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Niobrara County Annex 1 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 REGION 2 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN NIOBRARA COUNTY ANNEX 1 Mitigation Planning and Niobrara County Planning Team This annex has been created during the development of the 2017-2018 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan (referred to as the Main Plan or Base Plan herein). This County Annex builds upon previous versions of the Niobrara County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan completed in 2015. The plan is the result of a collaborative effort between Niobrara County Government, municipal governments, citizens, public agencies, non-profit organizations and the private sector. The following jurisdictions participated in the planning process:  Town of Manville  Town of Lusk  Town of Van Tassell  Unincorporated Niobrara County More details on the planning process followed and how the counties, municipalities and stakeholders participated can be referenced in Chapter 3 of the Base Plan, as well as how the public was involved during the 2018 update. 2 Geography and Climate Niobrara County covers about 2,626 square miles of land in east-central Wyoming, sharing a border with the counties of Converse, Weston, Goshen, and Platte in Wyoming, and bordering Nebraska and South Dakota to the east. The county lies southeast of the Thunder Basin National Grassland in Wyoming, and west of the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota. The Oglala National Grassland also touches the county boundary towards the east-central portion. Elevations range from a low of 3,186 feet, to a high of 5,236 feet. The Cheyenne River originates in Converse County, but is the most influential in Niobrara (in terms of drainage), flowing through the northeast and out of Wyoming into the Missouri River in South Dakota. Other large rivers and streams in the county include the Niobrara River and Duck Creek in the southeast, Old Woman Creek flowing into the Cheyenne River, and Lightning Creek. Major watersheds in the county include the Lance, Niobrara Headwaters, Upper Cheyenne, Angostura Reservoir, Lightning, Middle North Platte-Scotts Bluff, Glendo Reservoir, and Hat. No Interstate highways cross through Niobrara. However, major roadways present include U.S. highway 18, 85, and 20, and State Road 270 which runs in a central to west fashion, then southward ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 2 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 to exit the county close to the boundary between Platte and Goshen Counties. A large part of Niobrara remains only traversable via local (smaller) roadways, and railroad systems. The tables below summarize the land use types present in Niobrara County as of 2006, and the land ownership statistics current as of 2016 (from Headwaters Economics reports). There are a total of 1,681,886 acres of land in the county, most of which is grassland and shrubland, and owned by private parties. Table 2-1 Niobrara County Land Types Land Type Acres Percent of Total Total Acres 1,681,886 Forest 3,707 0.2% Grassland 1,597,792 95.0% Shrubland 50,457 3.0% Mixed Cropland 6,178 0.4% Water 0 0.0% Urban 0 0.0% Other 14,333 0.9% Source: NASA MODIS Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 1km MOD12Q1, 2006. Table 2-2 Niobrara County Land Ownership (2016) Land Ownership Acres Percent of Total Total Acres 1,681,886 Private Lands 1,395,243 83.0% Conservation Easement 0 0.0% Federal Lands 124,710 7.4% Forest Service 982 0.1% BLM 123,728 7.4% National Park Service 0 0.0% Military 0 0.0% Other Federal 0 0.0% State Lands 161,676 9.6% State Trust Lands* 161,676 9.6% Other State 0 0.0% Tribal Lands 0 0.0% City, County, Other 256 0.0% Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Gap Analysis Program. 2016. Protected Areas Database of the United States (PADUS) The climate of Niobrara County is semi-arid. Precipitation in the form of rain is about 14 inches per year, but in terms of snow it can get around 52 inches. Winter temperature lows are about 12 degrees Fahrenheit, and summers often reach 89 degrees. 3 Population Trends As of the July 2017 United States Census estimates, there were a total of 2,397 people living in Niobrara County. The population has decreased as for the 2010 U.S. Census the ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 3 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 population was 2,484. There are 0.9 people per square mile. The county seat is the Town of Lusk, which is also the most populated incorporated jurisdiction. Table 3-1 Niobrara County Population Distribution Jurisdiction 2017 Estimated Population % of County Total Niobrara County 2,397 Town of Manville 88 3.67% Town of Lusk 1,543 64.37% Town of Van Tassell 14 0.58% Source: US Census Bureau Table 3-2 Niobrara County Population Change, 2010-2017 Jurisdiction 2010 Census 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 % change Niobrara County 2,484 2,483 2,476 2,544 2,489 2,496 2,470 2,397 -3.50% Town of Manville 95 95 93 95 93 93 92 88 -7.37% Town of Lusk 1,567 1,569 1,576 1,624 1,593 1,598 1,583 1,543 -1.53% Town of Van Tassell 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 -6.67% Source: US Census Bureau Select Census demographic and social characteristics for Niobrara County are shown in the table below. The county’s median age is 39.2 years old. The table also indicates some populations that may have special needs or prove vulnerable, such as the elderly or children under 5 years of age. About 13.8% of the total 65 years and below population workforce-aged adults) have a disability. Households contain an average of 2.24 persons. 3.2% of homes speak a language other than English. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 4 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 3-3. Niobrara County Demographic Profile Population Population estimates, July 1, 2017, (V2017) 2,397 Age and Sex Persons under 5 years, percent 5.80% Persons under 18 years, percent 17.20% Persons 65 years and over, percent 21.90% Race and Hispanic Origin White alone, percent 94.30% Black or African American alone, percent 0.90% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, percent 1.60% Asian alone, percent 0.50% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, percent 0.00% Two or More Races, percent 2.70% Hispanic or Latino, percent 3.60% White alone, not Hispanic or Latino, percent 91.40% Population Characteristics Veterans, 2012-2016 185 Foreign born persons, percent, 2012-2016 0.30% Housing Housing units, July 1, 2017, (V2017) 1,370 Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2012-2016 $155,200 Median gross rent, 2012-2016 $627 Families & Living Arrangements Households, 2012-2016 981 Persons per household, 2012-2016 2.24 Living in same house 1 year ago, percent of persons age 1 year+, 2012-2016 86.30% Language other than English spoken at home, percent of persons age 5 years+, 2012-2016 3.20% Education High school graduate or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+, 2012-2016 88.90% Bachelor's degree or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+, 2012-2016 19.00% Health With a disability, under age 65 years, percent, 2012-2016 13.80% Persons without health insurance, under age 65 years, percent 16.00% Economy In civilian labor force, total, percent of population age 16 years+, 2012-2016 52.30% Total retail sales per capita, 2012 $11,712 Transportation Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16 years+, 2012-2016 13.6 Income and Poverty Median household income (in 2016 dollars), 2012-2016 $40,640 Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2016 dollars), 2012-2016 $23,356 Persons in poverty, percent 14.30% Geography Population per square mile, 2010 0.9 Land area in square miles, 2010 2,626.04 Source: U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov/ *Hispanic or Latino is considered to be an ethnicity and not a race. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino can belong to one or more races. Therefore, the total percentage can be greater than 100%. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 5 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 4 Development Trends From 1970-2016, there has been a general trend of population decrease in the county, with a population reduction of 524 people from 1970 to 2000 (going from 2,920 to 2,396), a slight increase of 88 people from 2000 to 2010 (going from 2,396 to 2,484), and then another decrease of 87 people from 2010 to 2017 (going from 2,484 to 2,397). Niobrara County has not had any portion of its homes built in areas of Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) as of the last decade. In terms of development trends, further, there has been very little done to build new residential, commercial, or industrial buildings. A summary of housing statistics is provided below for the County of Niobrara, based on the most recent available figures. Table 4-1 Niobrara County Housing Characteristics Characteristic # Units % of Units US Comparison Total Housing Units 1,281 100% 134,054,899 Occupied 981 76.6% 117,716,237 Vacant 300 23.4% 16,338,662 For rent 28 2.2% 2,855,844 Rented, not occupied 0 0.0% 616,696 For sale only 0 0.0% 1,395,797 Sold, not occupied 10 0.8% 636,952 Seasonal, recreational, occasional use 111 8.7% 5,368,085 For migrant workers 0 0.0% 35,398 Other vacant 151 11.8% 5,429,890 Year Built Built 2014 or later 11 0.9% 525,051 Built 2010 to 2013 4 0.3% 2,573,002 Built 2000 to 2009 80 6.2% 19,705,347 Built 1990 to 1999 65 5.1% 18,762,073 Built 1980 to 1989 79 6.2% 18,355,676 Built 1970 to 1979 106 8.3% 20,901,765 Built 1940 to 1969 425 33.2% 35,773,834 Median year structure built 1949 1977 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce; Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5 Economy In 2016, Niobrara County had 1,788 total jobs, where an estimated 547 were non-services related, 476 were in government sectors, and 799 in service industries. In particular, farming, mining (including fossil fuels), and retail trade jobs were popular, while accommodation and food services, transportation and warehousing, construction, health care and social services, and real estate, rental, and leasing also contributed largely to the local economies. The three industry sectors with the largest addition of new jobs from 2001 to 2016 were government (with 142 new jobs), health care and social assistance (with 29 new jobs), and finance and insurance (with 24 new jobs). ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 6 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Niobrara County’s unemployment rate has fluctuated from a 3.7% in 2000, to 4.6% in 2010, to the current 2.8% as of 2017. The lowest unemployment rate was found in December of 2017. A total of 741 proprietors (self-employed individuals) were reported in 2016, which is a growth in jobs of this type since the year 2000. The table below summarizes the county’s economic statistics based on the latest U.S. Census. Table 5-1. Niobrara County Basic Economic Profile Characteristic Niobrara County EMPLOYMENT Total Employment, 2016 1,788 Unemployment Rate, as of 2017 (US average: 4.4%) 2.8% Per capita income, 2016 (US average is $50,280) $45,992 Average earning per job, 2016 (US average: $59,598) $38,291 Population % change, 1970-2016 (US ave: 58.6%) -15.1% Employment % change, 1970-2016 (US ave: 112.2%) 13.7% Personal Income % change, 1970-2016 (US ave: 201.1%) 54.7% Persons in poverty (US average is 15.1%) 13.6% Families in poverty (US average is 11.0%) 12.4% EMPLOYERS Total employer establishments, 2016 89 Total annual payroll, 2016 ($1000) $11,851 Paid employees 413 Total Private N/A Non-Services N/A Natural Resources and Mining 4.5% Ag., Forestry, Fishing, Hunting 1.8% Mining 2.8% Construction N/A Manufacturing (Incl. Forest Prod.) N/A Services 40.9% Trade, Transportation, Utilities 16.2% Information N/A Financial Activities 2.8% Professional and Business 1.9% Education and Health 8.0% Leisure and Hospitality N/A Other Services N/A Unclassified 0.0% ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 7 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Characteristic Niobrara County Government 13.1% Federal Government 1.2% State Government 11.9% Local Government N/A Travel & Tourism related jobs as a percentage of total private employment 31.2% HOUSEHOLD INCOME Total Households 981 Less than $10,000 8.2% $10,000 to $14,999 5.8% $15,000 to $24,999 17.2% $25,000 to $34,999 14.0% $35,000 to $49,999 10.9% $50,000 to $74,999 19.0% $75,000 to $99,999 10.6% $100,000 to $149,999 10.3% $150,000 to $199,999 1.1% $200,000 or more 3.0% Median household income $40,640 Median mortgage cost (US ave: $1,491) $1,066 Median rent (US ave: $949) $627 Labor earnings 70.4% Social Security 34.3% Retirement income 18.5% Supplemental Security Income 6.9% Cash public assistance income 0.7% Food Stamp/SNAP 8.9% N/A = Not Applicable. Source: U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov/ ; Headwaters Economics, Visitors traveling to and throughout Wyoming represent an important component of the state’s, including Niobrara County’s, economy. Travel originating in domestic and international markets generates valuable business sales, payroll, employment and tax receipts for the state as well as for local jurisdictions. The Town of Lusk’s website highlights how tourism contributes to their economy. Popular activities include attending parades, visiting museums and historic sites, engaging in dinosaur bone discovery, and general outdoor activities. They provide a list of frequented hospitalities, shopping, night life, and restaurants for those wanting to “get away” or who are visiting their community. Other popular attractions in Niobrara County include the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest and the Thunder Basin National Grassland. Common outdoor activities for visitors are hiking, animal ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 8 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 hunting, and camping. Travel and tourism jobs alone make up 31.2% of the county’s total private employment. Other important industries in the county, however, are the government sector, agriculture, and mining (including fossil fuels). (Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Economic Profile System report by Headwaters Economics, Town of Lusk Tourism website.) 6 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 6.1 Identified Hazards The HMPC reviewed the hazards from the 2015 Niobrara County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan for inclusion in this 2018 Regional hazard mitigation plan. The hazards list was compared with the hazards list found in the State of Wyoming’s hazard mitigation plan, updated in 2016. Upon further review, the HMPC added: Expansive Soils, High Winds and Downbursts, and Mine/Land Subsidence to be more consistent with the State’s plan and hazards in the Region. Furthermore, Extreme Temperatures were combined along with the Severe Winter Weather and Drought chapters as appropriate, while information contained in the Windstorms and Windblown Deposits chapters was considered as part of the Landslide/Rockfall/Debris Flow section, to supplement said hazards as they are similar in nature and risk posed. Blizzards (from Winter Storms and Blizzards) are covered as part of the Severe Winter Weather chapter in this document and the Region 2 Base Plan. Terrorism, while considered, was not included in the Region 2 Base Plan nor in this county annex. The following table notes the summary of hazard significance for each jurisdiction in the County based on a combination of geographic extent, potential magnitude/severity and frequency/probability of occurrence as defined below. Hazard significance is rated as High Medium or Low ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 9 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 6-1 Overall Hazard Significance Summary Table Hazard Niobrara County Lusk Manville Van Tassell Dam Failure Low Low Low Low Drought High High High High Earthquake Low Low Low Low Expansive Soil Low Low Low Low Flood Low Medium Medium Medium Hail Medium Medium Medium Medium Hazardous Materials Low Low Low Low High Winds and Downbursts Medium Medium Medium Medium Landslide/Rockfall/Debris Flow Low Low Low Low Lightning Medium Medium Medium Medium Mine and Land Subsidence Low Low Low Low Severe Winter Weather High High High High Tornado Medium Medium Medium Medium Wildfire High Medium Low Low Geographic Extent Negligible: Less than 10 percent of planning area or isolated single-point occurrences Limited: 10 to 25 percent of the planning area or limited single- point occurrences Significant: 25 to 75 percent of planning area or frequent single- point occurrences Extensive: 75 to 100 percent of planning area or consistent single-point occurrences Potential Magnitude/Severity Negligible: Less than 10 percent of property is severely damaged, facilities and services are unavailable for less than 24 hours, injuries and illnesses are treatable with first aid or within the response capability of the jurisdiction. Limited: 10 to 25 percent of property is severely damaged, facilities and services are unavailable between 1 and 7 days, injuries and illnesses require sophisticated medical support that does not strain the response capability of the jurisdiction, or results in very few permanent disabilities. Critical: 25 to 50 percent of property is severely damaged, facilities and services are unavailable or severely hindered for 1 to 2 weeks, injuries and illnesses overwhelm medical support for a brief period of time, or result in many permanent disabilities and a few deaths. Catastrophic: More than 50 percent of property is severely damaged, facilities and services are unavailable or hindered for more than 2 weeks, the medical response system is overwhelmed for an extended period of time or many deaths occur. Probability of Future Occurrences Unlikely: Less than 1 percent probability of occurrence in the next year, or has a recurrence interval of greater than every 100 years. Occasional: Between a 1 and 10 percent probability of occurrence in the next year, or has a recurrence interval of 11 to 100 years. Likely: Between 10 and 90 percent probability of occurrence in the next year, or has a recurrence interval of 1 to 10 years Highly Likely: Between 90 and 100 percent probability of occurrence in the next year, or has a recurrence interval of less than 1 year. Overall Significance Low: Two or more of the criteria fall in the lower classifications or the event has a minimal impact on the planning area. This rating is also sometimes used for hazards with a minimal or unknown record of occurrences/impacts or for hazards with minimal mitigation potential. Medium: The criteria fall mostly in the middle ranges of classifications and the event’s impacts on the planning area are noticeable but not devastating. This rating is also sometimes utilized for hazards with a high impact rating but an extremely low occurrence rating. High: The criteria consistently fall along the high ranges of the classification and the event exerts significant and frequent impacts on the planning area. This rating is also sometimes utilized for hazards with a high impact or for hazards that the jurisdiction identifies as particularly relevant. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 10 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.1.1 Hazards Considered but Not Profiled Though noted in other relevant plans such as the Wyoming State Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan from 2016 and the Niobrara County Multi-Hazard Plan (2015), this plan does not further evaluate the following hazards:  Avalanche  Liquefaction  Space weather  Terrorism/Civil Disturbance  Volcanism  Windblown Deposits It is important to be aware of the possibility of these events and the associated impacts for Niobrara County. However, the hazard identification described in Chapter 4 of the Base Plan omits these hazards due to the limited relevance in the regional context of this plan or not being sufficiently addressed in other planning mechanisms. Some of the above listed hazards are acknowledged to some degree under other hazard profiles, such as deposits carried by wind that could be part of a debris flow event. 6.2 Building Inventory and Assets In addition to people, structures, and critical facilities and infrastructure, other important assets exist in Niobrara County that are potentially exposed to hazards identified in this plan. Table 6-2 summarizes the property inventory for the county and each participating jurisdiction, based on the improvement value, and includes the building count and value grouped by parcel type and jurisdiction. This as an assessment of the overall property exposed within the county and by jurisdiction. Assets inventoried to determine vulnerability include people, structures, critical facilities, and natural, historic, or cultural resources. For the regional planning process, locally available GIS databases were utilized. Parcel and assessor data was obtained through sources such as the Wyoming Property Tax Division’s Assessor’s Portal. This information provided the basis for building exposure and property types. The focus of the analysis was on “improved,” or developed, parcels. These parcels were identified based on an improvement value greater than zero. Abstract Codes were used to identify occupancy type as shown in the following table, which includes summations of total improved value for the various property types and jurisdictions, and the population exposed in each. Using GIS, building counts are estimated from either address point locations or centroid points which fall in the middle of each parcel. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 11 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 6-2 Niobrara County Building Inventory and Value by Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Property Type Parcel Count Improved Value Est. Content Value Total Exposure Population Lusk Com Vacant Land 17 $347,753 $347,753 $695,506 Commercial 109 $16,848,294 $16,848,294 $33,696,588 Exempt 3 $70,768 $70,768 $141,536 Ind Vacant Land 6 $77,200 $77,200 $154,400 Industrial 4 $459,667 $689,501 $1,149,168 Res Vacant Land 95 $1,373,519 $1,373,519 $2,747,038 Residential 690 $57,929,453 $28,964,727 $86,894,180 1,546 Total 924 $77,106,654 $48,371,761 $125,478,415 1,546 Manville Agricultural 1 $6,424 $6,424 $12,848 Commercial 6 $272,478 $272,478 $544,956 Res Vacant Land 36 $137,708 $137,708 $275,416 Residential 81 $3,153,846 $1,576,923 $4,730,769 181 Total 124 $3,570,456 $1,993,533 $5,563,989 181 Van Tassell Agricultural 11 $522,710 $522,710 $1,045,420 Res Vacant Land 18 $25,700 $25,700 $51,400 Residential 15 $653,233 $326,617 $979,850 34 Total 44 $1,201,643 $875,027 $2,076,670 34 Unincorporated Agricultural 1,072 $154,860,256 $154,860,256 $309,720,512 Com Vacant Land 8 $53,595 $53,595 $107,190 Commercial 29 $2,967,205 $2,967,205 $5,934,410 Duplex 1 $154,929 $77,465 $232,394 2 Ind. Vacant Land 9 $162,066 $162,066 $324,132 Industrial 4 $730,781 $1,096,172 $1,826,953 Multiple Unit 3 $514,416 $514,416 $1,028,832 Res Vacant Land 85 $3,046,850 $3,046,850 $6,093,700 Residential 140 $16,593,768 $8,296,884 $24,890,652 314 Total 1,351 $179,083,866 $171,074,908 $350,158,774 316 Grand Total 2,443 $260,962,619 $222,315,229 $483,277,848 2,077 Source: Wyoming Property Tax Division Total building exposure within Niobrara County based on the analysis of improved parcels is over $483 million, with over $260 million in improved value properties and over $222 million in estimated contents value. The unincorporated parts of the county have the greatest number of properties (based on the improved parcel counts) followed by the Town of Lusk. Based on these exposure estimates, there are 2,076 individuals potentially at risk of the various hazards identified for Niobrara County. To calculate these population exposure summaries, a household occupancy average of 2.24 was used, based on the most current statistics from the U.S. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 12 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Census. Note that this method over-estimates the Census-estimated population. There might also be a seasonal influx of visitors during the summer months. 6.2.1 Critical Facilities, Infrastructure, and Other Important Community Assets A critical facility (CF) may be defined as one that is essential in providing utility or direction either during the response to an emergency or during the recovery operation. FEMA’s HAZUS-MH loss estimation software uses the following three categories of critical assets. Essential facilities are those that, if damaged, would have devastating impacts on disaster response and/or recovery. High potential loss facilities are those that would have a high loss or impact on the community. Transportation and lifeline facilities are a third category of critical assets. Examples of each are provided below. Essential Facilities High Potential Loss Facilities Transportation and Lifelines  Hospitals and other medical facilities  Police stations  Fire station  Emergency Operations Centers  Power plants  Dams and levees  Military installations  Hazardous material sites  Schools  Shelters  Day care centers  Nursing homes  Main government buildings  Highways, bridges, tunnels  Railroads and facilities  Airports  Water treatment facilities  Natural gas and oil facilities and pipelines  Communications facilities Table 6-3 summarizes critical facilities in Niobrara County, followed by Table 6-4 which examines the distribution of those critical facilities across each individual jurisdiction. Critical facilities were based on the Homeland Security Infrastructure Program (HSIP) Freedom GIS databases and supplemented with input by the HMPC. Table 6-3 Niobrara County Critical Facility Summary Facility Type Facility Count Cellular Towers 3 Day Care Facilities 1 Electric Substations 15 EMS Stations 1 Fire Stations 2 FM Transmission Towers 1 Hospitals 1 Local Law Enforcement 2 Microwave Service Towers 16 Paging Transmission Towers 1 Public Schools 4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 13 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Facility Type Facility Count TV Analog Station Transmitters 1 Total 48 Source: HSIP Freedom and HMPC Table 6-4 Niobrara County Critical Facilities by Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Facility Type Count Lusk Cellular Towers 2 Day Care Facilities 1 Electric Substations 1 EMS Stations 1 Fire Stations 1 Hospitals 1 Local Law Enforcement 2 Microwave Service Towers 2 Public Schools 3 Total 14 Van Tassell Fire Stations 1 Total 1 Unincorporated Cellular Towers 1 Electric Substations 14 FM Transmission Towers 1 Microwave Service Towers 14 Paging Transmission Towers 1 Public Schools 1 TV Analog Station Transmitters 1 Total 33 Grand Total 48 Source: HSIP Freedom and HMPC 6.2.2 Natural, Historic, and Cultural Assets Assessing the vulnerability of Niobrara County to disasters also involves inventorying the natural, historical, and cultural assets of the area. This step is important for the following reasons:  The community may decide that these types of resources warrant more protection due to their unique and irreplaceable nature as well as contribution to the overall economy.  If these resources are impacted by a disaster, knowing so ahead of time allows for more prudent care in the immediate aftermath when the potential for additional impacts are higher.  The rules for reconstruction, restoration, rehabilitation, and/or replacement are often different for these types of designated resources. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 14 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018  Natural resources can have beneficial functions that reduce the impacts of natural hazards, such as wetlands and riparian habitat, which help absorb and attenuate floodwaters. Historic and Cultural Resources By definition, a historic property not only includes buildings or other types of structures such as bridges and dams, but also prehistoric places such as Native American sites, roads, byways, historic landscapes, and many other features. Given the history of the County, five of these historic properties exist in the planning area. Table 6-5 lists the properties in Niobrara County that are on the National Register of Historic Places, which is the Nation’s official list of cultural resources worthy of preservation. The National Register is part of a national program to coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect historic and archeological resources. Properties listed include districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that are significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture. The National Register is administered by the National Park Service, which is part of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Table 6-5 Niobrara County Historic Properties City/Place Historic Name Lusk C and H Refinery Historic District Lusk Water Tower Mule Creek Agate Basin Site Riverview DSD Bridge over Cheyenne River Van Tassell Site of Ferdinand Branstetter Post No. 1, American Legion Sources: National Register of Historic Place Program, Natural Resources Natural resources are important to include in benefit-cost analyses for future projects and may be used to leverage additional funding for projects that also contribute to community goals for protecting sensitive natural resources. Awareness of natural assets can lead to opportunities for meeting multiple objectives. For instance, protecting wetlands areas protects sensitive habitat as well as attenuates and stores floodwaters. Wetlands Wetlands are a valuable natural resource for communities, due to their benefits to water quality, wildlife protection, recreation, and education, and play an important role in hazard mitigation. Wetlands reduce flood peaks and slowly release floodwaters to areas. When surface runoff is dampened, the erosive powers of the water are greatly diminished. Furthermore, the reduction in the velocity of inflowing water as it passes through a wetland helps remove sediment ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 15 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 being transported by the water. They also provide drought relief in water-scarce areas where the relationship between water storage and streamflow regulation are vital. Endangered Species To further understand natural resources that may be particularly vulnerable to a hazard event, as well as those that need consideration when implementing mitigation activities, it is important to identify at-risk species (i.e. threatened and endangered species) in the planning area. An endangered species is any species of fish, plant life, or wildlife that is in danger of extinction throughout all or most of its range. A threatened species is a species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Both endangered and threatened species are protected by law and any future hazard mitigation projects are subject to these laws. Candidate species are plants and animals that have been proposed as endangered or threatened but are not currently listed. There are six federally-recognized endangered, threatened, or candidate species present in Niobrara County according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These species are listed in Table 6-6. Table 6-6 Endangered and Threatened Species in Niobrara County Common Name Scientific Name Type of Species Status Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Birds Recovery Gray wolf Canis lupus Mammals Recovery Least tern Sterna antillarum Birds Endangered Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Birds Threatened Ute ladies'-tresses Spiranthes diluvialis Flowering Plants Threatened Western prairie fringed Orchid Platanthera praeclara Flowering Plants Threatened Source: http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ 6.3 Vulnerability to Specific Hazards This section provides vulnerability to specific hazards, where quantifiable, to summarize the information of the Region and/or provide more detail at the county and jurisdictional level. The results of detailed GIS analyses used to estimate potential for future losses are presented here, in addition to maps of hazard areas and details by jurisdiction and building type in Niobrara County. For a discussion of the methodology used to develop the loss estimates refer to Chapter 4 of the Base Plan. In many cases, Chapter 4 contains detailed information that differentiates the risk by county or city/town, thus such information is not duplicated here. For most of the weather-related hazards the overall risk does not vary significantly enough from the rest of the Region; the reader should refer to Chapter 4 for more details on the following hazard assessment section. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 16 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.3.1 Dam Failure There are no significant or high hazard dams located in Niobrara County. However, the Wyoming State HMP identifies two dam failure events that took place within Niobrara County, and the Niobrara County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan discusses an additional event. As such, the County Emergency Operations Plan, or EOP, also identifies three potentially-significant dams: Duel Reservoir on Cow Creek, Field Reservoir on Cottonwood Draw, and Pfister No. 2 Reservoir on Oat Creek. Historic dam failure events affecting Niobrara County are summarized below:  On August 10, 1955 heavy rains caused several dams to break resulting in one ranch losing twenty-one heads of cattle.  The Niobrara HMP identifies a dam failure event that occurred in July of 1969. Although the dam failure took place in nearby Platte County it had a substantial impact on Niobrara County. The dam break resulted in a wall of water that was 50 feet high that damaged crops, killed livestock and forced evacuations. Property damage was estimated to be over $1 million.  The last dam failure event took place on July 21, 1973 and affected both Niobrara and Weston counites. Torrential rainfall accompanied by hail caused flash flooding to damage bridges, make roads impassable in some areas and result in several earthen dams to fail. Crop and property damaged was substantial with an estimated $225,000 in property damage. The figure below shows the location of all the Low hazard dams in the county, with the surrounding Significant and High hazard dams falling outside of Niobrara. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 17 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-1 Dams in Niobrara County and Surrounding Areas While no significant or high hazard dams are located in the county nor in close proximity (e.g. from water bodies) to jurisdictions, there is always the possibility of structure failure- based flooding in the future. The overall risk of dam failure across Niobrara County and its jurisdictions is however low. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 18 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.3.2 Drought Drought is a high significance hazard across Niobrara County. Drought-related impacts to the local economy can be extensive, affecting agriculture, relief response efforts, and increasing fire danger, among others. The most affected sector in Niobrara County has been agriculture, but the county and jurisdictional agencies suffer from relief response efforts’ increased management costs too, which prevent them from maintaining revenue flows during drought. Since 1999, Niobrara County has received twelve reports of countywide impacts to the various sectors due to drought. The overall significance of drought is again high throughout the county and its jurisdictions. The figure below summarizes the number and type of reports that have been made at the county level, from 1999 to the end of 2017. These reports were submitted to indicate negative effects to the economic sectors and local industries due to drought events. Refer to Chapter 4 in the Base Plan for additional discussion of drought risk related to the region and the county. Figure 6-2 County-Level Drought Reports in Niobrara County, 1999-2017 Source: NDMC Table 6-8 below takes the impacts of drought on crop production (detailed in Table 4-16 of the Base Plan) and breaks out the agriculture losses specific to Niobrara County. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 19 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 6-7 Indemnities Paid for Commodities that Suffered from Drought in Niobrara County, 2007-2017 Commodity Acres Damaged Indemnity Amount Forage Production 14,988 $422,739 Forage Seeding 318 $36,294 Oats 127 $3,009 Wheat 684 $69,028 TOTAL 16,117 $531,070 Source: USDA – Risk Management Agency 6.3.3 Earthquake Niobrara County has experienced eleven notable seismic events since 1889 (though more may have taken place but not been recorded/reported). The earthquakes occurring in the county are not usually felt, nor do they cause any reportable damages or injure populations every time. Below are the known occurrence summaries; none of those events resulted in damages or injuries:  The earliest recorded earthquake in Niobrara County occurred on October 8, 1889. The event was felt in Lusk, Manville, and Muskrat Canyon and traveled in a northeasterly direction (Case, 1993).  Two earthquakes occurred in the Lusk area in the mid-1900s. On February 25, 1942, an intensity V earthquake, with an epicenter approximately 18 miles south of Lusk, caused no damage (Casper Tribune-Herald, February 27, 1942). On October 3, 1954, an intensity IV earthquake was reported near Guernsey, approximately 38 miles south-southwest of Lusk. Although the event was felt from Douglas to Wheatland, no damage was reported. Train traffic between Douglas and Wheatland was temporarily halted until it was determined that the tracks had not been damaged (Laramie Republican-Boomerang, October 4, 1954).  In the 1960s, there were two earthquakes in the Lusk area. On March 28, 1964, there was an intensity V earthquake with an epicenter approximately 21 miles southeast of Lusk. No significant damage was reported (Casper Star-Tribune, March 29, 1964). On August 22, 1964, there was a magnitude 4.5, intensity V earthquake recorded with an epicenter approximately 17 miles northwest of Lusk. Much of the town was attending a concert in the town’s new high school building. When the attendees felt the tremor, they thought that the furnace had blown up (Wyoming State Tribune, August 23, 1964). Fortunately, no significant damage was reported.  In the 1990s, there were a few earthquakes in the Lusk area. On November 1, 1992, a magnitude 3.0, intensity V earthquake occurred just a few miles southeast of Lusk. Although the earthquake was felt throughout Lusk, little damage was reported (Casper Star-Tribune, November 4, 1992). In 1996, there were two earthquakes in the Lusk area. The first occurred on April 8, 1996. It was a magnitude 3.7, intensity III event, and was located approximately 26 miles northeast of Lusk. Although the earthquake was felt in Lusk, no damage was reported. Another earthquake occurred on May 3, 1996. This earthquake, which was located in southwestern corner of South Dakota, had a magnitude of 3.1. No damage was reported. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 20 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018  Three events were reported in the 2000s, though none of the earthquakes caused damaged. A magnitude 3.1 earthquake was reported 19 miles outside of Lance Creek on August 22, 2008. County commissioners reported that an earthquake was felt in December of 2008 in Lusk and much of the County, but no damages were reported. Most recently, a magnitude 2.9 earthquake occurred 13 miles away from Van Tassell on March 10, 2011. No active fault lines have been identified in the county, although the Wheatland-Whelen fault system exists (but is not confirmed as active). A HAZUS earthquake loss analysis was completed as part of the 2018 Plan development. The 2500-Year probabilistic scenario estimated about $4 million in economic losses (damages) in the county, but without any casualties. For more details on the past studies, refer to the Earthquake chapter of the Base Plan. Based on all the information available to date, earthquakes are a low significance hazard in the county. 6.3.4 Expansive Soils State of Wyoming mapping data shows a small amount of expansive soils within Niobrara County, comprising only around 2% of the county’s area; this is below the regional average of 13.5%. There were no known historic or current issues of expansive soils in Niobrara County, but based on the figure below there are areas where expansive soils are present. These areas are located along the northeast and central east in the county, running to the east of highways 18 and 85. Potential for swelling is predominantly low for the County, and associated impacts negligible. Chapter 4 of the Base Plan includes more information on the location of various soil types, probability of expansion, and exposed building values for both Niobrara County and the Region 2. The figure below displays the areas known to be susceptible to expansive soils in Niobrara County. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 21 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-3 Expansive Soils in Niobrara County ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 22 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Based on recent GIS analysis of parcels, buildings, building improved values, building contents, population, and critical facilities in Niobrara County, it is estimated that there is some risk of exposure to expansive soils across unincorporated portions. The table below summarizes the findings of the analysis, including potential losses, population affected, and the type and number of parcels and facilities that could be affected by this hazard. Note that Niobrara County does not have any critical facilities at risk of expansive soils. Table 6-8 Building/Structure and Population Exposure to Expansive Soils in Niobrara County Jurisdiction Property Type Parcel Count Improved Value Est. Content Value Total Exposure Population Unincorporated Agricultural 27 $2,775,152 $2,775,152 $5,550,304 - Res. Vacant Land 1 $9,000 $9,000 $18,000 - Total 28 $2,784,152 $2,784,152 $5,568,304 0 Source: WY State Geological Survey, WY Assessor’s Office, parcel analysis, 6.3.5 Flood Niobrara County has a long history of flooding that has resulted in financial losses and property destruction. Recently, a large event took place on June 4, 2015 which involved flash flooding of homes, businesses and a highway bridge in Lusk and surrounding areas. Heavy rain of six inches sent the Niobrara River over its banks. The Niobrara County Emergency Management Coordinator reported that water covered approximately four city blocks and knocked out the town's drinking water system, resulting in a boil order from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In addition to damaging and forcing closedowns on highways and roads, towns lost power, homes were destroyed, and businesses received heavily damages, leading to both Governor and Presidential Disaster Declarations in early July of that year. Sixteen other flooding events have been reported to NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) system since 1938, totaling $1,542,250 in property damages and $2,250 in crop damages. Riverine sources of flooding in the county include the Cheyenne River, Niobrara River, Quinn Creek, and Van Tassell Creek. Niobrara County does not have any NFIP Repetitive Loss Facilities. Table 6-9 summarizes significant flood events that occurred between 1938 and 2018 in Niobrara County, as reported to the NOAA NCEI system. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 23 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 6-9 Flood Events in Niobrara County, 1938-2018 Main Location Date Property Damage Crop Damage Cheyenne River 6/1/1938 6/7/1945 4 miles north of old Whitman Post Office 8/10/1955 South of Lusk 6/11/1960 $2,250 $2,250 Lusk and county-wide 6/1/1962 County wide 7/1/1973 state wide 5/1/1978 Lusk 7/1/1980 Niobrara River Spring 1990 Niobrara River Spring 1991 County wide 5/7/1995 Redbird 8/6/2006 $40,000 County wide Spring 2008 Keeline, Lusk 9/29/2014 WEST LANCE CREEK 5/26/2015 KEELINE 6/3/2015 VAN TASSELL 6/4/2015 $1,500,000 TOTAL $1,542,250 $2,250 Source: NOAA NCEI Based on GIS analysis, in the event of a 100-year flood annual chance), the most impacted parcels and buildings would be in the unincorporated areas (62.6% of all the impacted parcels and buildings in the county), followed by the Town of Lusk the Town of Manville and finally the Town of Van Tassell This ratio changes when taking into consideration the improved value and content value of the properties at risk, as the unincorporated areas represent 90.8% of potential loss in the entire county (given higher value properties, more contents at risk, or other such factors). The total exposure value in Niobrara County to the 100-year floodplain is equal to $35,417,397, with $8.8 million of potential loss during a 100-year flood event. An estimated 128 people would face displacement during these floods, and 174 parcels/buildings would be at risk. Niobrara County does not show risk to the 500-year flood event (0.2% annual chance flood), given the lack of flood studies at that level. Below are maps of flood prone areas in Niobrara County and its jurisdictions, based on Hazus- derived (100-year) floodplains calculated for a 1% annual chance flood event. Tables highlighting general properties at risk, vulnerable critical facilities, exposure values, potential losses, and overall population vulnerable to flooding are included under the Base Plan. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 24 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-4 Niobrara County 100-year and 500-year Flood Hazards ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 25 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-5 Town of Lusk Hazus-Derived (100-year) Flood Hazards ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 26 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-6 Town of Manville Hazus-Derived (100-year) Flood Hazards ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 27 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-8 Town of Van Tassell Hazus-Derived (100-year) Flood Hazards ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 28 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.3.6 Hail Hail storms occur sporadically throughout Region 2 and are often associated with severe summer storms; these events primarily impact buildings and agriculture. Most of the damages affect crops, though there is potential for significant structural destruction from particularly large hailstones. The probability of future occurrence for this event in Niobrara County is likely, and the overall threat hail poses is significant across the County and its jurisdictions. Though it should be noted that property damages will be higher in the municipalities (due to exposed infrastructure, cars, etc.), potential crop and livestock damages would be concentrated in the more rural and unincorporated areas. See Section 4.2.7 of the Base Plan for more information on the previously recorded hail events and associated damages. The total property damage recorded for the County since 1950 due to 141 occurrences of this hazard is $95,500, with no crop damages on file. (Source: NOAA’s NCEI database.) The map below displays where NOAA-reported hail events took place in Niobrara County, from 1950-2016: ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 29 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-7 NOAA Reported Hail Events in Niobrara County ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 30 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.3.7 Hazardous Materials As further discussed at a regional level in the Base Plan, from 2007 to 2016 Niobrara County has been exposed to at least 14 hazardous materials incidents that were significant enough to be recorded in the U.S. Coast Guard’s National Response Center (NRC) database and Risk Management Plans (RMP) network; more information can be obtained at http://www.rtk.net/#rmp. While Niobrara County does not contain any RMP facilities, hazardous material handlers do exist in the form of transporter services, and hence have impacted, and can continue to impact, the County. The table below summarizes the number of events that have occurred from 2007-2016 in Niobrara County. Table 6-10 NRC-Reported Incidents in Niobrara County: 2007-2016 Year Niobrara 2007 0 2008 1 2009 1 2010 1 2011 0 2012 1 2013 2 2014 3 2015 5 2016 0 TOTAL 14 Yearly Average 1.4 Source: http://www.rtk.net/#rmp In 2015, Niobrara County had five hazardous materials incidents (the most in its recent history). A recent incident involved a hot oil tanker overturning and spilling on the highway north of Manville, in spring 2015. The County cleaned up the mess and there was no need for assistance from the regional response team, though. Life safety is a concern related to transportation incidents that may occur on major roadways or railways in the County. US Route 18, US Route 85, US Route 20, the Union Pacific Railroad, and the Lusk Municipal Airport are all potential sources of hazardous materials exposures. The overall significance of this type of hazard to the county is low. 6.3.8 High Winds and Downbursts Wind is a constant presence in Wyoming, but its effects can be often overlooked. It is difficult to assess vulnerability as it relates to location because damaging winds have occurred everywhere in ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 31 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Niobrara County. The main risks associated with high wind events are related to poorly constructed buildings, flying debris, car accidents, and damages to electrical/power infrastructure. The figure below displays NOAA’s NCEI-recorded events taking place from 1950 to 2016 in the county. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 32 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-8 NOAA Wind Events in Niobrara County, 1950-2016 High wind events are usually somewhat random and damages from high winds are often described in a regional context, though downbursts occur in smaller extents. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 33 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 From 1950-2016, a total of 19 wind weather events have caused $65,000 in property damages, with a maximum recorded wind speed of 61 knots (source: NOAA’s NCEI). Overall, high winds pose a moderate/medium threat across the County that does not vary between the jurisdictions. See Section 4.2.9 of the Base Plan for more information on wind zones, events, and impacts. 6.3.9 Landslide/Debris Flow/Rockfall The geologic history and unique conditions of Wyoming make landslides one of the most common hazards. However, in Niobrara County, landslide deposits are very minimal, and only small amounts of slump and debris/earth flow terrains are found in the county. These small areas are located between WY highway 270 and U.S. highway 18, to the southeast of Manville but southwest of Lusk, in central-south Niobrara. In terms of significance, landslides, debris/earth flow, and rockfall vary based on the magnitude and the location. There is also a possibility that creeks or rivers within the county could become dammed by landslide activity, resulting in a flash flood hazard if the landslide dam fails or is overtopped, or flood nearby developed areas as pooling behind the landslide dam occurs. While some events are small and have limited impact on people and infrastructure, other occurrences can involve large sections of earth and may obstruct major roadways, power line corridors, or gas lines. During the development of this regional plan, a GIS analysis of exposure to landslide hazard areas and potential property losses was performed, with the resulted detailed for all the Region 2 counties in Section 4.2.10 of the Base Plan. Niobrara County, however, did not show any estimated losses due to this hazard across its jurisdictions or unincorporated areas. No critical facilities were at risk either. As such, Niobrara County has a low degree of landslide vulnerability. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 34 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-9 Niobrara County Landslide Hazards ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 35 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.3.10 Lightning All areas in western Wyoming are susceptible to lighting strikes. Impacts to persons and property are likely to remain isolated. Outdoor workers and outdoor enthusiasts and livestock will remain susceptible to lightning strikes. In Niobrara County, higher elevation/mountainous areas remain more susceptible. Four lightning events have been recorded in the County from 1960-2015, with $33,739 in total damages accrued from the various events (in the form of property and crop losses). Lightning-caused wildland fires may result in more extensive and compound/secondary damages as well. The table below summarizes the recorded events from this hazard, as available in the 2016 Wyoming Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. Overall, lighting poses a medium significance hazard to the county. Table 6-11 Lightning Events in Niobrara County, 1960-2015 Number of Events Injuries Fatalities Property Damage Crop Damage Total Damage 4 0 0 $30,739 $3,000 $33,739 Source: 2016 Wyoming State Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 6.3.11 Mine and Land Subsidence There are a few abandoned mine sites with subsidence-prone underground workings in Niobrara County, especially areas close to state and other major highways. Mines across the county have been identified and there are mitigation projects designed to reduce the impacts from underground mining and subsidence, and to remove the threat they pose to the surrounding area. The unmitigated identified mines pose little to no threat to infrastructure in the parts of the county. Mine and general land subsidence events occur occasionally, and the degree of risk and impact varies based on the characteristics of each area. Although there have not been any notable mine or land subsidence events in Niobrara County recently, occurrences can happen; however, the dollar amounts of the potential damage are not readily available. Refer to Section 4.2.12 from the Base Plan for a more detailed vulnerability assessment and location of abandoned mine sites, mine reclamation and abandonment programs, land subsidence information, and other details relevant to Niobrara County and Region 2. The overall threat of this hazard in the county is low. 6.3.12 Severe Winter Weather Winter storms are a yearly feature of the Wyoming climate and may occur anywhere in the state. Blizzard conditions bring the triple threat of heavy snowfall, strong winds, and low temperatures. Poor visibility and huge snowdrifts are major hazards caused by blowing snow. These storms disrupt work, make travel difficult or impossible, isolate communities, kill livestock by the hundreds or thousands, and sometimes leave human fatalities in their wake. Higher elevation and mountainous areas tend to be more susceptible to severe winter weather events, but in Niobrara ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 36 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 County there have not been any property or crop damages from since 1996. However, in this time period, 27 winter storms, one ice storm, and one extreme cold event have taken place (Source: NOAA’s NCEI database.) The reported that Interstate closures are common during winter storm events, which leads to the need to shelter stranded motorists, can create economic impacts, and can cause problems due to diverted semi-trucks on city and town streets. Access to rural homes can also become an issue, especially during prolonged storms; residents are encouraged to keep a 3-day supply of food, medication, and oxygen. Impacts on livestock and wildlife can also be a major concern. Ice jams can pose a problem across the county as well. The overall significance of this hazard is high across the County and does not largely vary between the jurisdictions. Refer to Section 4.2.13 of the Base Plan for more information. 6.3.13 Tornado Many documented tornadoes occurring in the counties in Region 2 are given low ratings on the Fujita Scale (F0s and F1s) simply because these tornadoes are often formed over open land and result in little or no damage. Niobrara County has had 34 NCEI-reported incidents of this kind from 1950-2016, with five injuries recorded. The table below summarizes the tornado events in this time period: Table 6-12 Tornado History in Niobrara County, 1950-2016 Total Incidents Magnitude Damage- Causing Incidents Fatalities Injuries Property Damage 34 F0, F1, EF0, EF2 17 0 5 $1,780,150 Source: NOAA’s NCEI The overall significance of tornadoes in Niobrara County is medium. Region 2 tornado events tend to be rather small in terms of magnitude, with limited associated impacts, and the significance of this event does not largely vary across jurisdictions. However, Niobrara County has had a fair amount of property damages and losses reported in the last 60 or so years, and the previous Niobrara County HMP states that “[county residents] felt strongly that the number of tornadoes captured in the data significantly under-represented the actual number of tornadoes that have occurred in the County” The map below geospatially displays the locations of NOAA-reported tornadoes across Niobrara County, though only focusing on events from 1950-2016. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 37 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-10 NOAA Tornado Events from 1950-2016 ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 38 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 6.3.14 Wildfire Large wildland fires become increasingly damaging as the population expands into the more rural areas. The statewide Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Hazard Assessment and its resultant outputs serve two primary purposes: assisting in prioritizing and planning mitigation projects, and creating a communications tool to which agencies can relate to common information and data. With the mapping analysis evaluating areas of varying wildfire vulnerability, the final output will result in a Risk, Hazard, and Value (RHV) map displaying areas of concern (Redzones) for catastrophic wildland fires. These results provide vulnerability and potential risk assessment tools. Another method of estimating potential future impacts from wildfires is to determine the value of structures that are located within Redzones, or wildland fire building exposure values. Wildland fire building exposure value is the value of buildings that can be potentially damaged by wildland fire in an area. Building exposure values are based on Census Block level data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The methodology utilized is like the one used to model flood exposure described in the flood chapter of the Base Plan. Based on GIS analysis performed, Niobrara County has over $5.5 million in total property exposure potentially at risk to wildland fires, 16 parcels/buildings at risk, and 13 people living in the Redzones (at risk of being hurt, displaced, etc.). However, there are 0 critical facilities at risk of the Redzone throughout the county (more information in Chapter 4 of the Base Plan). Though it is not likely that the areas at risk will simultaneously face a completely destructive event, these figure estimates provide the upper end of what could be affected. Future wildfires could face compound losses such as damaged crops and watersheds within the County, and the fires could contribute to soil erosion and deposition problems. The table below summarizes Niobrara County’s risk to wildfires: Table 6-13 Wildfire Risk in Niobrara County based on Redzone Analysis Jurisdiction Property Type Parcel Count Improved Value Est. Content Value Total Exposure Population Unincorporated Agricultural 8 $1,275,543 $1,275,543 $2,551,086 Commercial 1 $8,720 $8,720 $17,440 Duplex 1 $154,929 $77,465 $232,394 2 Industrial 1 $488,474 $732,711 $1,221,185 Residential 5 $1,036,026 $518,013 $1,554,039 11 Total 16 $2,963,692 $2,612,452 $5,576,144 13 Grand Total 16 $2,963,692 $2,612,452 $5,576,144 13 Source: Wyoming Assessor’s Office, Redzone data, U.S. Census Current resources for wildfire planning and management for Niobrara County include the following:  Wyoming Statewide Forest Resource Assessment – 2009  Wyoming Fire Report – 2011 ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 39 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018  Wyoming Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Assessment – 2002  Front Range Redzone Project  Niobrara County Emergency Operations Plan Below are the maps, first for Niobrara County and then for the affected jurisdictions (i.e. Town of Lusk), of Redzone vulnerability where red colors mean high risk of fires, and the oranges are the areas immediately adjacent and hence less vulnerable but still at risk. A fire history map of fire locations and their magnitudes is included last, for Niobrara County; the fires shown are limited to those that initiated on federal lands and likely is not a comprehensive picture of previous fire history. Overall, the significance of wildfires to the county is high, with around 10,523 acres burned just in the human- and natural-caused fires of over 1,000 acres in size that took place from 1980-2016. However, historically, there have been many more fires reported, most of which are of much smaller scale. Refer to Section 4.2.15 of the Base Plan for additional analysis and information pertaining to Niobrara County and Region 2, including further statistics, summaries, and details. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 40 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-11 Niobrara County Redzone Areas ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 41 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-12 Lusk Redzone Areas ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 42 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Figure 6-13 Wildfire Occurrences in Niobrara County from 1980-2016 ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 43 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 7 Mitigation Capabilities Assessment As part of the regional plan development, Region 2 and participating jurisdictions developed a mitigation capability assessment. Capabilities are those plans, policies and procedures that are currently in place and contribute to reducing hazard losses. Capabilities also include staffing and financial considerations, including the ability to leverage funding for mitigation projects. Combining the risk assessment with the mitigation capability assessment results in “net vulnerability” to disasters and more accurately focuses the goals, objectives, and proposed actions of this plan. The purpose of this effort was to identify policies and programs that were either in place or could be undertaken, if appropriate. Second, the HMPC conducted an inventory and review of existing policies, regulations, plans, projects, and programs to determine if they contribute to reducing hazard related losses. 7.1 Capability Summary The 2016 Wyoming State Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan summarizes existing mitigation capabilities of each county and some of their incorporated cities. The information was derived from county websites and through completed worksheets from the County Coordinators. Table 7-1 presents an overview of Niobrara County’s mitigation capabilities as captured in the 2016 Wyoming State Mitigation Plan. Table 7-1 Niobrara County Mitigation Capabilities Overview Building Codes Comprehensive Planning Floodplain Management GIS & Planning Land Use Regulations Mitigation Plan Additional Capabilities Town of Lusk administers bldg. permits The County has a very general land use plan that is no longer current. Town of Lusk FIRM: 03/18/86 All Zone A, C and X No planning staff in the county or on retainer to the county or its communities Not Applicable Yes – 07/31/2015 2015-2020 Niobrara County Conservation District Land and Resource Plan speaks to the conservation of floodplains, wetlands, environmental quality, etc. Source: Wyoming Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2016 Table 7-2 provides an assessment of Niobrara County’s mitigation capabilities, based on input collected from the HMPC via data collection guides during the 2018 planning process. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 44 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 7-2 Niobrara County Capability Assessment Element Niobrara County Town of Lusk Town of Manville Town of Van Tassell Planning Capabilities Comprehensive Plan No, but one is being developed Capital Improvement Plan Emergency Operations Plan Outdated. Recovery Plan Mitigation Plan Yes – 07/31/15 Debris Management Plan Economic Development Plan Transportation Plan Land-use Plan 2015-2020 Niobrara Conservation District Land and Resource Use Plan and Policy Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Plan Watershed Plan Community Wildfire Protection Plan or other fire mitigation plan Wildland Fire Management Operating Plan - 2015 Critical Facilities Plan (Mitigation/ Response/ Recovery) Policies/Ordinance Zoning Ordinance Building Code Floodplain Ordinance Subdivision Ordinance Tree Trimming Ordinance Nuisance Ordinance Storm Water Ordinance Drainage Ordinance Site Plan Review Requirements Historic Preservation Ordinance Landscape Ordinance Program Zoning/Land-use Restrictions Planning and Zoning Regulations Codes Building Site/Design Lusk Municipal Code – 2004 Manville Municipal Code ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 45 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Element Niobrara County Town of Lusk Town of Manville Town of Van Tassell Hazard Awareness Program National Flood Insurance Program No Community Rating System (CRS) No National Weather Service (NWS) Storm Ready Certification Firewise Community Certification Building Code Effectiveness Grading (BCEGs) ISO Fire Rating Economic Development Program Land-use Program Public Education/Awareness Property Acquisition Planning/Zoning Boards Stream Maintenance Program Tree Trimming Program Engineering Studies for Streams (Local) Mutual Aid Agreements Studies/Reports/Maps Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) Yes Hazard Analysis/Risk Assessment Evacuation Route Map Critical Facilities Inventory Vulnerable Population Inventory Land-use Map Staff/Department Building Code Official Building Inspector Mapping Specialist (GIS) Engineer Development Planner Public Works Official Emergency Management Coordinator James Santistevan NFIP Floodplain Administrator Bomb and/or Arson Squad ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 46 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Element Niobrara County Town of Lusk Town of Manville Town of Van Tassell Emergency Response Team Hazardous Materials Expert Local Emergency Planning Committee Emergency Management Commission Sanitation Department Transportation Department Economic Development Department Housing Department Historic Preservation Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) American Red Cross Salvation Army Veterans Groups Local Environmental Organization Homeowner Associations Neighborhood Associations Chamber of Commerce Yes Community Organizations (Lions, Kiwanis, etc.) Financial Resources Apply for Community Development Block Grants Fund projects through Capital Improvements funding Authority to levy taxes for specific purposes Fees for water, sewer, gas, or electric services Impact fees for new development Incur debt through general obligation bonds Incur debt through special tax bonds Incur debt through private activities Withhold spending in hazard prone areas Additional Information ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 47 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Element Niobrara County Town of Lusk Town of Manville Town of Van Tassell Public education/information programs Past or ongoing programs to reduce disaster losses Projects or issues related to people with Access and Functional Needs Outdoor warning sirens Other public warning systems Designated public tornado shelters/saferooms General development trends in the last 5 years Future development plans and expected growth, especially in the 100-year floodplain or known hazard areas New facilities or infrastructure planned in the next 5 years Source: Data provided by jurisdictions 7.1.1 NFIP Participation and Continued Compliance The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Community Status Book outlines participation and flood map status for counties and jurisdictions across the country. Only the Town of Lusk has flood hazards mapping and participates in the NFIP currently. The County and other jurisdictions have not been mapped by the NFIP and thus participation is optional, however individuals in these areas that desire having flood insurance may not be able to obtain it. Table 7-3 NFIP Status in Niobrara County Jurisdiction Effective Map Status Date Joined Comments Niobrara County Not mapped Not mapped Not participating, not required Town of Lusk 03/18/86 03/18/86 Participating Town of Manville Not mapped Not mapped Not participating, not required Town of Van Tassell Not mapped Not mapped Not participating, not required Source: NFIP Community Status Book As a participant since 1986, the Town of Lusk will continue to comply with the NFIP to reduce flood losses and increase flood resiliency. Continued compliance with the NFIP includes ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 48 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 continuing to adopt floodplain maps when updated as well as implementing, maintaining and updating floodplain ordinances. Actions related to continued compliance are summarized below:  Continued designation of a local floodplain manager whose responsibilities include reviewing floodplain development permits to ensure compliance with the local floodplain management ordinances and rules;  Suggest changes to improve enforcement of and compliance with regulations and programs;  Participate in Flood Insurance Rate Map updates by adopting new maps or amendments to maps;  Utilize Digital Flood Insurance Rate maps in conjunction with GIS to improve floodplain management, such as improved risk assessment and tracking of floodplain permits;  Promote and disperse information on the benefits of flood insurance. Also to be considered are the flood mitigation actions contained in the base Regional Plan and this annex, to support the ongoing efforts by participating counties to minimize the risk and vulnerability of communities to flood hazards, and to enhance their overall floodplain management program/s. 8 Mitigation Strategy This section describes the mitigation strategy and mitigation action plan for Niobrara County. See Chapter 5 of the Base Plan for more details on the process used to develop and update the mitigation strategy. 8.1 Mitigation Goals As part of the 2018 planning process, Niobrara County identified reviewed their previously identified goals to guide the development of the Hazard Mitigation Strategy. The potential hazards, risks and vulnerabilities were also considered in the development and review of the goals. In 2018 the general goals remained the same as those identified in 2015. Goal 1: Mitigate natural hazards to reduce potential injury and loss of life, and property damage in the Town of Lusk. Goal 2: Mitigate natural hazards to reduce potential injury and loss of life, and property damage in the Town of Manville. Goal 3: Mitigate natural hazards to reduce potential injury and loss of life, and property damage in the Town of Van Tassell. Goal 4: Mitigate natural hazards to reduce potential injury and loss of life, and property damage in Niobrara County. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 49 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 8.2 Mitigation Actions This section provides updates on the actions identified in the 2015 Niobrara County County Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan and new actions identified during the 2018 Regional Plan development. 8.2.1 Identification and Implementation of Mitigation Measures Niobrara County has identified several potential hazard mitigation projects that would benefit the County and reduce potential risks and vulnerabilities. These projects were originally developed with input from the HMPC, LEPC, and from the past public meetings and a public survey. Chapter 5 in the Base Plan includes additional information on the development and update of the mitigation strategy. The action plans were shared amongst the regional plan participants to stimulate ideas amongst the respective planning committees in each county. Table 8-1 provides a progress update on projects identified in the County’s 2015 planning process. Table 8-4 lists 2015 projects that have since been completed; Table 8-2 lists 2015 projects that were deleted. Table 8-3 contains the Niobrara County’s updated 2018 hazard mitigation strategy, encompassing all continuing actions from the 2015 plan, as well as new actions identified under the 2018 planning process. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 50 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 8-1 2015 Mitigation Action Progress Goal Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction 2018 Status 2018 Comments 1 All Test warning siren. Post information on what the tones mean. Lusk Continue in progress 1 All Review and update basic plan for continuity of town government. Lusk Continue in progress 1 Flood Investigate engineering solutions to flooding of Niobrara Creek in Lusk. Lusk Continue in progress Lusk has overhauled part of creek; project in progress; Town has also been buying out flood-prone properties 1 Flood Encourage property owners along creek to purchase flood insurance. Link to WYDOT site. Lusk Continue in progress Citizens have been encouraged to purchase insurance and this process will continue 1 Flood Monitor water levels in creek. Notify low- lying land owners of flood potential. Lusk Continue in progress Creek levels are monitored 1 Hazmat Develop an evacuation plan for Lusk. Lusk Continue in progress Evacuation plan development in progress 2 All Test warning siren. Post information on what the tones mean. Manville Continue in progress 2 All Use a basic template to plan for continuity of government. Manville Continue in progress 2 Flood Replace remaining culverts to reduce flooding. Manville Continue in progress Re-engineering of Creek removed some culverts ; county-level culverts have been replaced; some remediation cleanup from 2015 floods have replaced culverts 2 Wildland Fire Print message on July water bill about taking responsibility for reducing fire danger on private property. (Annually) Manville Continue in progress 3 All Maintain small cache of sheltering materials, supplies. Van Tassell Continue in progress 3 Hazmat Educate residents on how to respond to hazmat incident with annual mailing Van Tassell Continue in progress 4 All Educate residents about need to sign up for Code Red notification system. Unincorporated County Continue in progress Information shared at health fair, through local paper, public meetings; may begin sharing information through water bills 4 All Integrate emergency comm systems. Boost WYOLink. Unincorporated County Continue in progress ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 51 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Goal Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction 2018 Status 2018 Comments 4 All Encourage Niobrara Electric to continue to harden power lines and create redundancy. Unincorporated County Continue in progress 4 All Update 2003 EOP Unincorporated County Continue in progress 4 All Maintain capacity to shelter small numbers for short time. Unincorporated County Continue in progress 4 All First responders and elected officials develop personal disaster plans. Unincorporated County Continue in progress 4 All Coordinate evacuation, transportation, and sheltering with Women’s Prison. Unincorporated County Continue in progress 4 All Use a basic template to plan for continuity of county government. Unincorporated County Continue in progress 4 Hazmat Continue education on response to pipeline incidents (host pipeline company provided training) Unincorporated County Continue in progress This task is ongoing on annual basis 4 Winter Storms Encourage continued construction of wooden and living snow fences along roadways Unincorporated County Continue in progress In progress at County level; will install fences for free if an easement is in place 4 Flood Install erosion control on county road at Twenty-mile Creek Unincorporated County Continue not started No progress as of yet but project in pipeline 4 Flood Install erosion control to protect against loss of Cow Creek Road Unincorporated County Continue not started No progress as of yet but project in pipeline 4 Hazmat Work with Union Pacific Railroad to sponsor oil rail transport training Unincorporated County Continue not started ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 52 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 8-2 Completed 2015 Mitigation Actions Goal Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction Project Rank Responsible Agency Benefit/Comments 2018 Comments 2 All Establish small cache of sheltering materials, supplies. Manville L Town, County EM, Red Cross Be prepared to shelter small number of people for short- term. Completed 4 All Participate in Converse- Niobrara broadband feasibility study Unincorporated County H County Determine needs to increase capacity/redundancy of broadband service Completed 2016 4 All Obtain a command vehicle for emergency management. Unincorporated County M County Improve ability to respond to disasters of all types. Completed 4 All Design and conduct an exercise using ICS (power and communications outage) Unincorporated County M County EM, LEPC Increase familiarity with ICS. Better preparation for real incident. Completed 2018 4 Flood Construct permanent bridge at Lance Creek to replace temporary seasonal bridge Unincorporated County M County Address temporary solution. Provide needed access for residential, oil field traffic. A permanent bridge has been constructed 4 Flood Drain and fill road section at Big Muddy Creek Crossing Unincorporated County L County Save critical infrastructure (road) from washout. Prevent costlier rebuild in future. Project completed in 2015 during clean-up from flooding, including installation of larger culverts ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 53 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 8-3 Deleted 2015 Mitigation Actions Goal Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction Project Rank Responsible Agency 2018 Comments 4 All Have all first responders complete ICS 100 and 200. Unincorporated County M County EM Ongoing process - response action 4 All Host ICS 300 and 400 class in the county. Unincorporated County M County EM Ongoing process - response action 4 Drought Aggressively control grasshoppers during drought. Unincorporated County M County Weed and Pest 4 Hazmat Host annual awareness level hazmat course for fire, medical and law personnel. Unincorporated County M County EM Classes held annually - response action 4 Hazmat Provide ongoing training in use of PPE. Include medical personnel as appropriate. Unincorporated County H County This task is ongoing - response action 4 Wildland Fire Document and provide ongoing fire training (hazmat and other.) Unincorporated County H County This task in ongoing - response action 4 Other Participate and assist public health in preparation of Isolation and Quarantine plan Unincorporated County H County Response Action ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 54 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Table 8-4 Niobrara County 2018 Hazard Mitigation Strategy Action ID Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction Project Rank Responsible Agency Estimated Project Cost Sources of Funding Project Benefits 1.1 All Test warning siren. Post information on what the tones mean. Lusk M County EM L County Reduce confusion. Provide advance warning. Help residents respond appropriately. 1.2 All Review and update basic plan for continuity of town government. Lusk L Town, County EM L Town Allow town government to continue to function in event of disaster. 1.3 Flood Investigate engineering solutions to flooding of Niobrara Creek in Lusk. Lusk H Tow, County EM M Town, County EM, WOHS, FEMA Reduce property loss and interruption of commerce and transportation from flooding. Protect lives. 1.4 Flood Encourage property owners along creek to purchase flood insurance. Link to WYDOT site. Lusk M Town L Town Recoup damages after flooding. 1.5 Flood Monitor water levels in creek. Notify low-lying land owners of flood potential. Lusk M County EM L Town Provide for preparation from low land flooding. 1.6 Hazmat Develop an evacuation plan for Lusk. Lusk L Town, County EM M Town Be prepared for hazmat spill or release from mobile source. Reduce potential loss of life. 1.7 All Develop a public information campaign to increase awareness of the different hazards that can impact the County, focused on identified risks, county and community mitigation actions and actions citizens can take to understand and reduce vulnerability Lusk H County EM L Town Better prepared residents, with emphasis on personal preparedness 2.1 All Test warning siren. Post information on what the tones mean. Manville M County EM L County Reduce confusion. Provide advance warning. Help residents respond appropriately. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 55 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Action ID Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction Project Rank Responsible Agency Estimated Project Cost Sources of Funding Project Benefits 2.2 All Use a basic template to plan for continuity of government. Manville L Town, County EM L Town Allow town government to continue to function in event of disaster. 2.3 Flood Replace remaining culverts to reduce flooding. Manville H Town M Town Complete ongoing project to replace culverts. Reduce future flood damage to property. 2.4 Wildland Fire Print message on July water bill about taking responsibility for reducing fire danger on private property. (Annually) Manville H Town L Town Increase awareness of risk and reduce risk to property and lives from wildland fire. 2.5 All Develop a public information campaign to increase awareness of the different hazards that can impact the County, focused on identified risks, county and community mitigation actions and actions citizens can take to understand and reduce vulnerability Manville H County EM L Town Better prepared residents, with emphasis on personal preparedness 3.1 All Maintain small cache of sheltering materials, supplies. Van Tassell M Town, County EM, Red Cross L Town, County EM, Red Cross Be prepared to shelter small number of people for short-term. 3.2 Hazmat Educate residents on how to respond to hazmat incident with annual mailing Van Tassell H Town, County EM L Town Residents know what to do, not do in event of spill. Protect lives. 3.3 All Develop a public information campaign to increase awareness of the different hazards that can impact the County, focused on identified risks, county and community mitigation actions and actions citizens can take to understand and reduce vulnerability Van Tassell H County EM L Town Better prepared residents, with emphasis on personal preparedness ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 56 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Action ID Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction Project Rank Responsible Agency Estimated Project Cost Sources of Funding Project Benefits 4.1 All Educate residents about need to sign up for Code Red notification system. Unincorporated County H County EM, LEPC L County Provide warning before impact to allow preparation. Reduce loss of life and property damage. 4.2 All Integrate emergency comm systems. Boost WYOLink. Unincorporated County H County EM M County, State Ensure reliable communications during incidents. 4.3 All Encourage Niobrara Electric to continue to harden power lines and create redundancy. Unincorporated County H County High Niobrara Electric Reduced risk of power loss and related situations during all types of incidents. Quicker recovery. 4.4 All Update 2003 EOP Unincorporated County M County EM L County More effective response. 4.5 All Maintain capacity to shelter small numbers for short time. Unincorporated County M County EM M County EM, Red Cross Be prepared to assist in all types of emergencies and disasters. 4.6 All First responders and elected officials develop personal disaster plans. Unincorporated County L County L N/A Key individuals have plans in place. Elected officials and responders serve as example. 4.7 All Coordinate evacuation, transportation, and sheltering with Women’s Prison. Unincorporated County L County EM, Sheriff L County, State, Corrections Be prepared to safely evacuate prison and provide shelter to inmates if necessary. 4.8 All Use a basic template to plan for continuity of county government. Unincorporated County M County EM, County Elected Officials L County Allow county government to continue to function in event of disaster. 4.9 Hazmat Continue education on response to pipeline incidents (host pipeline company provided training) Unincorporated County M County EM, LEPC L Participating entities Increase effectiveness of response. Improve safety of responders. Protect people and natural resources. 4.1 Winter Storms Encourage continued construction of wooden and living snow fences along roadways Unincorporated County M County M UP Railroad, WYDOT, Conservation District Prevent winter vehicle accidents from blowing and drifting snow. Save lives. Reduce property damage. ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 57 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 Action ID Hazards Mitigation Project Jurisdiction Project Rank Responsible Agency Estimated Project Cost Sources of Funding Project Benefits 4.11 Flood Install erosion control on county road at Twenty-mile Creek Unincorporated County M County H County, State, FEMA Save critical infrastructure (road) from washout. Prevent costlier rebuild in future. 4.12 Flood Install erosion control to protect against loss of Cow Creek Road Unincorporated County M County H County, State, FEMA Save critical infrastructure (road) from washout. Prevent costlier rebuild in future. 4.13 Hazmat Work with Union Pacific Railroad to sponsor oil rail transport training Unincorporated County H County, EM L County Increase skill for response to oil tanker rail incident. 4.14 All Develop a public information campaign to increase awareness of the different hazards that can impact the County, focused on identified risks, county and community mitigation actions and actions citizens can take to understand and reduce vulnerability Unincorporated County H County EM L County Better prepared residents, with emphasis on personal preparedness 4.15 Drought Establish standards for sending public notices on water restrictions Unincorporated County H County L County Standardized system for implementation 4.16 All Finalize voluntary database of access and functional needs populations for first responders Unincorporated County H County L County Better knowledge of community needs during a response 4.17 Lightning Back up government records in case of lightning strikes Unincorporated County H County L County; FEMA Continuity of records; continuity of government 4.18 Tornado Identify possible location for tornado/all weather shelters Unincorporated County H County EM L County; FEMA 4.19 HazMat Ensure Local Emergency Planning Committee remains active in the County Unincorporated County H County EM L County Ongoing committee to review and plan around hazard issues ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 58 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 9 Implementation Moving forward, the Niobrara County HMPC and LEPC will use the mitigation action tables in the previous section to track progress on implementation of each project. Implementation of the plan overall is discussed in more detail under Chapter 6 of the Regional (Base) Plan. 9.1 Incorporation into Existing Planning Mechanisms To determine if this plan is consistent with goals identified in other community plans, the members of the Niobrara County Emergency Management department, along with the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and LEPC, will meet with other agencies who have plans that address such issues as economic development, subdivision resolutions/ordinances, capital improvement, building permits, growth management, sustainability, environmental preservation, historic preservation, redevelopment, health and/or safety, recreation, or transportation. The process will provide an opportunity to integrate and/or correlate plans for the purpose of:  Determining if the mitigation plan is compatible with goals stated in other plans.  Identifying mitigation initiatives or proposed projects which serve multiple objectives for the communities and could be included in multiple plans.  Identifying needs for revision or updating to the mitigation plan, or other plans, to provide a more comprehensive approach to hazard mitigation (including addition of new mitigation measures). During the 2018 planning process, the HMPC discussed the importance of coordinating the mitigation plan with other planning processes, and vice versa. The group discussed opportunities to cross reference the hazard mitigation plan in other upcoming planning efforts. As described in the capability assessment, the County and municipalities already implement policies and programs to reduce losses to life and property from hazards. This plan builds upon the momentum developed through previous and related planning efforts and mitigation programs and recommends implementing actions, where possible, through these other program mechanisms. Where applicable, these existing mechanisms could include:  County or community comprehensive or land use plans  County or community development codes  County or community Emergency Operations Plans  Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessments (THIRA)  Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP)  Transportation plan  Capital improvement plans and budgets including County Road/Bridge projects  Recovery planning efforts  Watershed planning efforts  Wildfire planning efforts on adjacent public lands ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 59 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018  Firewise planning  Master planning efforts  River corridor and greenway planning efforts  WYDOT rockfall and landslide mitigation efforts  Other plans, regulations, and practices with a mitigation aspect 9.2 Funding Sources Funding for mitigation projects may come from a variety of sources. Below is a partial list of possible sources of funding that could help fund the actions identified in Section 8. Local Government  General revenues in the form of matches.  One Percent Sales Tax  County and Municipal Utility Authorities State of Wyoming  Community Development Block Grant Program  Federal Mineral Royalty Capital Construction Account  Wyoming Water Development Program  State and Community Highway Safety, Department of Transportation  State Lands and Investments Board (SLIB) Grants and Loans  Transportation Enhancement Activities Local (TEAL)  Wildfire Mitigation Grant (State Forestry Division) Federal Government Programs  Federal Emergency Management Agency Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants including:  Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM)  Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA)  Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)  Notice of funding availability typically released in June with applications due in October/November of each year.  HMPG is dependent on federally declared disasters within the state and funding amount is based on a percentage of disaster relief costs.  FEMA Fire Management Assistance Grants - As of June 8, 2018 FEMA is making HMPG funds available for states, territories, and federally-recognized tribes that have a Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG) declaration between October 1, 2016 and September 30, 2018. The HMGP post fire amount available for eligible applicants with standard state or tribal hazard mitigation plans is $425,008 per declaration  USDA Environmental Quality Incentive Program  USDA Conservation Reserve and Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ---PAGE BREAK--- Niobrara County Annex 60 Region 2 Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018  USDA Small Watersheds (NRCS) There are many more potential funding opportunities available to the municipalities and county. Table 96 of the 2016 Wyoming State Mitigation Plan lists several other sources of federal funding. Funding research will be done during the scoping process for each project to determine what funding mechanisms are available and appropriate for that project. Funding cycles will be monitored to ensure there is adequate time to prepare grant applications. 9.3 Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the Plan Niobrara County will follow the procedures to review and update this plan in accordance with Region 2 as outlined in Chapter 6 of the Base Plan. Niobrara County realizes it is important to review and update this plan regularly.