large files should be placed in the bottom file drawers. g. Materials stored within supply rooms must be neatly stacked and readily reached by adequate aisles. Care should be taken to stack materials so they will not topple over. Under no circumstances will materials be stacked within 18 inches of ceiling fire sprinkler heads or Halon nozzles. Materials shall not be stored so they project into aisles or passageways in a manner that could cause persons to trip or could hinder emergency evacuation. h. Through a program of scheduled inspections, unsafe conditions can be recognized and corrected before they lead to serious injuries. Take a few moments each day to walk through your work area. Look for items previously pointed out, such as objects protruding into walkways, file cabinets that are weighted toward the top, or frayed electrical cords. Advise personnel in the area of the hazards and set about correcting them. 14. Computer Workstations a. Complaints concerning musculoskeletal problems are frequently heard from computer operators. Most common are complaints relating to the neck, shoulders, and back. Others concern the arms and hands and occasionally the legs. b. Certain common characteristics of Video Display Terminal (VDT) jobs have been identified and associated with increased risk of musculoskeletal problems. These include: i. Design of the workstation ii. Nature of task iii. Repetitiveness of the job iv. Degree of postural constraint v. Workspace vi. Work/rest schedules vii. Personal attributes of individual workers c. The key to comfort is in maintaining the body in a relaxed, natural position. The ideal work position is to have the arms hanging relaxed from the shoulders. If the keyboard is used, arms should be bent at right angles at the elbow, with the hands held in a straight line with forearms and elbows close to the body. The head should be in line with the body and forward. d. When work is conducted at a computer, the top of the display screen should be at, or just below, eye level. This allows the eye to view the screen at a comfortable level without having to tilt the head or move the back muscles. e. Control glare at the source whenever possible. Place VDT’s so that they are parallel to direct sources of light such as windows and overhead lights. Use window treatments if necessary. When glare sources cannot be removed, seek appropriate screen treatments such as glare filters. Keep the screen clean. ---PAGE BREAK--- 56 15. Your Chair a. The chair is usually the most important piece of furniture that affects user comfort in an office. The chair should be adjusted for comfort, making sure the back is supported and the seat pan is at a height, so the thighs are horizontal, and feet are flat on the floor. An ergonomically sound chair requires four degrees of freedom: seat pan tilt, backrest angle, seat height, and backrest height. Operators can then vary the chair adjustments according to the task. In general, chairs with the most easily adjustable dimensions permit the most flexibility to support people’s preferred sitting postures. b. Armrests on chairs are recommended for most office work except where they interfere with the task. Resting arms on armrests is a very effective way to reduce arm discomforts. Armrests should be sufficiently short and low to allow workers to get close enough to their work surfaces, especially for tasks that require fixed arm postures above the work surface. 16. Working Height a. The work surface height should fit the task. The principle is to place the surface height where the work may be performed in such a manner as to keep arms low and close to the body in relation to the task. i. If the working height is too high, the shoulders or the upper arms have to be lifted to compensate, which may lead to pain and cramps of the neck and shoulders. ii. If working height is too low, the back must be excessively bowed which may cause backache. iii. Generally, work should be done at about elbow height, whether sitting or standing. 17. Lighting a. Different tasks require different levels of lighting. Areas in which intricate work is performed for example, require greater illumination than warehouses. Lighting needs vary from time to time and person to person as well. One approach is to use adjustable task lighting that can provide needed illumination without increasing general lighting. b. Task lamps are very effective to supplement the general office light levels for those who require or prefer additional light. Some task lamps permit several light levels. Since task lamps are controlled by the individual, they can accommodate personal preferences. 18. Indoor Air Quality a. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is an increasingly important issue in the work environment. The study of indoor air quality and pollutant levels within building environments is a complex problem. i. Many of the health appearing are vague and common both to the office and home environment. ii. The following measures should be considered to maintain good air quality: 1. Scheduling regular maintenance of furnace and air filters for heating and cooling systems. 2. Adequate ventilation that could include fixed or portable fans, opening of doors or windows should be performed, especially where fumes from cutting, welding, use of solvents, etc. are utilized. ---PAGE BREAK--- 57 19. Allergies & Chemically Sensitive Individuals The number of people who have serious allergies has increased substantially over the past several years and efforts to mitigate exposure to those who are affected should be considered. a. Fragrance Sensitivity i. For many individuals, being exposed to perfumes and chemicals in the workplace can pose a serious health risk. Migraines and nausea and tightening of the throat are common and people with asthma who are affected by fragrances can suffer respiratory impairment. In addition, people are becoming increasingly sensitive to perfume, cologne, and scented hand lotion. However, the sensitivity to fragrances can extend to hair products, candles, potpourri, air fresheners, oils and cleaning supplies used in the workplace. ii. Given that chemically sensitive individuals may react to various products with widely varying degrees of severity, it's very difficult to ensure a consistently comfortable and accommodating work environment under every conceivable set of circumstances. Even so, it is the desire of the City of Kalispell to minimize, to the extent possible, the barriers and difficulties experienced in the workplace by employees, visitors, and customers that are subject to chemical/fragrance sensitivities. Therefore, the City of Kalispell recommends that all offices and spaces used by the staff and their visitors remain free of “scented products.” b. Rubber Latex i. Natural rubber latex is known to cause an allergic response in some individuals working in environments in which products composed from this material are extensively used. Latex allergy is particularly associated with the use of powdered latex gloves, the powder helping to disperse the latex protein results in exposures fifty times higher than arises from non-powdered gloves. ii. All latex gloves supplied will meet a specification for low levels of free latex protein. The range will include powder-free and powdered types. Non-latex alternatives will also be available. iii. Where the nature of the work is such that gloves are frequently removed and replaced, for example as occurs during contact with patients, powder-free or non- latex types should be used since glove removal liberates latex-carrying powder. c. Miscellaneous allergies i. While there is a myriad of allergies too numerous to mention that individuals are susceptible to, the more prominent ones are food, insect stings/bites, and pollens. It is recommended that those individuals who are aware of these potentially life- threatening allergies: 1. Wear or carry with them identification such as a Medic Alert bracelet, necklace or a wallet card noting the condition(s), and if provided by a physician, medicines in the form of oral or injectable medications, should be close at hand. 2. It is also recommended, but not required, that they inform co-workers of such condition(s), the and what to do should they have a reaction. ---PAGE BREAK--- 58 20. Chemical Safety a. Each employee must be made aware of all hazardous materials they may come in contact with, within their work area. The Hazard Communication Program, referred to earlier in the manual includes: i. Written Program ii. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for each hazardous substance used iii. Specific safe handling, use and disposal iv. Employee training 21. Emergency Preparedness a. One result of the recent trend toward open office environments is that smoke from office fires is not contained or isolated as effectively as in less open designs. Open office designs allow smoke to spread quickly and the incorporation of many and other combustible material in office fixtures (such as furniture, rugs, drapes, plastic wastebaskets, and vinyl covered walls) often creates “smoky” fires. In addition to being smoky, many materials emit toxic materials during a fire. i. For example, cyanide can be emitted from urethane, which is commonly used in upholstery stuffing. Most burning materials can emit carbon monoxide. Inhalation of these toxic materials can severely hamper an office worker’s chances of getting out of a fire in time. This makes it imperative for office workers to recognize the signal to evacuate their work area and know how to exit in an expedited manner. b. The local emergency plan will address potential emergencies that can be expected in your work area. For emergency evacuation, the use of floor plans or workplace maps that clearly show the emergency escape routes and safe or refuge areas should be included in the plan. All employees must understand what actions they are to take in the work area and assemble in a safe zone as indicated by their supervisor. All new employees should discuss how they should respond to emergencies during their department new hire safety orientation. This orientation should include: i. Identifying the individuals responsible for various aspects of the emergency plan. Confusion will be minimized, and employees will have no doubt about who has authority for making decisions. ii. Identifying the method of communication that will be used to alert employees that an evacuation or some other action is required as well as how employees can report emergencies (such as manual pull stations, public address systems, or telephones). iii. Identifying the evacuation routes from the building and locations where employees will gather. 22. General Guidance for Fires and Related Emergencies a. If you discover a fire or see/smell smoke, immediately follow these procedures: i. Call 911 to report the emergency and/or fire. ii. Activate the building alarm. If not available or operational, verbally notify people in the building. iii. If you can do it safely, isolate the area by closing windows and doors and evacuate the building. ---PAGE BREAK--- 59 iv. If possible, shut down equipment in the immediate area. v. If possible and only if you have received appropriate training, use a portable fire extinguisher to: 1. Assist oneself to evacuate 2. Assist another to evacuate 3. Control a small fire vi. Do not collect personal or official items - Leave the area of the fire immediately and walk, do not run, to the exit and designated gathering area(s). vii. Provide the fire/police teams with details of the problem upon their arrival. Special hazard information you might know is essential for the safety of the emergency responders. viii. You should not re-enter the building until directed to do so. Follow any special procedures established for your department. ix. If the fire alarms are ringing in your building, you must evacuate the building and stay out until notified to return. 1. Move to your designated meeting location or upwind from the building, staying clear of streets, driveways, sidewalks, and other access ways to the building. 2. If you are a supervisor, account for your employees, keep them together and report any missing persons to the emergency personnel at the scene. 3. If an individual is overexposed to smoke or chemical vapors, remove the person to an uncontaminated area and contact medical personnel. Do not enter the area if you suspect that a life-threatening condition still exists (such as heavy smoke or toxic gases). x. If you are currently CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) certified, follow standard CPR protocols. Get the patient medical attention xi. If your or another person’s clothing catches fire, extinguish the burning clothing by using the drop-and-roll technique, wrap victim in a fire blanket or douse victim with cold water (use an emergency shower if it is immediately available). Carefully remove contaminated clothing; however, avoid further damage to the burned area. Cover injured person to prevent shock. Get medical attention 23. Emergency Action Plans a. Emergency Action Plans are designed to control events and minimize the effects. Through careful preplanning, establishment of Emergency Action Teams, training and drills, employees can be safeguarded and potential for damage to City assets minimized. Emergency Action Plans include: i. Exit routes, meeting areas and employee accounting. ii. Emergency evacuation, incident command and notification to emergency services. iii. Personal injury and property damage. iv. Protection of City information, both hard copy and electronic media. v. Bomb threats and facility security. vi. First Aid Response. vii. Use of fire extinguishers. ---PAGE BREAK--- 60 FALL PREVENTION FROM HEIGHTS GUIDELINES 1. Purpose a. Falling from a height as low as six feet can result in severe injury or death. Federal guidelines require employees exposed to a potential free-fall greater than six feet must receive fall prevention training and be provided with appropriate fall protection. This protection can be in the form of approved safety railings, barricades, nets, full- body harnesses attached to a lanyard and in turn, an anchor point. 2. Employees should not get closer than six feet to an unprotected edge, platform, or walkway of any building, nor utilize elevated equipment unless the employee is properly secured from falling six feet or more. 3. Employees are also restricted from stepping across any elevated opening greater than twelve (12) inches when that opening is elevated six feet or more above a walking/working surface. 4. All fall protection equipment shall meet or exceed the appropriate American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard. 5. Ladders, walkways, work platforms, and open-sided floors shall comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations or fall protection must be used. 6. Safety approved aerial lifts may be used for working at heights: however, all operators must wear approved fall protection and be secured by a lanyard when the working height is six feet or higher. 7. Lanyards must be attached to prevent a free fall of six feet. 8. Approved attached points shall be established and marked in areas where lifelines and lanyards are used regularly. a. Lifeline attach points shall be capable of supporting a load of 5,400 pounds. 9. All fall protection equipment shall be visually inspected for defects prior to each use. a. If there is evidence of excessive equipment wear or deterioration or if mechanical malfunction is detected, the item shall be removed from service. 10. Fall protection equipment and assemblies shall be inspected according to the manufacturer's recommendations. a. Each belt and lanyard shall bear manufacturer identification marks. 11. Safety belts or lanyards that have been subjected to an impact load shall be properly disposed of. a. Load testing shall not be performed on fall protection equipment. 12. Personnel requiring the use of fall protection equipment shall employ the "buddy system" or have an observer to render assistance when and if required. ---PAGE BREAK--- 61 COMPRESSES GAS CYLINDERS – STORAGE & USE 1. Purpose a. Compressed gas cylinders are used in various applications by the city. Compressed gas cylinders present significant hazards due to the high pressure of gases contained within the cylinders. Persons using or handling cylinders should receive basic training from their supervisor. At a minimum, this training should include: i. A review of operating and safety protocols for tasks to be performed. ii. A review of the appropriate Safety Data Sheets (SDS). iii. Hands-on assistance by an experienced gas user. This document presents general guidelines for the use, transport, and storage of gas cylinders. 2. Using and Transporting Gas Cylinders a. Read the label on the cylinder before connecting a new cylinder of compressed gas. If the label is illegible or missing, return the cylinder to the supplier. Don’t rely on stenciling or color of the cylinder. Do not use a cylinder with unidentified contents. b. Keep cylinders upright. Never lay cylinders containing flammable gases on their sides. c. Cylinders should be affixed via a bracket or chains to a permanent building fixture such as a bench or wall during use or storage. d. When the cylinder has no regulator attached, replace the valve cover, and screw it down. e. Transport larger cylinders with a hand truck. Rolling or "walking" cylinders is extremely hazardous. Always protect the valve during transport by replacing the valve cover. f. Select a regulator recommended for use with your cylinder. The pressure, purity, and corrosive properties of the gas will determine the correct regulator. Never attempt to use a cylinder without a regulator or some other pressure-reducing device in place. g. When finished using a compressed gas system, turn off the main cylinder valve, bleed the regulator and lines, and close the regulator. Do not leave the regulator under pressure by closing down flow from the regulator without shutting off the main cylinder valve. h. Place an 'empty' tag on the cylinder if the pressure drops below 25 psi. i. Flammable gases such as propane, hydrogen, and acetylene always have a red label. However, the color of the cylinder itself is not a good indicator of flammability as different distributors may use different colored cylinders for the same gas. Check the label for flammability. j. Gases with Health Hazard Ratings of 3 or 4, or a rating of 2 with no physiological warning properties (arsine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, phosgene, etc.), MUST be kept in a hood or other ventilated enclosure. Purchase and store the minimum amounts necessary. k. If a hazardous gas cylinder develops a leak, evacuate, and restrict area access. Remove sources of ignition if the gas is flammable. l. Cylinders not needed for current use should not be stored in laboratories. ---PAGE BREAK--- 62 Recommended maximum retention periods for gases are 36 months for liquefied flammable gases, flammable gases, and oxygen; 6 months for corrosive or unstable gases or those with a Health Hazard Rating of 3 or 4. m. Inert gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide must be treated with caution. If left to leak into closed space, these gases may displace oxygen and create a risk of n. Compressed oxygen, while not combustible itself, will cause many materials to burn violently. Never use grease, solvents, or other flammable material on an oxygen valve, regulator, or piping. o. Toxic, corrosive, and pyrophoric gases have special handling and storage requirements. Contact the supplier for additional information if you plan to use these gases. 3. Gas Cylinder Storage a. Store cylinders in a well-ventilated area away from ignition sources. b. Fuel gases must never be stored in an enclosed area, such as a closet. c. Never store cylinders under stairways or in hallways designated for emergency egress. d. Keep oxygen cylinders a minimum of twenty feet from flammable gas cylinders. e. Mark empty cylinders, close their valves, and segregate them from full cylinders. f. Protect the valves by installing the valve caps. g. For outdoor storage, provide drainage, overhead cover, and security. ---PAGE BREAK--- 63 HEAT STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE 1. Heat stress includes a series of conditions where the body is under stress from overheating. It can include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat rash or heat stroke. Each produces bodily that can range from profuse sweating to dizziness to cessation of sweating and collapse. Heat stress can be induced by high temperatures, heavy workloads, the type of clothing being worn, etc. It is important to know the signs of heat stress and the proper first aid to treat it. 2. The signs of heat stress are often overlooked by the victim. The employee may at first be confused or unable to concentrate, followed by more severe such as fainting and/or collapse. If heat stress occur, move the employee to a cool, shaded area, give him/her water and immediately contact the supervisor. 3. At-risk Employees a. Some employees are more likely to have heat disorders than others. Younger employees and those more physically fit are often less likely to have problems. Employees with heart, lung or kidney disease, diabetes and those on medications are more likely to experience heat stress problems. Diet pills, sedatives, tranquilizers, caffeinated drinks, and excessive alcohol consumption can all exacerbate heat stress effects. b. It often takes two to three weeks for employees to become acclimated to a hot environment. This acclimation can subsequently be lost in only a few days away from the heat. Employees should be more cautious about heat stress after coming back from a vacation, when beginning a new job, or after the season’s first heat wave. In short, precautions should be taken anytime there are elevated temperatures (approaching 90 degrees and the job is physically demanding. 4. Other Factors a. Other heat stress factors are also very important. In addition to temperature, increased relative humidity, decreased air movement or lack of shading from direct heat (radiant temperature) will all affect the potential for heat stress. 5. Prevention of Heat Stress - Supervisors: a. Allow time for employees to adjust to hot jobs when possible. It often takes two to three weeks for an employee to become acclimated to a hot environment. b. Adjust the work schedule, if possible. Assign heavier work on cooler days or during the cooler part of the day. c. Reduce the workload. Increase the use of equipment on hot days to reduce physical labor. d. Establish a schedule for work and rest periods during hot days. e. Train workers to recognize signs and of heat stress disorders and be prepared to give first aid if necessary. ---PAGE BREAK--- 64 f. Choose appropriate employees. Avoid placing "high risk" employees in hot work environments for extended time periods. Realize individual employees vary in their tolerance to heat stress conditions. 6. Prevention of Heat Stress - Workers: a. Learn to recognize the of heat stress. Pace the work, taking adequate rest periods (in shade or cooler environment). b. Use adequate fans for ventilation and cooling, especially when wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). c. Wear light colored, loose (unless working around equipment with moving parts) clothing. d. Keep shaded from direct heat where possible wear a hat in direct sunshine). e. Drink plenty of water. In hot environments the body requires more water than it takes to satisfy thirst. ---PAGE BREAK--- 65 FROSTBITE AND HYPOTHERMIA 1. Prolonged exposure to low temperatures, wind or moisture can result in cold-related illnesses such as frostbite and hypothermia. Even temperatures as high as 55 degrees Fahrenheit under the right conditions can lead to hypothermia. Proper awareness and prevention are of UTmost importance. 2. How to Detect and Treat Cold-Related Illnesses a. Frostbite is the most common injury resulting from exposure to severe cold. Superficial frostbite is characterized by white, waxy, or grayish-yellow patches on the affected areas. The skin feels cold and numb. The skin surface feels stiff but underlying tissue feels soft and pliable when depressed. i. Treat superficial frostbite by taking the victim inside immediately. ii. Remove any constrictive clothing items that could impair circulation. If you notice signs of frostbite, immediately seek medical attention. iii. Deep frostbite usually affects the feet or hands and is characterized by waxy, pale, solid skin. Blisters may appear. 1. Treat deep frostbite by moving the victim indoors and immediately seek medical attention. b. Hypothermia occurs when the body's temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit. of this condition include change in mental status, uncontrollable shivering, cool abdomen, and a low core body temperature. Severe hypothermia may produce rigid muscles, dark and puffy skin, irregular heart and respiratory rates, and unconsciousness. i. Treat hypothermia by protecting the victim from further heat loss and calling for immediate medical attention. ii. Get the victim out of the cold. iii. Add insulation such as blankets, pillows, towels, or newspapers beneath and around the victim. iv. Be sure to cover the victim's head. Replace wet clothing with dry clothing. v. Handle the victim gently because rough handling can cause cardiac arrest. Keep the victim in a horizontal (flat) position. Give artificial respiration or CPR (if you are trained) as necessary. 3. Preventing Cold-Related Illnesses a. Avoid frostbite and hypothermia when you are exposed to cold temperatures by wearing layered clothing, eating a well-balanced diet, and drinking warm, non- alcoholic, caffeine-free liquids to maintain fluid levels. b. Avoid becoming wet, as wet clothing loses 90 percent of its insulating value. ---PAGE BREAK--- 66 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER POLICY 1. Purpose a. For the protection of employees and the assets of the City of Kalispell, select employees will be trained on the proper use of fire extinguishers. 2. Training and Education – The City of Kalispell shall: a. Provide an educational program to familiarize employees who have been designated to use a portable fire extinguisher as part of an emergency action plan with training in the use of the appropriate equipment, and with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with extinguishing incipient stage fires. b. Provide the education and training required upon initial employment and at least annually thereafter. 3. The Fire Triangle a. In order to understand how fire extinguishers work, you first need to know a little bit about fire. i. Oxygen, heat, and fuel are referred to as the "fire triangle." Add in the fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you have a fire "tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is if you take any of these four things away, you will not have a fire, or the fire will be extinguished. Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire: 1. Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, 2. Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, 3. Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and 4. A chemical reaction. ---PAGE BREAK--- 67 4. Rules For Extinguishing Fires a. Your safety is paramount – only attempt to extinguish a fire if you can do so without endangering yourself or others. b. Assist any person in immediate danger to safety if it can be accomplished without risk. c. Activate the fire alarm system or dial 911 to report the fire. d. After assisting anyone in immediate danger and initiating an emergency response (fire alarm or 911), if the fire is small, you may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it out. e. If you do not know what is burning, evacuate to a safe location. If you don't know what is burning, you don't know what type of extinguisher to use. Even if you have an ABC extinguisher, there may be something in the fire that is going to explode or produce highly toxic smoke. f. If the fire is spreading rapidly beyond the spot where it started, evacuate to a safe location. The time to use an extinguisher is in the incipient, or beginning, stages of a fire. If the fire is already spreading quickly, evacuate the area, closing windows and doors behind you if it is safe to do so. g. Do Not Attempt to Extinguish the Fire if you do not have adequate or appropriate equipment or have not been trained in how to use a portable fire extinguisher. i. You might inhale toxic smoke. If the fire is producing large amounts of smoke that you would breathe in order to fight it, do not attempt to extinguish the fire. Any sort of combustion will produce some amount of carbon monoxide, but when materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa burn, they can produce highly toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. These gases can be fatal in very small amounts. ii. Your instincts tell you not to. If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, evacuate to a safe location. h. The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out quickly. Just remember; always keep an exit at your back. 5. The proper way to use a portable fire extinguisher is to use the “PASS” system: P - Pull the pin A - Aim the extinguisher’s nozzle at the base of the flames S - Squeeze the handle S - Sweep the nozzle back and forth, covering the area of fire ---PAGE BREAK--- 68 6. Classifying Fires Not all fires are the same, and they are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning. If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you can make matters worse. Understand the four different fire classifications: Class A - Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics Solid combustible materials that are not metals. (Class A fires generally leave an Ash.) Class B - Flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, grease, acetone Any non-metal in a liquid state, on fire. This classification also includes flammable gases. (Class B fires generally involve materials that Boil or Bubble.) Class C - Electrical: energized electrical equipment As long as it's "plugged in," it would be considered a class C fire. (Class C fires generally deal with electrical Current.) Class D - Metals: potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium Unless you work in a laboratory or in an industry that uses these materials, it is unlikely you'll have to deal with a Class D fire. It takes special extinguishing agents (Metal-X, foam) to fight such a fire. Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label telling you which classifications of fire the extinguisher is designed to fight. For example, a simple water extinguisher might have a label like the one below, indicating that it should only be used on Class A fires. ---PAGE BREAK--- 69 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers are designed for Class B & C (Flammable liquid & Electrical Fires) Carbon Dioxide extinguishers are filled with non-flammable carbon dioxide gas under extreme pressure. You can recognize a CO2 extinguisher by its hard horn and lack of pressure gauge. The pressure in the cylinder is so great that when you use one of these extinguishers, bits of dry ice may shoot out the horn. CO2 cylinders are red and range in size from 5 lbs. to 100 lbs. or larger. In the larger size, the hard horn will be located on the end of a long, flexible hose. Carbon Dioxide is a non-flammable gas that extinguishes fire by displacing oxygen, taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and is also very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well. CO2s may be ineffective at extinguishing Class A fires because they may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite. ---PAGE BREAK--- 70 An "ABC" extinguisher will have a label like this, indicating that it may be used on class A, B and C fires. Dry Chemical Extinguishers come in a variety of types. You may see them labeled: • "DC" short for "dry chemical," • "ABC" indicating that they are designed to extinguish class A, B, and C fires, or • "BC" indicating that they are designed to extinguish class B and C fires. ABC extinguishers are red and range in size from 5 lbs. to 20 lbs. Read the labels and know their locations! You don't want to mistakenly use a "BC" extinguisher on a Class A fire, thinking that it was an "ABC" extinguisher. Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust, separating the fuel from the oxygen in the air. The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire, so these extinguishers are extremely effective at putting out fire. ---PAGE BREAK--- 71 SLING, SHACKLE & HOOK INSPECTIONS 1. Sling Inspections a. Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage and defects. b. The sling user must determine that the sling is proper for the hitch, load, and environment. c. The sling must be marked or labeled with load capacity or rating to be used. 2. Removal From Service & Criteria a. All slings, shackles or hooks found to fail any inspection are to be immediately removed from service and turned in to your supervisor for further inspection and possibly permanent removal from service. 3. Web Slings a. Acid or caustic burns b. Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface c. Snags, holes, punctures, tears, or cuts d. Broken or worn stitches e. Excessive abrasive wear f. Distortion of fittings g. Knots in any part of the sling h. Missing or illegible sling identification ---PAGE BREAK--- 72 WEB STYLE SLINGS If any damage such as the following is visible, the sling shall be removed from service immediately! ACID OR CAUSTIC BURNS CUTS CUTS ACID OR CAUSTIC BURNS DISTORTED HARDWARE DAMAGED YARN PUNCTURES MELTING OR CHARRING ABRASIONS PUNCTURES MELTING OR CHARRING SNAGS CUT YARN FIBER OPTIC WELD SPATTER BROKEN OR WORN STITCHES DAMAGED EYE TATTLE TAIL VISIBLE CRUSHED WEBBING ABRASIONS ---PAGE BREAK--- 73 4. Wire Rope Slings a. For laid and single part slings, ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay. b. Severe localized abrasion or scraping. c. Kinking, crushing, bird-caging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure. d. Evidence of heat or corrosive damage. e. End attachments that are cracked, deformed, or worn to the extent that the strength of the sling is substantially affected. f. Hooks should be inspected in accordance with ANSI/ASME B30.10. g. Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments. EXAMPLES OF WIRE ROPE WEAR AND TEAR Here's what happens when a wire breaks under tensile load exceeding its strength. It's typically recognized by the "cup and cone" appearance at the point of failure. The necking down of the wire at the point of failure to form the cup and cone indicates failure has occurred while the wire retained its ductility. This is a wire with a distinct fatigue break. It's recognized by the square end perpendicular to the wire. This break was produced by a torsion machine that's used to measure the ductility. This break is similar to wire failures in the field caused by fatigue. A wire rope that has been subjected to repeated bending over sheaves under normal loads. This results in fatigue breaks in individual wires these breaks are square and usually in the crown of the strands. An example of fatigue failure of a wire rope subjected to heavy loads over small sheaves. The breaks in the valleys of the strands are caused by "strand nicking." There may be crown breaks, too. ---PAGE BREAK--- 74 Here you see a single strand removed from a wire rope subjected to "strand nicking." This condition is a result of adjacent strands rubbing against one another. While this is normal in a rope's operation, the nicking can be accentuated by high loads, small sheaves, or loss of core support. The ultimate result will be individual wire breaks in the valleys of the strands. A "birdcage" is caused by sudden release of tension and the resulting rebound of rope. These strands and wires will not be returned to their original positions. The rope should be replaced immediately. A typical failure of a rotary drill line with a poor cutoff practice. These wires have been subjected to continued peening, causing fatigue type failures. A predetermined, regularly scheduled cutoff practice can help eliminate this type of problem. This is localized wear over an equalized sheave. The danger here is that it's invisible during the rope's operation, and that's why you need to inspect this portion of an operating rope regularly. The rope should be pulled off the sheave during inspection and bent to check for broken wires. This is a wire rope with a high strand a condition in which one or more strands are worn before adjoining strands. This is caused by improper socketing or seizing, kinks or dog-legs. It recurs every sixth strand in a 6-strand rope. A kinked wire rope is shown here. It's caused by pulling down a loop in a slack line during handling, installation, or operation. Note the distortion of the strands and individual wires. This rope must be replaced. Here's a wire rope that has jumped a sheave. The rope "curled “as it went over the edge of the sheave. When you study the wires, you'll see two types of breaks here: tensile "cup and cone" breaks and shear breaks that appear to have been cut on an angle. Drum crushing is caused by small drums, high loads, and multiple winding conditions. ---PAGE BREAK--- 75 HOOK INSPECTIONS Do not use hooks that show excessive wear, cracks of inoperable locking mechanisms. 5. Shackle Inspections **Shackle must be marked or labeled with load capacity or rating to be used. a. Prior to the use of any crane or lifting device that utilizes a "shackle", it is to be inspected. Do not use a shackle if: i. The pin of the shackle should not have wear greater than 10%. ii. The pin should not be bent. iii. The bow of the shackle should not have any wear greater than 10%. iv. The bow of the shackle should not have any change in its normal shape. v. Both the bow and pin should not have any cracks or nicks. vi. Any modifications or parts missing. ---PAGE BREAK--- 76 RESPIRATOR PROTECTION POLICY 1. Respirator Requirements a. Annual fit tests and training are required for all employees who will be required to wear a negative pressure respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). b. Employees are responsible for cleaning and maintaining their own respirator. c. Whenever any employee becomes aware of a problem or potential trouble of any kind related to respirator use, he or she must notify his or her supervisor at once. d. Employees must wear only the respirator (size, model, type) that they were tested and approved for. e. Employees must be clean shaven when wearing respirators, disposable masks, or emergency self-contained breathing apparatus that uses a half or full-face mask. 2. A mustache, sideburns or small beard is permitted, provided they do not interfere with the seal. It is imperative smooth skin be in contact with the respirator sealing surface and the beard short enough to avoid entanglement with the exhalation valve on the inside of the respirator. 3. Supervisors a. Supervisors are responsible for ensuring that the respiratory protection program is implemented in their particular areas. Duties of the supervisor include: i. Ensuring the employees under their supervision received an initial medical evaluation, appropriate training, initial and then annual fit testing. ii. Ensuring the availability of appropriate respirators and accessories. iii. Being aware of tasks requiring the use of respiratory protection. iv. Enforcing the proper use of respiratory protection when necessary. v. Ensuring respirators are properly cleaned, maintained, and stored according to the respiratory plan. vi. Coordinating with the Program Administrator on how to address respiratory hazards or other concerns regarding the program. 4. Directors / Chiefs a. It is the responsibility of the Director/Chief or their designee to coordinate and assure that compliance of the respiratory program within their respective department is complied with. 5. Employees a. Each employee has the responsibility to wear their respirator when and where required and in the manner in which they were trained. Employees must also: i. Care for and maintain their respirators as instructed and store them in a clean sanitary location. ---PAGE BREAK--- 77 ii. Inform their supervisor if the respirator no longer fits well and request a new one that fits properly. iii. Inform their supervisor or the Program Administrator of any respiratory hazards that they feel are not adequately addressed in the workplace and of any other concerns that they have regarding the program. 6. Medical Evaluation a. All employees who are required to wear a respirator must receive a medical evaluation. b. Employees are not permitted to wear a respirator until a licensed health care professional has determined that they are medically able to do so. c. Medical evaluation procedures are as follows: i. The medical evaluation will be conducted using an approved respirator medical questionnaire. ii. The licensed health care professional will review the medical questionnaire and either approve the employee for respirator use or require them to have a medical exam. 7. Use of Respirators a. Employees will use their respirator under conditions specified by this program, and in accordance with the training they receive in the use of each particular respirator model. In addition, the respirator shall not be used in a manner for which it is not certified by NIOSH or by its manufacturer. b. All employees shall conduct seal checks each time they wear their respirator. c. Employees shall use either the positive or negative pressure check (depending on which test works best for them). d. All employees shall be permitted time to maintain their respirator. e. Employees are not permitted to wear tight-fitting respirators if they have any condition, such as facial scars, facial hair, or missing dentures preventing them from achieving a good seal. Employees are not permitted to wear headphones, jewelry, or other articles that may interfere with the face-piece-to-face seal. f. Corrective glasses worn by employees also present a problem when fitting respirators. g. Special mountings to hold corrective lenses inside full face pieces are available. If corrective lenses are needed, the face piece and lenses must be fitted by a qualified individual to provide good vision, comfort, and proper sealing. h. Contact lenses should not be worn while wearing a full-face respirator in a contaminated area. Foreign bodies of contaminants that penetrate the respirator may get into the eyes and cause severe discomfort causing the wearer to remove the respirator. i. For supplied-air respirators, only Grade D breathing air will be used. j. All workers wearing atmosphere-supplying respirators (Hip Airs, SCBA) will work with a buddy. Buddies shall assist workers who experience a malfunction as follows: i. The worker should signal to the buddy that he or she has had a respirator malfunction, and ii. The buddy shall put on an emergency escape respirator and aid the worker in immediately exiting the area. ---PAGE BREAK--- 78 8. Respirator Cleaning a. Respirators are to be regularly cleaned and disinfected by the employee. b. Respirators issued for the exclusive use of an employee shall be cleaned as often as necessary to maintain sanitary condition. c. Atmosphere supplying respirators are to be cleaned and disinfected after each use. d. The following procedure is to be used when cleaning and disinfecting respirators: i. Disassemble respirator, removing any filters, canisters, or cartridges. ii. Wash the face-piece and associated parts in mild detergent with warm water. iii. Do not use organic solvents. iv. Rinse completely in clean warm water. v. Wipe the respirator with disinfectant wipes (70% Isopropyl Alcohol) to kill germs. vi. Air dry in a clean area. vii. Reassemble the respirator and replace any defective parts. viii. Place in a clean, dry plastic bag or other air-tight container. 9. Maintenance a. Respirators are to be properly maintained at all times in order to ensure that they function properly and adequately protect the employee. Maintenance involves a thorough visual inspection for cleanliness and defects. b. Worn or deteriorated parts will be replaced prior to use. c. No components will be replaced or repaired beyond those recommended by the manufacturer. d. Repairs to regulators or alarms of atmosphere-supplying respirators will be conducted by the manufacturer. e. The following checklist will be used when inspecting respirators: i. Face-piece: Cracks, tears, or holes, facemask distortion, cracked or loose lenses/face shield. ii. Head strap: Breaks or tears, broken buckles. iii. Valves: Residue or dirt, cracks, or tears in valve material. iv. Filters/Cartridges: Approval designation, gaskets, cracks or dents in housing, proper cartridge for hazard, and v. Air Supply Systems: Breathing air quality/grade, condition of supply hoses, hose connections, settings on regulators and valves. 10. Respirator Cartridge Change Schedules a. Employees wearing respirators for protection against nuisance dust and other particulates shall change the cartridges on their respirators when they first begin to experience difficulty breathing resistance) while wearing their masks. b. Respirator cartridges should be changed whenever the employee experiences "break- through" and notices odors inside the respirator. ---PAGE BREAK--- 79 11. Training a. Initially and on an annual basis employees will receive training on respirators. The training course will cover the following topics: i. The City of Kalispell Respiratory Protection Program ii. The OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard iii. Respiratory Hazards encountered at the City of Kalispell and their health effects iv. Proper selection and use of respirators v. Limitations of respirators vi. Respirator donning and user seal (fit) checks vii. Fit Testing viii. Emergency use procedures if employee will use SCBA or Hip Air system ix. Maintenance and storage x. Medical signs and limiting the effective use of respirators b. Employees must demonstrate their understanding of the topics covered in the training by completing a written test. Respirator training will be documented. 12. Employee’s Voluntary Use of Respirator When Not Required a. Respirators are an effective method of protection against designated hazards when properly selected and worn. Sometimes, workers may voluntarily wear respirators to avoid exposures to hazards, even if the amount of hazardous substance does not exceed the limits set by OSHA standards, subject to approval by the department superintendent. i. Employees voluntarily choosing to use a respirator when not required must sign a form noting they are wearing a respirator voluntarily and will adhere to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. ii. Employees will not wear a respirator into atmospheres containing contaminants for which the respirator is not designed to protect against. For example, a respirator designed to filter dust particles will not protect you against gases, vapors, or very small solid particles of fumes or smoke. ---PAGE BREAK--- 80 PORTABLE LADDER SAFETY 1. Purpose a. Portable ladders can be dangerous when used incorrectly or when not in good repair. 2. General Rules a. Do not stand on the ladder's top three rungs. b. Do not use a ladder with a damaged side rail. c. The base of the ladder should be spaced one foot away for every four feet it reaches up. d. Ladders used to reach a walking surface or roof must extend at least three feet beyond. e. The ladder shall be so placed as to prevent slipping, or it shall be lashed, or held in position. f. Stepladders should be securely spread open and locked. g. Do not use a wet wooden ladder around electrical source. h. Keep two feet and one hand on ladder at all times, 3-point stance. i. Never use a ladder in a strong wind. j. Never use a ladder in front of a door unless it is locked, blocked, or guarded. k. Never carry tools or materials in your hand when going up or down a ladder. l. Only one person should be on a ladder at a time. m. Never use metal ladders around power lines. 3. Proper Ladder Placement a. The ladder should be placed so that its base is one foot away from what the ladder leans against for every four feet in height to the point where the ladder rests. This is referred to as the four-to-one rule. For example, if a 16-foot ladder leans against a wall, its base should be placed four feet from the wall. Four-To-One Rule For every four feet of rise the base of the ladder should be one foot away from the object that the top of the ladder is resting. ---PAGE BREAK--- 81 4. Ladder Maintenance & Pre-Use Inspections. Always select a ladder based on the expected load capacity (duty rating), the type of work to be done and the correct height. OSHA regulations can be found at 1926.1053 - Ladders. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov). a. Wooden Ladders i. Check carefully for cracks, rot, splinters, and slivers on uprights. ii. Broken or loose rungs, loose joints, bolts or nails, and hardware in poor condition. iii. Damaged or worn non-slip bases. b. Step Ladders i. Wobbly (from side strain). ii. Loose or bent hinge spreaders. iii. Stop on hinge spreaders broken. iv. Broken, split, or worn steps. c. Extension Ladders i. Loose, broken, or missing extension locks. ii. Defective locks that do not seat properly while extended. iii. Worn or rotted rope. 5. Ladders Failing Inspection a. Any ladder that fails an inspection is to be taken out of service immediately and either repaired or disposed of and the supervisor notified. ---PAGE BREAK--- 82 CRANE AND HOIST OPERATION SAFETY 1. All Crane and Hoist Operators must: a. Be trained in the proper use of cranes and hoists they intend to operate. b. Complete a pre-operation inspection of the crane or hoist and rigging. c. Be trained in rigging operations and safety. 2. All cranes and hoists must be properly marked with load/weight limits, which are not to be exceeded. 3. All cranes and hoists may not hold a suspended load unattended. 4. Never walk under a suspended load! 5. Loads are to be carried at the lowest level possible. 6. Use appropriate rigging for loads that are to be carried. 7. Do not side pull with a boom or hoist. (Lift loads vertically). 8. Never allow shock loading to occur with any load. 9. Always have at least three wraps on any drum and watch for smooth tracking and wrapping of cable. 10. Crane Operators must fully understand all hand signals that may be used by the designated person. Via overhead crane standard 1910.179 The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled. If applicable, the brakes shall be tested by raising the load a few inches and applying the brakes. The employer shall ensure that the operator does not leave his position at the controls while the load is suspended. At the beginning of each operator's shift, the upper limit switch of each hoist shall be tried out under no load. Extreme care shall be exercised; the block shall be "inched" into the limit or run in at slow speed. If the switch does not operate properly, the appointed person shall be immediately notified. Fire extinguishers. The employer shall ensure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided. ---PAGE BREAK--- 83 Via overhead crane standard 1926.1427 Cranes and Derricks in Construction Exceptions. Operators of derricks (see §1926.1436), side boom cranes (see §1926.1440), or equipment with a maximum manufacturer-rated hoisting/lifting capacity of 2,000 pounds or less (see §1926.1441) are not required to comply with §1926.1427. Note: The training requirements in those other sections continue to apply (for the training requirement for operators of side boom cranes, follow section 1926.1430(c)). All crane operators operating under the construction standard shall be certified as outlined in the following standard. 1926.1427 - Operator training, certification, and evaluation. I Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov) The above operator requirements are required for operation of the equipment outlined in Subpart CC Training for operators of cranes and derricks is outlined in: 1926.1430 - Training. I Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov) To include: 1926.1430(a) Overhead powerlines. The employer must train each employee specified in § 1926.1408(g) and § 1926.1410(m) in the topics listed in § 1926.1408(g). The topics listed are: 1926.1408 - Power line safety (up to 350 kV)--equipment operations. I Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov) ---PAGE BREAK--- 84 Crane Signals Stop Extend one arm and hold palm of hand Stop (Specifically for high operations) Arm extended palm down, fist clenched, move hand right and left Hold Everything Clasp Hands in front of body. Hoist With forearm vertical, forefinger pointing up, move hand in small horizontal circles. Lower With arm extended downward, forefinger pointing down, move arm in horizontal circles Move Slowly Use one hand to give any motion signal and place other hand motionless in front of hand giving the motion signal. Raise Boom (Lift Up) Arm extended, fingers closed, thumb pointing upwards. Lower Boom (Lift Down) Arm extended, fingers closed, thumb pointing downwards. Slew Arm extended, point with finger in direction of boom swing. (For overhead gantry crane move in direction indicated.) Raise Boom Lower Load Right arm extended, thumb pointing upward, left arm extended downward swinging in horizontal circles. Lower Boom Raise Load Right arm extended, thumb pointing downward and left arm and forefinger vertical, left hand in small horizontal circles. Extend Boom or Trolley Out (Telescoping Booms ) Both fists in front of body with thumbs pointing outwards. ---PAGE BREAK--- 85 Retract Boom or Trolley In ( Telescoping Booms ) Both fists in front of body with thumbs pointing towards each other. Use Main Hoist Tap fist on head, then use regular signals Use Auxiliary Hoist Tap elbow with one hand, then use regular signals Finished with Crane Place arms above head and cross hands. Travel Machine (Point Direction)(Crawler Cranes Only) Arms bent at elbow, fists clenched, rotate both forearms around each other. Travel One Track (Crawler Cranes Only) Lock the track on one side indicated by raised fist. Travel opposite track in direction indicated by circular motion of other fist rotated vertically in front of body. ---PAGE BREAK--- 86 OVERHEAD UTILITY SAFETY 1. Purpose a. All employees should be aware of the hazards of working around overhead utility lines and how to minimize the chance of contact. All personnel involved should take precautions to ensure the safety of themselves and other personnel and the integrity of the existing overhead utility line facilities. b. All personnel have, and should use, “Stop Work” authority whenever equipment breaches, or is about to breach the allowable clearances for work or for travel. 2. Hazard Assessment a. Hazard assessments are performed to identify and mitigate perceived and actual environmental and operational hazards those related to overhead utility lines) and to implement the appropriate controls to address the identified hazard(s). b. Conduct a hazard assessment at the beginning of each work shift and/or prior to starting a new task. c. Review and update hazard assessments when: i. Each new task is begun. ii. There is a change in how a task is performed. iii. Changes in work site conditions occur (ex., extreme temperatures, line strike). iv. A specific need or concern is identified (ex., as needed to ensure the safety of personnel or property). 3. Responsibilities a. Management Responsibilities (includes all personnel with a supervisory role): i. Empower all personnel with the authority to “Stop Work” whenever hazardous conditions or potentially hazardous conditions are identified. ii. Identify all overhead utility lines on or off the work site that may be impacted by the project. iii. Notify and work closely with the utility company during the project to prevent contact with and maintain required clearances from the overhead utility lines. iv. Require and verify that signage and visual warning devices are installed as necessary to alert employees to the hazard. v. Require and confirm that when work is being performed near energized power lines, the power company has been contacted to determine the voltage present and any other special requirements. vi. Require all lifting or boom type equipment to be clearly marked to show the maximum height or extension possible as measured from the ground or restrained to limit the maximum limit of extension. vii. Provide for and require the use of trained and dedicated spotters in locations where equipment and vehicles pass and/or work under or around overhead utility lines. viii. Ensure that spotters are given adequate training. ---PAGE BREAK--- 87 ix. Provide for and require the use of at least three layers of controls to be used with a dedicated spotter as one of the controls. (See section 4 below for additional information) x. Provide for and require that all affected personnel are trained to recognize the hazards of working around overhead utility lines and are made aware of all site-specific hazards. b. Employee Responsibilities i. Invoke ‘Stop Work’ authority whenever work-site conditions warrant or when work site safety may be compromised. ii. Assume all power lines are energized, maintain the appropriate distances, and avoid contact at all times. iii. Know the height of your equipment, the height of the power lines, and the clearance required. iv. Locate and clearly identify all overhead utility lines. Do not work under or adjacent to utility lines unless they have been identified and appropriately marked. v. Notify supervisor of any observed or perceived safety deficiencies. vi. Do not touch or move any energized cables. The employee should contact the supervisor, who should contact the utility company or direct the employee to do so before proceeding. vii. Do not operate or move equipment under or adjacent to overhead utility lines without a spotter. 4. Hazard Mitigation a. Working Safely Around Overhead Utility Lines – Layering Controls i. Layer a minimum of three controls to prevent overhead utility strikes (ex., multiple control contingencies or redundancies) and to ensure the safety of personnel and property in all instances where activities, including equipment and vehicle crossings, are taking place. ii. There are 5 families of control layers utilized to prevent contact with overhead utility lines. Use a dedicated spotter and at least two other controls, such as those listed below, to provide employee and property protection from an overhead utility strike. 1. Dedicated spotter (Always Required) – A trained employee not engaged in other duties while performing spot duties. 2. Signage – Signage covers three parts of the view plane: • High: Devices used to mark the limits of the danger zones (ex., ribbons, and string). • Medium: Devices placed at eye level that can provide warning information (ex., “Beware of Overhead Lines,” “High Voltage”, and distance to conductor signs). • Low: Devices placed at ground level to impede the travel of unauthorized equipment (ex., traffic cones.) 3. Physical Barriers. 4. Proximity Alarms – Ancillary alarms affixed to equipment booms/masts that warns an equipment operator prior to reaching danger zone. ---PAGE BREAK--- 88 5. Utility Controls – Site specific controls prescribed and authorized for use by the utility owner (shielding, de-energizing, bonding, insulating) iii. In all cases, one layer of control should be a trained, dedicated spotter (ex., someone who cannot be assigned other duties that interfere with the ability to give a timely danger warning). A spotter should be located where equipment may pass under overhead power lines. b. General Protections i. Avoid operation near the crossings of overhead power lines before warning sign placement. ii. Plan all work activities that will take place in close proximity to overhead utility lines. iii. All equipment attachments must be kept in the lowest possible position when traveling under overhead utilities. iv. Dry tag lines made of a nonconductive type material should be used when working near energized lines. c. Ground and Bonding i. Use barricades or insulation to protect employees from hazardous ground fault situations which can develop within the first few feet or more outward from the grounding point. ii. Ground and bond welded pipe strings at a minimum of 500-foot intervals. iii. Additional temporary grounds are required when voltage levels in excess of 15 volts or greater are found. iv. Bonding and grounding should be performed on stacked pipe. v. Bonding across cut-outs and tie-ins should be completed before other work begins in the area. vi. Installation of grounding mats at valve settings, cathodic test stations, cathodic and rectifier installations that have direct electrical contact to the pipe is recommended. vii. Voltage testing of all pipes, equipment, foreign structures in the work areas should be performed at regular 4-hour intervals and if conditions change rain), or as otherwise stipulated by the Owner/Operator. d. Clearance Distances i. When operating equipment or working near overhead lines, whether in an elevated position or on the ground, the person or conductive object should not approach an unguarded and energized line closer than 20 feet unless approved by the Utility Owner. ii. Mobile equipment in transit with boom, crane or other structure lowered will maintain clearance distances as follows: * Up to 0.75 kV = at least 4 feet. * .75 to 50 kV = 6 feet. * 50 to 345 kV = 10 feet. * 345 to 750 kV = 16 feet. * 750 to 1,000 kV = 20 feet. * Over 1,000 kV = as established by utility owner/operator. ---PAGE BREAK--- 89 e. Equipment i. All ladders being used around power lines should be made of non-conductive materials. ii. Grounding Straps may be required on all rubber-tired vehicles, if required by electrical utility owner. iii. Drag chains may be required as electrical grounds for rubber-tired construction equipment, if required by electrical utility owner. iv. When working around energized lines, do not perform refueling activities within 50 feet of a power transmission line, or a more stringent distance specified by the Utility Owner. v. Use only non-conductive chokers, slings and lifting devices during material handling activities when working around energized lines. vi. Keep materials bonded at all times when transporting conductive loads pipe, air compressor, pumps) in the proximity of high voltage lines. f. Information for Equipment Operators i. If contact or near proximity with an overhead power line is made: • Stay calm and stop your machine. • Shift into neutral. • Set parking brake. • Avoid touching metal inside of vehicle. • Warn others of the contact. • Stay seated on the machine until a qualified power company representative tells you it is safe to leave the machine. • Do not attempt to make physical contact with the operator or equipment if you are on the ground. ii. If you should leave equipment: • Leap as far from equipment as possible without contacting the machine. • Land with both feet together on the ground simultaneously. • Keep your feet side-by-side while you shuffle away from the equipment towards safety. • Avoid lifting feet while shuffling, avoid shuffling your feet more than 8 inches apart from each other, and do not allow anyone to come to your aid until you are clear of the high voltage zone. • Ensure equipment is inspected before further use. 5. Training a. Train all personnel in the hazards of working in close proximity to overhead utility lines and related emergency response procedures. b. Provide spotter training for employees assigned to spotter activities. Please refer to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for complete guidelines. 29 CFR 1926.1408 Subpart CC – Cranes & Derricks in Construction ---PAGE BREAK--- 90 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND LANE CLOSURE POLICY 1. Introduction a. Working on and within the right-of-way of public roadways has been and will be an integral part of daily activity by City of Kalispell employees. This policy has been developed to ensure the safety of personnel required to conduct traffic control. The program contained herein describes reasonable and necessary policies and procedures for any and all facilities, departments, and individuals associated with traffic control. As it is the policy of the City of Kalispell to provide its employees with the safest work environment possible, the City requires conformance with safety standards set herein. A site-specific program may be used, providing it meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in this manual. 2. Purpose a. The purpose of traffic control devices and warrants for their use is to help ensure safety by providing for the orderly and predictable movement of all traffic, motorized and non- motorized, throughout the City of Kalispell, and to provide such guidance and warnings as are needed to ensure the safe and uniform operation of individual elements of the traffic stream. b. Traffic control devices are used to direct and assist vehicle operators in the guidance and navigation tasks required traversing safely any facility open to public travel. 3. Requirements of Traffic Control Devices a. This policy sets forth the basic principles that govern the design and usage of traffic control devices. These principles appear throughout the text in discussions of the devices to which they apply, and it is important that they be given primary consideration in the selection and application of each device. To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements: i. Fulfill a need, ii. Command attention, iii. Convey a clear, simple meaning, iv. Command respect of road users, and v. Give adequate time for proper response. b. In the case of regulatory devices, the actions required of vehicle operators and pedestrians should be specified by State statute, or by local ordinance or resolution which are consistent with national standards. Uniformity of meaning is vital to effective traffic control devices. c. Five basic considerations are employed to ensure that these requirements are met: design, placement, operation, maintenance, and uniformity. ---PAGE BREAK--- 91 i. Design of the device should assure such features as size, contrast, colors, shape, composition, and lighting or reflectorization are combined to draw attention to the device; shape, size, colors, and simplicity of message combine to produce a clear meaning; legibility and size combine with placement to permit adequate time for response; and uniformity, size, legibility, and reasonableness of the regulation combine to command respect. ii. Except for symbols on traffic control devices, minor modifications in the design of specific design elements of a device may be necessary, provided the essential appearance characteristics are met. iii. Placement of device should assure it is within the cone of vision of the viewer so that it will command attention; it is positioned with respect to the point, object, or situation to which it applies to aid in conveying the proper meaning; and its location, combined with suitable legibility, is such that a driver traveling at normal speed has adequate time to make the proper response. iv. Operation or application should assure appropriate devices and related equipment are installed to meet the traffic requirements at a given location. Furthermore, the device must be placed and operated in a uniform and consistent manner to assure, to the extent possible; vehicle operators can be expected to properly respond to the device, based on their previous exposure to similar traffic control situations. v. Maintenance of devices should be to high standards to assure legibility is retained, the device is visible, and it is removed if no longer needed. 1. Clean, legible, properly mounted devices in good working condition command the respect of vehicle operators and pedestrians. In addition to physical maintenance, functional maintenance is required to adjust needed traffic control devices to current conditions and to remove unnecessary traffic control devices. The fact a device is in good physical condition should not be a basis for deferring needed replacement or change. 2. Furthermore, carelessly executed maintenance can destroy the value of a group of devices by throwing them out of balance. For example, replacement of a sign in a group or series by one that is disproportionately large may tend to depreciate others in the vicinity. vi. Uniformity of traffic control devices simplifies the task of the road user because it aids in recognition and understanding. It aids road users, police officers, and traffic courts by giving everyone the same interpretation. 1. Simply stated, uniformity means treating similar situations in the same way. The use of uniform traffic control devices does not, in and of itself, constitute uniformity. A standard device used where it is not appropriate is as objectionable as a nonstandard device; in fact, this may be worse; such misuse may result in disrespect at those locations where the device is needed. 4. Traffic Controls for Street Construction, Maintenance, Utility, and Incident Management Operations a. During any time the normal function of a roadway is suspended, temporary traffic control planning must provide for continuity of function (movement of traffic, pedestrians, transit operations, and access to property/utilities). ---PAGE BREAK--- 92 b. The location where the normal function of the roadway is suspended is defined as the workspace. The workspace is that portion of the roadway closed to traffic and set-aside for workers, equipment, and material. Sometimes there may be several workspaces within the project limits. This can be confusing to drivers because large areas may separate the workspaces. c. Effective temporary traffic control enhances traffic safety and efficiency, regardless of whether street, maintenance, utility work, or roadway incidents are taking place in the workspace. Effective temporary traffic control must provide for the safety of workers, road users, and pedestrians. At the same time, it must provide for the efficient completion of whatever activity suspended normal use of the roadway. 5. Fundamental Principles a. All traffic control devices used on City of Kalispell streets and highway construction, maintenance, utility, or incident management (temporary traffic control) operations shall conform to the applicable specifications of the latest addition of Part VI of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. 6. Transit Considerations a. Provision for effective continuity of transit service (school buses) needs to be incorporated into the temporary traffic control planning process. Oftentimes, public transit buses cannot efficiently be detoured in the same manner as other vehicles (particularly for short-term maintenance projects). On transit routes, the traffic control plan (TCP) shall provide for features such as temporary bus stops, pullouts, and waiting areas for transit patrons. 7. Pedestrian Considerations a. There are three threshold considerations in planning for pedestrian safety in temporary traffic control zones on highways and streets: i. Pedestrians should not be led into direct conflicts with work site vehicles, equipment, or operations. ii. Pedestrians should not be led into direct conflicts with mainline traffic moving through or around the work site. iii. Pedestrians should be provided with a safe, convenient travel path that replicates, as nearly as possible, the most desirable characteristics of sidewalks or footpaths. 8. Worker Safety Considerations a. Of equal importance to the safety of the public traveling through the temporary traffic control zone is the safety of the worker performing the many varied tasks within the worksite. Work areas present temporary and constantly changing conditions that are unexpected by the traveler. Further, these work area conditions almost always-present situations that are more confusing for the driver. This creates an even higher degree of vulnerability for the personnel on or near the roadway. Below are key elements of traffic control management that should be considered in any procedure for assuring worker safety: b. Training - All workers should be trained in how to work next to traffic in a way that minimizes their vulnerability. In addition, workers with specific traffic control responsibilities should be trained in traffic control techniques, device usage, and placement. ---PAGE BREAK--- 93 c. Worker Clothing - Workers exposed to traffic should wear bright, highly visible clothing similar to flaggers. Clothing should be labeled as meeting the ANSI 107-2020 standard performance for Class 2 risk exposure. Dirty or faded high-visibility clothing should not be worn. d. Barriers - Barriers should be placed along the workspace depending on such factors as lateral clearance of workers from adjacent traffic, speed of traffic, duration of operations, time of day, and volume of traffic. e. Speed Reduction - In highly vulnerable situations, consideration should be given to reducing the speed of traffic through regulatory speed zoning, funneling, use of police, lane reduction, or flaggers. f. Use of Police - In highly vulnerable work situations, particularly those of relatively short duration, stationing police units heightens the awareness of passing traffic and will likely cause a reduction in travel speed. g. Lighting - For nighttime work, lighting the work area and approaches may allow the driver better comprehension of the requirements being imposed. Care should be taken to ensure that the lighting does not cause blinding. h. Special Devices - Judicious use of special warning and control devices may be helpful for certain difficult work area situations. These include rumble strips, changeable message signs, hazard identification beacons, flags, and warning lights. i. Public Information - Improved driver performance may be realized through a well- prepared and complete public relations effort that covers the nature of the work, the time and duration of its execution, and its anticipated effects upon traffic and possible alternate routes. 9. Hand-Signaling Control a. The primary function of traffic control procedures is to move vehicles and pedestrians safely and expeditiously through or around temporary traffic control zones while protecting on-site workers and equipment. 10. Hand-Signaling Devices a. Hand-signaling devices, such as STOP/SLOW paddles, lights, and red flags are used to control temporary traffic control zones. The STOP/SLOW paddle, which gives drivers more positive guidance than red flags, should be the primary hand-signaling device. b. Flag use should be limited to emergency situations and at low-speed and/or low volume locations which can best be controlled by a single flagger. 11. Hand-Signaling Procedures a. Hand-signaling procedures shall follow the outline in Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). 12. Qualifications for Flaggers a. Because flaggers are responsible for public safety and make the greatest number of public contacts of all highway workers, they should have the following minimum qualifications: ---PAGE BREAK--- 94 i. Ability to receive and communicate specific instructions clearly, firmly, and courteously. ii. Ability to move and maneuver quickly in order to avoid danger from errant vehicles. iii. Ability to control signaling devices (such as paddles and flags) in order to provide clear and positive guidance to drivers approaching a TTC zone in frequently changing situations. iv. Ability to understand and apply safe traffic control practices, sometimes in stressful and emergency situations. v. Ability to recognize dangerous traffic situations and warn workers in sufficient time to avoid injury. vi. Must have a Flagger Certification card. 13. Flagger Stations a. Flagger stations shall be located far enough ahead of the workspace so approaching traffic has sufficient distance to stop before entering the workspace. b. The flagger should stand either on the shoulder adjacent to the traffic being controlled or in the barricaded lane. At a “spot” obstruction, a position may have to be taken on the shoulder opposite the barricaded section to operate effectively. c. A flagger should stand only in the lane being used by moving traffic after traffic has stopped and the flagger needs to be visible to other traffic, or to communicate with drivers. d. Because of the various roadway geometrics, flaggers should be clearly visible to approaching traffic at all times. e. The flagger should stand alone. f. Other workers should not be permitted to congregate around the flagger station. g. The flagger should be stationed far enough ahead of the work force to warn them (for example with horns, whistles, etc.) of approaching danger, such as vehicles out of control. h. Flagger stations should be visible far enough ahead to permit all vehicles to stop. This distance is related to approach speeds, friction factors, and pavement condition. These distances may be increased for downgrades and under certain geometric and traffic situations. i. At two-way, unusually low-volume and/or unusually low-speed short lane closings where adequate sight distance is available for the safe handling of traffic, the use of one flagger may be sufficient. j. Temporary sign placement shall follow the guidelines in Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). 14. High-Visibility Clothing a. For all workers in a traffic control zone, the workers vest, shirt, or jacket shall be orange, yellow, strong yellow green or fluorescent. Retro reflective material shall be worn after dusk, with visibility at a minimum distance of 1,000 feet. The retro reflective clothing shall be designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person and be visible through the full range of body motions. Clothing should be labeled as meeting the ANSI 107-2020 standard performance for Class 2 risk exposure. ---PAGE BREAK--- 95 b. Uniformed law enforcement officers may be used as flaggers in some locations where enforcement of traffic movements is important. A retro reflective garment as described above shall be worn. 15. Hard Hat a. Hard hats are to be worn: i. Construction sites ii. Excavation and grading sites iii. Construction sites outside the ROW iv. Work zones, sign installations and aerial lifts v. Working within roadway or alleyway or outside of roadway/alleyway with overhead hazards vi. Where there is risk to overhead or side impact from objects vii. The supervisor will evaluate the work activities of their employee(s) and determine whether their presence in a work area could reasonably expose the employee to a head injury and will direct employees to use hard hats as appropriate. viii. See Hard hat policy ---PAGE BREAK--- 96 TRENCHING AND SHORING SAFETY POLICY 1. Scope and Application a. This policy sets forth the guidelines required for excavations made by the City of Kalispell. 2. Definitions a. Aluminum hydraulic shoring means an engineered shoring system comprised of aluminum hydraulic cylinders (cross braces), used in conjunction with vertical rails (uprights) or horizontal rails (walers). Such a system is designed specifically to support the sidewalls of an excavation and prevent cave-ins. b. Benching means a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near- vertical surfaces between levels. c. Cave-in means the separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement into the excavation, either by failing or sliding, in sufficient quantity so that it could entrap, bury, or otherwise injure and immobilize a person. d. Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. i. All competent persons must complete the 4-hour trenching and shoring class, successfully pass the exam, and be certified for successful completion of the class. A competent person should have and be able to demonstrate the following training experience and knowledge of: 1. Soil analysis, 2. Use of protective systems, and 3. Excavation requirements under OSHA regulation 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P. ii. Ability to detect: 1. conditions that could result in cave-ins, 2. failures in protective systems, 3. hazardous atmospheres, and 4. other hazards including those associated with confined space. iii. Authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate existing and predictable hazards and to stop work when required. e. Excavation means any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface, formed by earth removal. f. Registered professional engineer means a person who is registered as a professional engineer. g. Shield (shield system) means a structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by a cave-in and thereby protect employees within the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and move along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield. ---PAGE BREAK--- 97 h. Shoring (shoring system) means a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical, or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins. i. Sloping (sloping system) means a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation so as to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads. j. Trench (trench excavation) means a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a trench is not greater than 15 feet. If forms or other structures are installed or constructed in an excavation as to reduce the dimension measured from the forms or structure to the side of the excavation to 15 feet or less, the excavation is also considered to be a trench. 3. General Requirements a. All excavations shall be made in accordance with the rules, regulations, requirements, and guidelines set forth in 29 CFR 1926.650, .65 1, and .652; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration - standard on Excavations, except where otherwise noted below. 4. Procedures a. A competent person shall be placed in charge of all excavations. Underground utilities must be located and marked before excavation begins. b. Employees are not allowed in the excavation while heavy equipment is digging. 5. Inspections a. The competent person shall conduct inspections: i. Daily and before the start of each shift. ii. As dictated by the work being done in the trench. iii. After every rainstorm. iv. After other events that could increase hazards, such as snowstorm, windstorm, thaw, earthquake, dramatic change in weather, etc. v. When fissures, tension cracks, sloughing, undercutting, water seepage, bulging at the bottom, or other similar conditions occur. vi. When there is a change in the size, location, or placement of the spoil pile. vii. When there is an indication of change or movement in adjacent structures. 6. Soil Types a. Because most excavations done by City of Kalispell employees will be conducted in order to repair/replace utilities or equipment the soil has been previously disturbed), excavations shall be made to meet the requirements for Type B or Type C soils only, as appropriate. i. Type A Most stable: Clay, silty clay, and hardpan (resists penetration) No soil is Type A if it is fissured, is subject to fissured, is subject to vibration of any type, has previously been disturbed, or has seeping water. ---PAGE BREAK--- 98 ii. Type B - Medium stability: Silt, sandy loam, medium clay and unstable dry rock, previously disturbed soils unless otherwise classified as Type C; soils that meet the requirements of Type A soil but are fissured or subject to vibration. iii. Type C - Least stable: Gravel, loamy sand, soft clay, submerged soil or dense, heavy unstable rock, and soil from which water is freely seeping. iv. Layered geological strata (where soils are configured in layers) - The soil must be classified on the basis of the soil classification of the weakest soil layer. Each layer may be classified individually if a more stable layer lies below a less stable layer, i.e.: where a Type C soil rests on top of stable rock. 7. Testing Methods: a. The competent person in charge of the excavation shall be responsible for determining whether the soil is Type B or C. The competent person shall use a visual test coupled with one or more manual tests. 8. Visual Test: a. In addition to checking the items on the trench inspection form, the competent person should perform a visual test to evaluate the conditions around the site. In a visual test, the entire excavation site is observed, including the soil adjacent to the site and the soil being excavated. The competent person also checks for any signs of vibration. b. During the visual test, the competent person should check for crack-line openings along the failure zone indicating tension cracks, look for existing utilities indicating the soil has been previously disturbed, and observe the open side of the excavation for indications of layered geologic structuring. c. The competent person should also look for signs of bulging, boiling, or sloughing, as well as signs of surface water seeping from the sides of the excavation or from the water table. d. In addition, the area adjacent to the excavation should be checked for signs of foundations or other intrusions into the failure zone, and the evaluator should check for surcharging and the spoil distance from the edge of the excavation. 9. Manual tests a. Thumb penetration test i. Attempt to press the thumb firmly into the soil in question. If the thumb penetrates no further than the length of the nail, it is probably Type B soil. If the thumb penetrates the full length of the thumb, it is probably Type C. It should be noted that the thumb penetration test is the least accurate testing method. 10. Dry strength test a. Take a sample of dry soil. If it crumbles freely or with moderate pressure into individual grains, it is considered granular (Type Dry soil that falls into clumps that subsequently break into smaller clumps (and the smaller clumps can only be broken with difficulty) it is probably clay in combination with gravel, sand, or silt (Type ---PAGE BREAK--- 99 11. Plasticity or Wet Thread Test a. Take a moist sample of the soil. Mold it into a ball and then attempt to roll it into a thin tread approximately 1/8 inch in diameter by two inches in length. If the soil sample does not break when held by one end, it may be considered Type B. 12. Spoil a. Temporary spoil shall be placed no closer than 2 feet from the surface edge of the excavation, measured from the nearest base of the spoil to the cut. This distance should not be measured from the crown of the spoil deposit. This distance requirement ensures loose rock or soil from the temporary spoil will not fall on workers in the trench. b. Spoil should be placed so it channels rainwater and other run-off water away from the excavation. Spoil should be placed so it cannot accidentally run, slide, or fall back into the excavation. c. Permanent spoil should be placed some distance from the excavation. 13. Surface Crossing of Trenches a. Surface crosses of trenches should not be made unless absolutely necessary. However, if necessary, they are only permitted under the following conditions: i. Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the supervision of a registered professional engineer. ii. Walkways or bridges must: 1. have a minimum clear width of 20 inches, 2. be fitted with standard rails, and 3. extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge of the trench. 14. Ingress and Egress a. Trenches 4 feet or more in depth shall be provided with a fixed means of egress. b. Spacing between ladders or other means of egress must be such that a worker will not travel more than 25 feet laterally to the nearest means of egress. c. Ladders must be secured and extend a minimum of 36 inches above the landing. Metal ladders should be used with caution, particularly when electric utilities are present. 15. Exposure to Vehicles a. Employees exposed to vehicular traffic shall be provided with and required to wear reflective vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high- visibility materials. b. Trained flag persons, signs, signals, and barricades shall be used when necessary. 16. Exposure to Falling Loads a. All employees on an excavation site must wear hard hats. b. Employees are not allowed to work under loads being lifted or moved by heavy equipment used for digging or lifting. ---PAGE BREAK--- 100 c. Employees are required to stand away from equipment being loaded or unloaded to avoid being struck by falling materials or spillage. d. Equipment operators or truck drivers may remain in their equipment during loading and unloading if the equipment is properly equipped with a cab shield or adequate canopy. 17. Warning Systems for Mobile Equipment a. The following steps should be taken to prevent vehicles from accidentally falling into the trench: i. Barricades must be installed where necessary, ii. Hand or mechanical signals must be used as required, iii. Stop logs must be installed if there is danger of vehicles falling into the trench, iv. Soil should be graded away from the excavation; this will assist in vehicle control and channeling of run-off water, v. Trenches left open overnight shall be fenced and barricaded. 18. Hazardous Atmospheres and Confined Spaces a. Employees shall not be permitted to work in hazardous and/or toxic atmospheres. Such atmospheres include those with: i. Less than 19.5% oxygen, ii. A combustible gas concentration greater than 20% of the lower flammable limit, iii. Concentrations of hazardous substance that exceed those specified in the Threshold Limit Values contaminants established by the ACGIH, and; iv. All operations involving such atmospheres must be conducted in accordance with OSHA requirements for occupational health and environmental controls for personal protective equipment and for lifesaving equipment. Engineering controls (such as ventilation) and respiratory equipment may be required. 19. Testing for Atmospheric Contaminants a. If there is any possibility the trench or excavation could contain a hazardous atmosphere, atmospheric testing must be conducted prior to entry. Conditions which might warrant atmospheric testing would be if the excavation was made in a landfill or if the excavation was crossed by, adjacent to, or contained pipelines containing a hazardous material (for example, natural gas lines). b. Testing should be conducted before employees enter the trench and should be done regularly to ensure the trench remains safe. The frequency of testing should be increased if equipment is operating in the trench. c. Testing frequency should also be increased if welding, cutting, or burning is done in the trench. d. Employees required to wear respiratory protection must be trained, fit-tested, and enrolled in a respiratory protection program. e. Some trenches qualify as confined spaces. When this occurs, compliance with the City of Kalispell’s Confined Space Program is also required. ---PAGE BREAK--- 101 20. Methods of controlling standing water and water accumulation must be provided and should consist of the following, if employees must work in the excavation: a. Use of special support or shield systems approved by a registered professional engineer. b. Water removal equipment, such as well pointing, may be used, and monitored by a competent person. c. Safety harnesses and lifelines used in conformance with 29CFR 1926.104. d. Employees removed from the trench during rainstorms. e. Trenches carefully inspected by a competent person after each rain and before employees are permitted to re-enter the trench. 21. Benching, Sloping, Shoring, and Shielding Requirements a. All excavations or trenches 4 feet or greater in depth shall be appropriately benched, shored, or sloped according to the procedures and requirements set forth in OSHA’s Excavation standard, 29 CFR 1926.650, .651, .652. b. Excavations or trenches 20 feet deep or greater must have a protective system designed by a registered professional engineer. c. Excavations under the base of footing of a foundation or wall requires a support system designed by a registered professional engineer. d. Sidewalks and pavement shall not be undermined unless a support system or another method of protection is provided to protect employees from possible collapse. 22. Sloping a. Maximum allowable slopes for excavations less than 20 feet based on soil type and angle to the horizontal are as follows: Soil Type Height I depth ratio Slope angle Type B 1:1 45 degrees Type C 1 ½: 1 34 degrees A 10-foot-deep trench in Type B soil would have to be sloped to a 45-degree angle or sloped 10 feet back in both directions. Total distance across a 10-foot-deep trench would be 20 feet, plus the width of the bottom of the trench itself. In Type C soil, the trench would be sloped at a 34-degree angle, or 15 feet back in both directions for at least 30 feet across, plus the width of the bottom of the trench itself. 23. Benching - there are two basic types of benching, single and multiple, which can be used in conjunction with sloping. a. In Type B soil, the vertical height of the benches must not exceed 4 feet. Benches must be below the maximum allowable slope for that soil type. In other words, a 10-foot-deep trench in Type B soil must be benched back 10 feet in each direction, with the maximum of a 45-degree angle. ---PAGE BREAK--- 102 b. All benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of: 1:1. c. Benching is not allowed in Type C soil. 24. Shoring a. Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber, and aluminum hydraulic. b. Because the City of Kalispell has aluminum hydraulic shores, they will be the focus of this section. Hydraulic shoring provides a critical safety advantage over timber shoring because workers do not have to enter the trench to install them. They are also light enough to be installed by one worker; they are gauge-regulated to ensure even distribution of pressure along the trench line; and they can be adapted easily to various trench depths and widths. However, if timber shoring is used, it must meet the requirements of 29CFR 1926.650, 651, .652. c. All shoring shall be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom up. Hydraulic shoring shall be checked at least once per shift for leaking hoses and/or cylinders, broken connections, cracked nipples, bent bases, and any other damaged or defective parts. d. The top cylinder of hydraulic shoring shall be no more than 18 inches below the top of the excavation. e. The bottom of the cylinder shall be no higher than four feet from the bottom of the excavation. (Two feet of trench wall may be exposed beneath the bottom of the rail or plywood sheeting, if used.) ---PAGE BREAK--- 103 DEPTH OF TRENCH (FEET) Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring – Vertical Shores Soil Type B HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL SPACING (FEET) MAXIMUM VERTICAL SPACING (FEET) WIDTH OF TRENCH (FEET) UP TO 8’ 8’ – 12’ 12’ – 15’ OVER 5 UP TO 10 8 4 2-INCH DIAMETER 2-INCH DIAMETER NOTE(2) 3-INCH DIAMETER OVER 10 UP TO 15 6.5 OVERI5 UP TO 20 5.5 OVER 20 NOTE(1) Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring Waler Systems for Soil Type B Depth of Trench (Feet) Wales Hydraulic Cylinders TIMBER UPRIGHTS Vertical Spacin g (Feet) Section Modulus In3 Width of Trench (Feet) Max Horizontal Spacing (on Center) Up to 8’ 8’ – 12’ 12’ – 15’ Soli d Sh eet 2’ 3’ Horz. Spacing Cylinder Spacing Horz. Spacing Cylinder Spacing Horz. Spacing Cylinder Spacing 5’ – 10’ 4 3.5 8.0 2” 8.0 8.0 3” - - 3 x 12 7.0 9.0 2” 9.0 3” 14.0 12.0 3” 12.0 3” 12.0 3” >10’ – 15’ 4 3.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 3” - 3 x 12 - 7.0 8.0 3” 8.0 3” 8.0 3” 14.0 10.0 3” 10.0 3” 10.0 3” >15’ – 20’ 4 3.5 5.5 2” 5.5 5.5 3” 3 x 12 - - 7.0 6.0 3” 6.0 3” 6.0 3” 14.0 9.0 3” 9.0 3” 9.0 3” >20’ See Note ---PAGE BREAK--- 104 Note - For applications other than those listed in the tables, refer to CFR 1926.652(c)(2) for use of manufactures tabulated data. For trench depths in excess of 20 feet, refer to CFR 1926.652(c)(2) and CFR 1926.652(c)(3). * - 2-inch diameter cylinders, at this width, shall have structural steel tube (3.5x3.SxO.1875) over-sleeves, or structural over-sleeves of manufacturers specification, extending the kill, collapsed length. • Consult product manufacturer and/or qualified engineer for Section Modulus of available Wales. • Three vertical shores, evenly spaced, must be used to form a system. • Wales are installed no more than two feet from the top, no more than four feet from the bottom and no more than four feet apart, vertically. 25. Shielding a. Trench boxes are different from shoring because, instead of shoring up or otherwise supporting the trench face, they are intended primarily to protect workers from cave-ins and similar incidents. b. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side must be backfilled to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. c. Trench boxes are generally used in open areas, but they also may be used in combination with sloping and benching. d. The box must extend at least 18 inches above the surrounding area if there is sloping toward the excavation. This can be accomplished by providing a benched area adjacent to the box. e. The manufacturer must approve any modifications to the shields. f. Shields may ride two feet above the bottom of an excavation, provided they are calculated to support the full depth of the excavation and there is no caving under or behind the shield. g. Workers must enter and leave the shield in a protected manner, such as by a ladder or ramp. h. Workers may not remain in the shield while it is being moved. ---PAGE BREAK--- 105 SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS SAFETY POLICY 1. Purpose a. To establish guidelines for the safe operation of small, unmanned aircraft systems. 2. Policy a. Any employee acting as the remote pilot in command must be in possession of a remote pilot certification issued by the FAA under 14 CFR Part 107. b. All participants must adhere to all federal, state, and local regulations. c. All small, unmanned aircraft shall be registered with the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR Part 107.13 prior to operation. d. Employees are prohibited from participating in any flight operations when he or she knows or has reason to know that he or she has a physical or mental condition that would interfere with the safe operation of the small, unmanned aircraft system. 3. Procedures a. Prior to flight, employees must assess the operating environment, considering risks to persons and/or property in the flight area in accordance with 14 CFR Part 107.49. b. Any employee operating flight controls must ensure that the aircraft does not exceed altitude limitations as described in 14 CFR Part 107.51. c. Visual line of sight must be maintained in accordance with 14 CFR Part 107.31. d. Employees shall operate all small, unmanned aircraft in accordance with airspace regulations as described in 14 CFR Part 107.41. e. No employee may operate a small, unmanned aircraft in a manner that interferes with operations and/or traffic patterns at any airport, heliport, or seaplane base. f. Operation of small, unmanned aircraft over people and/or moving vehicles must be done in accordance with 14 CFR Part 107 Subpart D. g. Employees must comply with notices to airmen as described in 14 CFR Part 107.47. h. Employees must comply with federal, state, and local law enforcement officers as described in 14 CFR Part 107.7. i. All accidents must be reported to your supervisor immediately and, if necessary, to the FAA within 10 calendar days as described in 14 CFR Part 107.9. j. It is the responsibility of the remote pilot in command to ensure the safe operation of the aircraft and to adhere to the rules and regulations set forth by the FAA under 14 CFR Part 107. At times, rules and regulations may be updated. Always refer to 14 CFR Part 107 (entire content) for complete regulations. ---PAGE BREAK--- 106 VEHICLE SAFETY POLICY 1. Purpose a. To establish guidelines on proper procedures for safe operation of equipment and vehicles. 2. Policy a. All employees operating vehicles and the passengers in these vehicles are required to wear seatbelts at all times. b. Drivers must have a current, valid vehicle operator’s license appropriate to the vehicle they are operating. c. Drivers must comply with all federal, state, and local traffic regulations. d. Smoking, vaping, and e-cigarettes in City vehicles are prohibited. 3. Procedures - Transporting Personnel and Material a. Personnel will not be used to support or steady loads while a vehicle is in motion. b. Truck running boards may not be ridden, unless so designed by manufacturer and then you must follow the safety instructions provided with the vehicle/equipment. c. Employees must be seated, with arms and legs within the confines of the vehicle. d. Employees may mount or dismount vehicles only when fully stopped. e. Personnel may not stand and ride in a moving vehicle. f. Personnel should vacate all vehicles being loaded by crane, backhoe, shovel, loader, etc. g. Loads extending 4 feet beyond the bed of a truck or wagon are to be flagged and marked at night with red lanterns or clearance lights. Loads are to be secured to prevent any movement. h. Personnel shall not exceed the seating capacity of a vehicle or equipment as recommended by the manufacturer. i. Seatbelts, if provided, shall be worn. j. When left unattended, vehicles must be shut off and left in gear or park, with the brake set. i. If the vehicle is parked on a grade or incline, where there is a risk of rolling, wheels must be chocked. ii. Vehicles are not to be left running while unattended. 4. The following procedures apply to all powered industrial trucks: a. All new powered industrial trucks shall meet requirements established in ANSI B 56.1- 1969. b. All nameplates and markings shall remain in place and be maintained in a legible condition. ---PAGE BREAK--- 107 c. Only trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to operate powered industrial trucks and equipment. Operators shall be trained in the safe operation of each powered industrial truck used in the City of Kalispell. d. No person shall ride on the lifting mechanism of a forklift unless the forklift is equal with approved work platform. e. When a powered industrial truck is left unattended, loads shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized, power shut off, and brakes set. f. Wheels shall be blocked if the truck is parked on an incline, or decline. g. If a powered industrial truck is found to be in need of repair, defective, or in any way unsafe, the truck shall be taken out of service until it has been restored to safe operating condition. All repairs shall be made by authorized personnel. ---PAGE BREAK--- 108 WORKPLACE VIOLENCE POLICY 1. Purpose and Policy Statement It is the City of Kalispell’s policy to promote a safe environment for its employees. The City is committed to working with its employees to maintain a work environment free from violence, threats of violence, harassment, intimidation, and other disruptive behavior. Violence, threats, harassment, intimidation, and other disruptive behavior in our workplace will not be tolerated. That is, all reports of incidents will be taken seriously and will be dealt with appropriately. Such behavior can include oral or written statements, gestures, or expressions that communicate a direct or indirect threat of physical harm. Individuals who commit such acts may be removed from the premises and may be subject to disciplinary action (full range of disciplinary action can include discharge), criminal penalties, or both. We need your cooperation to implement this policy effectively and maintain a safe working environment. Do not ignore violent, threatening, harassing, intimidating, or other disruptive behavior. If you observe or experience such behavior by anyone on City premises, whether he or she is a City employee or not, report it immediately to a Supervisor or Department Superintendent. Supervisors and Department Superintendents who receive such reports should seek advice from the City Manager, the Human Resources Director and/or the City Attorney. 2. THREATS OR ASSAULTS THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ATTENTION SHOULD BE REPORTED FIRST TO THE POLICE BY DIALING 911. 3. The City of Kalispell will support all efforts made by Supervisors and Department Superintendents in dealing with violent, threatening, harassing, intimidating or other disruptive behavior in our workplace and will monitor whether this policy is being implemented effectively. *Refer to the City of Kalispell Personnel Handbook for the full Workplace Violence Policy ---PAGE BREAK--- 109 ACTIVE SHOOTER SITUATION 1. Profile of an Active Shooter a. An active shooter is an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area, typically through the use of firearms. 2. Characteristics of an Active Shooter Situation a. Victims are selected at random b. The event is unpredictable and evolves quickly c. Law enforcement is usually required to contact your building management or end an active shooter situation 3. Coping with an Active Shooter Situation a. Be aware of your environment and any possible dangers b. Take note of the two nearest exits in any facility you visit c. If you are in an office, stay there and secure the door d. Attempt to take the active shooter down as a last resort 4. How to Respond When an Active Shooter is in Your Vicinity – Evacuate a. Have an escape route and plan in mind b. Leave your belongings behind c. Keep your hands visible 5. Hide out! a. Hide in an area out of the shooter’s view b. Block entry to your hiding place and lock the doors c. Silence your cell phone and/or electronic device(s) 6. Take action! a. As a last resort and only when your life is in imminent danger, attempt to incapacitate the shooter. Act with physical aggression and throw items at the active shooter. 7. How to Respond When Law Enforcement Arrives a. Remain calm and follow instructions b. Put down any items in your hands bags, jackets) c. Raise hands and spread fingers, keep hands visible at all times d. Avoid quick movements toward officers such as holding on to them for safety e. Avoid pointing, screaming or yelling f. Do not stop to ask officers for help or direction when evacuating 8. Information You Should Provide to Law Enforcement or 911 Operator a. Location of the active shooter b. Number of shooters c. Physical description of shooters d. Number and type of weapons held by shooters e. Number of potential victims at the location ---PAGE BREAK--- 110 CITY OF KALISPELL NEW EMPLOYEE SAFETY ORIENTATION CHECKLIST File this form in the Employee’s Personnel Record once completed Employee Name: PR#: Date: Job/Dept. Assigned: Supervisor: Basic Safety Topics to be reviewed with employee by supervisor.  General Safety Rules and Policies  Procedures for handling/reporting unsafe conditions or near misses  Procedures for reporting on-the-Job Injuries/Illnesses or Incidents  Proper use of Personal Protective Equipment related to the job (Hard Hats, Hearing/Eye/Face Protection, Foot/Hand Protection, High Visibility Clothing, Respirators)  Hearing Conservation  Dealing with blood borne pathogens  Electrical Safety and Lockout/Tagout  Confined Space Awareness  Emergency Plans (if applicable): Reporting Emergencies, Escape routes & Assembly Locations, Lockdown  Proper lifting and ergonomic techniques  Tool and Equipment Safety  Safety Signs and their meanings  Use of seatbelts and cell phone policy while driving/operating equipment Hazard Communication “Global Harmonization”  The City of Kalispell’s Written Hazard Communication Plan as outlined in the City Safety Manual  The location of the list of hazardous chemicals and associated Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and/or Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for the chemicals used in the specific work area and how to read them  The labeling system used to identify hazardous material  The importance of and requirement to immediately report any spill of hazardous material(s) to a supervisor  The importance of not using and/or reporting of any unlabeled containers to my supervisor  The importance of taking appropriate precautions with chemicals, including proper use of Personal Protective Equipment, storage, transfer, use, and disposal. Employee Signature: Trainer Signature: ---PAGE BREAK--- 111 City of Kalispell - Confined Spaces Entry Permit Location: Date: Start Time: Work Description:  All Potential Hazards Reviewed with Entrants / Attendants  Retrieval Line(s) in place (If multiple entrants see #11 on “Hazards Checklist)  Escape plan identified  Rescue Team Identified  Audible &/or Visual Alarm (if required) are available & reviewed with entrants. Name of Entrant(s): Name of Safety Attendant(s): 1. 2. 3. Names of Rescue Team Members 4. 5. ATMOSPHERE MONITORING: DO NOT ENTER IF CONCENTRATIONS ARE ABOVE OR BELOW ACCEPTABLE ENTRY CONDITIONS Tests To Be Taken (Test at various levels) Acceptable Entry Conditions  Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Date Time a.m. / p.m. Oxygen O2 19.5 – 23.5%  Combustible Gas LEL Below 10% LEL  Carbon Monoxide CO 0-25 PPM  Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 0 -9 PPM  Monitor Number: Date of next Calibration: Monitor Use By: POTENTIAL HAZARDS CHECKLIST (Check either yes or no to all and then follow appropriate procedures to eliminate the hazard) (Refer to reference numbers as to what procedure(s) are required to eliminate hazard.) Yes No   Compressed Air / Steam lines 1, 5   Hydraulics Systems 1,5   Stored Pressure 1   Multiple Entrants 11   Constricted Access 2, 5, 7, 10   Corrosives 1,5   Electrical Hazards 1,5,6,8   Engulfment 1,5,10   Vertical Entry Required 10 Yes No   Fire 3,5,7,9   Flammable Gases or Vapors 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9   Improper Lighting 8,12   Moving Mechanical Parts 1,5   Oxygen (02) Deficiency 2,4,5   Purge Tank 1,5,10   Slippery Surfaces / Fall Hazards 5   Supply / Drain Lines 1,5   Toxic Gases 2,4,5,6,7 Note: Procedures taken for all “yes” answers: AUTHORIZATION FOR ENTRY I have reviewed the above and verify the confined space is safe for entry. All required precautions have been taken and necessary equipment is provided for safe entry and work. Entry Supervisor Date Date & Time Confined Space Entry was completed: Were any problems encountered? THIS PERMIT WILL REMAIN ON THE JOB SITE UNTIL THE JOB IS COMPLETED. Original – Supervisor & Copy to Department Director ---PAGE BREAK--- 112 CONFINED SPACES POTENTIAL HAZARDS CHECKLIST AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT / PROCEDURE(S) TO BE USED 1. Lockout/Tagout may be required. 2. Use forced air ventilation to achieve permissible exposure levels. 3. Use of ventilation or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), supplied air with escape tank required. 4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used to protect against sharp edges, chemical irritants, noise, or other potential hazards (clothing, fall protection, etc.). 5. Use caution if explosion potential exists. Do not enter if Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is greater than 10%. 6. Monitor with audible alarms must be used to ensure that a change in work environment is detected. Visual alarms should also be available. Monitor atmospheres at all levels. 7. Use double insulated, GFCI protected, low-current, low-voltage electrical equipment. Consult with an electrician if required. 8. Use explosion proof electrical equipment, low-voltage lighting, and spark resistant tools. 9. Rescue / hoisting device may be required. 10. Multiple entrants must make provisions for external rescue on all entries unless it would not contribute to the rescue of a downed entrant. a. Examples of where it would not be practical include: i. A situation where multiple turns in the space would prohibit pulling the entrant out and/or, ii. Where multiple entrants would make it impossible to manage the lines without tangling. b. A single lifeline or retrieval line left in the space may also aid one entrant in helping another out if they should suffer a medical emergency. c. Prior to entry of a confined space by multiple attendants, the following must be discussed with all participants:(Supervisor, Safety Attendants and Authorized Entrants) i. Rescue situations/scenarios. ii. What will be the maximum number of entrants needed to enter the confined space? iii. Will the retrieval line be attached to an entrant, or will it be made available in the vicinity of the workers? 1. If the retrieval line will result in creating an unsafe situation due to entanglement by others or equipment it may be placed in a location close but out of the way of machinery or entrants. iv. The Safety Attendant will be provided with an alarming device that can be heard or seen by all entrants. (air horn, whistle, flashing light, etc.) v. All entrants must be made aware as to what the alarm device is and the sound and/or light emitted. vi. All entrants must understand that they will exit immediately when told to do so by the attendant or should an alarm condition exist or other emergency. d. All entrants must be wearing a safety/retrieval harness while in the confined space. e. A retrieval device must be in place. 11. Provide adequate lighting to visualize work or protective glasses to protect eyes. ---PAGE BREAK--- 113 CITY OF KALISPELL PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE DECISION TREE PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE Post Confined Space Permit at entrance to the space. Will the space be entered? Yes No Prevent employee entry as required. Do task from outside of space. Is there a potential for atmospheric hazards? (This acute health effect may cause immediate danger to life & health (IDLH) Yes No Can all hazards be eliminated without entering the space? (Ventilation, additional / easier access?) Yes No Are their alternative entry procedures if certain requirements are met? (Removal of known confined space hazards and providing of adequate ventilation) May reclassify to a Non-Permit Confined Space for as long as the hazard remains eliminated. (Company must certify) If changes are made to the space, it must be re-evaluated to identify hazards and must be reclassified as appropriate. Stop Stop Enter space via Confined Space Permit procedures. NON-PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE If changes are made to the space, it must be re-evaluated to identify hazards and must be reclassified as appropriate. Stop No Yes ---PAGE BREAK--- 114 CITY OF KALISPELL IS IT A CONFINED SPACE? DECISION TREE Is it a confined space? Is the area large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work? (Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit, for example: tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.) Is the area not designed for continuous employee occupancy? Does the area have limited or restricted means for entry and/or exit? (Any space where an occupant must crawl, climb, twist, be constrained in a narrow opening, follow a path, or otherwise exert unusual effort to enter or leave, or where the entrance may become sealed or secured against opening from inside.) Yes No Not a confined space. 1. Does it contain or have potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere? A. Oxygen concentrations below 19.5% or above 23.5% B. Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) above 10% a. Note: Never enter if level above 10% at any time! 2. Does it contain material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant? 3. Does it have a configuration such that an entrant could be trapped, engulfed or by inwardly converging walls or by a floor. Yes No This is a Non-Permit Required Confined Space This is Permit Required Confined Space. Follow appropriate permit procedures before entrance. ---PAGE BREAK--- 115 CITY OF KALISPELL LADDER INSPECTION CHECKLIST Use this list to remind yourself of what you should look out for in order to prevent accidents. General Needs repair O.K. Date repaired Loose steps or rungs (considered loose if they can be moved at all with the hand)? Weight rating clear and legible? Loose nails, screws, bolts, or other metal parts? Cracked, spilt, or broken uprights, braces, or rungs? Slivers on uprights, rungs, or steps? Damaged or worn non-slip bases? Step ladders Wobbly (from side strain)? Loose or bent hinge spreaders? Stop on hinge spreaders broken? Loose hinges? Broken, split, or worn steps? Extension ladders Loose, broken, or missing extension locks? Defective locks that do not seat properly while extended? Worn or rotted rope? ---PAGE BREAK--- 116 CITY OF KALISPELL TRENCHING AND EXCAVATION CHECKLIST Date: Project Name and Number: Yes No [ ] [ ] Is the cut, cavity, or depression a trench, or an excavation? [ ] [ ] Is the cut, cavity, or depression more than 4 FT (1.2 m) in depth? [ ] [ ] Is there water in the cut, cavity, or depression? [ ] [ ] Are there adequate means of access and egress? [ ] [ ] Are there any surface encumbrances? [ ] [ ] Is there exposure to vehicular traffic? [ ] [ ] Are adjacent structures stabilized? [ ] [ ] Does mobile have a warning? [ ] [ ] Is a Competent Person in charge of the operation? [ ] [ ] Is equipment operating in or around the cut, cavity, or depression? [ ] [ ] Are procedures required to monitor, test, and control hazardous atmospheres? [ ] [ ] Does a competent person determine soil type? [ ] [ ] Was a soil-testing device used to determine soil type? [ ] [ ] Is the spoil placed 2 FT or more from the edge of the cut, cavity, or depression? [ ] [ ] Is the depth 20 feet or more for the cut, cavity, or depression? [ ] [ ] Has a registered professional engineer approved the procedure if the depth is more than 20 ft? [ ] [ ] Does the procedure require benching or multiple benching? Shoring? Shielding? [ ] [ ] If provided, do shields extend at least 18 inches above the surrounding area if it is sloped toward the excavation? [ ] [ ] If shields are used, is the depth of the cut more than 2 feet below the bottom of the shield? [ ] [ ] Are any required surface crossings of the cut, cavity, or depression the proper width and fitted with handrails? [ ] [ ] Are means of egress from the cut, cavity, or depression no more than 25 feet from the work? [ ] [ ] Is emergency rescue equipment required? [ ] [ ] Is there documentation of the minimum daily excavation inspection? Checklist Completed by: ---PAGE BREAK--- 117 CITY OF KALISPELL VEHICLE PRE-OPERATION SAFETY CHECKLIST Inspected by: Date: TIRES OK NOT OK COMMENTS Tires (properly inflated & no excessive wear) LIGHTING Turn Signals Head lights Taillights Brake lights Hazard lights Traffic Warning Lights Fluid Levels Engine oil level Radiator level Power steering Other MISCELLANEOUS Horn Mirrors Seat belts Loose objects secured inside vehicle Windshield wipers Fire Extinguisher Vehicle Body Damage ---PAGE BREAK--- 118 CITY OF KALISPELL SAFETY AUDIT CHECKLIST DEPARTMENT/AREA INSPECTED: DATE: AUDIT PERFORMED BY: A. FIRE PROTECTION & FLAMMABLE/COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS a. Fire extinguishers charged and inspected? Yes  No  NA  b. Fire extinguishers are easily accessible and not obstructed? Yes  No  NA  c. Combustibles separated from heat sources? Yes  No  NA  d. Emergency exits kept free of obstructions and not locked? Yes  No  NA  e. “No Smoking” signs posted in areas where flammable liquids are stored? Yes  No  NA  f. Flammable liquids stored in fire resistant cabinets? Yes  No  NA  g. Explosive gases property stored? Yes  No  NA  B. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING a. Employees wearing proper clothing for the job they are doing? Yes  No  NA  b. Employees wearing safety glasses with side shields, as required? Yes  No  NA  c. Employees wearing proper safety boots/shoes, as required? Yes  No  NA  d. Employees wearing face shields or goggles, when appropriate? Yes  No  NA  e. Employees wearing the proper respirator, when required? Yes  No  NA  f. Employees wearing hard hats as required, and are they being inspected? Yes  No  NA  g. Employees wearing their hearing protection, as required? Yes  No  NA  h. Employees who work six feet above the surface using fall protection? Yes  No  NA  C. WALKING/WORKING SURFACES a. Worksites clean, sanitary, and orderly? Yes  No  NA  b. Work surfaces kept dry and oil spills cleaned up quickly? Yes  No  NA  c. Covered metal waste case used for oily/paint-soaked waste? Yes  No  NA  d. Work areas adequately illuminated? Yes  No  NA  e. Pits, floor openings or holes covered or otherwise guarded? Yes  No  NA  f. Aisles and passageways kept clear? Yes  No  NA  g. Stairways clear of debris and clean? Yes  No  NA  D. PORTABLE LADDERS a. Ladders maintained in good condition (joints & side rails tight, and movable parts operate freely and no cracks on rails or treads)? Yes  No  NA  b. Non-slip feet provided on each ladder? Yes  No  NA  c. Ladder rungs and steps free of grease and oil? Yes  No  NA  d. Ladders extended 3 feet past (3 rungs) the surface they are climbing on to? Yes  No  NA  E. FLEET & CRANE SAFETY a. Vehicles being inspected each shift prior to use? Yes  No  NA  b. Employees adhering to speed limits? Yes  No  NA  c. Employees stopping at intersection? Yes  No  NA  d. Cranes inspected each shift prior to use? Yes  No  NA  e. Audible alarms used as required? Yes  No  NA  f. Employees staying clear of suspended loads? Yes  No  NA  F. LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURES a. Is all machinery or equipment capable of movement or stored energy (electrical, mechanical, pressure) locked &/or tagged out when servicing, repairing or adjusting? Yes  No  NA  G. CONFINED SPACES a. Are confined space atmospheres tested prior to entry? Yes  No  NA  b. Is there a standby employee trained/equipped to handle emergencies there? Yes  No  NA  c. Was Security made aware prior to entry to a permit required confined space? Yes  No  NA  ---PAGE BREAK--- 119 CITY OF KALISPELL SAFETY AUDIT CHECKLIST (Page 2) H. ELECTRICAL a. Extension cords in good repair? (not frayed or spliced) Yes  No  NA  b. Electrical panels kept closed and properly labeled? Yes  No  NA  c. Electrical panels easily accessible and clear of obstructions? Yes  No  NA  I. HAND TOOLS & EQUIPMENT a. Tools & equipment used in good condition? Yes  No  NA  b. Broken handles replaced prior to use? Yes  No  NA  c. Tool heads wedged in the head of all tools? Yes  No  NA  d. Chisels and punches reconditioned to prevent mushrooming heads? Yes  No  NA  e. Grinders, saws & similar equipment provided with appropriate guards? Yes  No  NA  f. Abrasive wheel grinders work rest adjusted to within 1/8” of wheel? Yes  No  NA  J. MACHINE GUARDING a. All pulleys, belts, wheels within 7’ of floor properly guarded? Yes  No  NA  b. All guards secure? Yes  No  NA  c. Are fan blades protected with a guard with openings no larger than 1/2“? Yes  No  NA  K. COMPRESSORS AND COMPRESSED AIR a. Compressors equipped with a pressure relief valve and pressure gauge? Yes  No  NA  b. Employees aware - not to direct compressed air towards persons? Yes  No  NA  c. Compressed air nozzles equipped with diffuser? Yes  No  NA  L. HAZARD COMMUNICATION (Safety Data Sheets) a. Is each container for a hazardous substance labeled with the product identity and a hazard warning? Yes  No  NA  b. Do employees know where SDS’s are maintained for chemicals? Yes  No  NA  M. SLING/CHAIN INSPECTIONS a. Slings inspected prior to each use? Yes  No  NA  b. Damaged slings removed from service? Yes  No  NA  N. AED Units a. Placement visible, unobstructed? Yes  No  NA  b. Battery properly installed and operational? Yes  No  NA  c. Status/service light operational? Yes  No  NA  d. Pads expired? Yes  No  NA  e. Battery expired? Yes  No  NA  O. NOTIFICATIONS a. Items noted needing attention turned in to appropriate personnel? Yes  No  NA  b. List whom you turned items noted into: i. ii. iii. COMMENTS