Document Cumberlandcounty_doc_16cbfde1e7

Cumberland Courthouse Historic District & Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines JANUARY 2009 Cumberland County Design Guidelines ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Courthouse Historic District & Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines Acknowledgements Citizens of Cumberland County & Participants in the Design Guidelines Planning Process Cumberland County Department of Planning and Zoning Andrew V. Sorrell, Planning & Zoning Administrator Michael Cooper, Asst. County Administrator for Community Development Virginia Department of Historic Resources Ann Andrus, Director, Capital Region Office Kristin Kirchen, Architectural Historian U.S. Department of the Interior / National Park Service Prepared By: ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Courthouse Historic District & Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines Table of contents I. Introduction A. What are Design Guidelines & How Will They be Used? 2 B. Design Guidelines Can and Cannot... 3 C. Community Contributions to the Design Guidelines 4 D. A Note on Design Review Processes 5 II. Cumberland County’s Development & Character-Defining Features A. Map of Courthouse Historic District 7 B. Map of Entrance Corridor 8 C. Historical Development of Cumberland County 9 D. Historical Development of Cumberland Courthouse 10 E. Historical Development of the Entrance Corridor 13 F. Defining Characteristics: Courthouse Historic District 14 G. Defining Characteristics: Entrance Corridor 17 III. Site Design Guidelines A. Signage 21 B. Driveways, Walkways and Parking Areas 24 C. Landscape 27 D. Fences and Walls 30 E. Outdoor Lighting 33 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements A. Exterior Building Materials 35 B. Windows 38 C. Roofs 39 D. Doors 40 E. Porches 41 F. Decorative Details 42 G. Storefronts 43 Table of contents continued on next page ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Courthouse Historic District & Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines Table of contents (Continued) V. Guidelines for New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation A. Design Philosophy: Compatibility 45 B. Architecture 46 C. Building Setback 47 D. Orientation 49 E. Spacing 50 F. Massing 51 G. Scale 54 H. Materials, Colors and Details 56 I. Windows and Doors 58 J. Additions 59 K. Accessory Structures 60 L. Demolition 61 M. Moving and Relocation 62 VI. Appendices A. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation 65 B. List of Preservation Briefs 66 C. Courthouse Historic District Inventory 68 D. Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor Property Listings and Parcel Maps 69 E. Glossary of Preservation Terms 98 F. Bibliography 111 ---PAGE BREAK--- C Cumberland County I. Introduction ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 2 I. Introduction Design Guidelines A. What are the Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines & How Will They be Used? The Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines can be used to assist property owners, archi- tects, builders, and county officials in preserving traditional architecture and patterns of development in the Courthouse Historic District and U.S. Route 60 Entrance Corridor. Cur- rently, the design guidelines are voluntary recommendations. The design guidelines protect and reinforce the distinctive character that makes Cumberland County Courthouse His- toric District and Entrance Corridor a vibrant place to live, work and play. Following the guidelines, the appendix to this document can be found and contains supplementary tools such as: a list of Preservation Briefs that can provide specific in- formation/methods for preservation, and a comprehensive glossary of preservation terms. Design guidelines cannot mandate rehabilitation and they cannot prohibit new construction. Design guidelines provide guidance to property owners who are contemplating changes to their building or lot. Although the guidelines contain de- tailed recommendations, they do not dictate particular design solutions. The guidelines recognize that each rehabilitation or new construction project is unique. Accordingly, the guide- lines provide a certain amount of flexibility to allow for cre- ativity on the part of owners and county officials. The design guidelines are based on the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation (see Appendix but are tailored to the Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. The design guidelines are based on an examination of the contributing resources (historically significant build- ings, landmarks, and landscapes) in the Courthouse District as well as character-defining features of the Entrance Cor- ridor. Cumberland County citizens provided essential input and guidance in the development of these guidelines through a series of community meetings. The Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor ex- hibit distinctive characteristics resulting from their historical and physical development. Consequently, the design guide- lines address the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor separately with recommendations tailored to each area. The document is organized into the following chapters: Chapter II summarizes the development of Cumberland County, the Courthouse Historic District, and Entrance Cor- ridor and describes the character-defining features of each area. Chapter III details recommendations for site design including signage, parking, landscaping, setbacks, fences and lighting. Chapter IV details recommendations for the retention and repair of existing elements including materials, windows, roofs, details, and storefronts. Chapter V explains the recommendations for alterations, new construction, additions and demolitions in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. The appendix contains additional resources for property owners including an inventory of contributing and noncon- tributing property within the Courthouse Historic District. Property owners considering changes to their buildings or lots should consult the appropriate chapter(s) for guidance in planning work that will retain and enhance the area’s historic character. • • • • • Design guidelines foster compatible design and appropriate changes that achieve the following objectives: Facilitate repairs and improvements that bolster the character of contributing and historic buildings; Introduce new elements that are sympathetic to the historic character of the Courthouse area; Enhance the vitality and sense of place in Cumberland County Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County  I. Introduction Design Guidelines B. Design Guidelines Can and Cannot... Design Guidelines Can: Protect the areas of a county that have character-defining features Preserve historic fabric Ensure the compatibility of alterations, additions, and new construction Improve property values Promote community and economic development Increase public awareness of the history of Cumberland County • • • • • • Design Guidelines Cannot: Force property owners to make alterations or additions to their buildings Prohibit alterations or additions from being made to a building Forbid new construction Change the permitted use of a building Raise taxes Restrict the sale of a property Regulate interior design • • • • • • • Burleigh Hall, built in the 1820s, demolished 2008 - (Left) Before Demolition, (Right) After Demolition ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County  I. Introduction Design Guidelines C. Community Contributions to the Design Guidelines In 2008, Cumberland County residents participated in a series of community workshops to provide input and direction con­ cerning the development of design guidelines for the Court­ house Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Through these meetings, participants learned about design guidelines and the architectural features of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Participants used their intimate knowledge of these places to identify areas that should be preserved as well as areas that should be encour­ aged to change. Group discussions centered on the future of Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor and how residents would like these areas to develop over the next 10, 20 and 30 year periods. Participants were provided work­ sheets with graphic representation of design elements to be addressed in the Design Guidelines where they then identi­ fied their likes and dislikes. For example, a worksheet labeled “signage” showcased two different types of signage found in the Courthouse Historic District. Participants were asked to place a green sticker on the type of signage they found to be more in the keeping with the intent of the design guidelines and a red sticker on the types that were not. The participants were also encouraged to make comments in the margins with suggestions or reasons for their choice. Below are some examples of the input gathered through the community meetings: Let’s keep what we have and improve on that! My vision for Cumberland County is a place where visitors say “Wow!” We should use positive examples from the community to develop the guidelines. The Courthouse, old Effingham Tavern location, Center Church, old Jail, Fire Tower, Fitzgerald Road and the Presbyterian Church are treasured places that deserve protection. All of the input received at the community meetings was es­ sential in developing guidelines that meet the community’s needs and represent the values held by residents of Cumber­ land County. • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 5 I. Introduction Design Guidelines D. A Note on Design Review Processes Design Review in Cumberland County Currently, compliance with the Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines is voluntary. Property owners are not required to undergo a formal design review process prior to conducting an exterior alteration within the Courthouse Historic District or Entrance Corridor. Nonetheless, these design guidelines provide valu- able guidance to property owners who wish to protect the historic character of their building and community. Future Application In the future, the Cumberland County Board of Supervisors could adopt an amendment to the Zoning Code to establish a Historic Overlay District encompassing the Courthouse His- toric District and/or Entrance Corridor. The creation of a Historic Overlay District would provide for an Architectural Review Board (ARB). An ARB is a committee made up of residents with demonstrated knowledge of the history and architecture of their community. In localities with Historic District Overlays, the ARB reviews proposed alterations to buildings to ensure that the work is compatible with the his- toric character of the district. Typically, a certificate of ap- propriateness from the ARB is required before constructing, moving, relocating, demolishing, or in any manner changing or altering the exterior features of a building within a Historic District Overlay. In Cumberland County, an ARB would apply these design guidelines, along with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation (see Appendix to determine the appropriateness of proposed work. Purpose It is worth repeating that in Cumberland County, there is no Historic District Overlay— compliance with the Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor Design Guidelines is not mandated by law. Even so, property owners may consult these design guidelines prior to undertaking a major renovation project, including, but not limited to: Removing and replacing siding, trim and roofs; • Adding, removing or replacing windows and doors; Adding or removing shutters; Constructing a front, rear or side porch; Painting masonry or wood surfaces; Installing new signs; Adding an addition to an existing buildings; Constructing a new building or accessory building; Demolishing or relocating an existing building. By following the suggested design guidelines, property own- ers can ensure that alterations to historic buildings preserve traditional architectural features within the Courthouse His- toric District and Entrance Corridor. The high-quality design promoted by these guidelines will not only benefit the build- ing, but will enhance the character of Cumberland County as a whole. • • • • • • • • Questions? Is my property located in the Courthouse Historic District or Entrance Corridor? What steps can I take to preserve my historic building? Please contact the Cumberland County Planning and Zoning Department with questions concerning the Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor: Planning and Zoning Administrator Cumberland County Department of Planning P.O. Box 110 1 Courthouse Circle Cumberland, VA 23040 Phone: (804) 492-3520 Fax: (804) 492-3697 www.cumberlandcounty.virginia.gov ---PAGE BREAK--- C Cumberland County II. Cumberland County’s Development & Historic Character-Defining Features C ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County  II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines A. Map of Courthouse Historic District - 2008 Note: Please see sectional parcel maps in Appendix for detailed property listings. map is not drawn to scale ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County  II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines map is not drawn to scale B. Map of Entrance Corridor - 2008 Note: Please see sectional parcel maps in Appendix for detailed property listings. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County  II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines C. Historical Development of Cumberland County Cumberland County was established in 1749 from lands formerly within Goochland County. Located in central Virginia, Cumberland County is bound by the James River to the north, the Ap­ pomattox River to the south, and the counties of Powhatan to the east and Buckingham to the west. The topogra­ phy of the region consists of gently roll­ ing hills and the area is well suited to agriculture. The first farmstead in Cumberland County dates to 1723; permanent settle­ ments soon followed. The 1790 census reported that Cumberland County was home to over 8,153 residents. An early transportation network of waterways and roads connected settlements and al­ lowed for the trade of natural resources and agricultural products encouraging further population growth. In 1830 the county experienced its greatest population increase. With the increased employment opportunities created by the introduction of industry, mining and milling, as well as the rail­ road, the population grew to 11,690. With the introduction of the automo­ bile and growing affordability many residents left Cumberland to try new lives in neighboring cities causing the population to fall. By 1950 the coun­ ties population was 7,252. Fortunately in 1980 people began returning to the county and have increased our popula­ tion to 9,752 in 2006. Agriculture remains the principal in­ dustry in the region with over 60 per­ cent of the county’s income is derived from farming. The agricultural heritage of the area is reflected in the pattern of development. Cumberland County is sparsely developed with small towns interspersed across the landscape. Al­ though the county anticipates significant population growth over the next two decades, it aims to retain its character- defining rural features. Map of Cumberland County, Virginia Surveyed and drawn by Charles E. Sassell - 1864 Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 10 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines The Courthouse Historic District is the governmental core of the county. The district is comprised of residential, commercial, educational, and religious resources that have developed around the courtyard over the course of over 230 years. Established as the county seat in 1777, the village is the approximate geographic center of the county and de­ veloped as such throughout the county’s history. Based on its significance as the center for development in the county, The Cumberland Courthouse Historic District was listed in the National Reg­ ister of Historic Places in 2007 and en­ compassing approximately 372 acres and 70 contributing buildings. The lo­ cal historic designation recognizes the district’s unique architectural resources that impart a visual sense of the county’s history. The Cumberland Courthouse has been an important axis of activity since the county’s inception in 1749. At that time the Courthouse was situated along Buckingham road, the predecessor to U.S. Rt. 60. In its early years, Effing­ ham Tavern served as the social center for the community and as a way point providing food, provisions and lodg­ ing for travelers. Regrettably, in 1932 a fire destroyed Effingham Tavern as well as Cumberland Drugstore and 4 other buildings. D. Historical Development of the Courthouse Historic District Effingham Tavern Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources Views of Cumberland, Va. Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 11 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines In 1782, the Marquis de Chastellux, a major with the French Expedition­ ary Force participating in the American Revolution, traveled through Cumber­ land Courthouse. He arrived on Court Day and found Effingham Tavern to be “full of people.” The Marquis de Chas­ tellux described the town as “seven or eight houses inhabited by gentlemen of prosperity.” The original courthouse burned down in 1783. Another wood-frame building served as the courthouse until the pres­ ent building was constructed in 1821. The Classical Revival-style brick court­ house and its associated square are the central landmarks in the village. The courthouse’s striking design represents the solemn nature of the activities that occurred there. Over time, govern­ mental offices were constructed around the building. Throughout the nineteenth century, the village remained a small settlement that came alive whenever court was in session. An 1835 gazetteer described Cumberland Courthouse as comprised of five dwellings, one mercantile store, one church, two taverns, a saddler, a boot and shoe factory, a tailor and other tradesmen. The village population included 30 white and 60 black citizens. Cumberland Courthouse Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources Views of Cumberland, Va. - Courthouse Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 12 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines The arrival of the Farmville and Powhat­ an Railroad (F&PRR) in 1889 spurred commercial development in Cumber­ land Courthouse. Several churches, inns, grocery stores, and warehouses were established in the village in the late nineteenth century. The oldest extant church in the Court­ house district, which predates the rail­ roads inception, is the Central Presbyte­ rian Church, built in 1852. In 1872, the County established a school system and commission the building of the first of many school houses, the first of which was a one-story, wood-frame school named the, “Central School.” Due to the population growth brought on by the railroad a two-story school house replaced the Central School in 1908. Since that time the Cumberland School System has undergone several transformations over the years, the latest of which was just completed in 2008. In 1901, the F. P. Flippen & Bros. part­ nership began a mercantile enterprise that operated for the next century out of a warehouse on Stoney Point Road. The Masonic Lodge #283 was built in 1903 and is still in operation today. Garrett Brothers Roller Mill was estab­ lished in 1911 near the F&PRR tracks (demolished in 2006). Regrettably, a fire in 1932 destroyed six buildings in the small commercial district along U.S. Route 60, including Effingham Tavern and the Cumberland Drugstore. Steady growth continued in the Court­ house District through the early and mid-twentieth century. The rise of the automobile stimulated further residen­ tial and commercial development along U.S. Route 60. A dramatic change to the layout of the town occurred during the 1950s when U.S. Route 60 was re­ routed to its present, straightened loca­ tion. As a result, dwellings that had for­ merly faced onto the main street found that they now faced Fitzgerald Road. Today, Courthouse District is a commu­ nity of approximately 300 people. The historic buildings within which exem­ plify its development from a small ham­ let that came alive only on court days to the vibrant community it is today. As it had in the eighteenth century, the Courthouse Historic District continues to occupy a central place in the history of Cumberland County and the daily lives of its inhabitants. Views of Cumberland, Va. - Courthouse Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 13 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines E. Historical Development of the Entrance Corridor The Route 60 Entrance Corridor is com­ prised of 33 historically significant sites and buildings located along either side of the highway. The Entrance Corridor stretches approximately six miles from the intersection of Anderson Highway and Northfield Road (near the eastern boundary of Cumberland Courthouse) northeast to the Cumberland/Powhatan County border. Portions of U.S. Rt. 60 were created through the construction of the nar­ row-gauge Farmville & Powhatan Rail­ road (F&PRR) which ran from Bermuda Hundred to Farmville. The federal government removed the F&PRR during World War I in order to reclaim the iron for the war effort. This along with the advent of the automobile, transformed portions of the F&PRR tracks into the two-lane rural U.S. Rt. 60 of today. The gently rolling terrain along U.S. Route 60 consists primarily of forest and open fields. Residential buildings situat­ ed along the highway tend to recede into this landscape and are often obscured by large shade trees, many of which are used as small farms. The Entrance Cor­ ridor exemplifies the rural character of Cumberland County, and provides a snapshot of the history of transportation in the county and the development that has occurred because of it. Residential development along U.S. Route 60 reflects the pattern of growth Cumberland County began to experi­ ence in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A few of the residences in the Entrance Corridor are associated with the county’s early agricultural heritage; however, the majority of houses were constructed in the early to mid-twenti­ eth century. Commercial functions were intermittently located along U.S. Route 60 in the early to mid-twentieth century to take advantage of the automobile traf­ fic along the highway. Although the Entrance Corridor retains its historic rural character, development pressure from nearby Richmond has the potential to alter this sense of place. Images of Cumberland County in the mid-twentieth century Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 14 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines F. Defining Characteristics: Courthouse Historic District 1. Residential Buildings Residences in the Courthouse Historic District reflect the village’s growth from its inception as the county seat in 1777 through the mid-twentieth century. Early farmstead dwell­ ings at the edge of the District (dating back to the early nine­ teenth century) are vernacular, exhibiting elements of the Federal style. In the first part of the 20th century there was an increase in residential construction, introducing the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles that were popular at the time. The most prevailing domestic form in the Courthouse Historic District is the wood-frame I-house. Variations on the I-house form exist through out the district, such as Bungalow and Cape Code houses, constructed in the early to mid-twen­ tieth century. Defining Characteristics Site: Small to medium-sized lots, shallow to moderate setbacks; uniform spacing; driveways; front lawns; hedg­ es; mature shade trees; accessory buildings. Style: Federal, Colonial Revival; Queen Anne; Crafts­ man; nineteenth- and twentieth-century vernacular. Features: Gabled and hipped roofs; interior brick chim­ neys; front-gabled and hipped dormers; multi-light dou­ ble-hung windows; operable louvered shutters; paneled doors; symmetrically balanced façade, full-width front porches. Scale: One to two stories in height. Material: Stone and poured concrete foundations; weatherboard-clad, stone and brick walls; asphalt shingle, slate, and standing-seam metal roofs. • • • • • Examples of Residential Buildings in the Courthouse District ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 15 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines 2. Commercial Buildings Mercantile functions were a part of the Courthouse Historic District as early as the 1830s. Although several prominent commercial buildings were lost during a fire in 1932 and the widening of U.S. Route 60 in the late 1950s, several con­ tributing commercial buildings can still be found. Traditional storefronts on historic commercial buildings are comprised of a canted central entry and flanking storefront windows. Additionally, decorative elements provide visual interest and reflect the period when the building was constructed. These buildings are also located closer to the road than their mid-to late-twentieth-century counterparts. These newer buildings are more utilitarian in design and use modern construction techniques and materials. Defining Characteristics Site: Shallow-to-no setback; close spacing; a row of street parking in front of the building; parking lots at the rear and side of buildings. Style: Early- to mid-twentieth century commercial ver­ nacular; Moderne. Features: Gabled, shed, and flat roofs; large fixed store­ front windows; multi-paned storefront windows; double- hung windows with a multi-light upper sash; central en­ try openings. Scale: One to two-and-a-half stories in height. Material: Brick, stone and concrete foundations; weath­ erboard-clad, brick and concrete block walls; asphalt or slate shingle and standing-seam metal roofs. • • • • • Examples of Commercial Buildings and Features in the Courthouse District ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 16 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines 3. Institutional Buildings Governmental, religious and educational buildings reflect the Courthouse District’s historical development as the center of civic and social life in Cumberland County. The contribut­ ing institutional buildings in the Historic District illustrate a wide variety of styles: Federal, Greek Revival, Colonial Re­ vival, Moderne, and vernacular. The Classical Revival-style Courthouse and its associated square are the central organiz­ ing feature in the historic district. Many institutional build­ ings were constructed of brick, set back from the road, and surrounded by large shade trees. The form of traditional insti­ tutional building often relates to their uses , a variety of which are located throughout the area. Defining Characteristics Site: Deep setbacks; mature shade trees; parking on the street and at the side or rear of the building. Style: Federal; Greek Revival; Colonial Revival; Mod­ erne; vernacular. Features: Porticos; Tuscan columns; tympanums; closed pediments, oculi windows; keystones; triple double-hung windows; steeples; operable louvered shutters; front and cross gabled roofs; symmetrical fenestration. Scale: One to two-and-a-half stories in height. Material: Stone and concrete foundations; brick and weatherboard-clad walls; asphalt and slate shingle roofs. • • • • • Examples of Institutional Buildings and Features in the Courthouse District ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 17 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines G. Defining Characteristics: Entrance Corridor 1. Residential Buildings Residences along the Entrance Corridor reflect U.S. Route 60’s rural character. Two of the most critical elements of this character are the viewshed and the landscape. Forest and thick vegetation obscure some dwellings, particularly those close to the road. Most homes along the Entrance Corridor generally recede into the landscape and are not visible from U.S. Route 60. The residential architecture along the route reflects the development of Cumberland County and includes many styles and forms that were popular in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Wood-framed I-houses, one-and-a- half-story bungalows, and ranch houses are examples of tra­ ditional forms found here. Many of which have domestic and agricultural accessory buildings, such as barns and sheds, lo­ cated nearby. Defining Characteristics Site: Large lots with agricultural fields; moderate-to- deep setbacks; large shade trees and shrubs; gravel drive­ ways; accessory buildings and barns. Style: Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, Craftsman, ver­ nacular. Features: Gabled and hipped roofs; interior brick chim­ neys; double-hung windows; operable louvered shutters; paneled doors; symmetrically balanced façades; full- width front or wrap-around porches without balustrades or with square balusters; overhanging eaves. Scale: One to two stories in height. Material: Stone and concrete foundations; wood and brick-veneered walls; asphalt shingle and standing-seam metal roofs. • • • • • Examples of Residential Buildings in the Entrance Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 18 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines 2. Commercial Buildings Commercial ventures began locating along U.S. Route 60 in the early to mid-twentieth century to take advantage of the increase in automobile traffic along the highway. These ver­ nacular commercial buildings are located close to U.S. Route 60 to enhance their visibility to passing automobiles. The mo­ tel located at 687 Anderson Highway is an excellent example of mid-twentieth-century roadside architecture. Parking for commercial buildings is located in the front and side of the buildings. Defining Characteristics Site: Shallow-to-no setback; a single row of parking in front or to the side of the building. Style: Mid-twentieth-century vernacular. Features: Gabled or flat roofs, covered large fixed storefront windows, inoperable shutters. Scale: One story in height. Material: Brick, stone and concrete foundations; weath­ erboard-clad, brick-veneered, and concrete-block walls; asphalt shingle, standing-seam, metal roofs. • • • • • Examples of Commercial Buildings in the Entrance Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 19 II. Cumberland County’s Development Design Guidelines 3. Institutional Buildings Few institutional buildings are located within the Entrance Corridor. The lack of governmental or religious buildings reflects the corridor’s development as a rural thoroughfare as opposed to a county center as the Courthouse District is. The two churches found along the Entrance Corridor (Cum­ berland Baptist and Shiloh New Covenant) were constructed within the past 50 years. Cumberland Baptist Church is an example of mid-twentieth-century ecclesiastical architecture. The churches have moderate-to-deep setbacks from U.S. Route 60 (between 150 and 200 feet) with asphalt drives, concrete walkways and parking located in front and to the side of the buildings. The churches are one to two stories in height with rectangular forms and front-gabled roofs. Defining Characteristics Site: Moderate-to-deep setbacks; parking in front and to the side of the building; grassy lots with mature trees. Style: Mid-twentieth-century ecclesiastical. Features: Rectangular form with gabled roof; steeple. Scale: One story in height. Materials: Concrete block; poured concrete founda­ tion; brick veneer, vinyl siding; asphalt and slate shingles. • • • • • Churches in the Entrance Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- C Cumberland County C Cumberland County III. Site Design Guidelines ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 21 III. Site Design Guidelines A. Signage Signs are a fundamental component to an attractive and ac­ tive streetscape. A sign is a necessary tool for a business to attract attention yet it is crucial to find a balance between calling attention to a building and detracting from the over­ all character of the community. The primary function of a sign should be to identify a business rather than to serve as an advertisement. Careful consideration should be taken when choosing the location, size, and style of the sign. Poorly designed or de­ teriorating signage may discourage new visitors and hurt the image of a business and the district as a whole. A variety of sign styles can be found in Cumberland County Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor and provide unique examples of successful design characteris­ tics. Recommended signage is dependent upon its location in the district and the intended use of the building. Wall sign Freestanding Mounted-projecting Within the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor there are a variety of sign styles that are character-defining and should be retained including: slate ground-mounted (top), brick ground mounted (middle), and wall signs (bottom). ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 22 III. Site Design Guidelines 1. Courthouse Historic District Types of signs found in the Courthouse Historic District vary by use: commercial buildings typically have ground-mounted, projecting, and wall signs; institutional buildings typically have ground-mounted signs; residential buildings occasionally have freestanding or mounted projecting signs. Historic sign mate­ rials found in the district include: brick, metal, slate, and wood. Recommended: The size of the sign should be proportionate to the size the building and adjacent buildings. Signs attached to buildings or other historic resources should not be affixed in such a way as to result in perma­ nent damage to historic materials. Freestanding signs should have a base no taller than three feet. Signs should neither detract from, nor hide defining ar­ chitectural elements of the building. Signs should be sited to help identify a business’ primary entry and should not obstruct pedestrian movement. External lighting for signs should be concealed. Signs and mounting elements should be made of tradi­ tional materials including wood, brick, slate, and metal. Lettering should be painted, raised metal or wood. Sign colors should complement the associated building. Not Recommended: Large monumental, billboard, and menu-style signs. One sign should have no more than 2-3 different colors. Internally illuminated (box signs). • • • • • • • • • • • Multiple signs per business. Commercial buildings with multiple vendors should have one sign per business. • Sign should be proportionate to associated building. Above is an example of a sign that is not proportionate to the building. Signs distracting from architectural features are not recommended. Buildings with multiple businesses should limit signage to one per business. Above is an example of multiple signage that is not recommended ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 23 III. Site Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor Types of signs found in the Entrance Corridor vary by use: commercial buildings typically have mounted-projecting and wall signs, while residential markers are typically freestanding signs. Historic sign materials found in the Entrance Corridor include: brick, slate, and wood. Recommended The size of the sign should be proportionate to the size of the building and its associated lot. Freestanding signs should have a base no taller than three feet. Freestanding signs should be located in the front yard and perpendicular to the building. Mounted-projecting signs should be mounted to the first story exterior wall or non-historic supports. Wall signs should be located on the first story or be­ tween porch supports. Signs should be sited to help identify a business’ primary entry and should not obstruct pedestrian movement. Not Recommended : External or internal lighting; indirect lighting is prefer­ able. Multiple signs per building. Commercial buildings with multiple vendors should have one sign per business. • • • • • • • • Signs found in the Entrance corridor are typically freestanding, or wall signs. The examples above are good examples of styles that are common and should be retained. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 24 III. Site Design Guidelines B. Driveways, Walkway, and Parking Areas Driveways, walkways, and parking areas form the main connective networks between buildings and help define the in the Courthouse Historic District and the En­ trance Corridor. Driveways typically connect the street to a garage or parking area. Walkways provide pedestrians with safe access to and from their homes, points of attrac­ tion, and commercial areas. Parking areas are primarily for commercial, religious, and institutional buildings and provide parking for workers, residents, and visitors. On-street parking is common in the Historic District; however, the location for new parking areas should be on the side or rear of the building. Where on-site parking is necessary, screening elements and clearly defining parking areas can minimize the visual impact that vehicles have on the district. Maintaining and improving walkways to ac­ commodate foot traffic can help encourage and connect pedestrian activity to the district. Brick walls provide clear pathways for pedestrians and buffer zones. Extended gravel driveways in less dense areas are important to the character of the district and Entrance Corridor. Landscaping elements can reduce the visual impact vehicles have on the setting of the streetscape. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 25 III. Site Design Guidelines 1. Courthouse Historic District Driveways found in the residential areas of the Courthouse Historic District extend along the side and rear of houses and are typically dirt or gravel. Walkways have little to no buffer between the property yard and street. The most com­ mon sidewalk surface material is concrete. A row of on-street parking is typically located along the main street. Parking ar­ eas for commercial buildings tend to be gravel or surfaced lots located on the side or rear of the building. Recommended Retain existing historic paving materials such as gravel, dirt, brick, and stone. New parking areas for commercial buildings should be located at the rear of the business so that they are not vis­ ible from the primary pedestrian right-of-way. Retain or install vegetative buffers, shading, and appro­ priate street lighting near walkways. Replace damaged surfaces with historic paving materials. Where possible, install a low screening element such as a brick wall, fence, or hedge (maximum 42” high) around parking areas to screen automobiles. Not Recommended: Adding new surfaced parking lots that front on a main street. Removing or relocating historic walkways or driveways. The use of non-historic paving materials for new drive­ ways, walkways, or parking areas. • • • • • • • • New parking lots for commercial buildings should consider locating parking on the side or rear of the building. Sidewalks with vegetative buffers are recommended. Gravel driveways are commonly found in the Courthouse Historic District and should be retained. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 26 III. Site Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor Driveways found in the residential areas of the Entrance Cor­ ridor are typically wishbone-shaped or gravel driveways that extend along the side to the rear of the house. The corridor lacks clearly marked or paved walkways. Parking for com­ mercial and institutional buildings are typically horseshoe- shaped and located in the front or to the side of the building. Recommended: Retain existing historic paving materials such as gravel and dirt. Where possible, new parking lots for commercial build­ ings should be located to the rear of the business or in an areas that it is not visible from a primary public right-of- way. Replace damaged surfaces with historic paving materials or consider permeable surface materials. Where possible, install a low screening element such as a brick wall, fence, or hedge (maximum 42” high) around parking areas to screen automobiles. Not Recommended: Adding new surfaced parking lots that front on U.S. Route 60. Removing or relocating historic driveways. The use of non-historic paving materials for new drive­ ways, walkways, or parking areas. • • • • • • • Gravel driveways are commonly found in the Entrance Corridor and are a character-defining feature that should be retained. Parking areas associated with institutional and commercial buildings in the Entrance Corridor, as seen above, are commonly located on the side of the building. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 27 III. Site Design Guidelines C. Landscape It is important to preserve both the proportion of open green area to building mass, and the formal or informal character of the landscaping. Existing hedges demonstrate that foliage can be as effective as fences in creating physical enclosure or visual screening. While not necessarily histor­ ic, elements of the landscape, such as hedges, foundation plantings, ground cover, terraces, fountains, and gardens, all contribute to the character of a property and the Court­ house Historic District and Entrance Corridor as a whole. Proper maintenance of the elements listed above, in addi­ tion to mature trees and lawns, can contribute to the enjoy­ ment of the area by residents, workers, and visitors. Landscaping can also effectively be used as a screening tool for parking areas, mechanical equipment, and other un­ elements of a building and its site. Plantings can soften the impact of large parking areas associated with re­ tail establishments. Landscaping elements can also be used to provide a buffer between large expanses of asphalt and sidewalks. Additionally, the proper maintenance of landscapes found within the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Cor­ ridor plays a critical role in preserving viewsheds found in the area. Viewsheds are defined as vast areas of land or other environmental elements visible from a fixed vantage point. Viewsheds are crucial planning components as they are part of the overall “green infrastructure” of Cumber­ land County and greatly contribute to creating a unique sense of place. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 28 III. Site Design Guidelines 1. Courthouse Historic District Within the Courthouse Historic District, landscaping features are most prominent in residential and institutional areas. In residential areas, mature trees line the streets and are compli­ mented by grassy lawns and front yard plantings. Institutional areas typically have interspersed mature trees, grassy lawns, and foundation plantings of flower and shrubs. Commercial areas typically have minimal to no plantings, however the streetscape near these areas could benefit from appropriate landscaping such as shrubs or flower beds. Recommended: Maintain existing historic landscaping where possible. If replacement is necessary, replace in-kind or with a similar species. Native species are preferable. Regular and appropriate maintenance, such as pruning, to ensure the proper health and appearance of landscap­ ing. Landscaping in front yards should reflect the period of the building. Planters and window boxes should be proportionate to the building and windows. Not Recommended: Removal of contributing healthy live trees or shrubs. Locating plants near or on an historic building in a man­ ner that may cause damage to the building, such as plant­ ing to close to the foundation. • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 29 III. Site Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor Landscaping features in the Entrance Corridor are less formal in comparison to those in the Courthouse Historic District. Landscaping features serve to enhance the pastoral character of the corridor. Mature trees line the yards of residential, commercial, and religious buildings. In residential areas, landscaping is typically confined to expansive grassy lawns interspersed with mature trees and foundation plantings of flowers and shrubs. Commercial and institutional properties have fewer elements and mainly feature large areas of grassy lawn. Recommended: Maintain existing historic landscaping where possible. If replacement is necessary, replace in-kind or with a similar species. Native species are preferable. Regular and appropriate maintenance, such as pruning, to ensure the proper health and appearance of landscap­ ing. Maintain vegetative buffer along Route 60. Not Recommended: Removal of contributing healthy live trees or shrubs. Locating plants near or on an historic building in a man­ ner that may cause damage to the building, such as plant­ ing to close to the foundation. • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 30 III. Site Design Guidelines D. Fences and Walls Fences and walls along a public-right-of-way help to sepa­ rate public and private spaces. While there are a variety of styles of fences and walls in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor, uniformity in height helps enhance the pedestrian scale and contributes to the over­ all character of the right-of-way. Fences are composed of an assortment of materials including wood, post-and-wire, and landscaped hedges. The variation in materials helps to define the character of the historic district and corridor, as well as an individual property. Problems commonly associated with these features include lack of maintenance, such as peeling paint, rust, and over­ grown hedges, or inappropriate replacement. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 31 III. Site Design Guidelines 1. Courthouse Historic District Fences and walls surround many buildings in the Courthouse Historic District. Brick walls and wood picket fences line much of the Courthouse complex. Wood fences and land­ scaped hedges are common around residential buildings. Walls and fences are typically no higher than three feet, allowing for adequate separation rather than complete enclosure. Recommended: Retain, repair and maintain existing historic fences, walls and hedges. If it is necessary to replace a historic fence or wall, match the original in height, material, and color. If it is not fea­ sible to match the material, replace it with a substitute material that matches the texture, profile, and color as closely as possible. New fences and walls should be compatible with the as­ sociated building and adjacent properties and set in line with adjacent fences. If desired, fences and walls that are not readily visible from the primary public right-of-way may be used to separate or enclose rear or side yards. Not Recommended: Removing historic fences and walls. Installing fences or walls that are not a compatible scale, height, nor setback. While chain link and vinyl fences can be found in the dis­ trict, when considering repairing, replacing, or new con­ struction, consider fences made with historic materials such as wood or stone. Block walls constructed of concrete masonry units (CMU), or split-faced block. • • • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 32 III. Site Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor Fences and walls in the Entrance Corridor are typically con­ structed of wood, stone, and post-and-wire. Fences and walls are most commonly found around residential buildings. These walls and fences are typically no higher than three feet, allow­ ing for adequate separation rather than complete enclosure. Recommended: Retain, repair and maintain existing historic fences, walls and hedges. If it is necessary to replace a historic fence or wall, match the original in height, material, and color. If it is not fea­ sible to match the material, replace it with a substitute material that matches the texture, profile, and color as closely as possible. New fences and walls should be compatible with the as­ sociated building and adjacent properties and set in line with adjacent fences. If desired, fences and walls that are not readily visible from the primary public right-of-way may be used to separate or enclose rear or side yards. Not Recommended: Removing historic or existing appropriate fences and walls. Installing fences or walls that are not a compatible scale, height, nor setback. While chain link and vinyl fences can be found in the dis­ trict, when considering repairing, replacing, or new con­ struction, consider fences made with historic materials such as wood or stone. Block walls constructed of concrete masonry units (CMU), or split-faced block. • • • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 33 III. Site Design Guidelines E. Outdoor Lighting Lighting technology has advanced rapidly since the initial settlement of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Over time, electric lights have subsequently re­ placed candles, oil lamps and gas lights. Although electric lights may not be an original feature, their function and form may contribute to the historic character of a building. In both the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor, porch lights are often sufficient to provide ample lighting for residential properties. Commercial and institutional build­ ings require lighting near entrances, pathways and parking lots to facilitate safe pedestrian access. Recommended: Retain and repair historic light fixtures. Replace historic light fixtures only when parts for existing fixtures are no longer available and cannot be replicated. New lighting fixtures should be compatible with other buildings and site features. Residential lighting should be understated, yet allow for adequate lighting for the safety of pedestrians. New exterior lights should be shielded, recessed or flush- mounted to eliminate glare. The height and scale of freestanding, pole-mounted light fixtures should be compatible with the height and scale of buildings in the immediate vicinity. Not Recommended: Bright floodlights Lighting that spills over onto adjacent properties. Obscuring, overwhelming or damaging character-defin­ ing architectural details with lighting installation. • • • • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- C Cumberland County IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 35 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements A. Exterior Building Materials Materials used on the exterior of a building define and ar­ ticulate the architectural style of a building. The pattern, size, texture, and color of these elements provide a distinct archi­ tectural and historical identity to a particular style or building. Collectively with surrounding buildings, these elements cre­ ate the unique character of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 36 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements 1. Wood Wood is one of the most popular historic building materials in both the Courthouse Historic District and the Entrance Cor­ ridor. It is used for structural, decorative, and utilitarian pur­ poses. Many weatherboard-clad houses and their decorative elements have been covered in aluminum, asbestos, or vinyl siding in recent years, resulting in a loss of architectural detail and historic character. Typical problems with wooden siding and trim, such as peel­ ing paint and rot, generally result from a lack of proper scrap­ ing, caulking, and painting to protect the wood from moisture infiltration. Recommended: Retain and rehabilitate original wood siding, trim, and details whenever possible. If replacement is necessary, use new wood that matches the original in dimension, shape, detail, and texture. Repair damaged sections of siding with matching material and detailing rather than replacing entire element. Removal of or metal siding that covers original wood siding is encouraged. Remove inappropriate siding carefully so that the underlying wood is not damaged. Not Recommended: Cleaning wood surfaces with high-pressure methods, such as sandblasting and water blasting. Replacing or covering wood siding, or trim with modern materials such as vinyl or aluminum. • • • • • Wood Maintenance Wood is a traditional building material with good insulating qualities. It will last indefinitely if it is properly protected and maintained with caulk and paint. Regular inspection of wood details and surfaces will identify areas of deteriora­ tion and damage. Because wood expands with the intro­ duction of moisture, caulks and flexible sealants are used to seal wood joints and prevent the entry of water beneath the wood surface. Paints and coatings on the wood surface protect it from deterioration due to ultraviolet light as well as moisture. The Preservation Briefs provide additional infor­ mation on the preparation and the maintenance of painted surfaces. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 37 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements 2. Masonry Masonry is a common material used for exterior walls and foundations for historic buildings and numerous examples can be found in the Cumberland Courthouse District and the En­ trance Corridor. Masonry construction includes brick, stone, and concrete block. The texture, scale, color, bonding pat­ tern, joints, and details of masonry surfaces can all contribute significantly to the overall character of the historic buildings. Masonry features such as roofing tiles, chimneys, arches, quoins, lintels, sills, cornices, and pediments further define a building’s historic character. Recommended: Retain and rehabilitate original masonry materials includ­ ing walls, foundations, and roofs. Retain and preserve all masonry construction features in­ cluding chimneys, arches, lintels, sills, quoins, cornices, and pediments. When replacement is necessary, use new materials that match the original materials in composition, size, shape, color, pattern, and texture. Repoint mortar joints of masonry surfaces. This includes the careful removal of deteriorated mortar by hand-rak­ ing the joints. Electric saws or hammers can damage the masonry. Duplicate strength, composition, texture, and color of original mortar, plaster or stucco. The width and profile of original mortar joints should also be matched. Not Recommended: The application of paint or other coatings to historically unpainted masonry elements. Sandblasting and other harsh cleaning methods. • • • • • • The application of nontraditional masonry coatings, such as waterproofing and water repellents, as a substitute for repointing or repair. Removal of paint from masonry surfaces; as it can cause extensive damage. • • Masonry Maintenance Masonry is one of the most solid and durable building mate­ rials. Regular inspection of masonry for cracks and signs of moisture damage will catch problems before they become serious. Ensuring that water does not collect at the base of masonry foundations or chimneys will also prevent ma­ sonry deterioration. Removal of vegetation that may cause structural damage or dislodge mortar is important. Clean­ ing of masonry should only take place when necessary to remove heavy soiling or prevent deterioration. Use the gen­ tlest means possible. A simple garden hose is a good start. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 38 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements B. Windows Windows are one of the most important character defining features of a building. Defined by their proportion, shape, location, type, and size, windows reflect distinctive archi­ tectural and stylistic periods. Windows in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor primarily consist of wooden double-hung sashes that are vertical in proportion. Types of glass include plate glass, tempered glass, glass block and stained glass. Windows add interest to the distinctive ar­ chitecture found in the Courthouse Historic District and the Entrance Corridor. Recommended: Retain and repair original windows. (Maintenance of original windows is generally less expensive than replace­ ment.) Simple repairs can address peeling paint, broken glass, and a stuck sash. Repair damaged elements rather than replacing the en­ tire window. Re-caulk windows to weatherproof and improve energy efficiency. If widows are beyond repair or storm windows are nec­ essary to improve energy efficiency, replace in-kind with similar design and materials (see windows section in Chapter V for further guidance). Not Recommended: Removing or replacing windows due to peeling paint, broken glass, stuck sash or energy inefficiency. Removing or altering windows that are important in de­ fining the historic character of the building. Altering the size of existing window openings. Covering window elements with sheet metal or materials. False muntins or other removable features. • • • • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 39 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements C. Roofs Defined by shape, slope, features, materials, and details, roofs contribute significantly to the historic character of the build­ ings. Variations in line, pitch, overhang, and materials can of­ ten help identify and convey building styles. Roof forms found in the Courthouse Historic District include: gabled (front, side, and cross), and hipped. In the Entrance Corridor roof forms include: gabled (front, side, and cross), flat, shed, and hipped. The front, side gable, and more complex multiple-gable roofs are common variations of the simple roof form found in both the Courthouse Historic District and the Entrance Corridor. Shed roofs and occasional flat roofs are primarily confined to porches and rear additions of dwellings. A variety of roof fea­ tures contribute to the character of the historic district, in­ cluding chimneys and dormers. Cupolas and balustrades also add to the variety and character of a building and should be retained. Roof Materials Roofing materials in both the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor vary from metal clad to asphalt or slate shingles. Recommended: Preserve the original shape, line, pitch, and overhang of historic roofs. Preserve historic roofing materials or replace in-kind. If replacement is necessary, use new materials that match the historic material in composition, size, shape, color, pattern, and texture. Consider substitute materials only if the use of an origi­ nal material is no longer available or its use is no longer advised. Not Recommended: The placement of roof antennas and other projections on the front or street elevations of the building. These • • • • features should be located inconspicuously on rear slopes not readily visible from the street. New roof features that diminish the original design of the roof or damage historic roofing materials or features, par­ ticularly on primary elevations of the building. • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 40 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements D. Doors The door, in conjunction with the surrounding entry, is often the focal point of the facade of a building. The variety of door styles and patterns revealed through size, proportions, mate­ rials, and frequency combine to create a significant character- defining feature for the Courthouse Historic District and En­ trance Corridor. Buildings generally display more elaborate doors on the primary facade, designating the main entrance. Secondary entries are often less elaborate due to their more utilitarian nature. Outbuildings also reveal important stylistic and functional doors. Door Forms and Materials Both solid-panel wooden exterior doors and combinations of wooden panels are typical in the historic district. Most are single- or double-leaf in form. Recommended: Where possible, preserve original doors. Repair or replace only the damaged portion of a door, its frame, hardware, and/or sill. If complete replacement of a door is necessary, the re­ placement door should match the original in dimension, configuration, material, and detail to the greatest extent possible (see Windows and Doors section in Chapter V- New Construction for further guidance). Not Recommended: Using a door that requires alteration of the original door opening. Using a new door that diminishes the original design of the building or damages historic materials and features. • • • • • Example of a double-leaf wood door. Example of a single -leaf wood door. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 41 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements E. Porches Porches and covered entrances are often the focal point of the primary facade of an historic building and, due to their decoration and articulation, help define the architectural style. Porches have traditionally been a social gathering place as well as transitional space between the exterior and inte­ rior of a building. Porches or porticos are very common on houses built prior to the widespread use of air-conditioning. Common porch forms include porticos and balconies. The various functional components of porches and entrances, in­ clude: steps, balustrades, columns, pilasters, doors, and en­ tablatures/cornices. Porch Material Most porches in the both the Courthouse District and En­ trance Corridor are constructed and detailed in wood, in­ cluding balusters and columns. Painted tongue and groove floorboards and beaded-board ceilings are typical. Because of the exposed nature of porches and entrances, maintenance is a continuous concern. Recommended: Where possible, retain porches, entrances, balconies and other original character-defining architectural features of porches including piers, columns, pilasters, balustrades, steps, brackets, and trim. Reconstruction of a missing porch, entrance, or balcony requires accurate evidence of the original structure. If such documentation does not exist, a design that is com­ patible with the building in height, proportion, roof shape, material, texture, scale, and detail. Not Recommended: Creating a false historical appearance through the inap­ propriate application of elements and details to a porch. Adding new porches, entrances, or balconies to primary elevations of building where none originally existed. Enclosing an open porch. • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 42 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements F. Decorative Details Although porches, windows, roofs, and entrances are often the most prominent decorative features of a building, purely decorative architectural details combine to more clearly artic­ ulate or define an architectural style of a building. These char­ acter-defining details, often constructed of wood, include, but are not limited to, cornices, columns, cornerboards, cornice returns, balustrades, decorative wood shingles, and exterior cladding. The pattern, the size, the texture, and even the color of these elements provide a distinct architectural or historical identity to a particular style or building. Recommended: Repair historic decorative details that show deterioration, paint failure, or the loss of features. Follow wood restoration guidelines for decorative details (see building exterior section of this chapter). Replace deteriorated decorative details only in areas where maintenance is impossible; the replacement detail should be based on physical or historic evidence. Not Recommended: Removal of historic decorative elements. The addition of conjectural decorative elements without historic evidence that they existed. Obscuring decorative elements with modern cladding or additions. • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 43 IV. Design Guidelines for Existing Elements G. Storefront A storefront is defined as the entrance of a commercial build­ ing that has one or more windows to display merchandise. The form of storefronts varies, yet repeating elements such as windows, porches, recessed entries, and cornices provide a distinct appearance in both the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Recommended Retain and repair all original and historic elements, mate­ rials, and features related to storefronts. Follow the existing configuration, proportions, and mate­ rials of traditional storefront design when designing new elements such as stairways or ramps. Not Recommended: Creating a false historical appearance of storefronts not related to architectural styles found in the Courthouse Historic District or Entrance Corridor. • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- C Cumberland County V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 45 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines A. Design Philosophy: Compatibility The following chapter provides recommendations to assist in the design of alterations, additions, and new construction in the Cumberland Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. The philosophy underpinning these guidelines is one of com­ patibility. The guidelines are intended to facilitate the cre­ ation of new buildings that are harmonious with their historic setting. The guidelines do not advance a certain aesthetic, but seek to encourage development that is sympathetic to the character of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Design that successfully integrates new construction into the historic fabric will enhance the sense of place in Cumber­ land County. Conversely, incompatible design will detract from the sense of community and have a negative effect on the integrity of the historic district. Therefore, compatibility should be the overarching concern when evaluating the ap­ propriateness of new construction. Above: the former Cumberland Bank served as the schoolhouse during the 1930s Below: a new middle school being constructed in the Courthouse Historic District Source: Cumberland County Historical Bulletin - 1986 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 46 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines B. Architecture The architecture in the Courthouse Historic District and En­ trance Corridor serves as a record of its own time. As previ­ ously noted, the Courthouse District and Entrance Corridor are home to a variety of architectural styles spanning several centuries. This diversity of styles contributes to the vibrancy and character of the Courthouse Historic District and En­ trance Corridor. The architecture of new buildings should contribute to the diversity of styles found in the area and serve as a record of the present day. The architectural style of new construction should not attempt to replicate historic styles. At the same time, the architecture of new buildings should not clash with extant styles. Therefore, the design of new buildings should be modern, yet complementary to the traditional forms em­ bodied in nearby contributing buildings. Creativity on the part of owners, architects and builders is encouraged to develop innovative design solutions for new buildings that enhance the character of the Courthouse His­ toric District and Entrance Corridor and quality of life found there. SITING AND DESIGN The following elements for new construction and ma­ jor alterations should be compatible with the tradi­ tional architecture in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor (see Chapter II for a description of traditional architectural forms): Building Setback Orientation Spacing Massing Scale Materials, Colors & Details Windows and Doors Chapter V (Guidelines for Alterations, Additions, New Construction and Demolition) is intended to com­ pliment Chapters III (Site Design Guidelines) and IV (Design Guidelines for Existing Elements). Relevant sections in previous chapters should be consulted in conjunction with the recommendations in Chapter V. • • • • • • • A recently constructed building in the Entrance Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 47 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines Setback refers to the distance from the front of a building to the street. The setback for historic buildings within the Courthouse District and Entrance Corridor varies based on the use (residential, commercial or institutional) and the lot size, but it is generally consistent for adjacent buildings along a street. 1. Courthouse Historic District Setbacks in the Courthouse Historic District are shallower than setbacks in the surrounding county. The centrality of the village necessitated a denser pattern of development. The typical setback for historic residences is between 30 and 150 feet. Historic commercial buildings have very shallow set­ backs—several storefronts are flush with the property line. Institutional buildings have deep setbacks to impart a sense of grandeur and importance. Although setbacks in the Court­ house Historic District vary by use, they are typically consis­ tent along a block. Recommended: Setbacks for new buildings should relate to the setbacks for historic buildings of similar use (residential, commer­ cial or institutional). Setbacks for new buildings should follow the prevailing setback of historic buildings in the immediate vicinity. Not Recommended: Setbacks for new buildings that interrupt the prevailing setback along the street. Large setbacks to accommodate parking areas. • • • • C. Building Setback Not recommended : a new house interrupts the setback pattern established by adjacent buildings. Not recommended: a new commercial building with a deep set­ back to accommodate a parking lot. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 48 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor Moderate to deep setbacks along U.S. Route 60 contribute to the rural character of the Entrance Corridor. A typical setback for historic residential buildings in the Entrance Cor­ ridor is between 150 and 500 feet (or more). Houses are often separated from the road by deep grass fields and often they cannot be seen from the public right-of-way. Historic commercial buildings have shallow setbacks to allow for vis­ ibility and access. Recommended: New residential construction in the Entrance Corridor should continue the pattern of moderate to deep setbacks to preserve the Entrance Corridor’s rural character. New commercial construction should have shallow set­ backs to allow for visibility and access. Setbacks for new buildings should follow the setback of buildings in the immediate vicinity. Not Recommended: Shallow setbacks for new residential construction along U.S. Route 60. Large setbacks to accommodate parking areas for com­ mercial or institutional buildings. • • • • • Not recommended: a new house with a shallow setback along the Entrance Corridor. A typical setback along the Entrance Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 49 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines D. Orientation Orientation refers to the direction in which the main façade of the building faces. 1. Courthouse Historic District Most buildings in the Courthouse Historic District face a pri­ mary street with their principal entrances in full view. Recommended: The façades of new buildings should be oriented toward the primary street frontage. If a building is to be constructed on a corner lot, its facade should be oriented toward the major road. Not Recommended: New buildings should not be oriented toward internal parking areas or courtyards. 2. Entrance Corridor Generally, residential buildings along the Entrance Corridor are oriented toward U.S. Route 60. Historic commercial buildings are also oriented toward U.S. Route 60 with their principal entrances in full view. Recommended: The façades of new buildings should be oriented toward U.S. Route 60. The entrances to new commercial buildings should be visible from U.S. Route 60. Not Recommended: New buildings should not be oriented toward internal parking areas or courtyards. • • • • • • Houses and businesses in the Courthouse Historic District are oriented toward the principal street Houses in the Entrance Corridor are oriented toward Route 60 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 50 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines E. Spacing Spacing refers to the distance between sides of buildings. This distance establishes the overall along the streetscape. As with setbacks, spacing can vary depending on the use and the size of the lot; however, adjacent buildings typically have a consistent spacing. 1. Courthouse Historic District The relatively close spacing in the Courthouse Historic Dis­ trict reflects the village’s position as the center of government and commerce in Cumberland County. The average spacing between historic residential buildings in the Courthouse His­ toric District is between 30 and 50 feet. The spacing between historic commercial and institutional buildings varies, but it can be as close as a few feet. Recommended: Spacing for new construction should be consistent with the average spacing between adjacent historic buildings. Not Recommended: Spacing for new development should not interrupt the established by historic buildings along the streetscape. 2. Entrance Corridor The large lots and wide spacing between buildings are an in­ tegral element of the rural character along the Entrance Cor­ ridor. Buildings along the corridor can be spaced up to a third of a mile (or more) apart. Recommended: Spacing for new construction in the Entrance Corridor should be consistent with the average distance between existing buildings along U.S. Route 60. • • • Not Recommended: Close spacing that detracts from the rural character of the Entrance Corridor. • Recommended: consistent spacing between residential buildings in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Vacant lots have created wide spacing between commercial build­ ings in the Courthouse district. Infill development may serve to reknit the historic fabric along the main thoroughfare. New commercial development should be located adjacent to existing buildings. Cor­ ridors may provide access to parking at the rear of the buildings. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 51 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines Not Recommended: the massing of the new building does not conform with the massing of the existing buildings. F. Massing The massing of a building refers to its three-dimensional size or bulk. Massing also refers to a combination of masses that create a building’s volume and form (the overall complexity and shape). The level of complexity relates to the building’s style and use. 1. Courthouse Historic District The massing of buildings in the Courthouse Historic District varies based on the type (residential, commercial or institu­ tional) and style of a building. Generally, the massing and complexity of a building corresponds to those of adjacent buildings. Recommended: The massing of new buildings should conform to the massing of adjacent historic buildings. The massing of large buildings should be reduced by ar­ ticulating wall surfaces, varying the roof height, chang­ ing the fenestration pattern, or creating vertical bay divi­ sions. Variations in materials, textures, and colors should be employed to reduce the massing of large buildings. The form of new buildings should relate to the form of adjacent historic buildings. Not Recommended: The massing of new buildings should not overwhelm ad­ jacent buildings. Bulky, cumbersome, or large buildings with unvarying facades. The overall massing of existing buildings should not be drastically changed by new additions. • • • • • • • Large Lot Development New commercial buildings are often built on lots that are much larger than traditionally sized parcels. The massing and scale of large lot developments may over­ whelm nearby historic buildings. Large lot develop­ ments in both the Courthouse Historic District and the Entrance Corridor should employ design techniques to reduce their perceived massing. These techniques may include breaking up expansive walls using vertical bay divisions, varying building heights and employing a va­ riety of materials. Recommended: the massing of the new building (in the cen­ ter) conforms with the massing of the existing buildings. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 52 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines Recommended: the form of residential new buildings should relate to the form of adjacent historic buildings Not recommended: the massing of new residential buildings should not overwhelm adjacent buildings. Massing ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 53 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor The massing of buildings in the Entrance Corridor varies based on the type (residential, commercial or institutional) and style of a building. Generally, the massing and complexity of a building corresponds to those of adjacent buildings. Recommended: The massing of new buildings should relate to the mass­ ing of historic buildings located along the Entrance Cor­ ridor. The massing of large buildings should be reduced by ar­ ticulating wall surfaces, varying the roof height, chang­ ing the fenestration pattern, or creating vertical bay divi­ sions. Variations in materials, textures, and colors should be employed to reduce the massing of large buildings. The form of new buildings should relate to the form of historic buildings along the Entrance Corridor. Not Recommended: The massing of new buildings should not overwhelm ad­ jacent buildings. Bulky, cumbersome, or large buildings with unvarying facades. The overall massing of existing buildings should not be drastically changed by new additions. • • • • • • • Not Recommended: Bulky, cumbersome, or large buildings with unvarying facades. Recommended: the massing of new buildings should relate to the massing of historic buildings located along the Entrance Corridor. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 54 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines G. Scale Scale is the relative relationship of the human form to a build­ ing. It is also the relationship of the size of one building to an­ other. Scale is primarily a function of a building’s height and width, but is also derived from architectural elements. The relationship between a buildings’ height and width provides its directional expression (square, horizontal or vertical). 1. Courthouse Historic District The consistency of scale in the Courthouse Historic District creates a sense of cohesion. Residential buildings in the dis­ trict are between one and two stories in height. Commercial and institutional buildings are between one and two-and-a- half stories in height. The directional expression of buildings relates to its age and architectural style. For example, Co­ lonial Revival-style buildings have a horizontal expression, while Queen Anne-style buildings have a vertical expression. Traditional architectural elements, such as front porches and storefronts, create a human sense of scale in the Courthouse Historic District. Recommended: The scale of new construction should maintain the sense of cohesion in the Courthouse Historic District. The height of new buildings should be compatible with the height of adjacent historic buildings. The directional expression of new buildings should com­ plement the directional expression of nearby historic buildings. The appropriate use of scale-defining architectural ele­ ments is encouraged in new construction. Not Recommended: The scale of new buildings should not overwhelm existing buildings. • • • • • A front porch helps to create a human sense of scale A sense of scale is created by the relationship of human form to a building ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 55 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor The scale of buildings along U.S. Route 60 reinforces the area’s rural character. Historic buildings along the Entrance Corridor do not exceed two stories. Residences constructed in the twentieth century are typically one or one-and-a-half stories. Most residential and commercial buildings exhibit a horizontal directional expression. Traditional architectural elements, such as front porches, help create a human sense of scale along the Entrance Corridor. Recommended: New construction should maintain the rural character es­ tablished by the scale of historic buildings. The height of new buildings should be compatible with the height of historic buildings along the Entrance Cor­ ridor. The directional expression of new buildings should com­ plement the directional expression of historic buildings along the corridor. The appropriate use of scale-defining architectural ele­ ments is encouraged in new construction. Not Recommended: The scale of new buildings should not overwhelm existing buildings. • • • • • Above: a vertical directional expression Below: a horizontal directional expression ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 56 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines H. Materials, Colors and Details The materials, colors, and decorative details of historic build­ ings in the Courthouse District and Entrance Corridor vary widely based on use, style, and age. The range of traditional materials, colors, and details contributes to the character of the historic district. 1. Courthouse Historic District Traditional foundation materials in the Courthouse Historic District include stone, brick and poured concrete. Traditional wall materials include stone, brick and wood. Traditional roof materials include slate, standing-seam metal and asphalt shin­ gle. Historic color schemes vary by style, e.g. white and off- whites for Federal and Greek Revival, Earth tones for Bunga­ low, and bright colors for Queen Anne. Decorative elements such as shutters, trim, cornices, molding, and brickwork pat­ terns provide visual interest. Recommended: The selection of materials, colors and details for new construction should complement and be compatible with those found on nearby contributing buildings. New construction should employ traditional materials. Most buildings should employ a four-color scheme: one color for walls; one for the trim, one for the decorative details such as shutters and doors; and one for the roof. Modern interpretations of decorative details may be used on new buildings if they are consistent with the style of architecture. Not Recommended: siding materials (vinyl), Details from older styles should not be incorporated into modern designs. • • • • • • Traditional building materials in the Courthouse Historic District include wood and brick ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 57 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines 2. Entrance Corridor Traditional foundation materials in the Entrance Corridor in­ clude stone, brick, and poured concrete. Traditional wall ma­ terials include stone, brick, and wood. Traditional roof ma­ terials include slate, standing-seam metal and asphalt shingle. Historic color schemes vary by style, e.g. white and off-whites for Federal and Greek Revival, Earth tones for Bungalow, and bright colors for Queen Anne. Decorative elements such as shutters, trim, cornices, molding, and brickwork patterns provide visual interest. Recommended: The selection of materials, colors and details for new construction should complement and be compatible with those found on nearby contributing buildings. New construction should employ traditional materials. Most new buildings should employ a four-color paint scheme: one color for the walls; one for the trim, one for the decorative details such as shutters and doors; and one for the roof. Modern interpretations of decorative details may be used on new buildings if they are consistent with the style of architecture. Not Recommended: The use of siding materials. The inappropriate use of details is discouraged; details from older styles should not be incorporated into mod­ ern designs. • • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 58 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines I. Windows and Doors The fenestration pattern, the design, proportioning, and dis­ position of window and door openings, play a major role in defining the character, scale, and style of a building. The in­ stallation of new widows and doors should be appropriate to the architectural style of the building. The fenestration pat­ tern of new construction should respect the historic character of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. Recommended: New development should respect the size, proportion, and of existing windows and of adja­ cent buildings. The design of windows and doors found on historic build­ ings should provide guidance for the construction of new windows and doors. True divided-light, double-hung, wood sash windows with exterior fixed muntins are generally appropriate for residential window openings. Single- or double-leaf wood doors are generally appropri­ ate for new doors. Where appropriate, louvered shutters should be scaled to the window opening and mounted with hinges. If used, storm windows or doors should not obscure the underlying windows or doors. Not Recommended: Plastic, vinyl and metal windows. Tinted or mirrored glass. Windows with false muntins. Metal or vinyl shutters. • • • • • • • • • • STOREFRONTS The design of new commercial buildings should include storefronts. Storefronts define the character of a commercial district and create a vibrant streetscape. Historic storefronts in the Courthouse Historic District are typically transparent to allow for displays and create a welcoming appearance. Recommended: Storefronts should have display windows. Commercial buildings should have a high ratio of win­ dow to wall at the ground level. New commercial buildings should base their fenestra­ tions on the configuration of traditional storefronts. Window openings on the upper story of the façade should serve to unify buildings with multiple storefronts. If a new building has multiple shops, it should have an for each business. • • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 59 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines J. Additions Many buildings throughout the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor include additions. Over time, proper­ ty owners have adapted their buildings to accommodate mod­ ern conveniences and meet contemporary standards of living. Generally, the preservation of historic buildings is enhanced by avoiding all but minor changes to primary elevations. An addition should not compromise the building’s historic char­ acter, destroy significant features or materials, or visually overpower the original building. The integrity of design, ma­ terial, workmanship and feeling should be preserved. Recommended: Before planning an addition, it should be determined if the desired use can be accommodated by altering the in­ terior space of the building. An addition should be added to the least visible side of the building to preserve the appearance from the public right-of-way. New additions to historic buildings should be modern in appearance, yet complementary to the building’s archi­ tectural style and form. Decks should be located in inconspicuous locations and screened from public view. The design, material, scale and details of new decks should be compatible with the existing building. Not Recommended: The massing and scale of additions should not eclipse the existing building or neighboring buildings. The construction of an addition should not obscure, dam­ age or destroy character-defining features of historically significant buildings. • • • • • • Examples of additions along the Entrance Corridor. Additions to the rear or side of buildings are less conspicuous than additions to the front. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 60 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines Accessory structures (sheds, garages and barns), often con­ temporaneous with the primary building, are common in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor. The presence of these structures contributes to the rural character of the area. Some historic outbuildings mimic the architec­ tural style, form, materials, and scale of the primary dwell­ ings. Agricultural outbuildings, however, are vernacular and their form reflects their uses. Accessory structures are typi­ cally set to the rear of the property. Recommended: Contributing accessory structures should be maintained in accordance with the guidelines for existing buildings. The design of new accessory structures should be comple­ mentary to the building’s architectural style and form. Compatibility between accessory structures and primary buildings should be achieved through the use of similar roof form, materials and/or paint colors. New accessory structures should be located so they are not seen from a primary public right-of-way and should be screened with landscaping. The massing and scale of new accessory structures should not visually overwhelm the primary building. Not Recommended: Contributing accessory structures should not be demol­ ished or relocated. New accessory structures should not obscure views of the primary building. Carports in the Courthouse Historic District. • • • • • • • • K. Accessory Structures ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 61 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines L. Mechanical Equipment and Utilities Modern mechanical equipment and utilities including heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, overhead wires, utility poles, antennae, satellite dishes and dumpsters are often retrofitted for older buildings. The placement of mechanical equipment and utilities on (or near) historic and new buildings should be as inconspicuous as possible to pro­ tect the historic character of the building and the surrounding area. Recommended: To the extent possible, utility infrastructure such as me­ chanical units, HVAC systems, transformers and electri­ cal meters should be concealed from the public view. Overhead wires and utility poles should be placed at the rear or side of a new building where they are least likely to detract from the historic streetscape. Landscaping should be used to conceal mechanical equip­ ment, using appropriate designs and plant materials. If possible, utility wires and cables should be installed un­ derground. Not Recommended: The installation of mechanical equipment or utilities should not obscure, damage or destroy character-defin­ ing features of historically significant buildings. • • • • • A fence conceals mechanical equipment ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 62 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines M. Demolition The demolition of a historically or architecturally significant building is an irreversible action that detracts from the his­ toric character of the Courthouse Historic District and the Entrance Corridor. Demolitions erode the historic fabric of the community and compromise the integrity of this historic district. This is especially true for buildings that have been surveyed and designated as historic landmarks or contributing to the historic district. Recommended: All historic buildings in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor should be retained to the greatest extent possible. Prior to demolition, all feasible alternatives for rehabilita­ tion and reuse should be carefully considered. In cases where the structural integrity of the building is an issue, acquire a professional structural evaluation and economic feasibility study. If there is no alternative to demolition, document the building in accordance with the Virginia Department of Historic Resource’s Guidelines for Conducting Cultural Re­ source Surveys. Remove all salvageable materials from buildings awaiting demolition. Not Recommended: Historic buildings that contribute to the character of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor should not be demolished. Demolishing an existing building without reviewing a plan for what will replace it. • • • • • • • KEY QUESTIONS Consider these key questions prior to proposing the demolition of a building: Will the removal of the building result in a detriment to the public interest through the loss of a demonstration of local history? Does the building qualify as a national, state or local historic landmark through listing in the Virginia Landmarks Register or the National Register of Historic Places? Does the building embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, style or method of construction? Is the building the work of a notable architect? Does the building embody possess high architectural or artistic value? Is the building associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad pattern of history? Is it associated with a significant person? Will the retention of the building protect a historically or architecturally significant place— thus enhancing the quality of life in community? Does the demolition of the building limit the archaeological potential of the site to yield information concerning prehistory or history? If the answer to any of these questions is affirmative, explore options for rehabilitation and reuse. • • • • • • Burleigh Hall, built in the 1820s, demolished 2008 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County 63 V. New Construction, Demolition, Alterations, & Relocation Design Guidelines N. Moving or Relocation The relocation of a historic building extracts the building from its original context. This act is similar to demolition and has an equally harmful effect on the integrity of the Courthouse District and Entrance. Therefore, the relocation of historic buildings should be avoided. All feasible alternatives should be explored before relocation, when it cannot be avoided. Requests to move a historically or architecturally significant buildings from the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor will be considered as a demolition request. Con­ versely, requests to relocate a building into the historic dis­ trict will be treated as a new construction. Recommended: All historic buildings in the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor should be retained in their origi­ nal location to the greatest extent possible. The relocation of a building should be viewed as a mea­ sure of last resort; it should be used only if leaving the building at its present site would result in its demolition. Not Recommended: Historic buildings that contribute to the character of the Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor should not be relocated. Moving historic buildings into the Courthouse Historic District or Entrance Corridor from another location, as it will create a false sense of history. • • • • ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- C Cumberland County VI. Appendices ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 65 VI. Appendices A. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation are ten basic principles created to help preserve the distinctive char- acter of a historic building and its site, while allowing for rea- sonable change to meet new needs. A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use that requires minimal change to its distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships. The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The removal of distinctive materials or altera- tion of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that char- acterize a property will be avoided. Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural fea- tures or elements from other historic properties, will not be undertaken. Changes to a property that have acquired historic signifi- cance in their own right will be retained and preserved. Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be preserved. Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires re- placement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match the old in design, color, texture, and, where pos- sible, materials. Replacement of missing features will be substantiated by documentary and physical evidence. Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used. Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new con- struction will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment. New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in a such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired. For more information about the Standards for Rehabilitation, visit the Secretary of the Interior’s website (http://www.nps. gov/hps/tps/tax/rehabstandards.htm). 9. 10. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 66 VI. Appendices B. List of Preservation Briefs For over 25 years, Technical Preservation Services (TPS) has helped home owners, preservation professionals, organiza­ tions, and government agencies by publishing easy-to read guidance on preserving, rehabilitating and restoring historic buildings. The following Preservation Briefs are available through the TPS website (http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/ presbhom.htm): Preservation Briefs marked by an asterisk may be more applicable to the Courthouse District and/or Entrance Cor­ ridor. Assessing Cleaning and Water-Repellent Treatments for Historic Masonry Buildings* Repointing Mortar Joints in Historic Masonry Build­ ings* Conserving Energy in Historic Buildings* Roofing for Historic Buildings* The Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to Historic Buildings* The Preservation of Historic Glazed Architectural Terra- Cotta Aluminum and Vinyl Siding on Historic Buildings: The Appropriateness of Substitute Materials for Resurfacing Historic Wood Frame Buildings* The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows* Exterior Paint Problems on Historic Woodwork* 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Rehabilitating Historic Storefronts* The Preservation of Historic Pigmented Structural Glass (Vitrolite and Carrara Glass) The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows New Exterior Additions to Historic Buildings: Preserva­ tion Concerns* Preservation of Historic Concrete* The Use of Substitute Materials on Historic Building Ex­ teriors* Architectural Character - Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Aid to Preserving Their Char­ acter* Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings - Identifying Character-Defining Elements The Repair and Replacement of Historic Wooden Shingle Roofs The Preservation of Historic Barns* Repairing Historic Flat Plaster - Walls and Ceilings The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stucco Preserving Historic Ornamental Plaster Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings: Problems and Recommended Approaches* 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 67 VI. Appendices The Preservation of Historic Signs* The Preservation and Repair of Historic Log Buildings The Maintenance and Repair of Architectural Cast Iron Painting Historic Interiors The Repair, Replacement, and Maintenance of Historic Slate Roofs The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs Mothballing Historic Buildings Making Historic Properties Accessible* The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stained and Leaded Glass* Applied Decoration for Historic Interiors: Preserving Historic Composition Ornament Understanding Old Buildings: The Process of Architec­ tural Investigation Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes Appropriate Methods of Reducing Lead-Paint Hazards in Historic Housing* Removing Graffiti from Historic Masonry* Holding the Line: Controlling Unwanted Moisture in Historic Buildings* 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors The Seismic Retrofit of Historic Buildings: Keeping Pres­ ervation in the Forefront The Maintenance, Repair and Replacement of Historic Cast Stone The Preparation and Use of Historic Structure Reports The Use of Awnings on Historic Buildings: Repair, Re­ placement and New Design* Preserving Historic Wooden Porches* The Preservation and Reuse of Historic Gas Stations Maintaining the Exterior of Small and Medium Size His­ toric Buildings* 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 68 VI. Appendices C. Courthouse Historic District Inventory ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 69 VI. Appendices D. Courthouse Historic District and Entrance Corridor Property Listings and Parcel Maps Note: Please contact the Cumberland County Planning and Zoning Department with any questions regarding property location within the Courthouse Historic District or Entrance Corridor CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 1354 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-100 Courthouse 1388 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-12 Courthouse 1418 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-14B Courthouse 1470 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-13 Courthouse 1473 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-38 Courthouse 1474 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1561 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1594 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-17 Courthouse 665 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-23A E.Corridor 995 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-A-29A E.Corridor 1072 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-1-28 E.Corridor 1098 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-1-27 E.Corridor 1198 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-1-12 E.Corridor 1208 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 1280 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-65 E.Corridor 1311 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-54A E.Corridor 1365 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1387 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-39 Courthouse 1408 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-14 Courthouse 1413 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-37 Courthouse 1422 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-14A Courthouse 1425 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-36A Courthouse 1429 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-45 Courthouse 1433 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-44 Courthouse 1437 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-43 Courthouse 1444 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-5 Courthouse 1446 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-6 Courthouse 1448 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-7 Courthouse 1449 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-42 Courthouse Property Listings by Address ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 70 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 1450 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-10 Courthouse 1451 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-41 Courthouse 1461 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1463 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-40 Courthouse 1465 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-39 Courthouse 1467 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1468 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-12 Courthouse 1475 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-32 Courthouse 1481 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-36 Courthouse 1483 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-34 Courthouse 1485 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-33 Courthouse 1487 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-32 Courthouse 1489 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-30 Courthouse 1490 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 1491 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1492 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A2-A-19 Courthouse 1496 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-3 Courthouse 1522 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-5 Courthouse 1524 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-6 Courthouse 1527 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information Courthouse 1529 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-41 Courthouse 1530 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-7 Courthouse 1532 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-7A Courthouse 1539 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-33 Courthouse 1541 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 57A1-A-30 Courthouse 1542 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-9 Courthouse 1548 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-11 Courthouse 1550 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-11 Courthouse 1560 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-1-4 Courthouse ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 71 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 1575 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-28 Courthouse 1576 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-12 Courthouse 1580 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-13 Courthouse 1583 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-26 Courthouse 1586 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-14 Courthouse 1587 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-27 Courthouse 1593 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057A1-A-23 Courthouse 1614 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-24 Courthouse 1356 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 57-A-100 Courthouse 105 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-A-12B E.Corridor 139 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-A-12 E.Corridor 152 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-28 E.Corridor 169 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-48 E.Corridor 196 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-46 E.Corridor 199 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-43 E.Corridor 209 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 217 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-42A E.Corridor 217 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-42A E.Corridor 218 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 044-A-41 E.Corridor 219 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-13 E.Corridor 225 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 262 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 272 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-10 E.Corridor 275 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 286 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 302 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-8 E.Corridor 338 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-6A E.Corridor 354 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-6C E.Corridor 357 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-1-2 E.Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 72 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 365 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 378 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-4A E.Corridor 380 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 450 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 452 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 472 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-32B E.Corridor 500 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-32 E.Corridor 518 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-32A E.Corridor 559 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-18 E.Corridor 591 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-30 E.Corridor 611 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-21A E.Corridor 613 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-21 E.Corridor 641 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-23B E.Corridor 656 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-17 E.Corridor 663 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-23 E.Corridor 687 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-24 E.Corridor 698 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-25A E.Corridor 759 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 051-A-5 E.Corridor 913 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-5-3 E.Corridor 967 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-A-30 E.Corridor 968 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-A-36 E.Corridor 993 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-A-29 E.Corridor 1016 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-A-38 E.Corridor 1112 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-1-25 E.Corridor 1116 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 050-1-22 E.Corridor 1172 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 1202 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-1-11 E.Corridor 1222 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-1-9 E.Corridor 1248 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-1-7 E.Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 73 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 1252 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 1262 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-1-3 E.Corridor 1270 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 57-1-2A E.Corridor 1272 ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 1296 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-87 E.Corridor 1302 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-88 E.Corridor 1321 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-47 E.Corridor 1343 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-43 E.Corridor 1345 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-42 E.Corridor 1347 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-42A E.Corridor 6481 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-A-15 E.Corridor 6483 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-A-15B E.Corridor 6485 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-A-16 E.Corridor 6487 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-A-12D E.Corridor 929A ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 929B ANDERSON HIGHWAY Contact County for Information E.Corridor 1309B ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-55 E.Corridor 6482A ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-1-16 E.Corridor 6482B ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-1-16 E.Corridor 6484 A ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-1-16B E.Corridor 6484 B ANDERSON HIGHWAY 045-1-16B E.Corridor 466 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 052-A-1B E.Corridor 1333 ANDERSON HIGHWAY 057-A-45 E.Corridor 6630 BLENHEIM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 44 CARTERSVILLE ROAD 050-A-40 E.Corridor 46 CARTERSVILLE ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 3 CHURCHWOOD LANE 052-A-9A41 E.Corridor 19 CHURCHWOOD LANE 052-A-9A3 E.Corridor 20 CHURCHWOOD LANE 052-A-9A6 E.Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 74 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 30 CHURCHWOOD LANE Contact County for Information E.Corridor 35 CHURCHWOOD LANE 052-A-9A1A E.Corridor 17 CHURCHWOOD LANE 52A-9-A4 E.Corridor 27 CLINTON ROAD 052-A-8A E.Corridor 73 CLINTON ROAD 052-A-5 E.Corridor 13 COURTHOUSE CIRCLE 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 17 COURTHOUSE CIRCLE 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 1 COURTHOUSE CIRCLE 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 9 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-39 Courthouse 4 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-36 Courthouse 10 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-38 Courthouse 13 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-4 Courthouse 14 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A2-A-24 Courthouse 19 FITZGERALD ROAD 57A2-A-23 Courthouse 26 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A2-A-26 Courthouse 25B FITZGERALD ROAD 057A2-A-22 Courthouse 6 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-37 Courthouse 28 FRENCHS STORE ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 32 FRENCHS STORE ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 38 FRENCHS STORE ROAD 052-A-14J E.Corridor 11 NORTHFIELD ROAD 050-2-1 E.Corridor 13 NORTHFIELD ROAD 050-2-2 E.Corridor 23 NORTHFIELD ROAD 050-2-3A E.Corridor 31 NORTHFIELD ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 41 NORTHFIELD ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 21 NORTHFIELD ROAD 50-2-3 E.Corridor 21 OAK FOREST ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 4 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 5 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-56 E.Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 75 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 30 CHURCHWOOD LANE Contact County for Information E.Corridor 35 CHURCHWOOD LANE 052-A-9A1A E.Corridor 17 CHURCHWOOD LANE 52A-9-A4 E.Corridor 27 CLINTON ROAD 052-A-8A E.Corridor 73 CLINTON ROAD 052-A-5 E.Corridor 13 COURTHOUSE CIRCLE 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 17 COURTHOUSE CIRCLE 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 1 COURTHOUSE CIRCLE 057A2-A-15 Courthouse 9 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-39 Courthouse 4 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-36 Courthouse 10 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-38 Courthouse 13 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-4 Courthouse 14 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A2-A-24 Courthouse 19 FITZGERALD ROAD 57A2-A-23 Courthouse 26 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A2-A-26 Courthouse 25B FITZGERALD ROAD 057A2-A-22 Courthouse 6 FITZGERALD ROAD 057A1-A-37 Courthouse 28 FRENCHS STORE ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 32 FRENCHS STORE ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 38 FRENCHS STORE ROAD 052-A-14J E.Corridor 11 NORTHFIELD ROAD 050-2-1 E.Corridor 13 NORTHFIELD ROAD 050-2-2 E.Corridor 23 NORTHFIELD ROAD 050-2-3A E.Corridor 31 NORTHFIELD ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 41 NORTHFIELD ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 21 NORTHFIELD ROAD 50-2-3 E.Corridor 21 OAK FOREST ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 4 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 5 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-56 E.Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 76 VI. Appendices CUMBERLAND COUNTY LIST OF ADDRESSES WITHIN COURTHOUSE HISTORIC DISTRICT AND ENTRANCE CORRIDOR Street Number Street Name Tax Map Courthouse/E.Corridor 6 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-59 E.Corridor 25 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 30 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-60 E.Corridor 38 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 40 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 42 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-80 E.Corridor 46 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD Contact County for Information E.Corridor 48 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-79 E.Corridor 51 OLD BUCKINGHAM ROAD 057-A-81 E.Corridor 1 SCHOOL ROAD EXTENSION Contact County for Information Courthouse 15 SCHOOL ROAD EXTENSION 57A1-A-32 Courthouse 39 SCHOOL ROAD EXTENSION Contact County for Information Courthouse 1 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 3 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 4 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-A-21 Courthouse 20 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-2-1A Courthouse 25 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 26 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-2-1 Courthouse 27 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 28 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-2-2 Courthouse 31 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 32 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-2-3 Courthouse 33 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-1-5B Courthouse 35 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 36 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-2-4 Courthouse 38 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-2-5 Courthouse 51 STONEY POINT ROAD Contact County for Information Courthouse 2 STONEY POINT ROAD 057A2-A-20 Courthouse 28 THE WOODS 052-2-2 E.Corridor 32 THE WOODS 052-2-3 E.Corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 77 VI. Appendices Property Listings by Parcel Number * *Full: A parcel fully contained within its respective district or corridor. The requirements of the district or corridor apply to the whole parcel. *Partial: A parcel with a portion not within a district or corridor. The guide­ lines would only apply to the portion within the district or corridor and would be optional (though highly suggested) that the rest comply with the guide­ lines. Please contact the Cumberland County Planning and Zoning Department if you have questions regarding property location within the Courthouse Historic District or Entrance Corridor (see p.6 for details). ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 78 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 79 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 80 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 81 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 82 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 83 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 84 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 85 VI. Appendices * ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 86 VI. Appendices Tax Parcel Maps Tax Map 57 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 87 VI. Appendices Tax Map 57 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 88 VI. Appendices Tax Map 57 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 89 VI. Appendices Tax Map 57 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 90 VI. Appendices Tax Map 50 & 58 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 91 VI. Appendices Tax Map 50 & 58 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 92 VI. Appendices Tax Map 51 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 93 VI. Appendices Tax Map 51 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 94 VI. Appendices Tax Map 51 & 52 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 95 VI. Appendices Tax Map 44 & 52 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 96 VI. Appendices Tax Map 44 & 52 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 97 VI. Appendices Tax Map 45 & 53 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 98 VI. Appendices Accessory Building: A secondary building on the same plot as the main building whose intended design is for a supplemental use, including, but not limited to: a garage or storage shed. Adaptive Use: The alteration, restoration, and or renovation of an existing building for the purpose of creating a new use for the building other than its original or historic use. Addition: Any living space outside the house’s original walls, including porch, wing, or ell, adding to the total height or floor area, and has at least partial solid walls and requires a continuous foundation. Alteration: Any change made to a building’s original structure or systems that do not increase the overall dimensions of the building. Apex: The highest point or peak of any structure. Arch: The curved or pointed top on a wall, door or open Arches come in many different shapes and styles, often supported by columns or piers. Architectural Significance: Importance of a property based on physical aspects of its design, materials, form, style or workmanship and recognized by National Register Criterion C. Area of Significance: The aspect of historic development in which a property made contributions for which it meets the National Register Criteria, such as architecture, agriculture, commerce, community planning and development, politics/government, religion, etc. Association: Link of a historic property with a historic event, activity or person. Also, the quality of integrity through which a historic property is linked to a particular past time and place. Asymmetrical: Not symmetrical. Awning: A roof-like cover of metal or canvas extending over a window or doorway to provide environmental protection. Balcony: A platform projecting from a wall, enclosed by a railing or balustrade, supported on brackets or cantilevered. Baluster: A short post or pillar in a series that supports a rail, forming a balustrade. E. Glossary of Architectural Terms Accessory Building Glossary definitions are in part based on Historic Architecture Sourcebook by Cyril M. Harris, Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1977. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 99 VI. Appendices Bay: Any number of principal divisions of a wall, roof, or other parts of a building marked off by vertical or transverse supports. Usually refers to the width or depth of a building. Bay, Bow and Oriel Windows: These windows project from the front or side of a house. Oriel windows generally project from an upper story, supported by a bracket. Bay windows are angled projections that rise up from the ground on the first floor. Bow windows are rounded projections, often formed of the window glass itself. Bead Molding: A small, cylindrical molding enriched with ornaments resembling a string of beads. Bracket: A small supporting piece of wood or stone, often formed of scrolls or other decorative shapes, designed to bear a projected weight such as a roof edge or eaves. Brick veneer, brick facing: A facing of brick laid against a wall and not structurally bonded to the wall. Building: A resource created principally to shelter any form of human activity, including, but not limited to: a house, barn, meat house, bank, store, church, town hall, courthouse, jail, library, garage, or hotel. Bulk: The three-dimensional size or mass of a building. Cantilever: A horizontal projection from a building, such as a step, balcony, beam or canopy, that is without external bracing and is supported only at one end, appearing to be self supporting. Capital: The head or crowning feature of a column. Casement Window: A metal or wooden window that opens outward or inward on hinges fixed to its vertical edge. Clapboard: Thin overlapping horizontal boards that are thicker along the lower edge than along the upper and cover the wood-framed wall of a building; Column: A cylindrical vertical support, usually supporting weight from above. Concrete: Cement mixed with coarse and fine aggregates (pebbles, crushed stone, or brick), sand and water in specific proportions. There are three types of concrete: pre-cast reinforced and pre-stressed. Baluster Bracket Columns ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 100 VI. Appendices Contributing Building: A building, which has historic significance by reason of type, period, design, style, workmanship, form, materials, architectural details, or historic association to a significant event or person or has or may yield information important to prehistory or history. Contributing Properties: Parcels of land containing a contributing building, structure, site or object adding to its historic significance and so designated on the inventory map and inventory of contributing properties and non-contributing properties through an architectural survey and historic district designation. The designated contributing properties, which may or may not be individually listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register or National Register of Historic Places, are those properties which by reason of type, period, design, style, workmanship, form, materials, architectural details, or have historic association to a significant event or person, or have or may yield information important to prehistory or history and relation to surrounding properties contribute favorably to the general character of the part of the Historic District in which they are located. Contributing Resource: A building, site, structure, district or object adding to the historic associations, historic architectural qualities or archaeological values for which a property is significant because it was present during the period of significance, relates to the documented significance of the property and possesses historic integrity or is capable of yielding important information about the period; or it independently meets the National Register Criteria. Cornice: Any projecting ornamental molding that finishes or crowns the top of a building, wall, or arch. CORNICE RETURN: A cornice that partially “returns” into the gable formed by a peak roof. Corridor District: A geographical area adjacent to arterial streets or highways along a significant route of tourist access to the area or to a designated historic landmark, buildings, structures or districts therein or in a neighboring historic district. CROSS GABLED ROOFS: A roof type the consists of two or more gabled roof lines that intersect on a building. Cultural Landscape: A geographic area, including both cultural and natural features, associated with an event, person, activity, or design style that is significant in the history of the locality, state or the nation. Historic sites, landscapes designed by a landscape architect, master gardener, architect or horticulturist and vernacular landscapes developed by human use and activities are types of cultural landscapes. Cornice ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 101 VI. Appendices Cupola: A dome, especially a small dome on a circular or polygonal base crowning a roof or turret. Typically for decorative purposes in modern homes. Older cupolas may be accessible on the building interior by stairs. Dentils: A series of small decorative blocks forming a molding in an entablature. Dependency: A subsidiary building adjoining a principal structure. Design: A quality of integrity applying to the elements that creates the physical form, plan, space, structure and style of a property. District: One of the five resource types, a concentration or continuity of sites, buildings, structures or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development. Dormer window: A window placed vertically in a sloping roof that has a roof of its own, often gabled, hipped or shed. Double-hung window: A window having two vertically sliding sashes, each in separate grooves or tracks closing a different portion of the window. Eaves: The projecting overhang at the edge of a roof. Elevation: an accurate drawing or image of one side of a building that represents its true dimensions in plan perpendicular to the line of sight. Eligibility: The ability of a property to meet the National Register of Historic Places Criteria for evaluation. Façade: The primary elevation of a building often distinguished by its architectural ornament. Facing: A covering applied to the outer surface of a building, also called sheathing or cladding. Fanlight: A window, semicircular or semi-elliptical, sometimes with decorative tracery, often placed over a door. Fascia: A horizontal piece (such as a board) covering the joint between the top of a wall and the projecting eaves; also called fascia board. Feeling: A quality of integrity through which a historic property evokes the aesthetic or historic sense of past time and place. Dormer Window Eaves ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 102 VI. Appendices Fenestration: The design, proportioning, and disposition of window openings in a building. Flat arch: An arch with a horizontal top and bottom, formed with wedge-shaped stones or bricks. Also referred to as a jack arch or straight arch. Fieldstone: Rough, irregularly shaped pieces of rock that can be used to construct a building, make a walkway, line a garden bed, etc. Fluting: Shallow, concave grooves running vertically on the shaft of a column, pilaster or other surface. Frame construction: Any building primarily supported by wood structural members. French Door: A tall casement window-like door with full-length panes of glass. Typically multi-light, often installed in pairs; two-leaved doorway. Frieze: A decorative horizontal band located just below the cornice. Gable: The vertical triangular shape of a building wall above the cornice height formed by two sloping roof planes. Gambrel Roof: A roof with one low, steep slope and an upper, less-steep one on each of its two sides, giving the look of a traditional American hay barn. Header: A brick laid in a wall so that only its end appears on the face of the wall. To add a varied appearance to brickwork, headers are alternated with “stretchers,” bricks laid full length on their sides. Hipped Roof: A roof with sloped edges on all four sides. Historic Area: An area containing one or more buildings or places in which historic events occurred, or having special public value because of notable architectural, archaeological or other features relating to the cultural or artistic heritage of the community, of such significance as to warrant conservation and preservation. Historic Character: The physical appearance of a property as it has evolved over time. That is representative of its period of construction, in some cases including changes that have occurred. The qualities of a property conveyed by its materials, features, spaces, and finishes are referred to as character defining. Gable ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 103 VI. Appendices Historic Context: An organizing construct for interpreting history that groups information about historic properties which share a common theme, common geographical location and common time period. The development of historic contexts is a foundation for decisions about the planning, identification, evaluation, registration and treatment of historic properties, based upon comparative significance. Historic District: Any geographical area delineated by the governing body and consisting of public or private property, containing a significant concentration, linkage or continuity of contributing properties containing contributing building(s), structure(s), site(s) or object(s), united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development and having a common historical, architectural, archaeological or cultural heritage being of such interest and significance as to warrant conservation and preservation. Historic Landmark: A building, structure, district, site or object determined to have historical, architectural or archaeological statewide or national significance listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register. Historic Property: The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) defines a historic property as “any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion on the National Register”; such term includes artifacts, records, and remains which are related to such district, site, building, structure, or object. Historic Significance: Importance for which a property has been evaluated and found to meet the National Register Criteria. I-House: A style of vernacular architecture that is typically one room deep and at least two rooms wide, typically the wide part of the house set parallel to the road. Improvement: All additions, alterations, decks, and major landscaping which alters yard drainage. Infill housing: A new structure built in a block or existing row of buildings. In Kind: Replacement or repair of building components matching the original components in material, size, profile, texture, and color. Integrity: The authenticity of a property’s historic identity, evidenced by the survival of physical characteristics that existed during the property’s historic or prehistoric period. Lattice: A structure of crossed strips, often wood, that creates a grid pattern. Leaded window: A window with leaded lights. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 104 VI. Appendices Level of Significance: The geographical level – local, state or national – at which a historic property has been evaluated and found to be significant. Light: A pane of glass installed in a window sash. Lintel: A horizontal member such as a framing component or stone bridging an opening, most often a door. Location: A quality of integrity retained by a historic property existing in the same place as it did during the period of significance. Maintenance: In architecture, all those activities necessary to prolong the life of an historic property. Mass: Bulk or three-dimensional size of an object. Massing: The combination of several masses to create a building volume; organization of the shape of a building, as differentiated from wall treatment, fenestration, etc. Materials: A quality of integrity applying to the physical elements that were combined or deposited in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. Molding: Horizontal bands having either rectangular or curved profiles, or both, used for transition or decorative relief. Mullion: A large vertical member separating two or more windows or doors. Muntin: The members used to create the smaller window panes in a window. National Historic Landmark (NHL): A historic property evaluated and found to have significance at the national level and designated as such by the Secretary of the Interior. National Register of Historic Places Criteria: The established criteria for evaluating the eligibility of properties for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (which is the same criteria used for inclusion in the Virginia Landmarks Register). Specifically, The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association, and: Mass ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 105 VI. Appendices A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. National Register of Historic Places: The official federal list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects significant in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering or culture. National Significance: The importance of a property to the history of the United States as a nation. Non-Contributing Building: A building that does not add to the historic architectural qualities, historic associations or archaeological values for which a property is significant because it was not present during the period of significance or does not relate to the documented significance of the district; or due to alterations, disturbances, additions or other changes, it no longer possesses historic integrity or is capable of yielding important information about the period; or it does not independently meet the National Register Criteria. Non-Contributing Property: A property that does not add to the historic architectural qualities, historic associations or archaeological values for which a resource is significant because it was not present during the period of significance or does not relate to the documented significance of the district; or due to alterations, disturbances, additions or other changes, it no longer possesses historic integrity or is capable of yielding important information about the period; or it does not independently meet the National Register Criteria. Non-Contributing Resource: A building, site, structure, district or object that does not add to the historic architectural qualities, historic associations or archaeological values for which a resource is significant because it was not present during the period of significance or does not relate to the documented significance of the district; or due to alterations, disturbances, additions or other changes, it no longer possesses historic integrity or is capable of yielding important information about the period; or it does not independently meet the National Register Criteria. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 106 VI. Appendices Normal Repair and Routine Maintenance: For the purpose of maintaining the existing condition of the building, structure, site or object, normal repair and routine maintenance involves the repair of existing materials and features with equivalent material through stabilization, consolidation and conservation of historic materials, features and workmanship when the physical condition of these character-defining features has deteriorated. For example, routine maintenance includes repainting using a different color, but does not include the initial painting of masonry surfaces on any contributing resource not painted previously. Object: The resource term used to distinguish from buildings and structures those constructions, which are primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, an object is associated with a specific setting or environment, i.e., sculpture, statuary, monuments, boundary markers, fountains. Pane: A flat sheet of glass cut to size for glazing use in a window; also called a light or a window light. Parapet: A low wall placed to protect any spot where there’s a sudden drop, such as at the edge of a roof, terrace or porch. Patio: Paved recreation area, usually at the rear of a home. Pedestal: In classical architecture, the base supporting a column or colonnade. Pediment: A low-pitched gable above a portico, colonnade, wall, or aperture. Period of Significance: The span of time in which a property attained the significance for which it meets the National Register of Historic Places Criteria. Pier: An upright, freestanding masonry support. Often used to support porches. Pilaster: A shallow post or a rectangular column-like projection. Picket fence: a fence formed by a series of vertical pales, posts or stakes and joined together by horizontal rails, with open space between the pickets. Picture Window: A large, fixed, single-pane window. Pitch: The degree of a roof’s slope. Object ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 107 VI. Appendices Plan: A two-dimensional view of a building, or horizontal section of it, seen from above; hence, a precise drawing showing the arrangement of design, including wall openings and dimensions. Porch: A structure attached to a building to shelter an entrance usually roofed and generally open sided. Portico: A porch consisting of a roof supported by columns. Prefabrication: The manufacturing of whole buildings or components cast in a factory or on site before being placed in position. Preservation: The process of determining what to keep from the present for the future and applying measures to sustain the existing form, integrity, type, style, design, details, workmanship and materials of a historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. Proportion: The relation of one dimension to another; usually described as a numerical ratio; in architecture, proportions determine the creation of visual order through coordination of shapes in a design. Quoins: The dressed stones at the corners of buildings, usually lay so their faces are alternately large and small. Ratio of Solids to Voids: The percentage of total façade area given to openings (windows, doors, arches, etc.), which affects the appearance and scale of a building. Rehabilitation: The act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features, which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values. Reinforced Concrete: Steel rods are inserted in concrete beams to help them withstand longitudinal stress without collapsing. This development has allowed the construction of very large structures using concrete beams. Repair: To restore something broken or damaged to good condition; the process of mending something, or the job that is done in order to achieve this. Repoint: To remove and replace old mortar from brickwork or other masonry construction. Porch ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 108 VI. Appendices Resource: Any building, structure, site, district or object that is part of or constitutes a historic property. Restoration: The act or process of accurately recovering the form, features and details of an historic property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of later work or by the replacement of missing earlier work. Retrofit: To refit original parts of a building with new parts. In architecture, the repeated pattern of building elements such as doors and windows. Ridge, ridge line: The horizontal line formed by the juncture of two sloping roof planes. Rubble: Rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes; used in rough, uncoursed work in the construction of walls, foundations, and paving. Sash Window: A window formed with sashes, or sliding frames running in vertical grooves. Scale: The relationship between the apparent size of a human being; in a drawing, a system of proportion by which precise magnitudes represent larger magnitudes, usually the life-size dimensions of a building. Segmental arch: An arch in which the arched portion is less than semi-circular. Setback: The distance between a building and the street. Setting: A quality of integrity applying to the physical environment of a historic property. Site: One of the five resource types, being the location of a significant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archaeological value regardless of the value of any existing or non-existing structure. Site Improvements: Structural changes to the grounds of a property including the installation or alteration of walls, fences, or structures, paving, regarding, and the installation or removal of major plantings. Sash Window ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 109 VI. Appendices Shed roof: A single-pitched roof over a small room or porch; often attached to a main structure. Shutters: Window or door screens featuring horizontal slats that may be articulated, allowing control over air and light transmission. The styles include louvered and paneled. They were historically made of wood, although metal and vinyl nonfunctional shutters now exist. Sidelight: Narrow, vertical windows flanking a door. Siding: Material used for cladding or sheathing the external walls of a wood frame building. Sill: The horizontal lower member of a window or other frame, including building frame. Site plan: An accurate scaled drawing of a site (lot) as if seen from above, describing the property boundary and orientation, the location of buildings, driveways, walks and other constructed site improvements, the retained vegetation and new plantings and finished grade contours. Skylight: A window set into a roof or ceiling to provide extra lighting. Sizes, shapes and placement vary widely. Soffit: The underside of any architectural element (as of an overhang or staircase). Statement of Significance: The importance of a property to the history of the state where it is located. STEEPLE: A tall ornamental structure attached to a church meeting-house or other public building, generally consisting of a tower Stoop: An uncovered platform and steps at an entrance. Streetscape: A setting or expanse consisting of the street, landscaping, and buildings along a street, as seen by the eye in one view. Stretcher: Refers to the long side of the brick. Structure: One of the five resource types distinguished from a building, being a functional construction made usually for purposes other than creating shelter, including but not limited to, a gazebo, windmill, communication tower, bridge, canal, roadway, power plant, fence, or silo. Siding Shutters Setback ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 110 VI. Appendices Stucco: A type of plaster used on exterior walls. Studs: A system of vertical supports intended to holdup walls or partitions. Symmetrical: A similarity of form or arrangement on either side of a dividing line. Transom: A small, usually rectangular window over a door or window. Some transoms open for ventilation, while some are only decorative. Trim: The framing or edging of openings and other features on the facade of a building or indoors. Trim is often a different color or material than the adjacent wall. TYMPANUMS: The recessed triangular space between the horizontal and raking cornices or a pediment. Vernacular: Architecture that generally is not designed by an architect and is characteristic of a particular area, showing local building trends stemming largely from building traditions, and often interpreting high style building design developments. Virginia Landmarks Register (VLR): The official state of Virginia list of districts, sites, buildings and structures of historical, architectural or archaeological local, statewide, or national significance. Weatherboard: Overlapping horizontal boards that cover the wood-framed wall of a building, also called clapboard sheathing or cladding. Workmanship: A quality of integrity applying to the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture, people or artisan. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 111 VI. Appendices F. Bibliography Albemarle County Architectural Review Board. “Albemarle County Architectural Review Board Design Guidelines.” October 2007. Browning, Lyle E. “Cumberland Courthouse/Rt. 45 Area Sewer Improvements: Cumberland County, Virginia.” Phase I Intensive Archaeological Survey, DHR File 93-0492-F, April 1995. Culpeper County Board of Supervisors. “Culpeper County Design Guidelines.” July 2002. Cumberland County Historical Society. “Cumberland Walking Tour—The Village during the 1950s.” Cumberland County, Virginia, Historical Bulletin, November 2004. Cumberland County Planning Commission. “Cumberland County Comprehensive Plan: 2006-2011.” September 2006. [http://www.cumberlandcounty.virginia.gov/planning/DOCS/AdoptedCompPlan.pdf] Department of the Interior. The Preservation of Historic Architecture. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2004. Gish, Agnes E. “Effingham Tavern.” Cumberland County, Virginia, Historical Bulletin, September 1999. Harris, Cyril M. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. Lounsbury, Carl R. An Illustrated Glossary of Early Southern Architecture and Landscape. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. McAlester, Virginia. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Knopf, 1984. McClane, Debora. “Cumberland Courthouse Historic District.” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, VDHR #024-5025, April 2007. Relf, Diane and Bonnie Appleton. “Selecting Landscape Plants: Shade Trees.” Environmental Horticulture Publication 426- 610. Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2000. [http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/envirohort/426-610/426-610.html] Smith, Jo D. and James R. Cox. “Down the Cumberland Roads.” Cumberland County Historical Society, 1999. Smith, Peter H. “Design Guidelines for the Old and Historic Alexandria District and the Parker-Gray District.” City of Alexandria, Virginia: May 1993. Town of Leesburg, Virginia. “Draft Leesburg Old and Historic District Design Guidelines.” September 2007. Town of Middleburg, Virginia. “Historic District Guidelines.” July 2002. Town of Scottsville. “Historic District Guidelines for the Town of Scottsville.” 1996. ---PAGE BREAK--- Cumberland County Design Guidelines 112 VI. Appendices Town of Warrenton. “Warrenton Historic District Guidelines.” Land and Community Associates: September 1990. Vaughan, M. K. Crucible and Cornerstone—A History of Cumberland County, Virginia. Atlanta: Economic Development Administration, May 1969. Weeks, Kay. “Working on the Past in Local Historic Districts.” National Parks Service. [http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/ workingonthepast/] ---PAGE BREAK--- 1121 FIFTH STREET, NW • WASHINGTON, DC 20001 TEL: [PHONE REDACTED] • FAX: [PHONE REDACTED] [EMAIL REDACTED]