Document Gordoncountyga_doc_5cdb297501

Gordon County, Georgia Intensive Archaeological Investigations of 46 Acres for Proposed Park Improvements, Resaca Battlefield ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Intensive Archaeological Investigations of 46 Acres for Proposed Park Improvements, Resaca Battlefield Gordon County, Georgia Report submitted to: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites • No. 2 Martin Luther King, Jr., Drive • Suite 1352 • Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Report prepared by: New South Associates • 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue • Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 Christopher T. Espenshade – Principal Investigator Christopher T. Espenshade – Archaeologist and Co-Author Patrick Sullivan – Historian and Co-Author Mark T. Swanson – Historian and Co-Author August 26, 2011 • Draft Report New South Associates Technical Report 2051 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD i ABSTRACT New South Associates conducted archival research and archaeological survey for a portion of the May 9-15, 1864, Resaca battleground. The area of potential effects (APE) for this project is defined as 46.0 acres that may be threatened by improvements for the proposed Resaca State Park. This archaeological survey was conducted for the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites (DNR). The archival research suggested that the APE might contain artifacts or features related to the May 14 attack by the Federals. No earthworks were expected in the APE. The archaeological fieldwork included an intensive metal-detector survey of 46.0 acres of former pasture on the floodplain and terraces of Camp Hill Creek. The metal-detector survey covered the entire floodplain and terrace portion of the APE, apart from approximately 2.0 acres that were too wet to be mowed. All finds from this survey were plotted with a total station and were also mapped with sub-meter GPS. The metal-detector survey recovered 394 artifacts that can be securely attributed to Civil War military action. An additional 63 artifacts may be from the battle. The artifact patterns suggest that the APE saw action on May 14, as the Federals attempted to cross the APE and dislodge the CSA troops from their entrenchments to the east of the APE. The Federal advance floundered east of the creek, and the Federals were forced to pull back. One or more CSA advances were attempted, possibly only to clear the fields below the trenchline. The 102nd Illinois, the 8th Texas, the 4th Tennessee, and the 35th Tennessee were among the regiments involved. The intensive metal-detector survey recovered a significant sample of artifacts from the APE. It is therefore the recommendation of this report that the potential adverse effects to this portion of site 9GO301 have been mitigated by the present study. However, due to the possibility of battlefield graves, it is recommended that archaeologists monitor the removal of plow zone in all the proposed construction areas and that further steps be taken if burials are found during monitoring. ---PAGE BREAK--- ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present research was sponsored by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites (DNR). Mr. Michael Roy managed the project for DNR, and Mr. David Gomez of New Echota State Park provided logistical support. Dr. David Crass and Dr. Bryan Tucker with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) also provided assistance and guidance. Mr. Matt Wilder of Pond Company provided detailed topographic mapping of the area. Mr. Scott Fletcher provided access to the project area through his Battlefield Farm. The field crew included Michael Benton, Mike Hayden, Megan Parker, Lauren Souther, Matt Spice, Jeff Thompson, Bill Tsibulsky, and Kelly Woodward, under the direction of Principal Investigator Chris Espenshade. Amy Vest, Pam Hansford, and Kelly Woodward oversaw the laboratory analysis. Natalie Adams provided technical review, while Jennifer Wilson edited this report. David Diener and Sarah Lowry prepared graphics. All the above are thanked for their assistance. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi I. INTRODUCTION 1 Project Description 1 Natural Setting of the Battlefield 1 Report Format 3 II. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 5 Organization of the Armies, Early May 1864 5 Opening Moves, Early May 1864 6 McPherson’s Probe, May 9 9 The Federal Move to Snake Creek Gap 10 Deployment at Resaca, May 13 11 “Battle of The Angle,” on May 14 13 Polk’s Battlefield, May 14 16 Battle on May 15 22 Lay’s Ferry and the Evacuation of Resaca 23 Aftermath 23 Cultural Remains on the Battlefield 24 III. METHODS 31 Background Research Methods 31 Field Research Methods 31 Total Station Mapping 33 Laboratory Analysis 33 Conservation 34 Curation Preparation 35 IV. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS 37 Results of the Metal Detector Survey 37 All Military Artifacts 38 Dropped Federal Rounds and Artifacts 38 Fired Confederate Munitions 40 Dropped Confederate Rounds and Artifacts 45 Fired Federal Munitions 45 Exploded Artillery Shell Fragments 48 Possible Regimental Indicators 50 V. A BROADER PERSPECTIVE 57 Review 57 Variability in Intensity 57 Use of Artillery 58 Positions of Specific Regiments 58 ---PAGE BREAK--- iv VI. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63 Summary of Research and Findings 63 Recommendations 63 REFERENCES CITED 65 APPENDIX A: SPECIMEN CATALOG APPENDIX B: ORDER OF BATTLE ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Project Location 2 Figure 2. Brig. General George P. Carlin 7 Figure 3. Detail from Anonymous (1864) Showing Confederate Entrenchments Around Resaca. 8 Figure 4. Reconstruction of Battle of Resaca 12 Figure 5. Illustrated Sketch of the “Battle at the Angle” 14 Figure 6. 1864 View of Confederate Entrenchments at the Battle of the Angle 17 Figure 7. Views of APE. 18 Figure 8. 1864 Sketch of the Battle of Resaca 20 Figure 9. 1889 Painting of the Battle of Resaca 21 Figure 10. Metal-detector Sweeping (Top) and Mapping of Finds (Bottom) 32 Figure 11. Distribution of Certain Military Items 39 Figure 12. Distribution of Dropped Federal Items 41 Figure 13. Sample of Federal Artifacts. 42 Figure 14. Distribution of Fired CSA Small Arms Bullets. 43 Figure 15. Confederate Small Arms Bullets. 44 Figure 16. Distribution of Fired Federal Small Arms Bullets. 46 Figure 17. Federal Munitions. 47 Figure 18. Distributions of Dropped Spencer Cartridges and Fired Spencer Bullets. 49 Figure 19. Distribution of Artillery Shell Fragments and Canister Balls. 51 Figure 20. Artillery Shell Fragments. 52 Figure 21. Spencer Casings. 53 Figure 22. Possible Regiment Locations on May 14. 56 Figure 23. Fired Federal Bullets, Both Survey Tracts. 59 Figure 24. Fired CSA Bullets, Both Survey Tracts. 60 Figure 25. Artillery Fragments, Both Survey Tracts. 61 ---PAGE BREAK--- vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Small Arms by Regiments in or Near APE 26 Table 2. Regiments by Small Arms 28 Table 3. Artillery Used in or Near Polk’s Battlefield, Resaca 29 Table 4. Key Identification Sources 34 Table 5. Certain (Red) and Possible (Black) Battle-Related Artifacts 37 Table 6. Dropped Federal Items 40 Table 7. Fired Confederate Bullets 45 Table 8. Fired Federal Munitions 45 Table 9. Artillery Fragments. 48 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 1 I. INTRODUCTION New South Associates has completed the background research, fieldwork, analysis, and reporting for an intensive metal detector survey of a portion of the Resaca Battlefield in Gordon County, Georgia. The fieldwork was completed from May 9-19, 2011. The Principal Investigator, Chris Espenshade, was in the field fulltime and was assisted by seven archaeological technicians. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) owns 508 acres of the Resaca Battlefield in Gordon and Whitfield counties. Resaca was a Civil War battlefield that saw action from May 9- 14, 1864. The proposed park may include improvements in the 46 acres of floodplain and terrace, designated as the Area of Potential Effects (APE). The APE is bordered on the west by Camp Creek and on the east by wooded hills (Figure On its southern end, the APE abuts the proposed access road and visitor’s center tract, which was similarly surveyed in 2008 (Espenshade et al. 2008). The project included background research, field survey, analysis, and reporting. The field survey began with the 100 percent metal-detector survey of 46.0 acres, with all possible battle-related finds mapped with a total station and sub-meter GPS. NATURAL SETTING OF THE BATTLEFIELD The project area is located in the floodplain associated with Camp Creek, a stream that begins about three miles north of the project area and flows into the Oostanaula River, a little over a half- mile south of the project area. Camp Creek is one of many streams that drain the eastern face of a series of high north-south trending ridges that run from Dalton in the north to below Calhoun in the south. These ridges played a large role in the opening rounds of the Georgia campaign in May 1864, as well as the battle of Resaca. The northernmost ridge is Rocky Face, immediately west of Dalton. This is followed to the south and west by Mill Creek Mountain, followed again to the south and west by the much longer Horn Mountain. There are north-south trending gaps between these ridges that are not always visible from the valley floor, and foremost of these is Snake Creek Gap, between Mill Creek Mountain and Horn Mountain. Today, State Route (SR) 136 follows the gap on its way between Resaca and LaFayette to the west. Snake Creek, which begins in the gap, flows south into the Oostanaula about four miles southwest of Resaca. ---PAGE BREAK--- Figure 1. Project Location. 0 200 400 100 Meters 0 1,000 500 Feet Project Area Calhoun North USGS Quad $ 2 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 3 The Oostanaula River and its tributaries meander across the broken floor of the valley between the ridges formed by the Rocky Face-Horn Mountain complex to the west and the higher Appalachian Mountains to the east. The Oostanaula itself is formed by the juncture of the Coosawattee, coming directly from the mountains, and the Conasauga River, coming from further north in the valley. These two streams meet to form the Oostanaula just above Resaca, which is located on the north side of the river. Camp Creek is about three-quarters of a mile west of Resaca. Between Resaca and the creek are a series of relatively low hills found between the area of the interstate interchange and the river. These hills, located south of the project area, were the focus of the southern portion of the battle of Resaca, which took place late in the day on May 14, 1864. The higher hills just west of Camp Creek are known as either Bald Hill or the bald hills, depending on the source. The northern edge of these hills is located almost immediately west of the project area. From this point northward, Camp Creek and its narrow valley are flanked on either side by relatively steep, broken hills. It was in this area, including the APE, that the main part of the battle of Resaca took place on May 14 and 15, 1864. REPORT FORMAT Chapter II presents the historic context for the battle, as well as detailed descriptions of the battle itself. Chapter III presents the methods followed in the archival research, metal-detector survey, analysis, and curation preparation. Chapter IV presents the results and interpretations for the present APE. Chapter V offers a summary of both seasons of work on the battlefield. Appendix A is the artifact catalog. Appendix B reproduces a roster of military regiments known to have participated at Resaca (Forbus 2008). A disk containing the GIS layers for the metal detector finds will be submitted with this report. ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 5 II. HISTORICAL CONTEXT When the campaign for Georgia began in early May 1864, the Civil War was already three years old, and entering its last year. Rapidly pushing south from Tennessee into North Georgia throughout of the spring and summer of 1864, Federal forces captured Atlanta and destroyed the vital Confederate railroad network before embarking on the March to the Sea. By Christmas of that year, the coastal city of Savannah lay in Union hands. The successful conclusion of the Georgia Campaign shattered the economic infrastructure and military capabilities of the Confederate forces in the Western Theater of operations and ensured the final Union victory over the Southern Confederacy. Resaca was the first major fight of that campaign. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMIES, EARLY MAY 1864 At the beginning of the Georgia Campaign, Confederate forces, numbering some 60,000, were commanded by General Joseph Johnston, based in Dalton and on the heights around it, including Rocky Face Mountain. The composition of Johnston’s army is not as well documented as that of the Federals, but his force was initially comprised of two corps, under the command of Lieutenant (Lt.) Generals William Hardee and John Bell Hood. In early May, these two corps were positioned around Dalton, with the heaviest concentrations to the north, in Crow Valley, where Johnston expected Union forces commanded by Major General William T. Sherman to strike. This blinded him to the threat posed by gaps in the ridgelines to his west, particularly Snake Creek Gap. Remarkably, there is no evidence that Johnston was even aware of this gap, or much less had it defended, until it was too late (McMurray 2000:48). Johnston’s opponent commanded a much bigger force of almost 100,000. Sherman’s force was actually comprised of three armies: the Army of the Cumberland (61,000) under Major General George H. Thomas; the Army of the Ohio (13,500) under Major General John M. Schofield; and the Army of the Tennessee (25,000) under Major General James B. McPherson. At the beginning of the campaign, McPherson’s army was under-strength, with some troops on loan to Major General Nathaniel Banks for the Red River campaign, and still others on leave in Illinois (Swanson 2004:86). Infantry accounted for 85 percent of Sherman’s entire fighting force, with the majority of men drawn from Midwestern states such as Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio (Castel 1992:112). The complete breakdown of Federal and Confederate forces, down to the level of regiment, is presented in Appendix B (from Forbus 2008). It was the infantry forces under Thomas’ Army of the Cumberland, specifically the 1st Brigade, 1st Division of the 14th Army Corps that were most active within the project area during the Battle at Resaca on May 14. In addition to the 14th Army Corps, Thomas’ army was also primarily comprised of the 4th Army Corps and the 20th Army Corps at that time. The 14th Army Corps was commanded by Major General John Palmer and was organized into the First through Third Divisions. Brigadier (Brig.) General Richard W. Johnson commanded the 1st Division. The 2nd ---PAGE BREAK--- 6 Division was under Brig. General Jefferson C. Davis, while Brig. General Absalom Baird helmed the 3rd Division. Each division was composed of three brigades. Within the 14th Army Corps, six to nine regiments formed a brigade with each brigade identified by number and state name. Brig. General William P. Carlin led the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division, 14th Army Corps (Figure A native of Illinois and graduate of West Point, Carlin spent much of his early military career prior to the Civil War serving in the western territories suppressing Sioux and Cheyenne uprisings. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he was commissioned as a colonel by Governor Yates of Illinois and placed in command of the 38th Illinois Infantry where he served in a number of operations in the Western Theater (Wilson 1862:26-27). In late 1862, Carlin was made Brig. General of Volunteers (New York Times [NYT] 1903). Under his command at Resaca were nine regiments, all hailing from the Midwest: the 104th Illinois; 42nd Indiana; 88th Indiana; 15th Kentucky; 2nd Ohio; 33rd Ohio; 94th Ohio; 10th Wisconsin; and the 21st Wisconsin (Official Records [OR], Series 1, Volume 38, Part 1, pp. 93-94). OPENING MOVES, EARLY MAY 1864 To hold Johnston’s army around Dalton, Sherman used Thomas’s enormous Army of the Cumberland and Schofield’s smaller Army of the Ohio. In late April, McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee was further west, in Alabama, along the north bank of the Tennessee River, waiting for the return of the two divisions on loan to the Red River campaign. As a result of this, plus the troops on leave, he only had five divisions on hand at the beginning of May, not his normal complement of nine. This reduced his operating force to around 24,000 (McMurry 2000:55-57). McPherson’s presence to the west convinced Joseph Johnston that this Federal army was planning to move against Rome, Georgia, relatively far to his southwest. Sherman, elaborating on a plan first conceived by George Thomas, had another idea. McPherson was ordered to Chattanooga. From there, he was to move to LaFayette, over to Snake Creek Gap, emerge from the gap behind Johnston, race east to Resaca, and then cut the rail line (Figure He was to hold that position if possible. This would have trapped Johnston on the north side of the Oostanaula. Otherwise, he could cut the rail line, pull back to the gap, and then hit Johnston’s flank as the Confederates retreated south from Dalton. If successful, this action promised to destroy or scatter Johnston’s army and to bring the Georgia Campaign to a decisive end (McMurry 2000:57-58, 61, 64; Secrist 1998:6). Partly because of McPherson’s location to the west, but also because he was seriously outnumbered, Johnston put out the call for reinforcements in late April and early May. These had to come from Lt. General Leonidas Polk’s command, based in Selma, Alabama. Braxton Bragg ordered Polk’s best general, Major General William W. Loring, to Georgia. Almost immediately afterwards, the President of the Confederate States, Jefferson Davis, ordered Polk himself to the scene with most of his command. By early May, three infantry divisions and one cavalry division, almost 20,000 men, were spread out along a line that stretched from Alabama, through Rome, and on to Dalton (McMurry 2000:61-62). Eventually, Polk’s force would form a third corps in Joe Johnston’s army. ---PAGE BREAK--- Figure 2. Brig. General George P. Carlin Source: Library of Congress, Civil War Glass Negative Collection INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 7 ---PAGE BREAK--- 8 Figure 3. Detail from Anonymous (1864) Showing Confederate Entrenchments Around Resaca ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 9 Among the Alabama troops en route to Dalton was a 4,000-man brigade commanded by Brig. General James Cantey, previously stationed in Mobile. This brigade was comprised of two regiments: the 37th Mississippi and the 17th Alabama. In early May, Cantey was ordered by Johnston to move from Rome to the small railroad town of Resaca, four miles south of Dalton. He was to replace the two cavalry brigades previous stationed at the place, now called back to Major General Joseph Wheeler’s command in Crow Valley (McMurry 2000:62). Cantey arrived at Resaca on May 5. New to the area and without cavalry, the brigade did little reconnoitering and was unaware of Snake Creek Gap, a mile and a half away. In fact, Cantey did not expect to stay in Resaca; on at least two occasions between May 5 and May 9, he was ordered up to Dalton, with both orders cancelled at the last minute (McMurry 200:65-66). MCPHERSON’S PROBE, MAY 9 To deflect attention from McPherson’s movements, Federal attacks were launched on May 8th in the area around Dalton. Brig. General Richard Johnson directed the First Division of the 14th Army Corps block all routes traveling out of Buzzard Roost Gap to the west and southwest of Dalton (Johnson, 1864:519). In the meantime, McPherson’s army, led by the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry and the 39th Iowa Infantry, made its way to Snake Creek Gap, (McMurry 2000:63). The army rested that night on the Resaca-side of the gap. The following day, May 9th, was slated for the railroad probe that could well decide the fate of the whole campaign. Johnston did not become aware of the threat at Snake Creek Gap until the evening of May 8, when he ordered a cavalry brigade under Col. J. Warren Grigsby, to check out the area. By the time they arrived, at dawn on May 9, it was already too late; the Federals were in firm possession of the field. That morning, as the Federals pushed out along the road to Resaca, they were easily able to fend off Grigsby’s force (McMurry 2000:63-65). The Federal advance on May 9 was headed by the 16th Corps, 10,000 men, under Grenville Dodge. According to Dodge’s report, the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry was in the lead (Howard 1864:30 footnote). They went straight for Resaca following the road. By early afternoon, they reached the intersection of the Resaca and Dalton roads, two miles west of Resaca and immediately west of the bald hills. The 15th Corps, under John Logan, followed as far as the Dalton road, and then spread out to the north, to cover the 16th in case of Confederate reinforcements from Dalton. Apparently no one had clear orders, neither McPherson from Sherman, nor Dodge and Logan from McPherson. Dodge thought he was supposed to press close to the town of Resaca, while the 15th Corps north of him actually cut the railroad line (Secrist 1998:14; McMurry 2000:64-65). Logan probably thought that Dodge was supposed to cut the line. Either way, on May 9, Cantey’s brigade only defended Resaca. Loring’s division was ordered to support Cantey but had not yet arrived (Secrist 1998:14). Bald Hill, immediately west of Camp Creek, was held by elements of Cantey’s 37th Mississippi. The 2nd Division of the 16th Corps, under Thomas Sweeny, chased them off the hill. According to the army’s official report, Sweeny’s 2nd Brigade, commanded by Colonel (Col.) Patrick E. Burke, leading with the 66th Illinois headed this advance (Howard 1864:31). ---PAGE BREAK--- 10 From the vantage point of Bald Hill, the Federals had a clear view of Resaca, the railroad bridge, and the “common road bridge” beside it (Castel 1992:152; Secrist 1998:14-15; Logan 1864:94). The Federal commanders, including McPherson, surveyed the situation from Bald Hill. McPherson ordered Dodge to hold the hill with one division (Sweeny’s 2nd Division), and sent the other (the 4th Division), under James C. Veatch, further east to probe the Confederate defenses around Resaca (Secrist 1998:14-15). Veatch’s division pivoted on the left flank of Sweeny’s division, which was holding Bald Hill. From that point, he went north and east over flat open ground, almost certainly crossing the project area. While on the floodplain, Veatch’s men were fired on by Cantey’s troops and their artillery, positioned on the isolated high hills just west of Resaca (McPherson 1864:16). It was at this point that McPherson, unsure of the Confederate strength in his front, and concerned about a Confederate ambush down the Dalton road, decided to pull Veatch back to Bald Hill. That evening, all of McPherson’s command returned to the safety of Snake Creek Gap (Secrist 1998:15- 16). Sherman was furious that McPherson failed to sever Johnston’s rail connection, much less take Resaca and hold it. Most historians agree, however, that he failed to provide his favorite general with enough troops to do the job. Johnston’s response was to send Hood to Resaca on May 10 for a personal reconnaissance. Hood noted that the Federals had pulled back into the gap after an unsuccessful raid and urged Johnston to remain in Dalton (McMurry 2000:67). THE FEDERAL MOVE TO SNAKE CREEK GAP In the meantime, Sherman decided to send most of his army over that same route and use the majority of his force to do what McPherson had failed to do. On the evening of May 11th, Sherman ordered most of his army to march for Snake Creek Gap, behind the shield of Rocky Face and Mill Creek Mountain. Only the 4th Corps of the Army of the Cumberland, under Oliver Howard, was left in place around Dalton (Secrist 1998:17-18). That same day, May 11, Leonidas Polk arrived in Resaca from Alabama, and Johnston told him to stay there. Over the next day, elements of Polk’s command continued to arrive, and they reinforced the lines just west of Resaca that had already been established days before by Cantey’s brigade (McMurry 2000:67). By the May 12, Sherman’s vanguard had joined with McPherson at Snake Creek Gap, and on May 13, they all began to push out toward Resaca. It was something of a race to see who would get there first, since Johnston’s men were already streaming down from Dalton. On the evening of May 12, after discovering that most of Sherman’s men had already pulled out of their lines north of Dalton, Johnston ordered the Confederate Army of Tennessee to retire to new positions west and north of Resaca (McMurry 2000:68-69). ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 11 DEPLOYMENT AT RESACA, MAY 13 As Sherman would later state in his official report: The next day we moved against Resaca, General McPherson on the direct road, preceded by General Kilpatrick’s cavalry, General Thomas to come up on his left, and General Schofield on his. General Kilpatrick met and drove the enemy’s cavalry from a crossroad within two miles of Resaca, but received a wound, which disabled him, and gave command of his brigade to Col. Murray, who according to orders, wheeled out of the road, leaving McPherson to pass (Sherman 1864:64). This would basically be the order of battle for the Federals. McPherson would return to Bald Hill, with his right flank on the Oostanaula River. In this manner, McPherson would cover the main road from Snake Creek Gap to Resaca. Sherman himself set up headquarters near the intersection of the east-west Resaca road and the north-south Dalton road, just west of Bald Hill. Thomas placed his army on McPherson’s left (except for Howard’s corps left in Dalton. Since Schofield had the farthest to travel, he would not be in position until the morning of May 14, the first day of the battle (Secrist 1998:18-19, Davis et al. 2003: Plate 61.10). Palmer’s 14th Army Corps would extend the line of Thomas’ Army of the Cumberland to the north. In preparation for the Resaca offensive, Brig. General Johnson moved the 1st Division of the 14th Army Corps on the road to Resaca for over four miles with Carlin’s brigade on the right, King’s brigade on the left, and Scribner’s in reserve (Johnson 1864:520). The division engaged in skirmishing with Confederate forces from morning until after dark, when it was relieved by General Alpheus William’s 1st Division of the 20th Army Corps (Halpin 1864:545). The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War contains three detailed maps of the troop movements associated with the battle of Resaca, and all three are maps from McPherson’s theater of the battle, to the south of the APE (Davis et al. 2003: Plates 58.3; 59.4; and 61.10). They show that by the evening of May 13, McPherson’s forces were again on top of Bald Hill, overlooking Resaca. From this vantage point, McPherson could bring long-range fire on the railroad bridge, three-quarters of a mile away (Secrist 1998:39). Figure 4 provides Secrist’s reconstruction of key positions and movements in the battle. Palmer directed commanders Baird, Davis, and Johnson of the 14th Army Corps to position their divisions near the center of the Federal lines to the right of Hooker’s 20th Army Corps in the APE on the wooded hills to the west of Camp Creek. To the left, Schofield’s 23rd Army Corps would form the northward line along the creek. The line then bent to the east where it met the 4th Army Corps under the command of O.O. Howard (Secrist 1998:18). ---PAGE BREAK--- 12 Figure 4. Reconstruction of Battle of Resaca Source: Secrist 1998 Resaca Battlefield May 14 & 15, 1864 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 13 The Federal line-up from south to north of McPherson, Thomas, and Schofield, was mirrored on the Confederate side by the line-up of Polk, Hardee, and Hood. Polk’s left was on the Oostanaula, and he held a line extending across the isolated hills immediately west of the town of Resaca. Within Polk’s command, Cantey held that part of the line closest to the river, while Loring was on his right. Hardee’s Corps was to Loring’s right and held a line of unnamed hills north of Bald Hill and east of the upper course of Camp Creek. From south to north, Hardee’s divisions were lined up in the order of Cheatham, Cleburne, and Bate. With the exception of any trench lines found in the extreme northern portion of the project area, Hardee’s troops were positioned opposite Palmer’s 14th Army Corps, just east of the project area. Hood’s troops were to the right of Hardee’s, and they wrapped around to the east, all the way to the Conasauga River. Hood’s divisional line-up, from left to right, was Hindman, Stevenson, and Stewart, followed by Wheeler’s cavalry on the river (Castel 1992:153-155; McMurry 2000:69). An examination of the Confederate line around Resaca suggested a weak point at the southern end, closest to Resaca. Polk’s main defensive line was just a few hundred yards west of Resaca and the vital railroad bridge over the Oostanaula. If the rail line was cut here, or if the bridge was destroyed or captured, it would effectively trap Johnston’s army on the north side of the river. Polk, however, did not choose this line; it was one he inherited from Cantey, when there was a much smaller force at Resaca. In an effort to compensate for the deficiencies of this portion of the line, Polk sent out elements of Cantey’s brigade to occupy the low hills between Resaca and the lower run of Camp Creek. These hills, however, were not heavily defended, most being laced with light trenches and rifle pits (Secrist 1998:8-10, Map “BATTLE OF THE ANGLE,” ON MAY 14 Rather than exploit the situation provided by Polk’s position to the south, Sherman decided to use the 2nd and 3rd Divisions of Schofield’s 23rd Army Corps to be the focus of the attack against divisions of Generals William Bates and Patrick Cleburne at the north end of the Confederate lines, which were less well established than those closest to the Oostanaula. General Baird’s 3rd Division of the 14th Army Corps would provide support the right of Henry Judah’s 2nd Division. The 1st Division of Palmer’s 14th Army Corps would advance across Camp Creek in the middle of the Federal lines. This offensive, which became known as the “Battle of the Angle” and “Camp Creek Fight,” took place along Hardee’s north-south line and Hood’s east-west line. This fighting occurred within the current project area, close to the Gordon-Whitfield county line. An illustrated scene of the battle looking northwest from the project area is shown in Figure 5. The Union attack failed, as did the Confederate counter-attack, but it was the largest conflict of that day (Secrist 1998:18-19, 22-23, 33-35). General John Palmer’s official report of the 14th Army Corps role in the engagement within the APE is terse and vague (“May 14 and 15 – Participated in the battle of Resaca”); however, accounts by his subordinate commanders paint a more detailed picture of the fight. Richard Johnson’s First Division, located on the right wing of the 14th Army Corps, was instructed to initiate the offensive at precisely 9:00 a.m. Carlin’s 1st Brigade advanced on the right, King’s 2nd Brigade on the left, with ---PAGE BREAK--- 14 Figure 5. Illustrated Sketch of the “Battle at the Angle” Source: Waud 1887 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 15 Scribner’s brigade held in reserve. Carlin’s brigade advanced in two lines, the 33rd Ohio, 21st Wisconsin, and 94th Ohio in front and the 15th Kentucky, 104th Illinois, and 88th Ohio in the second line (Jenkins 2003:214). The movement of Union forces was greatly impeded by dense undergrowth and difficulty of the terrain on the western slope of the Camp Creek valley. After one mile of skirmishing, Johnson and the brigades of the 1st Division encountered the Confederate works of Lucius Polk’s brigade of Hardee’s Corps arrayed on the slopes east of the creek: I found the enemy strongly posted and fortified on the hither slope and near the crest of a long, elevated ridge, their right refused from the direction of my line. In front of their position was an open field of some 400 yards wide, sloping gradually down to a creek directly in my front. The general course of the creek in front of my line was nearly parallel to the enemy’s works... as the land rose immediately from the creek in an abrupt bluff of nearly the same height as the enemy’s position beyond, and then gradually sloped down again to the westward. With my skirmishers posted along the creek, I reformed my lines in the woods behind the slope, to the rear of it, and awaited instructions. (Johnson 1864:521). At 11:30 a.m., volleys of heavy firing by Baird’s division on the left indicated that the Federal assault had resumed. Being closest to Camp Creek, Carlin’s 1st Brigade was the first to test the Confederate lines in the early afternoon. Although Carlin was able to cross the creek and advance half way across an open field on the eastern ridge, the difficulty of passage conducted under withering Confederate fire by two 12-pound Parrott cannons, greatly scattered his lines and made the position impossible to hold. Regiments of the 1st Brigade were quickly forced to retreat to the cover of the high creek bank where they remained throughout the day and deep into the night. (Johnson 1864:522; Secrist 1998:20-21). Lt. Col. Douglas Hapeman of the 104th Illinois Volunteers aptly described the failed offensive and struggle to maintain cover in the aftermath: About 2 o’clock the two lines advanced receiving a galling fire on the ridge just before reaching Camp Creek, and in crossing the creek the two lines closed together, the One hundred and fourth united with the Twenty-first Wisconsin. The brigade was here halted and remained in this position until after dark, keeping up a heavy fire with the enemy. Two companies were in the water up to their knees from 3 o’clock until 9 at night, their only protection from the enemy’s fire being the bank of the creek… About 9 o’clock they were relieved and moved back from the line (Hapemen 1864:535). After seeing Carlin fiercely repulsed, King halted the engagement of the 2nd Division (Johnson 1864:521). As Carlin traded fire from the creek bed with the Confederates throughout the afternoon, General Johnson ordered two artillery pieces from the First Ohio Light Artillery to be positioned on the west bluff overlooking the creek to disrupt the enemy forward works and provide suppressing fire for the 1st Brigade. By 11:00 p.m., Carlin’s men had been fully relieved by McCook’s brigade and retired to the main lines. Within Johnson’s division of the 14th Army Corps, Carlin’s brigade reported over 200 killed and wounded as a result the attack. In comparison, the losses to King’s brigade were relatively light (Jenkins 2003: 215-216; Johnson 1864:522). ---PAGE BREAK--- 16 The brunt of the casualties inflicted by Bates’ and Cleburne’s Confederates, however, were borne by Judah’s 2nd Division and Benjamin Cox’s 3rd Division of the 23rd Army Corps. Figure 6 presents an 1864 photograph of the Battle of Resaca looking east toward the Confederate entrenchments involved in the “Battle of the Angle,” and taken by photographer George N. Barnard approximately 400 yards north of the APE. During the initial assault, Judah pressed his disorganized lines without waiting to coordinate his movements with Cox for support on the left flank. In the confusion, Judah’s forces became entangled on the right with John Turchin’s brigade of the 3rd Division, 14th Army Corps and, like Carlin, were quickly beaten back to Camp Creek (Secrist 1998:21). As a result of his fatal blunder, Judah’s division suffered approximately 700 killed or wounded. He was relieved of his command a few days later. Casualties in Baird’s division were listed at 135. Cox, meanwhile, officially reported 66 killed and 486 wounded. By 3:00 p.m. on May 14, Sherman’s assault at the “Battle of the Angle” had essentially ended in a stalemate (Castel 1992:160-161). POLK’S BATTLEFIELD, MAY 14 Throughout the day of May 14, skirmishing and shelling occurred along the length of the Camp Creek valley. On the right end of the Federal lines, further south of the project area, action took place around the wooden bridge of the Resaca road, which crossed over Camp Creek (Osterhaus 1864:126). As discussed in John Logan’s report for the 15th Corps: On the morning of the 14th, sharp skirmishing and heavy artillery exchanges were renewed. During the morning the several brigades of Harrow’s division were removed from their positions on the left and stationed in rear of M. L. Smith’s and Osterhaus’ divisions as reserves. Appearances indicating that a severe battle was in progress upon the extreme left of our army, I caused a feint attack to be made, and continued for some time lively demonstrations to deter the enemy from sending reinforcements from our front. General Osterhaus took advantage of the feint to attack the enemy’s skirmishers in the heavily wooded valley near the road…. The bridge over Camp Creek was carried and the 12th Missouri Infantry thrown forward into the woods previously occupied by the enemy…. Directly in front of M. L. Smith’s division, and at a distance… from it, a series of low irregular hills extended from the Oostanaula due north as far as the Resaca road. They were occupied by the enemy in force, and were partially fortified. This position, if in our possession, would bring us within three-eights of a mile of the enemy’s nearest fort, and within half a mile of the railroad bridge (Logan 1864:92). Late that afternoon, Sherman decided to push elements of McPherson’s command across the lower course of Camp Creek and take that series of low hills between the creek and Resaca, then occupied by Cantey. In particular, this involved the two low hills immediately south of what is now the interchange of SR 136 and I-75. The Confederate skirmish line ran between these two hills, then across what is now the interchange toward the main Confederate line closer to Resaca (Secrist ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 17 Figure 6. 1864 View of Confederate Entrenchments at the Battle of the Angle Source: Secrist 1998:Photograph 4A ---PAGE BREAK--- 18 Figure 7. Views of APE A. Facing West Toward Unnamed Creek (First Brush Line) and Camp Creek (Tree Line at Very Top of Photograph. B. View Upslope (Facing East) from Unnamed Creek Toward CSA. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 19 1998:49). Figure 8 presents a sketch of the Federal artillery positions on the Bald Hills to the south of the APE. Figure 9 is an 1889 painting from a similar perspective. In the 1889 painting, the Confederate trench line on the small hill in the center of image (hidden by musket smoke) would be the trench system near the southern edge of the APE. To prepare for this assault, the 4th Division of the 16th Corps (Dodge), under the command of Brig. General James Veatch, was lined up along Camp Creek (Davis et al. 2003:Plate 59.4). Also in this line, and leading the attack, were two brigades (nine regiments) from Logan’s 15th Corps (Secrist 1998:39-41; Howard 1864:32). Logan’s report for 15th Corps described the line-up for the Federal attack: The assaulting force consisted of Brig. Gen. Charles R. Woods’ brigade, of the 1st Division; the 3rd Missouri Infantry, of the 3rd Brigade, being substituted for the 26th Iowa Infantry, which, being engaged as skirmishers, was unavailable, on the left, and Brig. General Giles A. Smith’s brigade, of the 2nd Division, on the right. Both brigades were formed in double lines, and in front and on the left of Wood’s brigade the 12th Missouri Infantry, disposed as skirmishers, accompanied the assaulting columns…. The average distance to the objective point was about one- third of a mile, over a marshy bottom, nearly clear of standing timber, but full of fallen tree trunks and thickets, and intersected with miry sloughs. At ten minutes before 6 p.m. the advance sounded, and the lines of gallant men started at the double-quick over the difficult ground, followed by the cheers of their fellow soldiers on the Camp Creek hills [bald hills] (Logan 1864:92-93). The fight for the low hills west of Resaca took place south of the project area. The Federals attacked from the edge of the creek, and charged onto the low hills some 50 yards away. Overwhelmed by superior numbers, the occupying elements of Cantey’s brigade, members of the 17th Alabama and the 37th Mississippi fled in haste back to Polk’s main lines, 400 yards to the east. When a Confederate officer asked one soldier why he was running away, he replied, “Bekase I kain’t fly!” (Secrist 1998:39-41). The Federals quickly consolidated their newly won positions, in many cases reversing the trench lines to face the expected Confederate counterattack. General Leonidas Polk immediately made preparations to retake the lost positions, if only to keep Federal artillery from exploiting the hills to shell the bridge. The Confederate counter-attack was launched that same evening, around 7:30 (Logan 1864:93). It being evident that their lines [the Confederate counter-attack lines] were of greater extent than ours, and that their next attack would endanger our flanks, General Lightburn’s brigade, of the 2nd Division, was sent to their assistance…. From the Camp Creek hills they had seen the progress of the engagement; had noted the first repulse of the enemy, and as the red flame from the muskets (showing plainly through the night) defined exactly the position of the opposing ---PAGE BREAK--- 20 Figure 8. 1864 Sketch of the Battle of Resaca Source: Harper’s Weekly 1864 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 21 Figure 9. 1889 Painting of the Battle of Resaca Source: Kurz & Allison 1889 ---PAGE BREAK--- 22 forces, they had seen the lines of the enemy gradually closing around and in the rear of our flanks, every man felt he would be needed, and without orders prepared to go; so that when the orders came it needed but the word, and the gallant brigade was wading Camp Creek waist deep, and in some places neck deep, and off at the double-quick. General Lightburn reached General Giles A. Smith’s position with astonishing quickness, and, forming on his right, the united lines poured a fire on the enemy which swept them entirely from that front…. About the time General Lightburn’s brigade was sent over, two regiments of the 16th Corps, the 25th Wisconsin and 35th New Jersey Infantry, were sent over by General McPherson, to re-enforce General Woods in the position where they were most needed, and gallantly did their duty, until, about 10 p.m., the last body of the enemy retired… from the field (Logan 1864:93). Lightburn’s right was anchored on the Oostanaula River (Lightburn 1864:219-220). The two regiments from the 16th Corps sent as reinforcements (the 25th Wisconsin and 35th New Jersey) probably went to the other side of the line. Other Federal units specifically mentioned as part of the defense of the hills, were the 57th Ohio, commanded by Col. Americus V. Rice, and to his right, the 127th Illinois, commanded by Lt. Col. Frank S. Curtis (Secrist 1998:41-43). These were regiments of the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Division, part of Logan’s 15th Corps. BATTLE ON MAY 15 The Confederates resumed the attack the following day at the north end of the Federal lines. Like Johnston, Sherman concentrated his attention on the northern edge of the battlefield, but by doing so, missed another opportunity to destroy the Confederate army. During the day of May 15, Sherman entrenched his troops on the low hills they had taken the evening before. This may have been prudent, but he could have used McPherson’s army to take Resaca. Had Resaca fallen on the 15, or even if the railroad bridge had been destroyed, this would have blocked any Confederate retreat to the south (Secrist 1998:43). Palmer’s 14th Army Corps remained in the general project area near the center of Federal line with the 6th Corps positioned on its left and Logan’s 15th Corps to the right. Baird’s 3rd Division moved to the right, with Davis occupying the center, and Johnson on the left. Carlin’s brigade was directed to support the left side of Col. Benjamin Scribner’s 3rd Brigade. According to Carlin, action was light compared to that of the preceding day: The Eighty-eighth Indian and the Fifteenth Kentucky were ordered to occupy a small wooded ridge on the Dalton and Resaca dirt road on the left of the brigade. This ridge afforded a full view and was in good rifle range of the enemy’s works. These regiments kept up a constant fire until night-fall, suffering some loss, and prevented the rebels from using a number of pieces of artillery which were in position behind the works (Carlin 1864:529). ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 23 To the south, the Resaca road bridge over Camp Creek was held by skirmishers from Col. Wangelin’s 3rd Brigade (15th Corps), specifically the 12th Missouri Infantry regiment. They had been sent to hold the ground across the bridge earlier in the day of May 14 and continued holding that ground through May 15th (Osterhaus 1864:126; Wangelin 1864:163-164). LAY’S FERRY AND THE EVACUATION OF RESACA May 15th was the last opportunity Sherman had to take Resaca. Throughout that day, Johnston weighed the consequences of pulling out of Resaca altogether, and this was not the result of the battle. It was due to the on-again, off-again Federal presence at Lay’s Ferry, a crossing of the Oostanaula some four miles as the crow flies southwest of Resaca. Federal units in that area would threaten to cut Johnston’s communication and supply lines south of the river. The first Federal occupation of Lay’s Ferry occurred late on May 14. This was done by a division of Dodge’s 16th Corps, which established a beachhead south of the river, but pulled back to the north side soon after. This division returned on May 15, this time with artillery (Secrist 1998:47- 49; Davis et al. 2003, Plate 61.12). Johnston might have been blind to the threat right in front of Resaca, but he was keenly aware of the problem at Lay’s Ferry. When it became obvious that Sherman was reinforcing his position for a swing behind Johnston’s lines, the Confederate commander decided to pull out of Resaca altogether, and this was done with great skill by rail on the evening of May 15-16. When Sherman’s troops awoke on the morning of May 16, its Confederate defenders had abandoned Resaca (Secrist 1998:57). Johnson reported that the 14th Army Corps marched into Resaca and camped outside the village (Johnson 1864:522). All that was left was to bury the dead and follow Johnston deeper into Georgia. AFTERMATH Resaca was one of many stands made by Joseph Johnston between Dalton and Atlanta during Sherman’s campaign in the late spring and summer of 1864. That year’s operations in Georgia and Virginia rewrote the history of warfare. Gone were the flying banners and glorious charges that marked the earliest battles of the Civil War. By the summer of 1864 and until the end of the war, a version of trench warfare would prevail. Fifty years later, this type of warfare would reach its apogee in the trenches of the First World War. Resaca, and in Virginia, were some of the first places where trench warfare was put to the test. The increased accuracy of rifled guns, and the absence of armored vehicles, made this sort of warfare inevitable. In the immediate aftermath of the battle, clean-up details dug huge trenches for the dead. The Federal deceased were re-interred later in more formal cemeteries, and this was the extent of any large-scale disturbance to the battlefield for many years that followed. The first major impact to the battlefield came with the construction of Interstate 75 in 1960. A great deal of damage was done to Polk’s sector by the construction of I-75 and the SR 136 interchange (Secrist 1998:xi, 87). ---PAGE BREAK--- 24 CULTURAL REMAINS ON THE BATTLEFIELD From an examination of the maps and other data associated with the battle of Resaca, it seems clear that the no trenches are likely to be found within the APE. There may have been Confederate skirmisher/picket locations east of the creek, but there is no evidence of prepared rifle pits. In all likelihood, any evidence of the battle within the project area was deposited on the field by troops advancing and retreating through the area. The evidence for these movements is likely to be left in the form of artillery shells and the bullets left by small-arms fire. These objects are the subjects of this section of the report. From the Official Records, there is a surprising amount of information on the artillery and small arms fire possessed and expended by the Army of the Tennessee during the Georgia Campaign from May to September 1864. In the official report prepared by Sherman’s artillery chief, William Barry, the Army of the Tennessee possessed 96 artillery guns, operated by 2,215 men, at the beginning of the campaign in May. During the first month or two of campaigning, the largest field batteries used were rifled 20-pounder Parrotts. Heavier siege cannon were only brought in for use around the city of Atlanta. For Resaca and the other early battles of the Georgia Campaign, the main artillery pieces used on the Federal side, possibly the only pieces used, were: • 20-pounder Parrotts (rifled), • 10-pounder Parrotts (rifled), • 3-inch wrought guns (rifled), and • 12-pounders. The last of these, the 12-pounders, were used in the line of battle to broadcast “solid shot, spherical case, and canister” (Barry 1864:120-121). As a rule, this class of cannon also included smoothbore Napoleons. The ammunition used by these guns was tallied up at the conclusion of the Atlanta campaign, when Sherman’s army took stock of men and equipment in September of 1864. There, it was noted that the Parrott guns used Parrott ammunition, while the 3-inch guns used either Schenkl or Hotchkiss shells. These two types of shells, the “Schenkl case-shot, with combo fuse,” and the “Hotchkiss fuse- shell,” were considered the best for the rifled guns, and appear to have been the most commonly used (Barry 1864:122). As for Parrott ammunition, the 20-pounder Parrot would have used 19-pound shells. It had a bore diameter of 3.67 inches. The 10-pounder Parrott would have used a 10-pound shell, with a bore diameter of either 2.9 inches or 3.0 inches (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle). Unfortunately, much less is known about the Confederate artillery used during this same period, at least from the Official Records. There were undoubtedly artillery reports from Johnston’s army, but these do not appear to have survived the war. One way of approaching this information, however, is from the Federal records of Confederate artillery captured by the Union armies during the Georgia Campaign, from May to September 1864 (Baylor 1864). Among the field guns captured by the Federals during this period, there were: ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 25 • 12-pounder light guns (10 captured), • 6-pounder smooth bores (8 captured), • 10-pounder Parrotts (3 captured), • 3.80-inch James rifles (2 captured), • 12-pounder howitzer (1 captured), and • general field pieces (3 captured). This tally is probably a pretty good sample of the Confederate guns used during the Georgia campaign by Johnston’s army. From this sample, it is probably safe to say that Confederate artillery was inferior to that of the Federal armies, as was usual throughout the Civil War. The Confederates had to rely more on smoothbore guns, since they had difficulty manufacturing rifled guns in the quantity needed to match Federal artillery. Any rifled guns captured by the Confederates would have been pressed into service. This was almost surely the case with the Parrott guns, which only began to be manufactured in 1860-61 at the West Point Foundry, in Cold Springs, New York. The Confederate version of the Parrott gun was the Brooke rifle, which was mostly made at the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. Relatively few of these would have made it to the western theaters of the war (Melton and Pawl 1996). A compilation of the small-arms ammunition used by Sherman’s troops during the Georgia Campaign, from May to September 1864, clearly demonstrates that the most popular ammunition used was the “elongated ball cartridge,” with a caliber of either 0.57 or 0.58. A total of 21,340,222 rounds of these cartridges were expended during the campaign. This is far and away greater than the number of even the second most popular type of small-arm ammunition, the Spencer rifle cartridge (390,000 rounds expended). The Henry rifle cartridge tallied 126,000; followed by the Burnside carbine cartridge (84,000); the Sharps carbine cartridge (16,000); the Colt rifle cartridge (15,000); and the Colt army pistol cartridge (4,000). Other listed types of ammunition included Smith and Weston carbine cartridge, Ballard carbine cartridge, Merrill carbine cartridge, and the Colt navy pistol cartridge (Baylor 1864:126). It is interesting to note that most of these irregular or rare cartridges were used by troops of the Army of the Ohio. McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee, the Federal army most active in our sector of the Resaca battlefield, used elongated ball cartridges, caliber 0.57 and 0.58, almost exclusively. As a result, these could be an expected benchmark for any Federal activity within the project area. Working back from cartridges to small-arms, the elongated cartridges, caliber 0.57 and 0.58, correspond to two distinctive rifles. Springfield rifles used caliber 0.58 cartridges, while Enfield rifles used 0.57 (Official Records, Series 1, volume 38, part 1, p. 152). The Springfield rifles in this case were almost surely the Springfield Model 1861, a highly effective rifled musket that used percussion caps and fired 0.58 caliber Minie balls. These were initially manufactured in Springfield, Massachusetts, beginning in 1861. By the middle of the war, other factories were used to keep up with the demand. This was the most common firearm used by Federal troops, and this was certainly the case by 1864. The Enfield (0.57 caliber) was an English weapon, first designed in 1853. While the Federals did use it, the Enfield was the preferred firearm on the Confederate side. Enfields had to be imported, and this created a limitation for the South, which was subjected to an increasingly strict blockade as the war went on. Another type of gun and ammunition that was used exclusively by the Confederates was the Whitworth rifle, used by Confederate sharpshooters (Secrist 1998:79). ---PAGE BREAK--- 26 In an ideal situation, a battleground to be studied saw action by only two regiments, and the small arms of each is well documented. Under such a scenario, it becomes relatively straightforward to plot dropped and fired rounds, and to reconstruct the battle positions. The reality of battlefield archaeology is rarely so simple, as many regiments often shared the same weaponry. For the present project, research was undertaken to determine, as feasible, the small arms of key regiments that fought in or near the APE. Coates and Thomas (1990) was the major source for these data. Tables 1 and 2 present distinctive weaponry by regiment; most of the Federal and Confederate units used .58 caliber, rifle muskets. Table 3 summarizes data from the archival record on possible types and locations of artillery near the APE. Table 1. Small Arms by Regiments in or Near APE Brigade Regiment Arms CARLIN 104th Illinois .577 Enfield 42nd Indiana .577 Enfield 88th Indiana .577 Enfield 15th Kentucky .577 Enfield 2nd Ohio .577 Enfield 33rd Ohio Mixed 94th Ohio .577 Enfield 10th Wisconsin .69 Rifled Musket 21st Wisconsin Mixed ROBINSON 82nd Illinois .577 Enfield 101st Illinois ? 45th New York .54 Mississippi Rifle 143rd New York Model 1861 61st Ohio .69 Rifled Musket 82nd Ohio .577 Enfield RUGER 27th Indiana Model 1861 2nd Massachusetts .577 Enfield 13th New Jersey Mixed 107th New York Model 1861 150th New York .577 Enfield 3rd Wisconsin Model 1861 KNIPE 5th Connecticut Model 1861 3rd Maryland .577 Enfield 123rd New York Model 1861 141st New York .577 Enfield 46th ? WARD 102nd Illinois .69 Rifled Musket and Spencer 105th Illinois Mixed 129th Illinois .69 Rifled Musket 70th Indiana .577 Enfield 79th Ohio Model 1861 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 27 Table 1. Small Arms by Regiments in or Near APE Brigade Regiment Arms FINLEY 1st Florida ? 4th Florida ? 6th Florida ? 7th Florida ? POLK 1st Arkansas ? 15th Arkansas Enfield 5th CSA ? 2nd Tennessee ? 35th Tennessee Double-barrel shotgun 48th Tennessee ? LOWREY 16th Alabama ? 33rd Alabama ? 45th Alabama ? 32nd Mississippi ? 45th Mississippi Enfield 3rd Mississippi ? GRANBURY 2nd Arkansas ? 24th Arkansas ? 5th Arkansas ? 13th Arkansas ? 6th Arkansas ? 7th Arkansas ? 8th Arkansas ? 19th Arkansas ? CARTER 8th Tennessee ? 16th Tennessee ? 28th Tennessee ? 38th Tennessee ? 51st Tennessee ? 52nd Tennessee ? STRAHL 4th Tennessee .577 Enfield 5th Tennessee ? 24th Tennessee ? 31st Tennessee ? 33rd Tennessee ? 41st Tennessee .577 Enfield and Model 1861 Notes: Blue is the Federal Regiments and Red is the Confederate Regiments 1) Brigades near APE from Civil War Trust battle map. 2) Small arms from Coates and Thomas (1990). ---PAGE BREAK--- 28 Table 2. Regiments by Small Arms Small Arms Nation Regiment(s) .44 Henry 15-shot Rifle USA 66th Illinois .45 Whitworth Rifle CSA Individual sharpshooters in various regiments .52 Sharps Rifle USA 66th Illinois .52 Spencer Rifle USA 92nd Illinois Mounted Infantry 102nd Illinois 97th Indiana 46th Ohio .52 Spencer Rifle CSA 8th Texas Cavalry .54 Austrian Rifle Musket USA 57th Ohio .54 Austrian Rifle Musket CSA 12th Tennessee 47th Tennessee 8th Texas Cavalry .54 Model 1841 “Mississippi” Rifle CSA 1st Missouri Cavalry 8th Texas Cavalry .56 Colt Revolving Rifle USA 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry .577 Enfield Rifle Musket USA 104th Illinois 127th Illinois 42nd Indiana 88th Indiana 26th Iowa 39th Iowa 15th Kentucky 3rd Missouri 2nd Ohio 94th Ohio 25th Wisconsin 35th New Jersey Mixed Model 1861 and Enfield Rifle Musket USA 33rd Ohio 21st Wisconsin .69 Belgian or French Rifled Musket USA 12th Missouri 10th Wisconsin .69 Belgian or French Rifled Musket CSA 60th North Carolina 8th Texas Cavalry .69 Model 1842 Smoothbore CSA 4th Tennessee 8th Texas Cavalry Double-barrel Shotgun (buckshot) CSA 35th Tennessee 8th Texas Cavalry Unknown CSA 17th Alabama Sharpshooters 37th Mississippi 29th Alabama ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 29 Table 3. Artillery Used in or Near Polk’s Battlefield, Resaca Description Nation Location Two Rodmans (rifled, 3.0 inch caliber) USA On hill 400 yards left (north) of Resaca road. May have been firing over or into APE. Two 20-pounders (rifled, 3.67 inch caliber) USA On hill to right (south) of road. May have been firing over or into the southern portion of APE. Four 12-pounder Napoleons (smoothbore, 4.62 inch caliber) USA On hill left (north) of road. May have been firing over or into the APE. Two batteries of 12-pounder Napoleons (4.62 inch smoothbore) CSA Unknown locations. Possibly in earthworks near current interchange (south of APE) or trench system on north end of APE. ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 31 III. METHODS BACKGROUND RESEARCH METHODS The present project examined a tract adjacent to one studied in 2008. For the 2008 study, background historical research began with a review of secondary sources, especially The Battle of Resaca by Phillip Secrist. The Official Records were reviewed for battle accounts and to determine the small arms and artillery likely used at Resaca. Sources at the University of Georgia library, the Georgia Archives, and the Georgia History Center were consulted. Project Historian Mark Swanson visited the project area to better familiarize himself with the local topography. During the current project, Project Historian Patrick Sullivan conducted additional background research. His research focused on the archival record for Carlin’s brigade and his opposition east of Camp Creek. The Official records, regimental histories, and other secondary sources were reviewed. FIELD RESEARCH METHODS The metal detector survey was regimented through the placement of two-meter wide lanes. These lanes generally ran east-west and were defined by mason’s twine. The lanes guided the metal- detector sweeping and assured that all of the designated search area was covered (Figure 10). One hundred percent of the 46-acre APE was subjected to metal detector survey, with the exception of approximately 1.5 acres that were too wet to mow and too vegetated to effectively metal detect. Two White’s Electronics XLT detectors, one Microlab, and one Fisher 1266-X with 10.5-inch coil were constantly used for sweeping the lanes, and three Garrett Ace 250 detectors were used for either sweeping or for excavating identified targets. The pasture grass was generally low, making for good sweeping conditions. The site soils were clayey loams, and the soils allowed signals from military items up to 1.0 foot below surface. A few extremely large targets 1.5-inch canister shot) were discovered as deep as 1.5 feet below surface. The White’s XLT detectors were added to the equipment of New South’s geophysical program based in part on the findings of Robert Jolley’s Third Battle of Winchester project (Jolley 2007). His project involved a number of volunteers, with diverse detectors and experience. Jolley tracked finds per hour and depth of finds. The White’s XLT were determined the most effective detector for the recovery of Civil War artifacts according to the results of Jolley's study (2007). ---PAGE BREAK--- 32 Figure 10. Metal-Detector Sweeping (Top) and Mapping of Finds (Bottom) ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 33 As the sweepers located a potential target, it was marked with a nylon-shaft pin-flag. The sweepers did not excavate targets, but rather continued sweeping. This approach assured that the best operators and best detectors were used for target discovery. It is estimated that approximately 280 hours of sweeping occurred on this project. A crew of target excavators then took over. They excavated and identified the target. If the item was non-modern, it was assigned a Metal Detector Find (MDF) number, and the flag and bag were marked accordingly. If a modern target was recovered, the flag was pulled and the item was backfilled. There are no guidelines as to what constitutes an intensive metal detector survey. Civil War archaeologists are in general agreement that there is no such thing as a 100 percent survey, in terms of recovering all metal artifacts within detection range. Heckman (2005) created an experimental battlefield site and then conducted metal detecting (and other geophysical methods of prospecting). She found that although metal detecting has the best discovery rates, only about one- half of the buried artifacts were discovered through metal detecting. Accordingly, it makes no sense to keep metal detecting until all artifacts are recovered. Instead, most Civil War archaeologists agree that careful, full sweeping of 100 percent of an area, in at least one direction, constitutes an intensive metal detector survey. The question then becomes how much time should that take (or did a particular study expend sufficient time?). Unfortunately, few studies provide specific data on how much time was spent on metal detecting, as a separate task from mapping. Also, hours per acre will vary with the survey conditions and the density of positive targets. One recent study that provides such data is Joseph Balicki’s Phase II examination of 16 acres of the 1863 camp of the 14th Connecticut, near Brandy Station, Virginia. After the sod had been removed, the Phase II study expended 144 hours on metal detecting (Balicki 2008). Their Phase II effort (9 personhours/acre) compares nicely with the effort expended for the present project (6.1 personhours/acre sweeping, 5.2 personhours/acre digging targets, 30 personhours mapping), especially considering the greater number of artifacts discovered in the Virginia camp. TOTAL STATION MAPPING All MDFs were mapped with a total station. The total station datum points were shot with a sub- meter GPS unit, were geo-referenced, and were imported into a GIS layer. To insure that data loss was not a risk, all MDFs were also plotted with a sub-meter GPS unit. This precluded data loss if one of the instruments (total station data collector or GPS) failed. LABORATORY ANALYSIS After consultation with Dr. David Crass of the SHPO, it was decided in 2008 that a single archaeological site number should be assigned to the entire Resaca battlefield. The number 9GO301 applies to all land within the core battlefield as defined by the American Battlefield Preservation Program. The entire APE is within the core battlefield. Artifacts were classed by type, following the historic artifact typology developed by New South Associates. Material and function were generally assigned to the metal artifacts. The few prehistoric artifacts (all lithic items) were classified by raw material and morphology. ---PAGE BREAK--- 34 After the basic analysis, the Principal Investigator further examined all military and potentially military artifacts. A corpus of source books was considered in refining identifications (Table Table 4. Key Identification Sources Artifact Class Key Sources Small Arms Munitions Thomas (1981, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2010) Coates and Thomas (1990) Bilby (1996) Artillery Melton and Pawl (1996) Equipage Balicki et al. (2007) Lord (1995) Legg and Smith (1989) Legg et al. (1991) Davis (2002) Katcher (1989) Small arms bullets were sorted as fired or dropped. Fired bullets are typically deformed by striking on object (or vegetation or the ground), and dropped bullets are generally in their original form. Fired bullets may also show lines from the rifling of the barrel, or may show indentation from the ram road (a rammed round must either be fired or worm extruded). The plotting of fired and dropped bullets has long been a standard procedure of battlefield archaeology and is useful in distinguishing troop positions and other battle aspects. The bullets were next sorted as Federal, Confederate, or indeterminate. This was based on the type, the caliber, and the manufacturing traits of the bullet, which all allowed inference on the weapon type. Artifacts other than small arms bullets were also classified as Federal or Confederate, as feasible. These items were generally assumed to be dropped. Artillery shell fragments were measured and then typed using the guide of Melton and Pawl (1996). As feasible, the shell fragments were attributed to Federal or Confederate. CONSERVATION Significant, military, ferrous artifacts were conserved through electrolysis. For the present project, the conserved items included seven artillery shell fragments, a bayonet, a musket tool, and an eagle plate. Photographs were taken before conservation, and a conservation record sheet was produced for each conserved item. Electrolysis was used to loosen and remove rust. The artifacts were then boiled in water, and sealed with wax. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 35 CURATION PREPARATION The artifacts, notes, catalog, and related material was prepared according to the curation standards of West Georgia University. The curation package will be delivered to this facility upon acceptance of the final report. In the interim, the collection is housed at the Stone Mountain facility of New South Associates (6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083). ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 37 IV. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS RESULTS OF THE METAL DETECTOR SURVEY The metal detector survey was extremely productive, and reflected the intensity of the battle in this portion of the battlefield. The finds included 394 items surely related to the battle, and an additional 63 artifacts that may have been battle related (Table The APE contained a variety of modern farm machinery parts and limited other trash. The conditions were moderately good, being recently cut (but thick) hay field grasses. Table 5. Certain (Red) and Possible (Black) Battle-Related Artifacts Artifact Type Count Horse shoes 36 Bridle rosette 1 Possible saddle plate 1 Musket tool 1 Melted lead 14 Pounded/flattened lead bullets 3 Bayonet 1 Axe heads 2 Knife blades or hasps 3 Pocket knives 4 Wrench 1 Railroad spikes 7 Spikes 3 Belt buckle 1 Cap buckle 1 Toe tap 1 Buttons (non-uniform) 2 Round eagle plate 1 Possible fuse hole plug 1 2.9-inch diameter Federal Dyer artillery fragment 1 3.75 Federal Hotchkiss or James artillery fragment 1 2.9 inch diameter artillery fragment, possibly Federal Dyer 4 Iron canister balls, 1.5-inch diameter 3 Iron canister balls, 0.75-inch diameter 1 Spherical artillery fragment 1 Fired small arms bullets 348 Dropped small arms bullets 10 Dropped small arms cartridges 4 TOTAL POSSIBLE BATTLE-RELATED 457 TOTAL CERTAIN BATTLE-RELATED 394 ---PAGE BREAK--- 38 Before pursuing detailed spatial analysis, the general characteristics of the assemblage can be considered. A key attribute is the overwhelming prevalence of fired small arms bullets and artillery rounds (n=359), relative to dropped items (n=35). This heavy prevalence of fired items suggests that the APE captured areas of intensive fighting, but not areas of long-term lines or entrenchments. Archaeological metal detecting is undertaken with the premise that the location of the recovered artifacts can provide insight into the Civil War (or other military) events that occurred there (Scott and Fox 1987; Scott et al. 1989; Fox 1993). The process begins with discovery and mapping, proceeds through identification and Army/regiment assignment of each artifact, and results in the mapping of the various classes. The resultant patterns in this case defined by total station mapping and GIS plotting – are then considered in light of our knowledge of the battle and its participants. ALL MILITARY ARTIFACTS The overall pattern of military artifacts can provide a generalized picture of which portions of the tract were most heavily involved in the battle. As Table 4 indicates, 394 military items were recovered. The single most prevalent class of artifacts was bullets, with 10 dropped (plus four dropped casings) and 348 fired. There are 248 bullets (and four casings) attributed to Federal forces, 83 assigned to Confederate forces, and 27 for which an origin cannot be determined. The pattern for certain military items provides an initial indication of how this portion of the battlefield was used (Figure 11). The first observation is that the distribution is non-random. The south-central portion of the APE had a much higher density of finds than the northern one-third. The fields east of the unnamed creek had a higher density of finds than the field between the unnamed creek and Camp Creek. This is consistent with the archival record of the Union advance bogging down east of the creeks. DROPPED FEDERAL ROUNDS AND ARTIFACTS The dropped rounds and accoutrements of a particular army suggest that individuals of that army were present in that location. Cartridges were often lost in the heat of battle or were disposed of because they had become too wet to function. Likewise backpacks, buckles, buttons, and such are expected where the soldiers of that army were positioned. There were six dropped rounds, four Spencer casings, and three pieces from accouterments attributable to the Federal forces (Table The accouterments include a cap buckle, an eagle plate, and a bayonet. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 39 10 Figure 11. Distribution of Certain Military Items 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet Certain Battle-Related Artifacts Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 40 Table 6. Dropped Federal Items Description Count 3-ring for 5.77/ .58 caliber 6 1861 Springfield pattern bayonet 1 Cap buckle 1 Eagle plate. 1 Spencer cartridge casing 4 Total 13 The APE yielded 13 dropped Federal items (Figure 12). They are found from near the creek to upslope, not far from the CSA trenches to the east of the APE. This distribution suggests that at least an occasional Federal soldier made it as far as the current woods line. FIRED CONFEDERATE MUNITIONS Another means of determining an army’s battle position is to consider the location of the enemy’s fired small arm projectiles and fired artillery. While the pattern of dropped Federal rounds and artifacts might indicate any place a Federal soldier was present, the pattern of fired Confederate munitions will be limited to contested locations, places where the Federal troops were under fire. Eighty-one fired, Confederate, small arms projectiles were recovered in the APE (Table 7, Figure 14). The two heaviest clusters are in the central and southern portions of the APE, east of the creeks. These may represent undershots targeting Federals in or just east of the creeks. The overall pattern shows a fairly distinct line running through the APE, with few fired CSA bullets in the eastern one-half of the APE. This line probably fairly well represents the forward-most advance of the Federals on May 14. The battle accounts state that the Federals bogged down to the east of the creek, under heavy CSA fire. In order to address possible positions of distinct regiments, the fired CSA bullets were plotted by weapon. Throughout the APE, there appears to be a general mix of .577 Enfield and .54 Mississippi rifle bullets (Figure 15). There is no specific clustering that would suggest that only a single regiment (using only a single weapon type) was present in any specific area of the CSA defenses. A single, fired, .69 caliber, conical round with a triangular cavity was recovered in the major cluster in the central-western portion of the APE. This round is likely from a Belgian or French .69 rifled musket, probably in the hands of the CSA. This distinct weapon type may indicate that elements of the 8th Texas Cavalry were entrenched near the central portion of the APE. The archival record for the 8th Texas Cavalry at the Battle of Resaca states that they were dismounted and placed into trenches somewhere on the battlefield. The 8th Texas cavalry was known for the wide diversity of weapon types within the regiment. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 41 Figure 12. Distribution of Dropped Federal Items ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet ! Dropped USA Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 42 Figure 13. Sample of Federal Artifacts A. Bayonet B. Plate C. Possible Musket Tool D. Cap Buckle ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 43 Figure 14. Distribution of Fired CSA Small Arms Bullets " " G " " " " " G " " " # " G " " G " " " " 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet Fired CSA G 69 Rifle G E or M Enfield " Mississippi # Whitworth Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 44 Figure 15. Confederate Small Arms Bullets Clockwise from Top Left: .56 Enfield, .577/.58 Enfield, .577/.58 Enfield, 0.69 with Diamond Base Cavity, .45 Whitworth ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 45 Worthy of special mention is the recovery of a single Whitworth rifle bullet. The Whitworth rifle, a .45 caliber weapon often mounted with telescopic scope, was the preferred sniper rifle of the Confederacy. The Whitworth was accurate at 1,200-1,500 yards. In the APE, the single example was recovered near Camp Creek in the southern one-third of the APE. Scott Butler also reported finding fired Whitworths near the creek edge during his earlier reconnaissance. A Confederate sniper located in the trench system on the hills east of Camp Creek would have found that the Union forces emerging from Camp Creek were well within range of his Whitworth. Table 7. Fired Confederate Bullets Description Count .45 Whitworth rifle 1 .54 Mississippi rifle 22 .577 Enfield 53 Mississippi Rifle or Enfield 4 .69 Rifled Musket 1 Total 81 DROPPED CONFEDERATE ROUNDS AND ARTIFACTS On the other side of the conflict, dropped Confederate rounds and artifacts might be expected to indicate the locations of Confederate skirmishers, rifle pits, and entrenchments. As might be expected from the defensive army, this pattern in the APE is spatially more limited than the pattern of dropped Federal artifacts and rounds. Only two dropped Confederate bullets (both Enfields) were recovered in the metal-detected portion of the APE. This low frequency of dropped Confederate bullets confirms that there were no major, long-term CSA positions in the APE. FIRED FEDERAL MUNITIONS Fired Federal munitions should show which areas of the APE were contested. A total of 242 fired Federal bullets were recovered. These indicate a variety of weaponry (Table but the .577/.58 rounds from a Model 1855, Model 1861, or northern Enfield Rifle Musket are prevalent, as expected late in the war. Table 8. Fired Federal Munitions Description Count .52 3-ring Minie 5 Williams Cleaner, for .58 caliber 1 .577/.58 2-ring Minie 1 3-ring Minie for .577/ .58 caliber, 205 3-ring Minie (size undetermined) 25 Spencer 5 Total 242 ---PAGE BREAK--- 46 Figure 16. Distribution of Fired Federal Small Arms Bullets G G G G G G # G # G G G G G G G G GG G G G G G G " " G " " " " " G G " G G G # " 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet Fired USA G S G M # 52 " 54 58 Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 47 Figure 17. Federal Munitions Left and Center: Typical .577/.58 3-ring Minie Balls. Right: Williams Type II Cleaner for .577/.58 ---PAGE BREAK--- 48 The distribution of all fired Federal bullets reflects a concentration of the attack on the southern two- thirds of the APE (Figure 16). There are many fired Federal rounds near the creek, suggesting either that the Federals were forced to displace a significant number of CSA skirmishers in this area, or they repulsed a CSA advance across these flats. In order to more closely examine the locations of USA fired items, the category was plotted using the more specific type of weaponry. The plot is dominated by .577/.58 Minies (“58” in key) and generic Minies in key), which represent the prevalent weapon over the entire APE. However, there are distinct clusters of other bullets. The .52 caliber fired bullets (“52 in key) are extremely clustered in the middle of the APE. These may represent a series of shots from a single rifleman. There is one outlier approximately 250 meters to the south. The .54 fired rounds (“54” in key) are also clustered, in the southwestern portion of the APE. These may represent a single rifleman either firing a smaller caliber weapon or using smaller caliber bullets in the standard .577/.58 weapon. A final plot was produced for fired USA bullets, to address Spencers (Figure 18). This plot distinguishes dropped Spencer casings and fired Spencer bullets. The pattern may represent Spencers advancing with the Federals, all the way to the eastern woods line. There is also a cluster of fired Spencer just east of the creek, in the central portion of the APE. They co-occur with a concentration of fired Enfields, and these Spencers may represent fired CSA rounds. EXPLODED ARTILLERY SHELL FRAGMENTS The interpretation of the artillery pattern is somewhat hindered by the impossibility of assigning the four canister balls and the one fragment of hollow, spherical shot to a specific army. Both sides had smoothbore Napoleons at Resaca. Six artillery shell fragments are attributed to Federal artillery (Table Table 9. Artillery Fragments. Description Attribution Count Spherical hollow shot Either 1 2.9-inch diameter fused shell fragments, possibly Federal Dyer USA 4 2.9 inch diameter Federal Dyer USA 1 3.75inch diameter fused shell, Federal Hotchkiss or James? USA 1 1.5-inch diameter canister shot Either 3 0.75-inch diameter canister shot Either 1 Total 11 ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 49 Figure 18. Distributions of Dropped Spencer Cartridges and Fired Spencer Bullets ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet Spencer ! Dropped ! Fired Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 50 The canister was found in the southern one-half of the APE (Figure 19). Canister has a relatively short effective range, generally 400 meter or less. The canister found in the APE was approximately 500-1,100 meters from the known Federal gun position on the northern end of the Bald Hills. These canisters could represent severe overshots from the Federals, or rounds from the Confederate field pieces. Carlin’s account of the action mentioned that the Confederates were trying to use several field pieces behind their entrenchments but that the small arms fire of Carlin’s troops drove the Confederates away from the field pieces. Four fragments of Federal fused shell(s) were discovered in the northern end of the APE. These would have been nearly one mile or 1,500 meters from the Federal gun location on the northern end of the Bald Hills, well within the range of either the 10-pounder Parrott rifled cannon or the 20- pounder rifled cannons known to have been in the Federal batteries on the Bald Hills. POSSIBLE REGIMENTAL INDICATORS The small arms artifacts and the archival record were considered together to define possible regimental sources of key artifact classes. In defining the possible distribution of regiments within the APE, the following were considered possible indicators of regimental locations: .54 Caliber Mississippi Rifles or Austrian Rifled Muskets: 12th Tennessee or 47th Tennessee. These two regiments were part of Vaughn’s brigade that defended the line east of and below the APE. They are documented to have used .54 caliber rifles or rifled muskets. The plot of fired Mississippi rifle bullets (Figure 20) suggests that one or both of these units was among those defending the central or southern portion of the APE. Spencer rifles, 97th Indiana, 46th Ohio, 92nd Illinois Mounted Infantry, or 102nd Illinois (if Federal), or 8th Texas Cavalry (if CSA). These Federal regiments are among the 51 northern regiments known to have been issued Spencer rifles (Coates and Thomas 1990). The 46th Ohio and 92nd Illinois were part of the XV Corps, reported to have been active in the project vicinity on May 14th. The 97th Indiana was serving as cavalry for the XX Corps and had no reported action in the project vicinity. The regimental history of the 102nd Illinois describes the action at Resaca and specifically mentions the effectiveness of their Spencer rifles (Fleharty 1865:182). The 102nd Illinois was part of Ward’s brigade. The 8th Texas Cavalry is one of two CSA units known to have been issued Spencer rifles (other regiments may have contained the odd Spencer lost by Federal troops), and the other regiment (2nd North Carolina cavalry) is not known to have been active at Resaca. It is not clear if the Spencers are CSA or Federal (or both). When looking at the distribution of dropped Spencer casings, fired Spencers, and fired .52 bullets (likely Spencers), there is a notable cluster of fired bullets in the west central portion of the APE. This also falls in the center of the densest area of fired Enfield bullets, suggesting that these Spencers and .52 bullets are CSA in origin. The dropped Spencers (Figure 21) are in locations more consistent with a Federal origin, and two fired Spencers on the eastern tree line also seem consistent with Federal Spencers. Two fired Spencers were also discovered in the 2008 APE, in positions consistent with Federal origins. It appears that both the 8th Texas Cavalry and the 102nd Illinois may have been active in the present APE. The 46th Ohio or the 97th Indiana is the likely source of the Spencers found in the 2008 APE. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 51 Figure 19. Distribution of Artillery Shell Fragments and Canister Balls. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet Artillery ! Canister ! Federal ! Unknown Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 52 Figure 20. Artillery Shell Fragments ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 53 Figure 21. Spencer Casings ---PAGE BREAK--- 54 .69 caliber rifled musket. 60th North Carolina or 8th Texas Cavalry. The 60th North Carolina was assigned to Hood’s Corps and is not expected to have seen action in the project area. The 8th Texas Cavalry is known to have been dismounted to trenches east of Camp Creek. It is possible that they were present to help defend the central portion of the APE. .69 caliber smoothbore, 4th Tennessee and 8th Texas Cavalry. By late in the war, only a few Federal regiments were still using a smoothbore, .69-caliber musket, and none of these were players in the APE portion of the battle. The CSA had at least 13 regiments using .69 smoothbore muskets by late in the war (Coates and Thomas 1990), and the 4th Tennessee and the 8th Texas Cavalry are the only of those that may have seen action in the APE. Some of the fired buck and ball elements are within a central-western cluster of other fired bullets from weapons consistent with the 8th Texas Cavalry. Those to the north and south may be from the 4th Tennessee. Almost all of the fired buck and ball fragments are within 200 meters (maximum effective range of buck and ball) of the CSA trenches. A second possible source of the fired buckshot (but not the .69 balls) is standard shotguns. The 35th Tennessee of Polks Brigade was armed with double-barrel shotguns. When identifying possible regiments responsible for the small arms bullets, converging lines of evidence must be considered. First, it is important to know if there are archival indications for a units deployment near the APE or elsewhere at the Battle of Resaca. Secondly, because specific weapons were used by more than one regiment, it is helpful to look for possible cases where a single unit appears repeatedly in the possible units associated with various weapons. For the current APE, the 8th Texas Cavalry stands as an illustration. This regiment is among the Confederate units to have used Spencers, .54 Austrian/Mississippian rifles, .69 Belgian/French rifled muskets, and .69 smoothbore muskets. Either the 8th Texas Cavalry was active in the APE, or there was a coincidental mish-mash of regiments whose overall weapon mixture mimicked that of the 8th Texas Cavalry. An unpublished memoir, Sam Maverick, Jr. with Terry’s Texas Rangers in the Civil War (Dorothy Sloan Rare Books 2009), provides an account of the 8th Texas Cavalry Terry’s Texas Ranger) at Resaca Next day we were hurriedly moved through Dalton to Resaca—as Sherman had found passage through the mountains and was about to cut us off at that point— When we arrived we at once went into action with their infantry—compelling them to stop marching and to fall into line of battle and give our own infantry a chance to catch up—which they succeeded in doing—and the cavalry were unceremoniously hustled back and precipitately driven over a steep wooded hill— where we rested and ate lunch in a railroad cut where Lilly was mortally wounded & Talley wounded sitting next to me—That night we slept on the battlefield under the fire all night—Ben Polk our bugler, found a bullet in his bugle next morning & it was my birthday May 14, 1892 [sic]…. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 55 Moved up to the breast works for 24 hours duty about 4 P.M.—which we performed—not much sleep in the mud of the trenches—a young Tennn whose mother had just placed [him] in our command—she thought so much of us—was shot through the temples by a sharp shooter a mile away—we only saw the puff of smoke & he was gone—joking and laughing a moment before as he walked unconsciously around with his head too high…. This account indicates that the unit was in the CSA trenches for at least part of May 14. Figure 22 depicts the possible locations of regiments, based on small arms signatures. ---PAGE BREAK--- 56 Figure 22. Possible Regiment Locations on May 14. 0 50 100 25 Meters 0 200 400 100 Feet Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water Project Area $ 35th Tennessee 4th Tennessee 8th Texas 102 Illinois ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 57 V. A BROADER PERSPECTIVE REVIEW The present survey examined 46 acres of the battlefield between Camp Creek on the west and the wooded hills on the east. The 2008 survey examined 45 acres adjacent to and south of the 2011 survey tract. The 2011 survey recovered 394 certain military items, and the 2008 survey recovered 126 such items. Taken together, the two data sets provide an improved understanding of the battle actions. VARIABILITY IN INTENSITY Because identical methods were used in both surveys and because the conditions were similar for both surveys, the density of military finds should reflect the intensity of military activity. Although maps of battle reconstructions often seem to portray a continuous line of Confederates on one side and a continuous line of Federals on the other, not all portions of the line saw the same intensity of battle action. Furthermore, not all regiments in a brigade were placed into battle at the same time. Figures 23 and 24 present the fired Federal and CSA bullets, respectively, for both of the survey tracts. As the battle was predominately an infantry affair, these reflect the intensity of battle. If the fired Federal bullets are considered first, there are several distinct clusters. The southernmost cluster captures the Federal probe of May 9 along the former Resaca Road, and the Federal advance from the Bald Hills on May 14. There is a minor cluster of fired Federal bullets near where the Bald Hills are nearest to the hills to the east. It is likely that these are undershots from the Federal effort to take the CSA trenches just upslope on May 14. There is a dense cluster of fired Federal bullets in the central portion of the tract. This area saw the most intensive firing by the Federals of any portion of the two tracts. It is noteworthy that the fired Federal bullets are found across the entire extent from the creek to the eastern woodline. Such a pattern is not consistent with simply firing on the CSA trenches. Instead, there were either significant numbers of CSA skirmishers in the open field, or these represent bullets fired at the CSA during their attempt to dislodge the Federals late in the day on May 14. Given the density of fired Federal bullets in this portion of the tract, the latter scenario (the CSA advance late on May 14) seems most likely. The exact location of this advance was not previously known. The fired CSA bullets have a different pattern than the fired Federal bullets. There are very few fired CSA bullets in the southern tract. This suggests that the main southern lines were not within small arms range of the tract. ---PAGE BREAK--- 58 In the northern tract, the fired CSA bullets are most common in the western section of the fields between the creeks and the eastern woodline. The density here is consistent with intensive battle action, and the distribution is consistent with the accounts of the Federal advance bogging down after crossing the creek. These fired CSA bullets would have been aimed at elements of the brigades of Carlin, Robinson, Ruger, and Knipe on May 14. Taken together, the distributions of the fired Federal and fired CSA bullets shows that the most intensive action in the two tracts occurred in the southern two-thirds of the northern tract. This area saw the major Federal effort to advance on the morning of May 14, an effort that bogged down and ultimately failed. Later on the same day, the CSA made a failed attempt over the same ground to force the Federals off of the Bald Hills west of the tracts. USE OF ARTILLERY Figure 25 shows the location of artillery fragments in both tracts. Overall, the low density suggests that the tracts did not contain high value targets for the artillery. In other words, most of the artillery rounds were probably targeting entrenchments or the enemy batteries, neither of which were in the survey tracts. There is a light cluster of artillery fragments at the southern end of he southern tract. This includes both Federal and CSA shells. The CSA shells are likely related to the successful effort to stop the Federal probe along the Resaca Road on May 9. The Federal shells are likely from Federal batteries established on the Bald Hills by May 13. There is a cluster of Federal shell fragments in the gap between the Bald Hills to the southwest and the CSA-occupied uplands to the northeast. This was likely fired from the Federal batteries on the Bald Hills, possibly to help turn back the attempted CSA advance late on May 14. POSITIONS OF SPECIFIC REGIMENTS There is a risk of misleading the reader when discussing the locations of specific regiments. This is because only the location of regiments with distinct small arms signatures are known. As noted in Tables 1 and 2, the bulk of the Federal regiments used .577/.58 arms (Model 1861 or Enfields). The small arms of the CSA are not as well documented, but the majority of CSA units likewise used .577/.58 weapons. Therefore, the bulk of the CSA and USA bullets cannot be ascribed to a specific regiment. A suggestion of regiment location can only be offered when there is a distinct weaponry, when that weaponry can be linked to one or more regiments in the Order of Battle, and when there are archival indications to support that the regiment was deployed in or near the survey tracts. The archaeological evidence suggests that the following regiments were located in the survey tracts. The distinctive weaponry of the 66th Illinois (Henry rifles) and the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry (Colt revolving rifle) allow us to suggest the extent reached by the Federals on their probe of May 9. Dropped rounds from both of these diagnostic weapons were found in the APE. It appears, as per ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 59 Figure 23. Fired Federal Bullets, Both Survey Tracts 0 100 200 50 Meters 0 300 600 150 Feet Fired USA Project Area Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 60 Figure 24. Fired CSA Bullets, Both Survey Tracts 0 100 200 50 Meters 0 300 600 150 Feet Fired CSA Project Area Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water $ ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 61 Figure 25. Artillery Fragments, Both Survey Tracts ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 100 200 50 Meters 0 300 600 150 Feet ! Artillery Project Area Contour (2 Foot) Contour (10 Foot) Water $ ---PAGE BREAK--- 62 the archival accounts, that the 66th Illinois was centered on the Resaca Road and progressed east at least to the APE. Their left flank may have been covered by the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry, which made it at least as far as the eastern border of the APE. There were two dropped Spencer rounds found close to the round from the Colt revolving rifle, and it is possible that 92nd Illinois Mounted Infantry (a Cavalry regiment of the XX Corps) or a similarly armed unit also assisted in the May 9th probe. The archaeological evidence suggests that several regiments involved in the May 14 action can be placed in the study tracts. The 97th Indiana or 46th Ohio advanced from the Bald Hills through the center of the southern tract, while the 12th Missouri moved across the gap near where our two tracts joined. The 102nd Illinois was one of the Federal regiments involved in the Federal advance that stalled in the central portion of our northern tract. The 8th Texas, 35th Tennessee, and 4th Tennessee were among the CSA units deployed in and east of our northern tract. In considering what was learned from the archival review and the archaeological results, the Confederate strategic treatment of the Bald Hills west of the creek is baffling. This hill was the keystone of the Federal efforts on May 14 to dislodge the Confederates from the trench system on the hills east of the creek (including the trenches in the north end of the APE) and from the earthworks near the present interchange. The archival record suggests that the western Bald Hill was protected only by Confederate rifle pits. The archaeological evidence for the extent of the Federal probe on May (and the inferred ease with which they reached the APE) likewise suggests only limited Confederate concern with holding the western Bald Hill. Against the Confederate mistake of not doing more to protect the western Bald Hill, one must balance the Federal indecisiveness. Despite strong evidence garnered on May 9th of the weakness of the Confederate defenses, the northern troops did not take the western Bald Hills until May 13, and did not take the eastern Bald Hills until May 14. As was noted by leaders at the time and subsequent scholars, a major opportunity for victory on a huge scale was lost to delay, miscommunication, and an overly cautious advance on the Confederate positions. The 2011 survey provides details and a characterization of the battle that was not possible with the 2008 data. The 2008 survey documented the May 9 probe and limited actions on May 14. However, the southern tract examined in 2008 was not a location of intensive infantry battle. In contrast, the area examined during the 2011 survey captured the location of a key Federal advance that ultimately bogged down and failed. The density of fired CSA and Federal bullets in the 2011 tract suggest significant advance and retreat by both sides across the open fields east of the creek. This was not simply a situation of the CSA sitting in their entrenchments and firing upon the advancing wave of Federals. Instead, there is clear evidence of Federals firing a significant number of rounds at advancing CSA troops. The southern two-thirds of the 2011 tract was among the most hotly contested locations of the Battle of Resaca. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 63 VI. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY OF RESEARCH AND FINDINGS The intensive archaeological and historical investigation of 46 acres of the Resaca Battlefield has recovered valuable information in interpreting the landscape of that conflict. Army-specific and possibly regiment-specific items were recovered, and their distributions will add to our understanding of this battle. The area has been subjected to extensive relic hunting in the past but enough material culture remained to support battle interpretations. RECOMMENDATIONS Although additional metal detecting would yield additional data, the return per effort will diminish significantly from the present project. There is no evidence of Civil War features, and the topography and history of the battle do not lead us to expect features in this tract. The intensive metal detector survey has realized almost the complete data potential of the site, and has allowed for significant interpretations of battle details to be offered. The intensive metal detector survey has mitigated the proposed adverse effects associated with potential improvements. No further archaeological work is recommended. Despite extensive, prior coverage by relic hunters, the APE yielded important information to help reconstruct details of the battle. As the park is further developed, it may be appropriate to implement a five- or ten-year plan to complete an intensive metal-detector survey of all the state property. Given our knowledge of the high number of battle dead that are unaccounted for at Resaca, there is a real risk of expedient graves on any portion of the battlefield. Although many field graves were apparently established in trench bottoms, remains may also have been placed in rifle pits, tree falls, or other natural depressions. It would be prudent for an archaeologist to be present during the initial grading plow zone removal) related to any future improvements in the survey tract. Should burials be discovered during monitoring, the appropriate procedures should be followed for either their preservation or recovery and re-burial, as outlined in Georgia's Abandoned Cemeteries and Burials Act of 1991. ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 65 REFERENCES CITED Anonymous 1864 Map Illustrating the Operations of the Army under Com'd of Sherman in Georgia from May 5th, 1864 to Sept 4th 1864. Copy on file, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Balicki, J. 2008 The Fall 1863 Bivouac of the 14th Connecticut Infantry: The Relevance of Metal Detection in the Examination of Civil War Campsites. Paper presented at the 38th Annual Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Ocean City, Maryland. Balicki, S. Traum, K. Holland, and B. Corle 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 44CU146: The Bivouac of the 14th Connecticut Infantry. John Milner Associates, Alexandria, Virginia. Barnard, George N. 1977 Photographic Views of Sherman’s Campaign, with a New Preface by Beaumont Newhall. Dover Publications, New York. Barry, William F. 1864 Report of Brig. General William F. Barry, U.S. Army, Chief of Artillery, Artillery Headquarters, Military Division of the Mississippi, Atlanta, Georgia, September 10, 1864. Report to Major General W. T. Sherman, Commanding, Military Division of the Mississippi. Report found in The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies [henceforth identified as Official Records], Series 1, Volume 38, part 1, pp. 119-123. Baylor, Thomas G. 1864 Report of Capt. Thomas G. Baylor, Ordnance Corps, U.S. Army, Chief of Ordnance, Headquarters Military Division of the Mississippi, Office of Chief of Ordnance, Atlanta, Georgia, September 18, 1864. Report to Major General W. T. Sherman, Commanding, Military Division of the Mississippi. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 1, pp. 124-126. Bilby, Joseph G. 1996 Civil War Firearms: Their Historical Background, Tactical Use and Modern Collecting and Shooting. Combined Books, Conshohocken, ---PAGE BREAK--- 66 Carlin, William P. 1864 Journal of the First Brigade. First Brig., First Div. 14th Army Corps, Atlanta, Georgia, September 9, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 1, pp. 527- 534. Castel, Albert 1992 Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. Civil War Sites Advisory Committee 1993 Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume I: Appendices. Civil War Sites Advisory Committee, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Coates, E.J., and D.S. Thomas 1990 An Introduction to Civil War Small Arms. Thomas Publications, Davis, George Leslie J. Perry, and Joseph W. Kirkley 2003 The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War. Compiled by Capt. Calvin D. Cowles, 23d U.S. Infantry. Introduction by Richard Sommers, Ph.D., Archivist-Historian, U.S. Army Military History Institute. Barnes and Noble Books, New York. Original title: Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891-1895. Davis, W.C. 2002 The Civil War Reenactors’ The Lyons Press, Guilford, Connecticut. Dorothy Sloan Rare Books 2009 Sam Maverick, Jr. with Terry’s Texas Rangers in the Civil War: Unpublished Vivid Manuscript Memoir. Excerpt transcribed on the webpage of Dorothy Sloan Rare Books at http://www.dsloan.com/Auctions/A22/item-civil-war-maverick-manuscript.html , accessed June 29, 2011. Espenshade, Christopher Mark T. Swanson, and Shawn Patch 2008 Intensive Archaeological Investigations of a Proposed Access Road Corridor and Interpretive Center Location, Resaca Battlefield, Gordon County, Georgia. New South Associates, Inc., Stone Mountain, Georgia. Submitted to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites, Atlanta. Fleharty, S.F. 1865 Our Regiment: A History of the 102d Illinois Infantry Volunteers with Sketches of the Atlanta Campaign, the Georgia Raid, and the Campaign of the Carolinas. Brewster & Hanscom, Chicago. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 67 Forbus, Randy, compiler 2008 Resaca, Georgia, 13-16 May 1864. On-line as part of Civil War Battle Pages web-site at www.fortunecity.com/victorian/pottery/1080/resaca_ga_13may64.htm , accessed May 1, 2008. Fox, R.A., Jr. 1993 Archaeology, History, and Custer’s Last Battle. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Halpin, William G. 1864 Report of Lieut. Col. William G. Halpin, Fifteenth Kentucky Infantry. Atlanta, Georgia, September 8, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 1, pp. 544-547. Hapeman, Douglas 1864 Report of Lt. Col. Douglas Hapeman of the 104th Illinois Volunteers. Headquarters Department and Army of the Tennessee, East Point, Georgia, September 17, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 64. Harper’s Weekly 1864 Edition of June 11, 1864. Available on-line at http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1864/june/resaca-battle.htm Accessed May 1, 2008. Heckman, E. 2005 Geophysical Methodologies and Test Site for Battlefield Archaeology. Unpublished Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas. Howard, Oliver O. 1864 Report of Major General Oliver O. Howard, U.s. Army, Commanding Army of the Tennessee. Headquarters Department and Army of the Tennessee, East Point, Georgia, September 17, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 30-47. Jenkins, Kirk C. 2003 The Battle Rages Higher: the Union’s Fifteenth Kentucky Infantry. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington. Jolley, R. 2007 An Archaeological Survey of the Confederate Left Flank, Third Battle of Winchester, Virginia, September 19, 1864. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 62(4):190-229. Johnson, Richard W. 1864 Report of Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson, U.S. Army, commanding First Division, of operations May 3-June 13 and July 13-August 7. Headquarters, First Division, Fourteenth Army Corps, near Atlanta, Georgia, August 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 1, pp. 519-525. ---PAGE BREAK--- 68 Katcher, Phillip 1989 U.S. Infantry Equipment 1775-1910. Osprey Publishing Ltd., London. Kurz & Allsion 1889 Battle of Resaca, May 13 to 16, 1864 (lithograph). Available on-line, Library of Congress web-page at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi- bin/query/i?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3g01751). Accessed May 1, 2008. Landgraeber, Clemens 1864 Report of Major Clemens Landgraeber, 2nd Missouri Light Artillery, Chief of Artillery, 1st Division. Headquarters, 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, Office Chief of Artillery, Before Kingston, Georgia, May 22, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 172-173. Legg, J.B., C.T. Espenshade, and L.M. Snyder 1991 Camp Baird: Archaeological and Historical Investigation of the Autumn 1864 Camp of the 32nd U.S. Colored Infantry, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Brockington and Associates, Atlanta. Legg, J.B., and S.D. Smith 1989 “The Best Ever Occupied . . .”Archaeological Investigations of a Civil War Encampment on Folly Island, South Carolina. South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia. Library of Congress n.d. Gen. W.P. Carlin, USA. Civil War Glass Negative Collection, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Lightburn, Joseph A. Brig. General 1864 Report of Brig. General Joseph A. J. Lightburn, U.S. Army, Commanding 2nd Brigade. Headquarters 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 15th Corps, Camp near Kingston, Georgia, May 20, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 219-220. Logan, John A. 1864 Report of Major General John A. Logan, Commanding 15th Army Corps, Headquarters, 15th Army Corps, East Point, Georgia, September 13, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 90-112. Lord, F.A. 1995 Civil War Collectors Volumes III, IV, and V. Blue & Grey Press, Edison, New Jersey. McMurray, Richard M. 2000 Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. ---PAGE BREAK--- INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 46 ACRES FOR PROPOSED PARK IMPROVEMENTS, RESACA BATTLEFIELD 69 McPherson, James B. 1864 (May 9, 10:30 p.m.) Report to Major General W. T. Sherman, Commanding Military Division of the Mississippi, from Headquarters, Department and Army of the Tennessee, Camp at Sugar Valley, May 9, 1864, 10:30 p.m. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 16-17. Melton, J.W., and L.E. Pawl 1996 Melton & Pawl’s Guide to Civil War Artillery Projectiles. Thomas Publications, New York Times [NYT], New York, New York 1903 “Gen. William P. Carlin.” Scanned electronic document, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf, accessed June 14, 2011. Official Records 1891 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies [Official Records]. Published under direction of Redfield Proctor, Secretary of War, by Major George B. Davis, USA; Leslie J. Perry; and Joseph W. Kirkley. Series 1, Volume 38 in five parts (parts 1 – 3, reports; parts 4 and 5, correspondence). Osterhaus, Peter Major General, Commanding 1st Division 1864 Report of Major General Peter J. Osterhaus, Commanding 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, Headquarters 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, Camp near Kingston, Georgia, May 20, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 124-128. Scott, D.D., and R.A. Fox, Jr. 1987 Archaeological Insights into the Custer Battle: An Assessment of the 1984 Field Season. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Scott, D.D., R.A. Fox, Jr., M.A. Conner, and D. Harmon 1989 Archaeological Perspective on the Battle of Little Big Horn. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Secrist, Philip L. 1998 The Battle of Resaca: Atlanta Campaign, 1864. Mercer University Press, Macon, Georgia. Sherman, William Major General, Commanding Military Division of the Mississippi 1864 Report to Major General H. W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, Washington, D.C., from Major General William T. Sherman, Headquarters, Military Division of the Mississippi, Atlanta, Georgia, September 15, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 1, pp. 61-85. ---PAGE BREAK--- 70 Smith, Giles, Brig. General 1864 Report of Brig. General Giles A. Smith, U.S. Army Commanding 1st Brigade, Headquarters, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 15th Army Corps, Camp near Kingston, Georgia, May 22, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 190-192. Smith, Morgan Brig. General 1864 Report of Brig. General Morgan L. Smith, U.S. Army Commanding 2nd Division, Headquarters, 2nd Division, 15th Army Corps, Resaca, Georgia, May 16, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 176-177. Swanson, Mark 2004 Atlas of the Civil War, Month by Month: Major Battles and Troop Movements. University of Georgia Press, Athens Thomas, D.S. 1981 Ready. . . Aim . . . Fire! Small Arms Ammunition in the Battle of Thomas Publications, 1997 Round Ball to Rimfire: A History of Civil War Small Arms Ammunition: Part One. Thomas Publications, 2002 Round Ball to Rimfire: A History of Civil War Small Arms Ammunition: Part Two: Federal Breechloading Carbines & Rifles. Thomas Publications, 2003 Round Ball to Rimfire: A History of Civil War Small Arms Ammunition: Part Three: Federal Pistols, Revolvers, and Miscellaneous Essays. Thomas Publications, 2010 Round Ball to Rimfire: A History of Civil War Small Arms Ammunition: Part Four: A Contribution to the History of the Confederate Ordnance Bureau. Thomas Publications, Wangelin, Hugo, Col., 12th Missouri Infantry, Commanding 3rd Brigade 1864 Report of Col. Hugo Wangelin, 12th Missouri Infantry, Commanding 3rd Brigade. Headquarters 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, Near Kingston, Georgia, May 20, 1864. Official Records, Series 1, Volume 38, part 3, pp. 163-164. Waud, Alfred R. 1887 “The Battle of Resaca.” The mountain campaigns in Georgia. Western & Atlantic R.R. Co. On file at the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Washington D.C. Wilson, James Grant 1862 Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers Engaged in the War Against the Rebellion of 1861. James Barnet, Chicago. ---PAGE BREAK--- APPENDIX A: SPECIMEN CATALOG ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 1 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1001 1 9GO301-1-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Bolts, fragment, (Discarded) 5/9/11 9GO301 1002 2 9GO301-2-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Barbed Wire, (Discarded) 5/9/11 9GO301 1003 3 9GO301-3-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/9/11 9GO301 1004 4 9GO301-4-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1005 5 9GO301-5-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .577 3-ring Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1006 6 9GO301-6-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Washer, (Discarded) 5/9/11 9GO301 1007 7 9GO301-7-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/9/11 9GO301 1008 8 9GO301-8-1 Metal Detector Find 2 Gun Part, Other, .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/9/11 9GO301 1009 9 9GO301-9-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Gun Part, Other, .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/9/11 9GO301 1010 10 9GO301-10-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible chain links 5/9/11 9GO301 1011 11 9GO301-11-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, with spring, possible gun spring 5/9/11 9GO301 1012 12 9GO301-12-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Button, Other Iron/Steel 5/9/11 9GO301 1013 13 9GO301-13-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1014 14 9GO301-14-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1015 15 9GO301-15-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .577 3-ring Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1016 16 9GO301-16-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , Melted Lead 5/9/11 9GO301 1017 17 9GO301-17-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/9/11 9GO301 1018 18 9GO301-18-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/9/11 9GO301 1019 19 9GO301-19-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Hooks, Other, large iron hook; possible wagon part 5/9/11 9GO301 1020 20 9GO301-20-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bayonet/ Sword, 1861 Springfield pattern bayonet 5/9/11 9GO301 1021 21 9GO301-21-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Clothing Buckle, Brass, Dropped cap strap buckle 5/9/11 9GO301 1022 22 9GO301-22-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/9/11 9GO301 1023 23 9GO301-23-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/9/11 9GO301 1024 24 9GO301-24-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1025 25 9GO301-25-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Washer, (Discarded) 5/9/11 9GO301 1026 26 9GO301-26-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, (Discarded) 5/9/11 9GO301 1027 27 9GO301-27-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/9/11 9GO301 1028 28 9GO301-28-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/9/11 9GO301 1029 29 9GO301-29-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/9/11 9GO301 1030 30 9GO301-30-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/10/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 2 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1031 31 9GO301-31-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Hose Clamp, (Discarded) 5/10/11 9GO301 1032 32 9GO301-32-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery, fragment, with fuse opening, same type as bags 165 and 173 5/10/11 9GO301 1032 32 9GO301-32-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, fragment 5/10/11 9GO301 1033 33 9GO301-33-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead Ball 5/10/11 9GO301 1034 34 9GO301-34-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/10/11 9GO301 1035 35 9GO301-35-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bolts 5/10/11 9GO301 1036 36 9GO301-36-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, white metal sheet fragments 5/10/11 9GO301 1037 37 9GO301-37-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possibly lead, sheet, molded 5/10/11 9GO301 1038 38 9GO301-38-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/10/11 9GO301 1039 39 9GO301-39-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/10/11 9GO301 1040 40 9GO301-40-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bolts 5/10/11 9GO301 1041 41 9GO301-41-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/10/11 9GO301 1042 42 9GO301-42-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Ring, Iron/ Steel 5/10/11 9GO301 1043 43 9GO301-43-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Strap Iron/ Metal, brass 5/10/11 9GO301 1044 44 9GO301-44-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/10/11 9GO301 1045 45 9GO301-45-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/10/11 9GO301 1046 46 9GO301-46-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/10/11 9GO301 1047 47 9GO301-47-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/10/11 9GO301 1048 48 9GO301-48-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, metal clip 5/10/11 9GO301 1049 49 9GO301-49-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Spike 5/10/11 9GO301 1050 50 9GO301-50-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, metal pin; gun part: possible locking pin 5/10/11 9GO301 1051 51 9GO301-51-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/10/11 9GO301 1052 52 9GO301-52-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, Pounded, flattened ball (made into token) 5/10/11 9GO301 1053 53 9GO301-53-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Iron/ Steel, Unidentified/ Corroded 5/10/11 9GO301 1054 54 9GO301-54-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Possible bracket or hook 5/10/11 9GO301 1055 55 9GO301-55-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Possible artillery shell fragment 5/10/11 9GO301 1056 56 9GO301-56-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/10/11 9GO301 1057 57 9GO301-57-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/10/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 3 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1058 58 9GO301-58-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, Chromed pipe, (Discarded) 5/10/11 9GO301 1059 59 9GO301-59-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead Ball, .69 round ball, fired 5/10/11 9GO301 1060 60 9GO301-60-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/10/11 9GO301 1061 61 9GO301-61-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, metal rod or strap with 2 industrial staples attached 5/10/11 9GO301 1062 62 9GO301-62-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/10/11 9GO301 1063 63 9GO301-63-1 Metal Detector Find 2 Horseshoe, fragments 5/10/11 9GO301 1064 64 9GO301-64-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, rifle musket tool 5/10/11 9GO301 1065 65 9GO301-65-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, 3.75-inch diameter artillery shell with fuse opening, possible Federal Hotchkiss or James 5/10/11 9GO301 1066 66 9GO301-66-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible washer fragment 5/10/11 9GO301 1067 67 9GO301-67-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible gun part 5/10/11 9GO301 1068 68 9GO301-68-1 Metal Detector Find 2 Iron/ Steel, Unidentified/ Corroded 5/10/11 9GO301 1069 69 9GO301-69-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Enfield 5/10/11 9GO301 1070 70 9GO301-70-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Flake-General 5/10/11 9GO301 1071 71 9GO301-71-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chain, link 5/10/11 9GO301 1072 72 9GO301-72-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, fragment, non-spherical, 2.9 inch exterior diameter cylinder 5/10/11 9GO301 1073 73 9GO301-73-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, with fuse opening, same type of shell as bags 132 and 165 5/10/11 9GO301 1074 74 9GO301-74-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/10/11 9GO301 1075 75 9GO301-75-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, metal bar fragment 5/10/11 9GO301 1076 76 9GO301-76-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/10/11 9GO301 1077 77 9GO301-77-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Copper: Possible pipe fitting/cap or doorknob 5/10/11 9GO301 1078 78 9GO301-78-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible leaf spring, (Discarded) 5/10/11 9GO301 1079 79 9GO301-79-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/11/11 9GO301 1080 80 9GO301-80-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/11/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 4 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1081 81 9GO301-81-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possibly lead; molded sheet 5/11/11 9GO301 1082 82 9GO301-82-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, complete 5/11/11 9GO301 1083 83 9GO301-83-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible stove part 5/11/11 9GO301 1083 83 9GO301-83-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Stoneware, Alkaline Glazed 5/11/11 9GO301 1084 84 9GO301-84-1 Metal Detector Find 3 Metal Object, Unidentified, Copper, possible can or cup fragments 5/11/11 9GO301 1085 85 9GO301-85-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, complete 5/11/11 9GO301 1086 86 9GO301-86-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Spike 5/11/11 9GO301 1087 87 9GO301-87-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/11/11 9GO301 1088 88 9GO301-88-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horse Bridle Rosette, Corps Badge with single 5 pt star on front, and back stamped 'RED STAR' and 'CAMPBELL COA' 5/11/11 9GO301 1089 89 9GO301-89-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/11/11 9GO301 1090 90 9GO301-90-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Wrench, fragment, Old style, 3/4-inch open box wrench 5/11/11 9GO301 1091 91 9GO301-91-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/11/11 9GO301 1092 92 9GO301-92-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Spike, fragment 5/11/11 9GO301 1093 93 9GO301-93-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Gold/Silver Coin, Mercury Dime, http://www.ngccoin.com/CoinDetail.aspx ?ContentID=101 5/11/11 9GO301 1094 94 9GO301-94-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/11/11 9GO301 1095 95 9GO301-95-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Iron/Steel Pocket Knife, plastic handle with stainless steel pins 5/11/11 9GO301 1096 96 9GO301-96-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/11/11 9GO301 1097 97 9GO301-97-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/11/11 9GO301 1098 98 9GO301-98-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/11/11 9GO301 1099 99 9GO301-99-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Iron/Steel Pocket Knife, fragment 5/11/11 9GO301 1100 100 9GO301-100-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Enfield 5/11/11 9GO301 1101 101 9GO301-101-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/11/11 9GO301 1102 102 9GO301-102-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/11/11 9GO301 1103 103 9GO301-103-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Enfield 5/11/11 9GO301 1104 104 9GO301-104-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .577 3-ring Minie 5/11/11 9GO301 1105 105 9GO301-105-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/11/11 9GO301 1106 106 9GO301-106-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/12/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 5 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1107 107 9GO301-107-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1108 108 9GO301-108-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/12/11 9GO301 1109 109 9GO301-109-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1110 110 9GO301-110-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1111 111 9GO301-111-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1112 112 9GO301-112-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1113 113 9GO301-113-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1114 114 9GO301-114-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1115 115 9GO301-115-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1116 116 9GO301-116-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1117 117 9GO301-117-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery, Miscellaneous, Cannister ball, iron, 1.5 inch diameter 5/12/11 9GO301 1118 118 9GO301-118-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/12/11 9GO301 1119 119 9GO301-119-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/12/11 9GO301 1120 120 9GO301-120-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horse Bridle Rosette 5/12/11 9GO301 1121 121 9GO301-121-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/12/11 9GO301 1122 122 9GO301-122-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1123 123 9GO301-123-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Spencer 5/12/11 9GO301 1124 124 9GO301-124-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1125 125 9GO301-125-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1125 125 9GO301-125-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1126 126 9GO301-126-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead Ball, Fired, round ball for .69 5/12/11 9GO301 1127 127 9GO301-127-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1128 128 9GO301-128-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead Ball, Fired, round, .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1129 129 9GO301-129-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1130 130 9GO301-130-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1131 131 9GO301-131-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1132 132 9GO301-132-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1133 133 9GO301-133-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1134 134 9GO301-134-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1135 135 9GO301-135-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield 5/12/11 9GO301 1136 136 9GO301-136-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, .69 rifled musket conical bullet with triangular base, Likely CSA 5/12/11 9GO301 1137 137 9GO301-137-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1138 138 9GO301-138-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1139 139 9GO301-139-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Enfield 5/12/11 9GO301 1140 140 9GO301-140-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 6 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1141 141 9GO301-141-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1142 142 9GO301-142-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1143 143 9GO301-143-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1144 144 9GO301-144-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1145 145 9GO301-145-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1146 146 9GO301-146-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1147 147 9GO301-147-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, flat piece with 2 holes along one edge; possible blade fragment 5/12/11 9GO301 1148 148 9GO301-148-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .54 3-ring Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1149 149 9GO301-149-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired; lost in field 5/12/11 9GO301 1150 150 9GO301-150-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, complete 5/12/11 9GO301 1151 151 9GO301-151-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1152 152 9GO301-152-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1153 153 9GO301-153-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1154 154 9GO301-154-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1155 155 9GO301-155-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1156 156 9GO301-156-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Knife Blade 5/12/11 9GO301 1157 157 9GO301-157-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/12/11 9GO301 1158 158 9GO301-158-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1159 159 9GO301-159-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1160 160 9GO301-160-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1161 161 9GO301-161-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1162 162 9GO301-162-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1163 163 9GO301-163-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/12/11 9GO301 1164 164 9GO301-164-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1165 165 9GO301-165-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1166 166 9GO301-166-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1167 167 9GO301-167-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1168 168 9GO301-168-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1169 169 9GO301-169-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Spencer 5/12/11 9GO301 1170 170 9GO301-170-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1171 171 9GO301-171-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1172 172 9GO301-172-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1173 173 9GO301-173-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/12/11 9GO301 1174 174 9GO301-174-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1175 175 9GO301-175-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/12/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 7 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1176 176 9GO301-176-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .52 3-ring Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1177 177 9GO301-177-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/12/11 9GO301 1178 178 9GO301-178-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Axe, head 5/12/11 9GO301 1179 179 9GO301-179-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1180 180 9GO301-180-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1181 181 9GO301-181-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1182 182 9GO301-182-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1183 183 9GO301-183-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1184 184 9GO301-184-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1185 185 9GO301-185-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1186 186 9GO301-186-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/13/11 9GO301 1187 187 9GO301-187-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired, 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1188 188 9GO301-188-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1189 189 9GO301-189-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1190 190 9GO301-190-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1191 191 9GO301-191-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Button, Other Iron/Steel, very corroded button back 5/13/11 9GO301 1192 192 9GO301-192-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .52 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1193 193 9GO301-193-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1194 194 9GO301-194-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Spencer Carbine .54 5/13/11 9GO301 1195 195 9GO301-195-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .52 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1196 196 9GO301-196-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/13/11 9GO301 1197 197 9GO301-197-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1198 198 9GO301-198-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .52 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1199 199 9GO301-199-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1200 200 9GO301-200-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1201 201 9GO301-201-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1202 202 9GO301-202-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1203 203 9GO301-203-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1204 204 9GO301-204-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1205 205 9GO301-205-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/13/11 9GO301 1206 206 9GO301-206-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/13/11 9GO301 1207 207 9GO301-207-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/13/11 9GO301 1208 208 9GO301-208-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, complete 5/13/11 9GO301 1209 209 9GO301-209-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1210 210 9GO301-210-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield or Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1211 211 9GO301-211-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 8 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1212 212 9GO301-212-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1213 213 9GO301-213-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible artillery fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1214 214 9GO301-214-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1215 215 9GO301-215-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1216 216 9GO301-216-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1217 217 9GO301-217-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1218 218 9GO301-218-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1219 219 9GO301-219-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Possible kettle fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1219 219 9GO301-219-2 Metal Detector Find 2 Whiteware, Plain 5/13/11 9GO301 1219 219 9GO301-219-3 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Angular Debris 5/13/11 9GO301 1220 220 9GO301-220-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/13/11 9GO301 1221 221 9GO301-221-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1222 222 9GO301-222-0 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, possible angle/beam bracket, (Discarded) 5/13/11 9GO301 1223 223 9GO301-223-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1224 224 9GO301-224-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Whiteware, Handpainted; Large Floral 5/13/11 9GO301 1224 224 9GO301-224-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Nail, Cut Fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1225 225 9GO301-225-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1226 226 9GO301-226-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1227 227 9GO301-227-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/13/11 9GO301 1228 228 9GO301-228-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1229 229 9GO301-229-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1230 230 9GO301-230-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1231 231 9GO301-231-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1232 232 9GO301-232-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1233 233 9GO301-233-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1234 234 9GO301-234-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Projectile Point/Knife, Complete 5/13/11 9GO301 1235 235 9GO301-235-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1236 236 9GO301-236-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1237 237 9GO301-237-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1238 238 9GO301-238-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1239 239 9GO301-239-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1240 240 9GO301-240-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1241 241 9GO301-241-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/13/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 9 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1242 242 9GO301-242-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1243 243 9GO301-243-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1244 244 9GO301-244-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1245 245 9GO301-245-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/13/11 9GO301 1246 246 9GO301-246-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1247 247 9GO301-247-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1248 248 9GO301-248-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1249 249 9GO301-249-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1250 250 9GO301-250-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1251 251 9GO301-251-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/13/11 9GO301 1252 252 9GO301-252-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1253 253 9GO301-253-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1254 254 9GO301-254-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1255 255 9GO301-255-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1256 256 9GO301-256-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1257 257 9GO301-257-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1258 258 9GO301-258-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/13/11 9GO301 1259 259 9GO301-259-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Knife Blade 5/15/11 9GO301 1260 260 9GO301-260-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1261 261 9GO301-261-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1262 262 9GO301-262-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/15/11 9GO301 1263 263 9GO301-263-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1264 264 9GO301-264-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1265 265 9GO301-265-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1266 266 9GO301-266-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/15/11 9GO301 1267 267 9GO301-267-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/15/11 9GO301 1268 268 9GO301-268-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Brass Or Copper Cartridges, dropped Spencer cartridge 5/15/11 9GO301 1269 269 9GO301-269-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1270 270 9GO301-270-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1271 271 9GO301-271-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/15/11 9GO301 1272 272 9GO301-272-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/15/11 9GO301 1273 273 9GO301-273-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1274 274 9GO301-274-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/15/11 9GO301 1275 275 9GO301-275-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Possible artillery fragment 5/15/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 10 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1276 276 9GO301-276-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, Williams Cleaner Type 3 .577 5/15/11 9GO301 1277 277 9GO301-277-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Projectile Point/Knife, Fragment - Distal & Medial 5/15/11 9GO301 1278 278 9GO301-278-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Angular Debris 5/15/11 9GO301 1278 278 9GO301-278-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Flake-Fragment 5/15/11 9GO301 1278 278 9GO301-278-3 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Flake-General 5/15/11 9GO301 1279 279 9GO301-279-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/15/11 9GO301 1280 280 9GO301-280-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1281 281 9GO301-281-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bolts, copper/ brass, Possible fusehole plug 5/15/11 9GO301 1282 282 9GO301-282-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead Ball, Dropped round shot .69 5/15/11 9GO301 1283 283 9GO301-283-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Chert, Flake-Fragment 5/15/11 9GO301 1284 284 9GO301-284-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/15/11 9GO301 1285 285 9GO301-285-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Angular Debris 5/15/11 9GO301 1286 286 9GO301-286-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/16/11 9GO301 1287 287 9GO301-287-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Unidentified, Possible gun part 5/16/11 9GO301 1288 288 9GO301-288-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1289 289 9GO301-289-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, diamond shape copper plate with 2 holes. Possible saddle estucheon 5/16/11 9GO301 1290 290 9GO301-290-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1291 291 9GO301-291-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Iron/Steel Pocket Knife, fragment 5/16/11 9GO301 1292 292 9GO301-292-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Enfield 5/16/11 9GO301 1293 293 9GO301-293-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Military Uniform Part, Federal, round eagle plate 5/16/11 9GO301 1294 294 9GO301-294-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Whitworth Rifle .45 cal 5/16/11 9GO301 1295 295 9GO301-295-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1296 296 9GO301-296-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1297 297 9GO301-297-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1298 298 9GO301-298-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1299 299 9GO301-299-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1300 300 9GO301-300-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring .577 Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1301 301 9GO301-301-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery, Miscellaneous, Iron grapeshot 0.75-inch diameter 5/16/11 9GO301 1302 302 9GO301-302-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .577 Enfield 5/16/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 11 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1303 303 9GO301-303-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1304 304 9GO301-304-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1305 305 9GO301-305-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1306 306 9GO301-306-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/16/11 9GO301 1307 307 9GO301-307-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1308 308 9GO301-308-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/16/11 9GO301 1309 309 9GO301-309-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1310 310 9GO301-310-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 2-ring .54 5/16/11 9GO301 1311 311 9GO301-311-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1312 312 9GO301-312-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1313 313 9GO301-313-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1314 314 9GO301-314-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, .577 2-ring, fired or exploded 5/16/11 9GO301 1315 315 9GO301-315-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1316 316 9GO301-316-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1317 317 9GO301-317-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .577 Enfield 5/16/11 9GO301 1318 318 9GO301-318-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .577 Enfield 5/16/11 9GO301 1319 319 9GO301-319-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1320 320 9GO301-320-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1321 321 9GO301-321-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .52 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1322 322 9GO301-322-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1323 323 9GO301-323-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1324 324 9GO301-324-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1325 325 9GO301-325-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1326 326 9GO301-326-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Dropped .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1327 327 9GO301-327-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1328 328 9GO301-328-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/16/11 9GO301 1329 329 9GO301-329-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, Possible .44 or .45 cal pistol 5/16/11 9GO301 1330 330 9GO301-330-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1331 331 9GO301-331-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/16/11 9GO301 1332 332 9GO301-332-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1333 333 9GO301-333-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1334 334 9GO301-334-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1335 335 9GO301-335-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1336 336 9GO301-336-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/16/11 9GO301 1337 337 9GO301-337-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield or Mississippi Rifle 5/16/11 9GO301 1338 338 9GO301-338-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 12 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1339 339 9GO301-339-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1340 340 9GO301-340-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1341 341 9GO301-341-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/16/11 9GO301 1342 342 9GO301-342-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1343 343 9GO301-343-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, complete 5/16/11 9GO301 1344 344 9GO301-344-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .577 Enfield 5/16/11 9GO301 1345 345 9GO301-345-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery, Miscellaneous, Iron cannister ball, 1.5-inch diameter 5/16/11 9GO301 1346 346 9GO301-346-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1347 347 9GO301-347-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1348 348 9GO301-348-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1349 349 9GO301-349-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1350 350 9GO301-350-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1351 351 9GO301-351-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired pistol 5/16/11 9GO301 1352 352 9GO301-352-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1353 353 9GO301-353-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1354 354 9GO301-354-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/16/11 9GO301 1355 355 9GO301-355-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Railroad Spike 5/16/11 9GO301 1356 356 9GO301-356-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1357 357 9GO301-357-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1358 358 9GO301-358-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/16/11 9GO301 1359 359 9GO301-359-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/17/11 9GO301 1360 360 9GO301-360-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1361 361 9GO301-361-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1362 362 9GO301-362-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Spencer Carbine .52 5/17/11 9GO301 1363 363 9GO301-363-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Iron/Steel Pocket Knife, fragment 5/17/11 9GO301 1364 364 9GO301-364-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1365 365 9GO301-365-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1366 366 9GO301-366-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1367 367 9GO301-367-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/17/11 9GO301 1368 368 9GO301-368-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1369 369 9GO301-369-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1370 370 9GO301-370-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/17/11 9GO301 1371 371 9GO301-371-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1372 372 9GO301-372-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1373 373 9GO301-373-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1374 374 9GO301-374-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 13 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1375 375 9GO301-375-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1376 376 9GO301-376-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Enfield 5/17/11 9GO301 1377 377 9GO301-377-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1378 378 9GO301-378-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1379 379 9GO301-379-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/17/11 9GO301 1380 380 9GO301-380-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1381 381 9GO301-381-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1382 382 9GO301-382-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1383 383 9GO301-383-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1384 384 9GO301-384-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1385 385 9GO301-385-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1386 386 9GO301-386-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1387 387 9GO301-387-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1388 388 9GO301-388-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1389 389 9GO301-389-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1390 390 9GO301-390-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1391 391 9GO301-391-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1392 392 9GO301-392-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1393 393 9GO301-393-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1394 394 9GO301-394-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/17/11 9GO301 1395 395 9GO301-395-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/17/11 9GO301 1396 396 9GO301-396-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/17/11 9GO301 1397 397 9GO301-397-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/17/11 9GO301 1398 398 9GO301-398-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/17/11 9GO301 1399 399 9GO301-399-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, possible Enfield 5/17/11 9GO301 1399 399 9GO301-399-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Flake-General 5/17/11 9GO301 1400 400 9GO301-400-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1401 401 9GO301-401-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1402 402 9GO301-402-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1403 403 9GO301-403-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1404 404 9GO301-404-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1405 405 9GO301-405-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/17/11 9GO301 1406 406 9GO301-406-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1407 407 9GO301-407-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1408 408 9GO301-408-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 14 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1409 409 9GO301-409-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/17/11 9GO301 1410 410 9GO301-410-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/17/11 9GO301 1411 411 9GO301-411-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired rifle bullet 5/17/11 9GO301 1412 412 9GO301-412-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1413 413 9GO301-413-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Stone, Non-Cultural 5/17/11 9GO301 1414 414 9GO301-414-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1415 415 9GO301-415-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1416 416 9GO301-416-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery, Miscellaneous, Iron cannister shot, 1.6 inch diameter 5/17/11 9GO301 1417 417 9GO301-417-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, complete 5/17/11 9GO301 1418 418 9GO301-418-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1419 419 9GO301-419-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, Iron Ball 5/17/11 9GO301 1420 420 9GO301-420-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1421 421 9GO301-421-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Bullet 5/17/11 9GO301 1422 422 9GO301-422-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/17/11 9GO301 1423 423 9GO301-423-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1424 424 9GO301-424-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1425 425 9GO301-425-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1426 426 9GO301-426-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Brass Or Copper Cartridges, Dropped Spencer cartridge 5/17/11 9GO301 1427 427 9GO301-427-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1428 428 9GO301-428-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/17/11 9GO301 1429 429 9GO301-429-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/17/11 9GO301 1430 430 9GO301-430-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1431 431 9GO301-431-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Dropped .577 cal Enfield 5/17/11 9GO301 1432 432 9GO301-432-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, spherical shot 5/17/11 9GO301 1433 433 9GO301-433-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield or Mississippi Rifle 5/17/11 9GO301 1434 434 9GO301-434-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Clothing Buckle, Iron/Steel 5/17/11 9GO301 1435 435 9GO301-435-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1436 436 9GO301-436-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1437 437 9GO301-437-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1438 438 9GO301-438-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/17/11 9GO301 1439 439 9GO301-439-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1440 440 9GO301-440-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/17/11 9GO301 1441 441 9GO301-441-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/17/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 15 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1442 442 9GO301-442-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1443 443 9GO301-443-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/17/11 9GO301 1444 444 9GO301-444-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/17/11 9GO301 1445 445 9GO301-445-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/17/11 9GO301 1446 446 9GO301-446-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/17/11 9GO301 1447 447 9GO301-447-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Brass Or Copper Cartridges, Dropped Spencer cartridge 5/17/11 9GO301 1448 448 9GO301-448-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Possible fired pistol ball 5/17/11 9GO301 449 9GO301-449-0 Provenience Number Not Used 9GO301 1450 450 9GO301-450-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/17/11 9GO301 1451 451 9GO301-451-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1452 452 9GO301-452-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield 5/18/11 9GO301 1453 453 9GO301-453-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1454 454 9GO301-454-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/18/11 9GO301 1455 455 9GO301-455-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1456 456 9GO301-456-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/18/11 9GO301 1457 457 9GO301-457-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .54 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1458 458 9GO301-458-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Brass Or Copper Cartridges, Dropped Spencer cartridge 5/18/11 9GO301 1459 459 9GO301-459-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1460 460 9GO301-460-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1461 461 9GO301-461-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield or Mississippi Rifle 5/18/11 9GO301 1462 462 9GO301-462-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1463 463 9GO301-463-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/18/11 9GO301 1464 464 9GO301-464-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1465 465 9GO301-465-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1466 466 9GO301-466-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1467 467 9GO301-467-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1468 468 9GO301-468-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1469 469 9GO301-469-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/18/11 9GO301 1470 470 9GO301-470-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1471 471 9GO301-471-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1472 472 9GO301-472-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1473 473 9GO301-473-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/18/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 16 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1474 474 9GO301-474-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1475 475 9GO301-475-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1476 476 9GO301-476-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1477 477 9GO301-477-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired, fragment 5/18/11 9GO301 1478 478 9GO301-478-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/18/11 9GO301 1479 479 9GO301-479-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired 5/18/11 9GO301 1480 480 9GO301-480-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired .52 for .54 cal Mississippi Rifle 5/18/11 9GO301 1481 481 9GO301-481-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1482 482 9GO301-482-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1483 483 9GO301-483-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1484 484 9GO301-484-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Enfield .577 5/18/11 9GO301 1485 485 9GO301-485-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/18/11 9GO301 1486 486 9GO301-486-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, cylindrical, 2.9-inch diameter 5/18/11 9GO301 1487 487 9GO301-487-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/18/11 9GO301 1488 488 9GO301-488-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Axe, iron/ steel head 5/18/11 9GO301 1489 489 9GO301-489-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fire .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1490 490 9GO301-490-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1491 491 9GO301-491-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1492 492 9GO301-492-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1493 493 9GO301-493-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1494 494 9GO301-494-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1495 495 9GO301-495-1 Metal Detector Find 3 Metal Object, Unidentified 5/18/11 9GO301 1496 496 9GO301-496-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Bullet, Fired Spencer Carbine .52 5/18/11 9GO301 1496 496 9GO301-496-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Whiteware, Plain 5/18/11 9GO301 1497 497 9GO301-497-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Buck Shot, Fired 5/18/11 9GO301 1498 498 9GO301-498-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Artillery Shell, fragment, cylindrical, 2.9- inch diameter 5/18/11 9GO301 1499 499 Provenience Number Not Used 9GO301 1500 500 9GO301-500-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Whiteware, Plain 5/18/11 9GO301 1500 500 9GO301-500-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , melted lead 5/18/11 9GO301 1501 501 9GO301-501-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1502 502 9GO301-502-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Container Glass, Aqua, Similar to Camp Baird food bottles 5/18/11 9GO301 1503 503 9GO301-503-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1504 504 9GO301-504-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- Project Name: Resaca Battlefield Survey Year of Fieldwork: 2011 Specimen Catalog New South Associates, Inc. 6150 East Ponce De Leon Avenue, Stone Mountain, GA 30083 Page 17 of 17 State Site # Field Bag # Prov Bag # Catalog # Excavation Unit Count Artifact Description Field Date 9GO301 1504 504 9GO301-504-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Chert, Projectile Point/Knife 5/18/11 9GO301 1505 505 9GO301-505-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1506 506 9GO301-506-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Whiteware, Plain 5/18/11 9GO301 1506 506 9GO301-506-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1507 507 9GO301-507-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Horseshoe, fragment 5/18/11 9GO301 1508 508 9GO301-508-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1509 509 9GO301-509-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Lead, Unidentified , pounded and cut lead 5/18/11 9GO301 1509 509 9GO301-509-2 Metal Detector Find 1 Ironstone, Plain 5/18/11 9GO301 1509 509 9GO301-509-3 Metal Detector Find 1 Whiteware, Plain 5/18/11 9GO301 1510 510 9GO301-510-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1511 511 9GO301-511-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1512 512 9GO301-512-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Metal Object, Miscellaneous, Toe Tap 5/18/11 9GO301 1512 512 9GO301-512-2 Metal Detector Find 2 Whiteware, Plain 5/18/11 9GO301 1513 513 9GO301-513-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1514 514 9GO301-514-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Ring, Iron/ Steel, Loop Latch 5/18/11 9GO301 1514 514 9GO301-514-2 Metal Detector Find 2 Stoneware, Alkaline Glazed 5/18/11 9GO301 1514 514 9GO301-514-3 Metal Detector Find 1 Iron/Steel Pocket Knife, bone handle 5/18/11 9GO301 1515 515 9GO301-515-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1516 516 9GO301-516-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 9GO301 1517 517 9GO301-517-1 Metal Detector Find 1 Minie Ball, Fired .577 3-ring Minie 5/18/11 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- APPENDIX B: ORDER OF BATTLE ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK---