Document Centrecountypa_doc_3c3cb6f6ba

CENTRE COUNTY RECREATION & GREENWAY PLAN This project was financed in part by a grant from the Community Conservation Partnerships Program, Environmental Stewardship Fund, under the administration of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Recreation and Conservation and the Centre County Board of Commissioners The Plan was prepared by the Centre County Office of Planning & Community Development August 2009 and a joint initiative of the Centre County Commissioners and the Centre County Planning Commission BRC-TAG-10-46 BRC-TAG-10-46 “Connecting our people, our communities, and our environment with Greenways and Trails” ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- A NO OW WLLEEDDG GEEM MEEN CCCEEEN CCCO OOU UUN BBBO OOA AARRRD DD ooofff CCCO OOM M MM M OON Jon W. Eich, Chair Rich Rogers Steven G. Dershem CCCEEEN CCCO OOU UUN AAN NNN NNIIIN NNG GG CCCO OOM M MM M OON NN Robert L. Corman, Chairman Penns Valley Region Kevin Abbey, Vice-Chair Centre Region Elfrida M. Persic, Secretary Centre Region John A. Shannon Moshannon Valley Region Thomas E. Hoover Mountaintop Region Cecil J. Irvin Centre Region Thomas E. Poorman Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region Robert P. Dannaker Nittany Valley Region Angelica “Mimi” Wutz Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region CCCEEEN CCCO OOU UUN G NNW W WA AAYYY NNG GG CCCO OOM M MM M Alice Trowbridge Susquehanna Greenway Partnership Angela Breeden Centre County Historical Society Ann Donovan Centre County Conservation District Ann Glaser Penns Valley Conservation Association Art Beverage Moshannon Creek Watershed Association Dan Guss Roaring Run Watershed/Shingletown Resident Deborah Zimmerman Walker Township Recreation Commission Emily Gette-Doyle Philipsburg Main Street Mgr./Revitalization Corp. Glenn Vernon Consultant/ Sugar Valley Watershed Association Jamie Walker Beech Creek Watershed Association, President Jane Scheuchenzuber Gregg Township Planning Commission Jason Detar PA Fish & Boat Commission Jeff Stover SEDA-COG Joint Rail Authority Jennifer Shuey ClearWater Conservancy, Director Jim Eckert Aid to Senator Jake Corman Jim Moser Aid to Representative Scott Conklin John Ferrara Bald Eagle State Park Manager Katie Ombalski ClearWater Conservancy, Conservation Biologist Ken Hendrickson Landscape Architecture Penn State University Kevin Abbey Centre County Planning Commission Kim Steiner Penn State Arboretum, Director Michael Brady RC& D Coordinator, NRCS Michele Barbin MPO Technical Committee, Snow Shoe Borough Nancy Bachman Huston Township Resident Paul Bartley Bald Eagle Watershed Association Dr. Paul Simpson Centre Region Bike Coalition/Susq.River Sojourns Ray Kauffman PennDOT District #2 Ron Smith Lemont Village Association – Lemont Granary Ron Woodhead Centre Region Parks and Recreation, Director ---PAGE BREAK--- A NO OW WLLEEDDG GEEM MEEN CCCEEEN CCCO OOU UUN G NNW W WA AAYYY NNG GG CCCO OOM M MM M (((CCCO OON NNU UUEEED DD))) Stan Kotala Keystone Trails Association Susan Beyer Huston Township Planning Commission Susan Wheeler Patton Township Recreation Planner Todd Smith ELA Group Inc. Tom Sharer Penns Valley Regional Planning Commission Trilby Mayes Snow Shoe Rails to Trails Association, President Trish Meek Centre Regional Planning Agency Vana Dainty Bellefonte Borough Council/Bellefonte Gazette PPPEEEN NNN VVA AAN NNIIIA AA D DDEEEPPPA M MEEEN ooofff CCCO OON VVA AATTTIIIO OON NN N NNA AATTTU UURRRA AALLL RRREEESSSO OOU Diane Kripas Division Chief, Greenways and Rivers Division Chuck Reid Greenway Planning Advisor M. Wesley Fahringer Regional Recreation and Parks Advisor Alexander M. MacDonald Greenway Planning Advisor CCCEEEN CCCO OOU UUN AAN NNN NNIIIN NNG GG & CCCO OOM M MM M MU UUN D DDEEEV VVEEELLLO OOPPPM M MEEEN O Robert B. Jacobs, Director Susan B. Hannegan, Assistant Director Beth A. Rider, Project Manager, Environmental Planner Dennis Bloom, Transportation Planner Susan G. Krosunger, Senior Planner Elizabeth Lose, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Technician A very special thank you goes out to all of the municipalities, elected officials, watershed and conservation groups, representatives from the neighboring counties, and Centre County residents for their valuable input and dedicated enthusiasm during this study. ---PAGE BREAK--- TTA ABBLLEE O OFF CCO ON NTTEEN IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N What is a Greenway? 1-1 Why Develop a Recreation & Greenway Plan for Centre County? 1-1 Greenway Types 1-3 Review of Existing Documents 1-5 Benefits of Greenways 1-19 Historic Iron Furnace Map 1-25 How is a Greenway Plan Developed? 1-27 Recreation & Greenway Plan Structure 1-28 Centre County Demographics 1-30 Centre County Planning Regions Map 1-31 Centre County Land Use 1-39 Centre County Land Use Map 1-41 Centre County Future Land Use Map 1-42 IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS Natural Resources 2-1 Natural Heritage Inventory Map 2-2 Important Bird Areas 2-3 State Parks 2-4 Public Lands Map 2-6 State Forests 2-7 State Game Lands 2-9 Trout Streams and Managed Streams Map 2-11 Surface Waters Map 2-12 County Municipal Parks 2-13 Community and Neighborhood Parks Map 2-19 Forests Cover and Forest Type Map 2-20 Forests and Woodlands 2-21 Gas Well Locations Map 2-23 Watersheds 2-24 Wetlands and Floodplains 2-24 Riparian Buffers 2-25 Watershed Boundaries Map 2-26 Floodplains and Wetlands Map 2-27 Agricultural Land 2-28 Farms and Farmers Markets 2-29 Centre County Farms Map 2-30 Geology and Soils 2-31 Prime Agricultural Soils Map 2-32 Geological Formations Map 2-33 Utility Corridors 2-34 Utility Corridors and Service Areas Map 2-35 Steep Slopes 2-36 Viewsheds and Ridgetops 2-36 Steep Slopes Map 2-37 Groundwater Yields and Aquifers Map 2-39 Mountain Peaks and Summits 2-40 Heritage Corridors/Regions 2-41 ---PAGE BREAK--- TTA ABBLLEE O OFF CCO ON NTTEEN Heritage Areas of Map 2-42 Cemeteries 2-43 Transportation Corridors 2-44 Major Roads and Railroads Map 2-46 Rails to Trails 2-52 Inactive Rail Lines 2-52 Designated Hiking Trails 2-53 Feasibility Studies for Greenway Projects Map 2-55 Canals 2-56 Tunnels 2-57 Designated Bikeways 2-58 Park and Ride 2-59 Skate Parks 2-60 ATV Designated Trails 2-60 Other Recreational Facilities 2-61 County Recreation Programs 2-62 Programs by other Providers 2-63 Museums 2-64 Historic Resources 2-67 Archeological Resources 2-69 Archeological Resources Map 2-70 Natural Register of Historic Places Map 2-71 Civilian Conservation Corps 2-73 Civilian Conservation Corps Map 2-74 Population and Commercial Centers 2-75 Population Centers Map 2-76 Brownfields and Industrial Parks 2-77 Commercial and Industrial Centers Map 2-78 Undeveloped Land Map 2-79 Conservation Organizations 2-80 A ASSSSEEM NG G TTH HEE G GRREEEEN NW WA AYY N NEETTW WO ORRKK Greenway Corridor Types 3-1 Conservation Corridor Map 3-2 Recreation Corridor Map 3-3 Transportation Corridor Map 3-4 All Corridor Types Countywide Map 3-5 Development of Corridors 3-5 Priority Habitats Map 3-8 Priority Natural Resources Map 3-9 Corridors by Planning Region 3-10 Penns Valley Planning Region 3-9 Penns Valley Corridor Map 3-19 Nittany Valley Planning Region 3-20 Nittany Valley Corridor Map 3-30 Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region 3-31 Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region Map 3-42 Mountaintop Region 3-43 Mountaintop Region Map 3-52 Moshannon Valley Region 3-53 ---PAGE BREAK--- Moshannon Valley Region Map 3-63 Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region 3-64 Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region Map 3-68 Centre Region 3-69 Centre Region Map 3-79 IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS Vision and Goals of the Greenway Plan 4-1 Management Organization 4-1 Implementation Strategies 4-7 Planning and Implementation Partners Chart 4-9 Prioritization of Corridors 4-10 Trail Town Opportunities 4-21 Open Space Protection and Land Conservation Strategies 4-22 Strategies through Non-Acquisition 4-23 Recreation Corridor Demonstration Project 4-28 Demonstration Project Map 4-29 Gregg Township Corridor Map 4-36 Demonstration Corridor Land Use Map 4-39 Property Acquisition and Development of Trail 4-40 Management of Trail 4-41 FFU UN NDDIIN NG G SSO OU URRCCEESS Potential Funding Sources 5-1 State and Federal Sources 5-2 Associations, Foundations, and Corporation Sources 5-16 Fund Raising and Other Opportunities 5-18 A APPPPEEN NDDIICCEESS Model Trail Easement A Model Conservation Easement B Model Riparian Forest Buffer Easement C Model Fishing Access Easement D Model Water Quality Improvement Easement E PA Endangered and Threatened Species F PA Native Plants G PA Invasive Plants H Historic Marker Nomination Form I ---PAGE BREAK--- This page is intentionally blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111 Centre County’s topography presents both opportunities and challenges. The County’s 1,115 square miles, ranking fifth among counties in land area is characterized by two major physiographic provinces, the Allegheny Plateau and the Ridge and Valley Province. This Recreation and Greenway Plan transforms this diverse landscape into an asset, by weaving it into a Countywide Recreation and Greenway network, linking people and the places where they live, work and play. WHAT ARE GREENWAYS? “Greenways”are described in many ways and serve many functions. The report, Greenways – “An Action Plan for Creating Connections,” contains the following definition. A greenway is a corridor of open space. Greenways very greatly in scale; from narrow ribbons of green that run through urban, suburban, and rural areas to wider corridors that incorporate diverse natural, cultural, and scenic features. They can incorporate both public and private property and can be land or water-based. They may follow old rail beds, canals, or ridge tops, or they may follow stream corridors, shorelines, or wetlands and include water trails for non-motorized craft. Some greenways are recreational corridors or scenic byways that may accommodate motorized or non-motorized vehicles. Other greenways function almost exclusively for environmental protection and are not designed for human passage. Many people see greenways as sole source for recreation such as hiking and biking. Water trails are often referred to as blueways. For these people, recreation of all types and greenways are one in the same an actual experience in the outdoors. For others, greenways serve a conservation role and are areas that are a resource to be protected like a wetland, forest, riparian area, or important habitat for flora and/or fauna. This greenway plan addresses physical recreation and conservation with a special emphasis on green infrastructure. The green infrastructure element of the plan will result in an interconnected web of green space that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human populations. (Definition from PaGreenways Glossary) WHY DEVELOP A RECREATION & GREENWAY PLAN FOR CENTRE COUNTY? The development of a countywide Greenway and Trails plan for Centre County is consistent with national, state, and local objectives. Many states including Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington are implementing statewide greenway initiatives. This initiative became more evident when in 1987, the President’s Commission on American Outdoors recommended that an interconnected greenways network be established throughout the nation. Greenway Program was launched in August 2001 with the completion of a statewide greenways action plan, Greenways- “An Action Plan for Creating Connections.” Governor Tom Ridge amended Executive Order 1998-3, to identify the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) as the lead agency responsible for Action Plan implementation. DCNR has funded, with matching monies, approximately 40 committed, on-going, and completed plans throughout the Commonwealth. The Action Plan identified recreation and greenways as a priority for The developers of the Action Plan completed a survey where an outstanding 93% of those surveyed supported providing additional greenways in their communities. Other priority issues for included protection of natural resources and wildlife habitat, open space protection, and non motorized recreation. Greenways have proven to support tourism but more importantly address the immediate issue of health and well- being. According to the Department of Health, the number one health threat to our citizens is obesity. More specifically, the risk factors for heart disease with obesity and diabetes are evident across the nation among more children at earlier ages. Greenways are a natural way to bring outdoor recreation and fitness opportunities closer to our homes, schools, and work places. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222 DCNR recently completed its 2009-2013 Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan – Outdoors: – The Keystone for Healthy Living. This plan, updated every five years includes a statewide assessment of outdoor recreation as well as an action plan for future steps to enhance outdoor recreation. It is worthy to note a few of the excerpts from this plan as well as statistics that show the importance of outdoor recreation and greenways. Data for the 2009-2013 Outdoor Recreation Plan was collected through a mail and internet survey throughout the Commonwealth. The results showed that many are active outdoor recreationists, participating in a variety of activities at different pubic and private areas. As in the past the survey indicated that the largest portion (43%) of away-from-home outdoor recreation activity occurred in areas managed by local and county government. Source: 2009-2013 Outdoor Recreation Plan Traditional activities such as walking, driving for pleasure (driving tours), picnicking, and swimming remained the most popular outdoor recreation activities. When respondents were asked what benefits they received from outdoor recreation nearly half of them mentioned something related to physical and/or mental health. The highest levels of participation included dog walking, walking, and birding/bird watching. traveled the furthest distance for outdoor activities, such as fishing, camping, and boating, with boating, camping and driving for pleasure showing the highest economic expenditures. Urban residents indicated a need for picnic areas, tennis courts, golf courses, and sporting facilities, while residents of suburbs and towns (more similar demographics of Centre County) indicated a need for more bicycle paths, bike lanes, and mountain bike trails. Parks or Tails accounted for a very notable portion of physical activity. About three- fourths of survey respondents indicated that they walk or ride a bike in their neighborhood. Over two- thirds of respondents with school-aged children indicated that their children never walked or biked to school, but nearly half of those individuals stated that they would like their children to walk or bike to school more frequently. Source: 2009-2013 Outdoor Recreation Plan Amazingly the majority of individuals surveyed felt that there was not enough open space near their homes and that the open space they did have was threatened by development. This showed the concern over the loss of open space was related to how aware are of the contribution of parks and recreation programs to quality of life and community. Nearly all of the respondents believed it was important for citizens to play in role in conserving lands and waters. But most notably the survey showed that clearly valued the state’s natural resources and are committed to conserving natural resources, protecting wildlife habitat, and restoring damaged rivers and streams. Outdoor education class on healthy streams at Bald Eagle State Park ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333 Greenway Types, Source DCNR 2007 Yurt Camping Facility at Bald Eagle State Park Arboretum Section of the Bellefonte Central Rail Tral ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---555 REVIEW OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS When preparing a plan for improving the quality of life in a community and suggesting projects for implementation, it is important research and relate to existing documents and to understand if the project will be consistent with local, regional, and state planning efforts. These include: PennDOT BICYCLE & PEDESTRIAN PLAN-2007 The Vision Statement for the 2007 PennDOT Statewide Bicycle/Pedestrian Master Plan is: is a place where residents and visitors of all ages can choose to bicycle and walk. People are able to bicycle and walk with confidence, safety and security in every community, both for everyday transportation and to experience and enjoy the remarkable natural resources of the state. Statewide, The Bicycle/Pedestrian Plan expresses two broad goals: Double the percentage of trips by foot and bicycle by the year 2015. The exact percentages will be developed with the implementation of this plan. Reduce the number of fatalities among bicyclists and pedestrians to a level corresponding to the national highway motor vehicle fatality rate reduction goal. That goal is to reduce the rate from the current 1.41 fatalities per 100 mi1lion vehicle miles traveled to 1.0 fatality per 100 mi1lion vehicle miles traveled by 2011 (USDOT 2006-2011 Strategic Plan). 2009-2013 OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN The Outdoor Recreation Plan is prepared periodically by the Commonwealth of to provide statewide policy direction and to fulfill the agency's recreation and preservation mandate. The Plan process has evolved well beyond its original purpose of satisfying eligibility requirements for continued funding under the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF). The 2009-2013 Outdoor Recreation Plan serves as a status report and as an overall guideline for recreation resource preservation, planning and development through the year 2013. View of Sayers Lake from proposed Nature Inn at Bald Eagle State Park – fall 2008 The goals of the PA Outdoor Recreation Plan are: Goal 1: Strengthen Connections Between Outdoor Recreation, Healthy Lifestyles and Economic Benefits in Communities Goal 2: Reconnect People to the Outdoors and Develop a Stewardship Ethic Through Outdoor Recreation Opportunities and Experiences Goal 3: Develop a Statewide Land and Water Trail Network to Facilitate Recreation, Transportation and Healthy Lifestyles Goal 4: Enhance Outdoor Recreation Through Better Agency Cooperation ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---666 HERITAGE TOURSISM DEVELOPMENT PLAN The same historic sites, parks, forests, and cultural activities that make such an attractive place to visit, play an increasingly important role in the growth of the state’s economy and the quality of life in its communities. Tourism is second largest industry. In 2000, the tourism industry supported over 560,000 jobs and contributed over $26 billion to the state’s economy. A significant portion of that can be attributed to heritage travel. A 1999 report for the Center for Travel, Tourism and Film indicated that 75% of all travel was leisure travel, and 25% of all leisure trip expenditures in were attributable to heritage tourism. That makes heritage tourism a multi-billion dollar industry in Heritage tourism development is also a community development strategy that can benefit all parts of the state. From Pittsburgh’s waterfront and the mill towns of western to the forests of the north- central region and the cities, towns, and farms of central and eastern the state’s communities have begun to capitalize on their heritage resources. Heritage tourism development brings new economic opportunities and jobs. It also builds local pride as citizens learn about their own unique parts of the story. Communities that embrace heritage tourism, do this by developing sites, festivals and attractions that bring enjoyment to residents as well as draw visitors to the area. Tourism is a growth industry. In 1999, travel and tourism industry saw more than $1 billion in growth, and a sizable share of that growth was due to heritage travel. The 1997 figures for heritage travel in represented a 23% increase from the year before, three times higher than the growth in other kinds of leisure travel in the state. Heritage tourism is a leisure trip with the primary purpose of visiting historic, cultural, natural, recreational and scenic attractions to learn more about the past in an enjoyable way. NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PLAN The Nutrition and Physical Activity Plan (PaNPA Plan) was developed by the Department of Health and its stakeholders. Advocates for Nutrition and Activity (PANA) is funded by the Department of Health to improve nutrition and physical activity statewide through policy and environment interventions. The mission of the PaNPA Plan is to create a where individuals, communities and public and private entities share the responsibility for developing an environment to support and promote active lifestyles and access to healthy food choices. The plan presents strategies and activities necessary for community- based interventions to increase healthy eating and physical activity opportunities. The key concepts of this plan are: • Promote the recognition of overweight and obesity as major public health problems. • Assist in balancing healthful eating with regular physical activity to achieve and maintain a healthy or healthier body weight. • Identify effective and culturally appropriate interventions to prevent and treat overweight and obesity. • Encourage environmental changes that help prevent overweight and obesity. • Develop and enhance public-private partnerships to help implement this vision. Nutrition and Physical Activity Plan Vision: A that supports and values healthy lifestyle behaviors. The mission of the PaNPA Plan is to create a where individuals, communities and public and private entities share the responsibility for developing an environment to support and promote active lifestyles and access to healthy food choices. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---777 WILDLIFE AND WILD PLACES Today, is one of the premier outdoor recreation states in the nation. A million enjoy a rich tradition of hunting for deer, bear, wild turkey, grouse, rabbits, pheasants, and squirrels. Nearly a million people fish lakes and streams, and millions more camp, hike trails, canoe rivers, or enjoy the outdoors through photography, feeding birds, or watching wildlife at parks or near their homes. Wildlife is a multi-billion dollar “industry” in Hunters spend 14 million days afield each year in the state and spend a billion dollars on travel, equipment, lodging, and food. streams and lakes provide 18 million days of fishing each year and anglers churn 800 million dollars directly into the state’s economy. devote 19 million days and spend a billion dollars pursuing glimpses or photographs of the state’s elk herd, waterfowl, bald eagles, and songbirds. In 2001 alone, one million people visited woodlands for recreation and 3.4 million participated in watchable wildlife recreation across the state. Nearly half (45 of all residents participate in some form of recreation directly linked to wildlife and wildlife habitat. Combined, the total annual impact on the state’s economy generated by hunting, fishing, and wildlife-related recreation approaches $6 billion. Sales and income tax revenue from fishing tackle purchases alone nets $50 million every year, and sales taxes generated by wildlife- watching bring $70 million into the state general fund annually. WILDS DESIGN GUIDE JANUARY - 2008 Today, is one of the premier outdoor recreation states in the nation. A million enjoy a rich tradition in the North Central counties of The PA Wilds covers a region of more than six million acres, 2 million of which are public lands including 27 state parks. A design guide is a commonly used tool to steer development patterns and aesthetic qualities in a particular direction. The design guide sets forth physical design objectives for building placement, architecture, landscaping, signs, lighting, grading, land use arrangement, natural resource conservation, and other related items. The “toolbox” section provides techniques that can be used by municipalities, developers, project applicants, and design professionals to implement the recommended guidelines and to better evaluate proposed land use or design projects. When a design guide is embraced and implemented it can have a positive, cohesive, and long-lasting effect on the way a geographic area appears and functions. LUMBER HERITAGE REGION INTERPRETIVE PlAN – AUGUST 2005 This Interpretive Plan aims specifically to capture the essence of the region, articulate it through a defined visitor experience and framework of messages that coax the visitor into a deeper appreciation of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. The Lumber Heritage Region harbors a wealth of natural, cultural, and historic resources boasting the largest forested areas on the East Coast. The Interpretive Plan developed a set of itineraries designed to move people through the 15 County region. Visitors can explore the region’s gateways to its distant corners, and interpretation can instill in the visitor a deeper appreciation of the region, and motivate them to purchase the region’s heritage- based products. The combined effect of the itineraries is to connect the region’s most significant natural and cultural assets through land-and water-based, motor- and human-powered interpretive routes. This synergy constitutes the Recreation Linkages Plan. Coupled with DCNR’s Outdoor Recreation Plan, the Interpretive Plan will shift the Lumber Heritage Region (LHR) into a national limelight, stimulating its economic development at the same time conserving its forest-based culture. Today, is one of the premier outdoor recreation states in the nation. A million enjoy a rich tradition as will many more millions to come. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---888 Pantall Hotel – Punxsutawney – part of LHR LUMBER HERITAGE REGION MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN – MAY 2001 The Management Action Plan was completed in May 2001. It was the culmination of years of planning and the teamwork of people and organizations from all 15 counties. More than 40 different organizations provided the funds and manpower to complete this plan. Today the Plan is used to guide the organization even though the LHR has evolved these past five years. As defined by the Heritage Parks Program, the primary goals of the program are as follows: Education/interpretation Outdoor recreation Historic preservation/cultural conservation Economic development Partnerships Related resources, projects, partners, and implementation strategies were developed for each of these goals. This was accomplished through public involvement, which gauged the significance of each issue to the LHR and gathered knowledge and ideas related to each goal. Projects of the education and interpretation strategy include partnering with existing educational programs within the LHR, creating educational and interpretive materials for the existing resources within LHR, and increasing public awareness of the LHR. The LHR boundary encompasses nine universities, colleges, and campus extensions; 34 State Parks; eight county visitor centers; the Allegheny Hardwoods Utilization Group; and the Lumber Museum. Each of these venues and/or groups serve as potential partners for LHR educational and interpretation programs. PLAN FOR ELK WATCHING & NATURE TOURISM IN NORTH CENTRAL – AUGUST 2002 The Elk Range is in the middle of the 15-county Lumber Heritage Region of with the largest concentration of public land in the Commonwealth. The Elk Range acts as a gateway to more than 2 million acres of spectacular public land that include countless miles of waterways and wilderness trails. The focus of the Elk Watching & Nature Tourism Plan is visitor management, including elk viewing and nature tourism, not elk management, which is the responsibility of the PA Game Commission. The plan will: • Provide recommendations to improve visitor services and guide the development of appropriate infrastructure • Support the long-term ecological needs of an expanded wild elk herd • Stimulate economic benefits for local communities and minimize conflicts with private landowners and other forest users • Educate tourists and residents about the responsible stewardship of the elk herd and the region’s other natural resources • Protect the natural integrity of the region • Promote elk watching and other nature tourism activities ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---999 GREENWAYS: AN ACTION PLAN FOR CREATING CONNECTIONS - 2001 The goals set forth in this Action Plan reflect input from thousands of They told us that the state’s outdoor resources are vitally important and that a network of greenways should connect every community. This Plan provides a "green print" for communities, state government, the private sector and individual citizens to work as partners in developing an outstanding statewide network of greenways; a system that will be enjoyed by current and future generations of Greenways can provide a strategic approach for our municipalities and regions to plan for "smarter" growth, enhance community character, provide for alternative transportation, and provide educational opportunities in conservation, ecology, and history. Goals and strategies for implementation are the following: 1. “Hubs and Spokes”-A Statewide Network of Greenways: Establish a statewide greenways network of “hubs” e.g., parks, forests, game lands, conservation areas, historical, cultural and recreational sites, communities and “spokes” (connecting corridors such as land and water trails, natural corridors) that include greenways of statewide significance, as well as local and regional greenway networks. 2. Greenway Plans: Promote the development of “greenway plans” by county and local governments as an integral part of their comprehensive planning and implementation efforts, encouraging them to link greenway concerns with programs that address sound land use, community revitalization, recreation needs and open space protection. 3. Places for All People: Increase opportunities for diverse populations to enjoy greenways across rural, suburban and urban landscapes, including motorized and non-motorized recreational users, persons with disabilities, and all cultural and ethnic groups. 4. Wellness: Actively involve the health community in greenways to promote physical activity and mental wellness in the Commonwealth. 5. Alternative Transportation: Develop a trails system that provides transportation alternatives to the automobile, and is part of a comprehensive multi- modal transportation system. 6. Natural Resource Protection: Promote strategically located greenways that protect the Commonwealth’s natural resources and environmental quality. 7. Greenways Organizational Structure: Issue an Executive Order (or amend Executive Order 1998-3) that establishes the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) as the lead agency for Greenways Program implementation; creates an Interagency Coordination Team; encourages agencies to integrate greenways into their policies and programs; and restructures the Greenways Partnership Commission and the Greenways Partnership Advisory Committee. 8. Greenways Funding: Assemble public and private funds that assist in planning, building and maintaining greenways and in meeting grant requirements for local matches. 9. Greenways Toolbox: Develop a toolbox for all those involved in greenways implementation that includes technical resources for developing greenway plans, assembling “best practices” and addressing pressing needs such as liability mitigation and design standards. 10. Greenways Education and Training: Incorporate greenways training into existing education programs for greenway partners and establish a strategy to integrate greenways into environment and ecology coursework for teachers and students of all ages. 11. Greenways Promotional Campaign: Enhance economy and tourism by showcasing its greenways in a promotion and marketing campaign that informs residents and visitors of the opportunities and benefits of greenways. 12. The Greenways Volunteer Network: Establish a corps of volunteers of all ages to maintain and promote local greenways through an “Adopt-a-Greenway” Program. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---1110 00 CENTRE COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN – 2003 The development of a Recreation and Greenway Plan for Centre County is consistent with the goals established in Centre County’s Comprehensive Plan Update – 2003. One stated objective of the plan is to “provide opportunities for recreation, cultural activity, and social interaction with existing and proposed park facilities”. This will be achieved by the five Goals of the Recreation and Greenway Plan: 1) Ensure consistency with the Centre County Comprehensive Plan. 2) Utilize this information for recreation planning to link communities, parks, schools, natural areas, and historic sites. 3) Link to future Greenway networks and facilities and surrounding counties. 4) Identify specific locations for wildlife viewing, critical flora and fauna, scenic views and view sheds, and areas of historic significance. 5) Guide feasibility studies and implementation that may develop out of recommendations of the plan. There are two phases of the Centre County Comprehensive Plan. The first, which was completed in 2003, provides a comprehensive inventory of existing conditions and recommendations for Natural Resources, Historic Resources, Community Facilities & Services, Housing, Transportation, and Economic Development. The second phase of the plan update will focus on a Growth Management Plan. Some of the recommendations out of Phase 1 of the plan related to the Countywide Recreation & Greenway Plan include: • Provide opportunities for recreation, cultural activity, and social interaction with existing and proposed park facilities. • Encourage cultural activities and tourism through the preservation and promotion of the County’s historic heritage. • Identify rural landscapes, villages and buildings of historic significance in the County and work with the Centre County Historical Society and other entities to inventory these resources for possible historic designation. • Encourage the establishment of pedestrian and bicycle paths to allow for non-motorized forms of transportation. • Promote car-pooling, public transit, walking and biking as alternative forms of transportation. • Protect and encourage development of riparian buffers and stream corridor overlay districts for improving water quality and preserving biological diversity. • Promote and preserve the County’s natural areas for scenic, educational, historic, environmental, recreational, and tourism purposes. CENTRE COUNTY LONG RANGE TRANSPORTATION PLAN - 2030 The Centre County Long Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) documents current and future transportation demand and identifies long-term improvements and projects to meet those needs. The goal of the plan is to: Provide a multi-modal transportation system which includes air, bicycle, highway, pedestrian, public transportation, and rail facilities to maximize the efficient, safe, economical and convenient movement of people and goods while minimizing the adverse impact the system will have on natural and cultural resources, as well as people. The LRTP recognizes the benefits of bicycling and walking as alternatives to motor vehicles by reducing vehicle emissions and providing recreational opportunities. The plan also states the “preservation ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111111 and use of abandoned rail lines is an ideal method of reuse for alternative transportation and recreation opportunities.” CENTRE COUNTY NATURAL HERITAGE INVENTORY – 2003 The purpose of this inventory is to identify and map important biotic and ecological resources in Centre County so that county, state, municipal entities, the public, business interests, and developers could plan development with the preservation of these environmentally important sites in mind. The Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) focuses on areas that are the best examples of ecological resources in Centre County. Important selection criteria for Natural Heritage Areas are the existence of habitat for plants and animals of special concern, the existence of uncommon or especially important natural communities, and the size and landscape context of a site containing good quality natural features. The general recommendations in the plan are meant to further clarify the differences between the various sites and to provide a general framework into which specific management recommendations can be made. The plan can be viewed on the County’s website at http://www.co.centre.pa.us/planning/environmental.asp NITTANY VALLEY REGION COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SEPTEMBER – 2004 The Nittany Valley Regional Comprehensive Plan embodied a truly regional effort for the municipalities of Bellefonte Borough, Benner, Marion, Spring, and Walker Townships as well as the Bellefonte Area School District (approximately 119 square miles) to prepare a sound plan for the future growth and development of the Nittany Valley Region. The comprehensive plan sets forth community planning goals and objectives related to the provision of adequate housing and employment, the protection of the environment, and the provision of a balance of public services. The plan inventoried and mapped in detail the region’s resources including land use, streams, roads, utilities, parks, housing, schools, businesses, and police and fire services, and others. Each chapter of this comprehensive plan contains specific recommendations to improve the locally- expressed planning goals of the Nittany Valley Region. PENNS VALLY REGION COMPREHENSIVE PLAN – JANUARY 2006 The Penns Valley Regional Comprehensive Plan is a joint regional effort between the municipalities of Centre Hall and Millheim Boroughs and Gregg, Haines, Penn, and Potter Townships, as well as the Penns Valley Area School District to prepare a solid sound plan for future growth and development of the Penns Valley Region. The comprehensive plan was conducted in the same way for the Nittany Valley Region. Implementation strategies are discussed and recommended that will enable the Region’s municipalities to set in motion the goals, objectives, and recommendations identified in the Plan. Both the Nittany Valley and Penns Valley Regional Comprehensive Plans list a variety of community planning goals that relate to this study including: • Integrate the protection of important natural features in outlying rural areas • Promote greenways along important streams as a means of protecting local surface water quality and providing wildlife habitats, • And to improve opportunities for art, recreation and culture, public safety, and high- quality education as a means of stimulating economic development and residential growth PENNS VALLEY REGIONAL RECREATION STUDY –PEER-TO-PEER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT NOVEMBER – 2007 This program through a grant from DCNR’s Bureau of Recreation brought together an experienced professional along with a study group to look at the possibility of bringing a more formalized recreation program to Penns Valley. The study also looked at what kind of grants were available to supplement local funding for recreation ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111222 NITTANY VALLEY REGIONAL RECREATION STUDY –PEER-TO-PEER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT MARCH – 2008 This program through a grant from DCNR’s Bureau of Recreation brought together an experienced professional along with a study group to look at the recreation needs in the Nittany Valley. The study took into account the amount of open space that is being lost to development in the region and the increased demand for outdoor/indoor recreation close to home. NITTANY & BALD EAGLE GREENWAY AND BIKEWAY PLAN - 2002 This conceptual greenway plan encompasses municipalities within the Spring Creek and Lower Bald Eagle Watersheds. The vision of the plan is: To protect the water quality, scenic, and natural resources of the Lower Bald Eagle and Nittany Valleys and provide a network of access ways for non-motorized transportation and low-impact outdoor recreation for people who live, work, or visit the area. Recommendations from the plan include: • Work with employers to develop a program for commuters to promote bicycling and walking as alternative means of commuting to work. • Provide facilities that are bicycle and pedestrian friendly to encourage use of trails and bikeways. • Develop trails for recreation, commuting, and access to historic, cultural, recreation, and environmental education destinations. • Support rail-trail initiatives and municipal trail initiatives. • Evaluate trail opportunities of existing easements and rights-of-way. • Promote environmental sustainability in the development of trails and recreation facilities. The completion of this particular greenway plan laid out the foundation for two feasibility studies that were identified in the plan and have since received DCNR funding and completed studies of their own – The Beech Creek Greenway: The Brick Town Trail, and the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail Feasibility Study. CENTRE REGION VACANT LAND INVENTORY & ANALYSIS – MAY 2002 This report prepared for the Borough of State College and College, Ferguson, Halfmoon, Harris, and Patton Townships provides information on the amount of land zoned for various purposes in the Centre Region and inventories the amount of vacant land remaining in each zoning district within the Regional Growth Boundary. This report is an invaluable tool to the policymakers of the Centre Region, helping them to determine the capabilities of the Centre Region’s infrastructure to support the growth currently permitted by municipal zoning ordinances; identify the type and timing of upgrades to regional sewer, water, and transportation services; coordinate the location of residential development with future commercial employment centers; and project future travel patterns and identify potential road networks. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111333 CENTRE REGION COMPREHENSIVE PLAN – JUNE 2000 This update to the Centre Region 1990 Comprehensive Plan established an overall policy framework within which the municipalities make decisions about the future of their communities. High priority was placed on several objectives: • Maintain a low level of environmental pollution. • Provide open space near residential areas. • Protect neighborhoods from encroachment by non-residential land uses. • Maintain and enhance the visual appearance of buildings and landscaping. • Provide pedestrian and bicycle trail connections between residential, employment, and recreational areas. The plan also recommends preserving quality and stresses the importance of walking and biking as alternative modes of transportation. A SUMMARY OF HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES FOR CENTRE COUNTY - 2005 A summary of historic and cultural resources and more specific recommendations has been completed for the County by the Centre County Historical Society. Specific recommendations are highlighted in the Recreation & Greenway Plan for each of the County’s seven planning regions and will serve as a critical tool for historic preservation and implementation projects in the future. BELLEFONTE CENTRAL RAIL TRAIL FEASIBILITY STUDY – AUGUST 2008 The study looked at the feasibility of approximately 14 miles of trail along the historic Bellefonte Central Rail Corridor right-of-way located within Bellefonte and State College Boroughs, Benner, College, Patton, Spring, and Ferguson Townships. The corridor parallels State Route 550 and Buffalo Run, a tributary to Spring Creek, and extends from the Bellefonte Waterfront District to the existing McKee Street/Clinton Avenue Bikeway near Sunset Park in State College Borough. Currently 1.4 miles of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail have been constructed. Access to this section is through Sunset Park on land managed by the Penn State Arboretum. The study recommended the implementation of the trail in five phases and would provide a safe non- motorized connection from historic Bellefonte to the hub of State College. Potential trail corridor along Lower Julian Pike, Patton Township BEECH CREEK GREENWAY – “THE BRICK TOWN TRAIL” – 2007 The feasibility study for the Beech Creek Greenway Plan was undertaken to explore the potential for linking the public park land at Curtin Village (Eagle Iron Works), Bald Eagle State Park, and Sproul State Forest in Centre and Clinton County to the neighboring communities of Beech Creek, Blanchard, Eagleville, Howard, Monument, Mount Eagle, and Orviston. The principal corridors for this network of trails include the waterways of Beech Creek and Bald Eagle Creek, the abandonedrail line of the former Beech Creek Division of the New York Central Railroad between Beech Creek Borough and Monument, the public roads and rights-of- way between Beech Creek Borough and Bald Eagle State Park, the public lands associated with the 5,900 acre Flood Control Facility at Foster Joseph Sayers Dam, and the lands owned by the Museum Commission at Eagle Iron Works. “At this portal to the PA Wilds lie four towns where men and boys toiled in the mines and factories, turning yellow clay into refractory bricks that lined the blast furnaces that made the steel, that built the engines and rails…..” ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111444 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111555 BLAIR COUNTY GREENWAYS PLAN -2005 Blair County adopted their Greenway Plan, “Blair County Greenways Plan: Linking Our Natural Asset for Conservation, Recreation, and Drinking Water Protection as part of their update to the Areawide Comprehensive Plan for Blair County – 2005. Development of their greenway network will help connect and protect unique, historical, and natural assets for present and future generations. CLINTON COUNTY GREENWAY PLAN – APRIL 2009 – ONGOING The purpose of the Clinton County Greenways and Open Space Plan is to identify, locate and examine greenway and trail opportunities throughout Clinton County as part of broader greenways and trails network. The Plan is to include, without limitation, methods by which greenways, trails, and primitive campsites can be obtained, combined, maintained, and the recommended types of trails and campsites including, but not limited to water trails, hiking, horseback riding, biking, walking, funding sources for purchase and financing of corridors and open space and the like. The overall plan also includes the following three feasibilities studies: 1. Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal Feasibility Study – Centre and Clinton Counties 2. Pine Creek Trail Connector – Eastern Clinton and Western Lycoming County 3. West Branch Susquehanna River Access and Camping – Centre, Clearfield, and Clinton counties Sample map from North Central PA Greenway & Trails Plan – Clearfield County MIFFLIN/JUNIATA COUNTY GREENWAY OPEN SPACE, AND RURAL RECREATION PLAN – APRIL 2008 – ONGOING Mifflin County is partnering with Juniata County to complete a Greenway, Open Space, and Rural Recreation Plan. When completed, each county will have its own plan. During the process, opportunities for enhancing recreation in the two counties are being explored. The recreation evaluation for Mifflin County determined the many recreational opportunities currently available to residents. Residents have long enjoyed Mifflin County’s abundant forest lands, pristine streams, and easy access to the Juniata River. These natural recreational resources are complemented by close-to-home parks for play, picnics, athletic competitions, and community celebrations. NORTH CENTRAL PA GREENWAYS & TRAILS PLAN – MARCH 2009 – ONGOING This plan will provide recommendations for an interconnected system of greenways and trails throughout Cameron, Clearfield, Elk, Jefferson, McKean, and Potter counties. This effort demonstrates a strong partnership between the North Central PA counties, DCNR, Pashek Associates (the Consultant for the Plan), PA Wilds, Lumber Heritage Region of Headwaters Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D), and all stakeholders involved in the project. SOUTHERN ALLEGHENIES GREENWAYS & OPEN SPACE NETWORK PLAN – MAY 2007 Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Fulton, Huntingdon, and Somerset Counties, along with the Southern Alleghenies Planning & Development Commission (SAP&DC), have developed the Southern Alleghenies Greenways and Open Space Network Plan. The Plan outlines a series of policies and projects for linking existing natural and man-made resources within the region’s six counties. By connecting these assets into a comprehensive greenway network, the region’s natural resources are leveraged to promote and strengthen their value to the region for a range of purposes. The report is available for download on the Southern Alleghenies Planning and Development Commission website. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111666 SPRING CREEK RIVERS CONSERVATION PLAN – 2001 The threads of Spring Creek and its tributaries flow through the heart of Central Located in the south central portion of Centre County in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province, the Spring Creek watershed drains an area of approximately 175 square miles and is part of the larger Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds. The mission of this original study was: “To protect and enhance the natural, historic, and scenic resources in the vicinity of Spring Creek through a planned program of easements, acquisitions, and cooperative arrangements with local landowners and local governments with provisions for improved public access, and recreational and educational use where feasible and appropriate. To ensure that the resources in the Spring Creek corridor are available for the use and enjoyment of future generations and to ensure that the public is informed about the corridor and engaged in its protection and enhancement.” A number of issues were identified through the study process for their effect on the resources of the Spring Creek watershed. Among the issues that the community must understand and address in any attempt to protect and enhance Spring Creek are growth and change, water quality, loss of natural habitats, quality of life, historic resources, and fragmentation of authority. INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF THE BELLEFONTE WATERFRONT - 2006 The Borough of Bellefonte received a Local History Grant from the Historical and Museum Commission to document the industrial heritage of the Bellefonte waterfront district. The goals of the project are to: • provide Bellefonte residents and visitors with previously undocumented local industrial history through literature and museum exhibits • market the extant industrial buildings located in Bellefonte’s Spring Creek corridor for new uses and promote them as for community and economic development. By achieving these goals, Bellefonte Borough hopes to build a better community by integrating information about local industries into economic and community development concepts for Bellefonte’s Waterfront District. Valentine Iron Company’s Iron Furnaces along Logan Branch BELLEFONTE WATERFRONT MASTER PLAN – 2003 This master plan will serve as a planning and marketing tool to identify and prioritize community improvements for the Bellefonte Waterfront District. The plan includes a mixed-use redevelopment that is sensitive to the environment and to existing historical character. The project focuses on the “Spring Creek Frontage Property” within Bellfeonte Borough and identifies linkages and connections to other areas along tributaries such as Logan Branch, Buffalo Run, as well as upstream to the Spring Creek Nature Park and through the Milesburg Water Gap. Recommendations from the Master Plan include: Pedestrian connection from Match Factory to Masullo Park and on to Spring Creek Nature Park Bikeway along South Potter Street and Slaughterhouse Road to require widening of the road and/or separate bike lanes Greenway crossing on pedestrian bridge over Logan Branch and Spring Creek Trailhead Parking at Masullo Park (restroom, parking, maps/info) Pedestrian bridge allowing bikers on side of railroad bridge Greenway along Logan Branch (stream, rail, or Valentine Hill options) Widended bike lane on Potter Street Lamb Street as a Greenway node Corridor to former McCoy Dam and on to Milesburg Greenway connection up Buffalo Run corridor ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111777 PENN STATE ARBORETUM MASTER PLAN The site for the Arboretum is a 370-acre tract fronting on Park Avenue and extending out to Big Hollow and to the Mt. Nittany Expressway (I-99). The Preliminary Master Plan for The Penn State Arboretum prepared by the Arboretum Task Force in conjunction with the Office of Physical Plant and the consultants, Sasaki Associates, Inc., defined the proposed patterns of land use, circulation, and open space for the Arboretum property. “The mission of the Penn State Arboretum is to promote the quality of life by seeking, through scholarship, research, and education, collaborative solutions to growing demands on the natural landscape and its resources. As a place of beauty in a rapidly expanding metropolitan area, an educational facility, and a microcosm of the human/nature continuum in settled landscapes, the Penn State Arboretum shall strive to become an interdisciplinary ‘institute for land health’ of state, regional, and perhaps national significance.” Themes for the Arboretum include richness of biological diversity, stewardship and conservation of soil and water, environmentally compatible use of the landscape, and restoration of degraded landscapes. Proposed Reconstructed “prairie”community in Big Hollow within Arboretum lands PENN STATE UNIVERSITY MASTER PLAN Recommendations from the Open Space section of the PSU Master Plan include: • The pattern of major civic open spaces in the core campus will be maintainedand enhanced with the development of new landmark open spaces at Pollock Field and West Campus • Major pedestrian corridors in the core campus will be maintained and improved with the future development of the Greenway Mall and the southward extension of the East Subcampus north-south axial Paromenade, connecting the Meadow and the Greenway Mall • It is recommended that major street corridor landcapes be improved with street tree and natural plantings throughout the core campus, and that landscape order of the eastern fringe areas of the campus be enhanced by an extensive planting program along all major roadways that traverse this part of campus, including the University Drive, Porter Road, Park Avenue, and Mount Nittany Expressway COMPREHENSIVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE PROGRAM – BOROUGH OF STATE COLLEGE – OCTOBER 2008 Part I of the Comprehensive Pedestrian and Bicycle Plan for the Borough of State College is the development of a prioritized list of areas of concern. The report provides background information on pedestrian safety history in the Borough, it identifies the areas of concern based on crash analysis techniques, and it provdes recommendations to improve safety at the top five sites based on a detailed engineering study. Part II (Policies, Toolbox, and Priorities) of the Plan begins with a description of key policies and programs to promote pedestrian and bicycle activity and safety. The policy section describes planning, engineering, maintenance, enforcement, and educational concepts for pedestrian and bicycle safety. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111888 SUSQUEHANNA GREENWAY STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN - 2006 The Susquehanna Greenway Partnership is a nonprofit corporation governed by a 20 member board of directors. The partnership is the lead advocate for Susquehanna Greenway development in It champions the greenway vision and values, and guides greenway development in keeping with the publicly derived actions and priorities set forth in the Susquehanna Greenway Strategic Action Plan. The Susquehanna Greenway Partnership is dedicated to developing and sustaining the Susquehanna Greenway to connect communities and enrich lives through enhanced recreation, healthy living, economic prosperity and environmental stewardship. SUSQUEHANNA RIVER WATER TRAIL – WEST BRANCH STEWARDSHIP AND CONSERVATION PLAN – JUNE 2009 The development of a volunteer-based stewardship plan is intended to provide guidance for volunteers and organizations taking part in restoration, conservation and maintenance activities on the West Branch Water Trail. By providing planning tools for guidance and clearly defining roles and tasks for volunteers the hope is to increase the level of volunteer activity on the Water Trail. Four case studies were also developed as part of the project to provide specific examples of site improvements that could be implemented by volunteers, and interpretive data that links past and present use to the health of the Chesapeake Bay. SUSQUEHANNA GREENWAY INTERPRETIVE MASTER PLAN MARCH 2008- ONGOING A Consultant was awarded the contract to develop the Interpretive Master Plan for the Susquehanna River Water Trail and Susquehanna Greenway. The plan would include site visits and analysis of existing or potential interpretive services and media within the approximate 500 mile corridor. Susquehanna Greenway Region Boat launch at Karthaus – West Branch Susquehanna Water trail signage at Karthaus Boat Launch ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---111999 BENEFITS OF GREENWAYS No other conservation initiative provides so many ecological, economic, and quality of life benefits to the communities that create them. Greenways not only protect environmentally significant land and native plants and animals, they also link people with the natural world and outdoor recreational opportunities. Recreation and Greenways provides connectivity between municipalities (and even more specifically between residential subdivisions), promotes healthier lifestyles, and stronger connections to historic places. Greenways can also: • Create local economic development partnerships • Build new partnerships within communities • Create connections through our neighboring six counties • Address the growing obesity problem America is facing • Sustain our environment for future generations • Provide vegetative buffers to protect water resources from non-point pollution • Provide opportunities to protect and mange wildlife, forest, and ecological systems • Protect and preserve communities rural and farmland legacy • Offer alternatives to automotive transportation • Create educational opportunities outside the classroom • Provide recreational opportunities for families that also foster heath and wellness • Enhance surrounding property values • Stimulate tourism • Preserve biodiversity • Direct growth The greenway concept has spread across the state [North Carolina] to almost every major municipality.... I think that one of the things that’s impressive is that the energy is coming from the citizens rather than the government units.—CHUCK FLINK, President of Greenways Inc.,as quoted in Corridors of Green, Wildlife in North Carolina, 1988 Greenways and blueways are a fundamental element to enhancing and leveraging natural resources as well as increasing new opportunities. The addition of a formal greenway system with connectivity will provide Centre County with opportunities to fulfill the needs of residents and visitors to experience the opportunities of the outdoors through hiking, biking, birding, sightseeing, ATV, fishing, geocaching, and many other recreational activities. Greenways are a bold idea with the magic to stir people to action. Greenways themselves are not new. We want to encourage their spread across the American landscape, by focusing on their values to communities. A nationwide network could ultimately grow from local action in thousands of communities across America. – PRESIDENT’S COMMISSION ON AMERICANS OUTDOORS, Report and Recommendations to the President of the United States, 1986 DESCRIPTION OF GREENWAY BENEFITS BY TYPE CLIMATE Transportation is the leading source of climate pollution and has become an increasing important policy issue. Short trips of fewer than three miles represent nearly half of all trips traveled as calculated by the Federal Highway Administration in 2006. Small changes in daily trips that can be made by walking, biking, or utilizing public transportation can add up to large reductions in harmful emissions. Studies have shown that walking and biking are a mainstream factor of developing a strong climate change management strategy. CULTURAL BENEFITS Greenways can enhance cultural awareness and protect historic resources throughout the County. Successful greenway projects across the United States have served as new “main streets,” where neighbors meet, children play, and community groups gather to celebrate. For cities and towns large and small, greenways have become a cultural asset and focal point for community activities. Some communities sponsor historic and cultural days along greenway corridors to celebrate the outdoors and local traditions. Various walking and running events are also held near land and water trails to support charity events or fundraisers. Many civic ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---2220 00 groups adopt segments of greenways for clean-up, litter removal and environmental awareness programs. ECONOMIC BENEFITS Recreation, trails, and greenways are critical community amenities that aid in stimulating economic development. According to a National Association of Homebuilders Study, trails are the number one amenity potential homebuyers are attracted to when moving to a new community. Real estate near Pine Creek Rail Trail - Pa #56506 . CAMMAL. . Two for the price of one! Two cottages with 300 feet of Pine Creek frontage and adjacent to the rail-trail! Beautiful park-like setting and convenient to all the Pine Creek Valley has to offer! REDUCED $299,000 Real estate ad for home in Washington State Lives like a home, without the worries. This condo development is right off the Bruke Gilman Trails and The water way that connects Lake Washington to Lake Sammamish. Bring your hiking shoes and kayaks! Proximity to greenways, rivers, and trails can increase sales price, increase the marketability of adjacent properties, and promote faster sales. Trails revitalize communities bring in new housing and businesses. Greenways are building strong fundamental communities with improved economic opportunities for local businesses. Trail-Oriented Development (TrOD) is a new innovative way of thinking in many communities where the active benefits of greenways combined with revitalization potential are creating more favorable communities. Economic impacts are visible in existing “trail towns” in more specifically along the Heritage Rail Trail in York County and the Pine Creek Rail Trail in Lycoming/Tioga counties. The purchase of hard goods (bikes, equipment, shoes, etc.) and soft goods (water, soda, snacks, lunch, ice cream, etc.) revealed the amount of dollars spent in the trail and adjacent communities. In 2007, 89.6% of the survey sample responded that their use of the trail had influenced a purchase of the types of items listed above. The average expenditure on hard goods for the York County Heritage Rail Trail in 2007 was $367.77 similar to the amount spent on the North Central Rail Trail (Maryland) 2004 - $333.12 and the Pine Creek Rail Trail 2006 in Lycoming/Tioga counties - $354.97. Even more significant is the purchase of soft goods such as bottled water, soda, snacks, and lunch. On the York County Heritage Rail Trail the average purchase amount per person was $12.66. Also significant, 12% of trail users responded that their visit to the trail involved an overnight stay ranging from $20 per night at a campground to $100 per night for hotel accommodations, averaging approximately $51 per night stay. Former Rail Station in New Freedom adjacent to The Heritage Rail Trail, now a restaurant and a museum Hard Goods Purchases 1999 2001 2004 2007 Bike 29.60% 27.34% 26.03% 27.40% Bike supplies 31.20% 32.31% 26.76% 25.50% Auto Accessories NA NA 15.28% 13.50% Running/Walking/Hiking shoes 6.00% 7.46% 1.07% 9.50% Clothing 13.40% 12.43% 15.45% 13.70% Camping gear NA NA NA 0.00% None 17.20% 20.46% 14.23% 10.40% Source: Heritage Rail Trail - 2007 User Survey and Economic Analysis ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222111 The Allegheny Trail Alliance conducted a user survey of the 150 mile trail of the Great Allegheny Passage between Pittsburgh, and Cumberland, Maryland. Their study conducted in 2002 identified that: 59% of trail users made some type of soft good purchase in a local trail community, the average person spent approximately $8.84 per visit, and 13.3% of all trail users stayed overnight at least twice during their trail experience. According to DCNR, tourism is the second largest industry in and nearly one-fifth of tourists travel to enjoy the Commonwealth’s outdoor amenities. Tourism is an important component of rural economy. In 1999 alone, the PA Department of Community and Economic Development estimated that travelers to the state’s rural areas spent more than $4.35 billion. According to the PA Tourism Annual Report 2007, is among the nation’s leading travel destinations, hosting nearly 140 million travelers in total and approaching 110 million leisure visitors in 2007. Roughly half of the state’s leisure visitors included an overnight stay during their trip. EDUCATION BENEFITS Greenways provide a catalyst reliving the history of Centre County to teach the importance of creating habitat for fish and wildlife, stream restoration, invasive species, identification of local plant and animal species, and opportunities for outdoor education programs for all ages. Ann Donovan –Centre County Conservation District – Environmental outreach with school children Teachers can utilize greenways as an outdoor classrooms and a living museum. Greenways provide students a stronger sense of community, pride, connection to local history and our environment, while addressing local biodiversity and natural heritage through hands-on experiences. Interpretive panels are a great learning tool along with signage, and brochures to promote discovery learning about diverse habitats and unique ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS Recreational greenways provide vital habitat for a great number of plant and animal habitats and, in some cases, species that are endangered or threatened. Greenways and recommendations for stream bank stabilization techniques aid in absorbing surface runoff and promoting plant and animal species. Greenways are a buffer between different land uses filtering out noise and air pollution. FAMILY & COMMUNITY BENEFITS One of the most noteworthy benefits of greenways is the sense of community and the connections they create. Land- and water-based trails and recreation of all types encourage families to spend more time together and promote personal interaction. If traveling in a car, this communication would be more limited to a honk of a car horn or wave of a hand. Trails are the community’s front porch where everyone is welcome, and they provide a place for neighbors to meet and interact. Community awareness is enhanced and better acquaintances with neighborhoods and businesses. HEALTH BENEFITS Greenways and all types of outdoor recreation promote healthier lifestyles. Although Americans make the connection between exercise and health, many people lead sedentary lives. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that a healthy individual should get 30 minutes of moderate physical activity five days a week. The CDC’s emphasis is less focused on gyms, and more specifically on recommending Americans to be active during their everyday lives. In this age of expensive gyms and health fitness clubs, greenways ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222222 and trails offer cost-effective ways to keep fit. The obesity rate has doubled for children and tripled for adults since 1980. According to the National Institute on Aging Report 2005, the current generation of youth is the first that is predicted to have shorter life spans than their parents’ generation according to the trends for overweight and obese Americans. Dr. Paul K. Simpson, a dedicated Central physician and member of the Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan Steering Committee provided the following observations regarding current health issues and impact greenways and trails can have: My central primary care medical practice includes more than one hundred patients who weigh over 300 pounds and more than fifty who weigh over 400 pounds. One of the most common reasons my patients cite for not being able to exercise is the absence of paths or sidewalks near their homes and place of employment. Most of my overweight patients consider the thought of walking along roads near their homes “crazy” because traffic is too dangerous. People who live near trails and parks exercise more than those who would have to drive to a place where they can exercise. On average, adults who live where walking and bicycling can be easily done exercise 30 minutes per day more and weigh six pounds less than their counterparts who live in neighborhoods without parks, sidewalks and paths. Surveys show that when asked, members of the two groups report exercising the same amount because those whose neighborhoods have such facilities incorporate walking and bicycling into their everyday activities and do not consider it “exercise”. Two thirds of American adults are now overweight and one third is obese. 17% of U.S. children ages 2-17 are obese. Studies have consistently shown that building paths and parks increases exercise levels in those living nearby. Average daily U.S exercise levels drop by 40 minutes each year between the ages of 9 and 15. Only 31% of 15 year-olds get the recommended 60 minutes per day of activity. From Dr. Paul Simpson – State College resident and local physician Greenway Steering Committee member MOBILITY BENEFITS Greenways can serve as either an independent transportation route or as an enhancement to other transportation facilities. As national interest increases in non-motorized transportation options, greenways can help put multimodal transportation alternatives into place. With its linear form, a greenway and trail system is an ideal way to connect people to places, activities, and other people. Greenways can provide an alternate route to move within a neighborhood or community, connecting residential areas to work site, schools and civic centers. By connecting community to community by greenways can help reduce traffic congestion on major routes and provide alternate modes of travel. Ultimately greenways can function to link one form of transportation to another. For example, a greenway can allow a canoe/kayaker to walk from the stream to the downtown business district or allow a biker to connect to an intercity bus route. Bike racks on Centre Region CATA transportation routes BENEFITS Trails and greenways of all types allow the user to choose how they want to use the trail from hiking to biking to in-line skating to using an adaptive mobility device. These types of activities give an individual the opportunity to develop skills at their own pace and are usually in a group or family-friendly setting. Greenways can also bring a person a sense of accomplishment and/or dedication to a cause as there are so many opportunities to volunteer their time in the way of fundraising, education, maintenance, safety patrol, user group (or Friends of associations and special projects. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222333 RECREATION BENEFITS Greenways allow people to reconnect with nature and support a wide variety of recreation uses. Greenways connect an individual with their neighboring municipalities, counties, and even other states. These linear corridors provide a source of connectivity between the rural areas and main street business districts. Trails in every way, shape, and form are an important recreation link, not a barrier compared to some forms of infrastructure. Hairy John’s Picnic Area – at the border of Centre and Union Counties COUNTY ISSUES AND CONCERNS In this section, the plan focuses on several issues that have particular relevance to the development of a recreation and greenway network in Centre County. Centre County is facing new challenges. Centre County is a growing community with urban, suburban, and rural development areas with the majority of the County’s residential and commercial growth occurring in the Centre Region. More recently, with the opening of Interstate 99, significant residential growth has begun to occur in the adjacent Nittany Valley and Penns Valley regions. This growth is projected to continue as a significant number of residential development plans have been approved in these areas over the past several years. Development activity within these regions will result in the construction of hundreds of new residential units over the next decade. In addition, several commercial and industrial areas are planned at or near interchange locations within the next several years. Historically, the County’s economy has been strong, evidenced by very low county-wide unemployment rates even when faced with the recent closure of some of the areas major manufacturers. While the region’s economy is heavily dominated by the education sector, principally driven by employment associated with Penn State University, the area has a vibrant service sector that continues to expand along with the growing residential base. In addition, Penn State and local community and economic development organizations have initiated efforts to expand the commercialization of Penn State’s research enterprise. While the overall employment picture for the County remains strong (Centre County is the principal employment generator for much of central certain areas of the County continue to experience higher than average unemployment rates and lack of job opportunities. Areas in the County’s north and northwest, including the Moshannon and Mountaintop Planning Regions, were hit particularly hard with job losses associated with the decline of the coal industry. Areas in the east and southeast, including much of the Nittany Valley and Penns Valley regions, are largely rural and heavily reliant upon farming and agribusiness opportunities. As the principal employment centers of the County are located within the Centre Region, infrastructure improvements must keep pace ensuring that workers and visitors can continue to access employment, entertainment, and educational opportunities. More than 70 percent of Centre County is forestland and 17.2 percent is agricultural. About a third of the land is publicly owned by the Bureau of Forestry, the PA Game Commission, the PA Fish & Boat Commission, the Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, and Penn State University. Rockview State Prison serves as a buffer of open space between State College and Bellefonte, the County seat. Bellefonte State Fish Hatchery ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222444 The rapid pace of development threatens the agricultural community and it has become common to see suburban neighborhoods appear on land that was a grazing pasture or a corn field. Centre County has some very productive soil (Class I and II soils). However Centre County has lower dollar productivity and net income in farm operations than most surrounding counties. Yet, more cropland is devoted to agriculture in Centre County than all of the neighboring counties. This is due to the lack of factory type farms in the county and the presence of a large number of small scale farms. Over the years, the amount of agricultural land in the county has decreased. Fortunately, the county has enacted several strategies to help slow the loss of farmland. One of these strategies is the creation of Agricultural Security Areas, or ASAs to protect the ability of the farmer to continue normal farming operations. The county also participates in an Agricultural Easement Purchase Program, which allows the purchase of easements on agricultural properties to ensure that the land will remain in agriculture use. A strong agricultural industry is vitally important to maintaining a diverse economy. According to Centre County Historical Society records, “between 1800 and 1850 central PA produced more than half of all the pig-iron smelted in the United States”. After the iron ore supply was depleted, county industrialists began to extract coal and limestone from the soils. Centre County is on the eastern edge of the state’s bituminous coal fields, which have been mined since the 1860’s. Historic Iron Furnaces in Centre County 1 - Hecla Furnace - Fishing Creek 2 - Howard Iron Works - Bald Eagle Creek 3 - Curtin Iron Works - Bald Eagle Creek 4 - Milesburg Iron Works - Bald Eagle Creek 5 - Harmony Forge - Bald Eagle Creek\Spring Creek 6 - Bellefonte Furnace - Buffalo Run 7 - Turner Iron Works - Spring Creek 8 - Valentine & Thomas Iron Works - Logan Branch 9 - Logan Furnace - Logan Branch 10 - Rock Iron Works - Spring Creek 11 - Centre Furnace - Slab Cabin Run 12 - Tussey Furnace - Slab Cabin Run 13 - Julian Furnace - Bald Eagle Creek 14 - Scotia - Big Hollow 15 - Martha Furnace - Bald Eagle Creek 16- Furnace - Beaver Branch 17 - Hannah Furnace - Bald Eagle Creek 18 - Plumbe Forge - Black Moshannon Creek 19 - Cold Stream Furnace - Cold Stream In the past underground mining for coal accounted for almost half of the extraction, leaving the remnants of many deep mines throughout the northern and western sections of the county. Many of those deep mines were then strip-mined, and the destruction at these sites has lead to erosion, stream sedimentation, dangerous high walls, and acid mine drainage into nearby streams. Approximately 12,000 acres of mined land in Centre County has been abandoned without reclamation. Efforts to restore acid mine drainage damaged streams have been a source of grant funding in tributaries of Beech Creek and Moshannon Creek strongly supported by the local watershed organizations and with assistance from the Centre County Conservation District. Springs and wells supply most of the majority of the water use in Centre County. These underground reserves supply over 20 million gallons daily usage. The future of growth and development in Centre County depends on the quality and quantity of our groundwater resources. Increasing urbanization as well as recent droughts have increased the need to balance future growth with the protection of this resource. Many of the water resource issues in Centre County are attributed to point and nonsource point pollution, run-off from agriculture lands, acid mine drainage, and the fact that the county has more than 30 small ground level caverns called sinkholes which can be a direct conduit to the underground water supply. Spring Creek is the most recognized steam in Centre County and faces many concerns with the impact of growth and urbanization in the County. Cold Stream – Borough of Philipsburg ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222555 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222666 The ridge tops of Centre County are important for their scenic beauty, wildlife habitat, and water resources. The ridge tops supply some of the drinking water for communities and provide fresh water fish habitat. The interior forests of the ridges supply some of the best wildlife habitat in the region. Centre County is abundant in significant and unique natural resources. The rapid growth of the County and the associated loss of open space to development threaten these natural resources. The Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) 2002 Update identified significant plant, animal, and natural communities throughout the county. The recent inventory recognized 94 Biological Diversity Areas (BDA’s) and three Landscape Conservation Areas (LCA’s). BDA’s contain plant or animals of special concern at both the state or federal levels and exemplary natural communities. LCA’s are a large contiguous area which is significant because of its size, open space, habitats, and/or inclusion of one or more BDA’s. A significant example in Centre County is Bear Meadows Natural Area BDA, a relic bog that provides habitat for at least two plant species of concern in Bear Meadows – 890 acre National Landmark Private Property and Recreation Recreationists are encouraged to respect private property. An increase in outdoor recreation activities has resulted in increased problems for land owners adjacent to public land and other undeveloped areas. Recreation users should work cooperatively and respectfully with private land owners. Private lands provide important recreation opportunities even in states with a high percentage of public lands. Recreation access to private land is even more important in states with little or no public lands. Trails that may be adjacent to private property such as rail- trails and other greenways can exist in harmony with the adjoining landowner as most trail users show best etiquette practices. Privacy for adjoining landowners can be maintained by fencing and vegetative buffers. Pictorial examples of vistas, mountaintops, and other aesthetic areas where private property rights should be respected in the county. Also important to note is land conserved for passive recreation whether it be for water quality value, presence of flora and fauna, historical significance, or unfavorable conditions for development that may be due to steep slopes, soil conditions, important bird areas, Natural Heritage Inventory sites, and special designated streams. Roadside Vista from Tussey Mountain The valley James Potter saw from Centre Hall Mountain in 1764. Plantation sprang to James Potter's mind when he first saw a great valley in August 1764, as he reached the top of Centre Hall Mountain. The valley kept opening more and more before his eyes. He even saw natural clearings of grassland among the trees—"Plains," he called them—and exclaimed: "By God, Thompson, I've discovered an empire!" Source: 15 Historical Sketches of Our 200 Years by Douglas Macneal ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222777 HOW IS A COUNTY GREENWAY PLAN DEVELOPED? For many counties and statewide planning efforts, Greenway Planning follows a 3-step process developed using three basic questions as follows: • Where are we now? This phase consists of a thorough inventory. Information will be gathered about the natural and historic/cultural assets of the County that may form the foundation blocks of the recreation and greenway corridors. • Where do we want to be? In this phase the “vision” of the plan is developed. The information gathered from the inventory is into a proposed network of recreation greenways and blueways linking important destinations throughout the County. • How do we get there? This involves providing information on how the plan can be implemented. Included will be management options, recommended recreation and greenway corridors, and potential future funding sources. ELEMENTS OF SCOPE OF WORK Public Participation Public input will be solicited through surveys, meetings and the help of a Greenway Steering Committee from representatives within the seven planning regions of the County. The plan will identify “hubs” (locations) of three main elements: recreation, historic resources, and green infrastructure. The plan will then link these hubs through corridors resulting in an interconnected network of greenways, recreation areas, and historic resources. Pub ic Public Meeting American Philatelic Society # Greenway Steering Committee The Greenway Steering Committee is a voluntary group of individuals participating in an advisory role. The Committee met throughout the entire process to help guide the plan’s development. The Steering Committee consists of local residents, local experts, elected officials, and agency representatives. Greenway Steering Committee #2 – Mapping activity Key Person Interviews Key person interviews will be conducted with user- groups, local officials, public agencies, neighboring counties, and other individuals that will contribute valuable information and suggestions throughout the greenway planning process. Surveys and Scheduled Meetings To assist in the public participation process many surveys will be conducted as well as scheduled meetings with the Greenway Steering Committee and the Public meetings as described below. a) Citizen survey - a random sample survey will be mailed to Centre County residents. The random sample will be chosen from the voter registration list, which will be stratified by municipal population. This will allow residents with higher populations to receive more surveys State College, Bellefonte, Philipsburg, and smaller communities the least), and assures that residents in each municipality will receive surveys. Questions on the survey will be based on the three elements green infrastructure, historic resources, and parks and recreation. Additional questions will be included to identify preferences within the three elements. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222888 b) Municipal survey – Each municipality will be surveyed with questions focusing on the supply of recreational facilities and programs, intermunicipal cooperation, school district involvement, funding and expenses of recreation, and priorities for future recreation. Questions will be related to the three elements in the recreation plan. c) School District survey – The County’s public and private schools and universities will be surveyed with questions focusing on their cooperation with the local communities, inventory of indoor and outdoor facilities, adequacy of current facilities, public use of facilities, and plans for future facility expansion. d) Public Meetings – An initial kickoff meeting will be held at a central location in the County open to the general public. A second public meeting will be held to present the draft corridor maps to the public for comments, concerns, and changes. The final meeting final public meeting will present the draft plan and recommendations for implementation of the recreation and greenway plan. you take a syllable from each of these terms—green from greenbelt and way from parkway, the general idea of greenway emerges: a natural, green way based on protected linear corridors which will improve environmental quality and provide for outdoor recreation. —CHARLES LITTLE, Greenways for America, 1990 RECREATION & GREENWAY PLAN STRUCTURE The Action Plan for Creating PA Greenways puts forth a “hubs and spokes” approach to a greenway network which will be described in this section in more detail. The Greenway “hubs” are the destination areas or gathering places throughout the county. The Greenway “spokes” are all of the corridors of open space, recreation trails (passive, water trails, and historic based trails) that connect the various greenway hubs. Quoted from the Action Plan, “Together a system of hubs and spokes “will help to preserve a green infrastructure for future generations and provide green connections for people and wildlife.” A greenway system is composed of linear components and origin and destination points. Linear components of the plan include major and minor corridors, links, and spurs. Destination and origin points include hubs and nodes. The greenway network provides connectivity among all of these features. The key components of the greenway structure are also graphically represented in this section. Civilian Conservation Corp Camp remnants – example of a historic node – a wonderful educational opportunity Buffalo Run Community Park – a community park node ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---222999 Corridors A corridor defines the existing and proposed greenways. It has major regional significance and serves as the organizing unit for a greenway network. The corridor can be either land or water based. Link A link connects a corridor to a destination point in the greenway. Links can include stream corridors, hiking and biking paths, wildlife corridors, ridge tops, or water trails. Links can be further defined by their function within the network. A single greenway link can have multiple functions within a greenway network. Functional categories of links are defined below: Conservation Link These links include ecosystems with significant plant and animal habitat and migration corridors. Education Link These corridors connect with historic and cultural resource locales for interpreting our heritage. Recreation Link These links provide opportunities for recreation such as walking, hiking, biking, canoeing, kayaking, mountain biking, cross country skiing, and horseback riding. Transportation Links Transportation links furnish pathways for non- motorized transportation to connect people and community destinations. Water Quality Link/Buffes These corridors contain buffer areas for watercourse and floodplain protection and flood control Tourism Link These corridors provide opportunities for economic develop and tourism. Spurs Spurs are corridors planned and developed by municipalities that link origin and destination points to the greenway network. Many of these destinations are schools, parks, or other community places that are not located near natural or manmade corridors. Trails should be developed to link these destinations to the greenway network. Hubs Hubs are the major population centers in a greenway network. They contain all-encompassing elements that help define a community including commerce areas, residential areas, schools, parks, churches, service areas, and transportation centers. Hubs serve as both major destination and origin points for greenway visitors. Nodes Nodes are destination and origin points that are smaller in scale than hubs but are significant focal locations within the greenway network. Nodes can be categorized according to their function. Node categories include: Community Node A community node is a community with limited services including neighborhood schools, parks, churches, and support services, such as food service or gas stations. Heritage Node A heritage node has historic or cultural significance Recreation Node A recreation node features public parks and facilities that attract visitors for recreational use. Conservation Node Conservation nodes have elements related to nature and the environment including scenic views, significant or unusual geology, important habitat areas, groundwater recharge areas, water bodies, and the Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory sites. School Node School nodes are locations of public and private schools. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---3330 00 CENTRE COUNTY DEMOGRAPHICS Geographic Area Total Population Geographic Area Total Population Centre Region 79,406 Penns Valley Region 11,382 College Township 8,489 Centre Hall Borough 1,079 Houserville CDP 1,809 Gregg Township 2,119 Lemont CDP 2,116 Spring Mills CDP 289 Ferguson Township 14,063 Haines Township 1,479 Pine Grove Mills CDP 1,141 Aaronsburg CDP 485 Ramblewood CDP 1,054 Woodward CDP 126 Halfmoon Township 2,357 Miles Township 1,573 Stormstown CDP 1,602 Madisonburg CDP 135 Harris Township 4,657 Rebersburg CDP 492 Boalsburg CDP 3,578 Millheim Borough 749 Patton Township 11,420 Penn Township 1,044 Park Forest Village CDP 8,830 Coburn CDP 145 State College Borough 38,420 Potter Township 3,339 Nittany Valley Subregion 22,006 Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region 5,038 Bellefonte Borough 6,395 Huston Township 1,311 Benner Township 5,217 Julian CDP 152 Marion Township 978 Port Matilda Borough 638 Spring Township 6,117 Taylor Township 741 Pleasant Gap CDP 1,611 Union Township 1,200 Walker Township 3,299 Unionville Borough 313 Zion CDP 2,054 Worth Township 835 Moshannon Valley Region 6,960 Mountaintop Region 2,941 Philpsburg Borough 3,056 Burnside Township 410 Rush Township 3,466 Pine Glen CDP 210 North Philipsburg CDP 697 Snow Shoe Borough 771 Sandy Ridge CDP 340 Snow Shoe Township 1,760 South Philipsburg Borough 438 Clarence CDP 577 Intervalley Region 30,031 Centre County 135,758 Bald Eagle Subregion 8,025 Boggs Township 2,834 * CDP = Census Designated Place Curtin Township 551 Howard Borough 699 Howard Township 924 Liberty Township 1,830 Blanchard CDP 621 Monument CDP 133 Milesburg Borough 1,187 2000 Population by County, Planning Region, Municipality, & Village ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333111 CENTRE COUNTY PLANNING REGIONS Mountaintop Region Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region Moshannon Valley Region Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region Centre Region Penns Valley Region Nittany Valley Region Snow Shoe Snow Shoe Burnside Curtin Liberty Howard Howard Boggs Milesburg Union Unionville Bellefonte Rush Benner Huston Marion Walker Spring Worth Philipsburg Port Matilda Taylor Patton Halfmoon College Ferguson State College Harris Centre Hall Potter Gregg Penn Haines Millheim Miles ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333222 Centre County Population Trends 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Decade Population July 1, 2005 Estimate 2007 Total Population 2010 Total Population 2020 Total Population 2030 Total Population Average Annual Growth Centre County 140,561 143,544 148,018 162,933 177,847 1,491 Nittany Valley 22,898 23,602 24,657 28,181 31,696 352 Lower Bald Eagle 7,969 8,020 8,098 8,355 8,612 26 Mountaintop 2,887 2,928 2,988 3,191 3,394 20 Penns Valley 11,565 11,941 12,505 14,384 16,263 188 Centre Region 83,378 85,011 87,460 95,623 103,786 816 Upper Bald Eagle 5,059 5,151 5,288 5,746 6,204 46 Moshannon Valley 6,805 6,892 7,022 7,457 7,892 43 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent 1980 1990 2000 CENTRE COUNTY URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS Urban Population Rural Population The resources in Centre County have been an attraction for new residents resulting in steady population growth since the County was incorporated in 1800. As of the 2000 Census the population in Centre County was 135,758 which included 42,914 students enrolled at the Penn State University Campus. Creamery Sign at Penn State University Population Trends - Population in Centre County is expected to continue current trends rise. Predicted projections use average annual growth from the population estimates and housing building permit data. If population growth in Centre County continues to follow the trend indicated in the Population Trends chart an additional 30,000 more people would live in the County creating a need for more recreational resources to accommodate both the increase in residents as well as protective measures for open space for future generations. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333333 Under 5 years 6,273 5 to 9 years 6,920 10 to 14 years 7,126 15 to 19 years 13,615 20 to 24 years 26,924 25 to 29 years 9,479 30 to 34 years 8,660 35 to 39 years 9,027 40 to 44 years 8,710 45 to 49 years 8,084 50 to 54 years 7,039 55 to 59 years 5,331 60 to 64 years 4,493 65 to 69 years 3,949 70 to 74 years 3,622 75 to 79 years 2,902 80 to 84 years 1,965 85 years and over 1,639 Age of Population, 2000 White African American American Indian Asian Pacific Islander Other Two or more races 85.37% 9.97% 0.15% 1.79% 0.03% 1.53% 1.16% Blair County 97.61% 1.19% 0.08% 0.36% 0.01% 0.14% 0.60% Cambria County 95.80% 2.83% 0.09% 0.38% 0.02% 0.25% 0.64% Centre County 91.44% 2.61% 0.14% 3.96% 0.07% 0.74% 1.05% Clearfield County 97.40% 1.49% 0.12% 0.26% 0.01% 0.26% 0.46% Clinton County 98.29% 0.52% 0.11% 0.40% 0.02% 0.15% 0.52% Huntingdon County 93.33% 5.14% 0.11% 0.21% 0.01% 0.45% 0.77% Lycoming County 93.91% 4.32% 0.21% 0.42% 0.01% 0.26% 0.86% Mifflin County 98.53% 0.49% 0.08% 0.29% 0.00% 0.18% 0.43% Union County 90.08% 6.91% 0.16% 1.06% 0.04% 0.37% 1.37% Source: U.S. Census Bureau % Population by Race Centre County White African American American Indian and Alaska Native Asian Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Other Two or More Races Age Breakdown – The median age for Centre County is about 30 years old (2005 ACS Data). The largest percentage is 20 to 24 years of age, which reflects the population drawn by Penn State and 15 to 19 years of age. The influence of youth in Centre County further create a need for recreation and open space planning to retain those youths into adulthood and retain them as permanent residents. Racial Characteristics Nittany Antique Machinery Show – Penns Cave Penn State Nittany Lion Stadium Central PA Festival of the Arts in State College ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333444 Education The presence of Penn State in Centre County has a strong influence on Centre County residents. A high percentage of residents with college degrees as well as nationally-ranked school districts. Seven public school districts exist in Centre County. Since 1990, each of the school districts have been involved in facilities planning and development activities. Because of relatively good economic conditions in Centre County within the past 10 years, all of the school districts have made a concerted effort to maintain as many existing facilities as possible. Retaining school facilities within smaller communities and neighborhoods of Centre County is critical if the municipalities and their residents desire to maintain the social, cultural, and historic environment in which they live for future generations (Centre County Comprehensive Plan, 2003). Penns Valley Elementary School PUBLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 2007 Schools Enrollment Bald Eagle Area School District 5 2,010 Bellefonte Area School District 6 2,991 Keystone Central School District 12 4,643 Penns Valley Area School District 4 1,555 Philipsburg- Osceola Area School District 5 1,917 State College Area School District 11 7,325 Tyrone Area School District 3 1,898 Historic Bellefonte High School 2000 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT LEVELS Centre County U.S. Less than 9th Grade 3.8% 5.5% 7.5% 9th to 12th Grade, no diploma 7.9% 12.6% 12.1% High School Graduate 33.8% 38.1% 28.6% Some College, no degree 13.3% 15.5% 21.0% Associates Degree 4.7% 5.9% 6.3% Bachelor’s Degree 18.7% 14.0% 15.5% Graduate or Professional 17.5% 8.4% 8.9% Blair County Centre County Clearfield County Clinton County Huntingdon County Mifflin County Union County 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT COMPARISON % Bachelor's Degree or Higher % High School Graduate or Higher ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---[PHONE REDACTED] 2000 New Units % Change Housing Units Housing Units 1990 - 2000 1990 - 2000 4,938,140 5,249,750 311,610 6.3% Centre County 46,195 53,161 6,966 15.1% Centre Region 24,593 29,031 4,438 18.0% Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region 3,113 3,478 365 11.7% Nittany Valley Region 7,455 8,494 1,039 13.9% Moshannon Valley Region 3,279 3,397 118 3.6% Mountaintop Region 1,329 1,488 159 12.0% Penns Valley Region 4,600 5,136 536 11.7% Upper Bald Eagle Region 1,826 2,137 311 17.0% Housing Unit Trends Building Permit Data 0 100 200 300 400 [PHONE REDACTED] 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Single Family Multi-Family Unit Duplex Townhouse Mobile Home Housing The housing market is Centre County continues to be a healthy component of the County’s economy. Centre County experienced a 15.1% growth in the number of housing units since 1990. The growth may be attributed to steady population growth as well as the positive economic impact that Penn State has on our region. The geographic areas where the greatest increases have occurred are in the Centre and Nittany Valley Regions. Not only has the number of housing units increased but also the market value of the for-sale units. In 2007, the average sale price of a home in Centre County was $212,321, and $264,223 for homes built in the Centre Region. Housing construction for single-family detached units in 2007 had an average county-wide value of $226,400, which does not include the cost of land. Total permits issued for single family homes for that year was 307. In comparison, there were 434 units permitted in 1996 with an average permit value of $115,418. The decrease in the number of permits may be due to the overall decline in the nationwide housing market. The Fair Market Rent for a two-bedroom apartment in Centre County in 2008 is listed as $669. Housing affordability for both sales and rental units is becoming more of a concern, particularly in the Centre Region; however, affordability is an issue that is beginning to be addressed by policy makers. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333666 Planning Region 1990 2000 # % Centre County 2.7 2.55 -0.15 105.88% Centre Region 2.91 2.74 -0.17 106.20% Nittany Valley 2.73 2.59 -0.14 105.41% Upper Bald Eagle Valley 2.5 2.4 -0.1 104.17% Lower Bald Eagle Valley 2.72 2.6 -0.12 104.62% Mountaintop 2.77 2.63 -0.14 105.32% Moshannon Valley 2.48 2.38 -0.1 104.20% Penns Valley 2.74 2.63 -0.11 104.18% Average Household Size 1990-2000 Habitat for Humanity of Greater Centre County is a faith-based group working to make home ownership possible for low-income families. Property and building materials are donated or purchased with funds from donations, mortgage payments, and fundraising projects. Labor is provided by volunteers and by prospective Habitat homeowners who invest sweat equity of 350-500 hours and make a $500 down payment. Houses are sold for approximately the cost of land and materials. provides 20 - 25 year, no interest mortgages. Family selection is non- discriminatory, based on housing need, ability to make payments to purchase the home, and willingness to work in partnership with. Habitat Homes are energy-efficient and easy to maintain. Seasonal housing is having more of a presence in Centre County as recreation and tourism opportunities continue to be developed and promoted in Central Most units are typically ‘rustic’ in nature; however, single family homes, apartments, and condominiums in the Centre Region are an exception to the rule, serving as football weekend and occasional retreats. From 1990 to 2000, the number of seasonal units in the Centre Region increased by 121.4% from 126 to 279 units. Although the County’s population continues to grow the average household size is on the decline. This decline may be attributed to County residents having fewer children and a growing retiree population which in turn affects the enrollment in the local school districts. is one of over 1700 Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI) affiliates in the U.S. and more than 90 other countries SEASONAL HOUSING UNITS 1980 1990 2000 %Change 1980-90 % Change 1990-00 87,099 144,359 148,230 65.7% 2.7% Centre County 1,322 1,443 1,536 9.2% 6.4% Centre 68 126 279 85.3% 121.4% Lower Bald Eagle Valley 55 163 236 196.4% 44.8% Upper Bald Eagle Valley 103 62 103 -39.8% 66.1% Moshannon Valley 224 245 247 9.4% 0.8% Mountaintop 204 197 302 -3.4% 53.3% Nittany Valley 85 71 82 -16.5% 15.5% Penns Valley 583 579 287 -0.7% -50.4% ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333777 Income The high level of educational attainment in Centre County is reflected in median and household income levels. Generally, areas with higher income levels are also areas that have residents with a higher level of education. In retrospect, the per capita income also reflects the population by age tabulation. Centre County has a high amount of post-secondary age residents, who generally have lower individual incomes because they are full-time students and do not obtain high income employment. The low income levels are more prevalent when Centre County is compared to the surrounding counties and Income is determined in three categories. A household income consists of all the individuals who live in a single residence, regardless of relation. A family income is a group of two or more persons who reside together because of marriage, birth or adoption; and per capita is an average obtained by dividing the total income by total population of an area. Median household income is the lowest in State College Borough ($21,186) due to the student population at Penn State University and is the highest in Halfmoon Township ($62,198). The family household income is the lowest in Curtin Township ($35,875) and the highest in Halfmoon Township ($67,222) and per capita income is the lowest in State College ($12,155), followed closely by Curtin ($12,649) and the highest in Harris Township ($31,904). Disabled Population In the 5 to 15 age group, Centre Hall Borough, Howard borough, and Potter Township have the lowest disabled population with 0% and Ferguson Township has the highest In the 16-64 age groups, Unionville borough has the lowest percentage (0.04%) and State College Borough has the highest Finally, in the 65 and older age group, Bellefonte Borough, Boggs Township, and Benner Township all have the lowest percentage (0.03%) and Worth Township has the highest Median Household Median Family Per Capita Centre County 36,165 50,557 18,020 Bellefonte borough 33,216 42,378 18,659 Benner township 42,083 47,800 17,665 Boggs township 40,168 43,886 16,030 Burnside township 31,786 41,786 21,195 Centre Hall borough 42,143 49,333 23,195 College township 50,895 65,649 24,163 Curtin township 32,188 35,875 12,649 Ferguson township 46,703 62,461 22,724 Gregg township 40,858 44,063 17,504 Haines township 37,381 41,544 15,993 Halfmoon township 62,198 67,222 23,596 Harris township 60,420 62,222 31,904 Howard borough 42,981 47,885 18,549 Howard township 39,375 43,068 16,175 Huston township 38,500 42,386 16,268 Liberty township 31,667 36,875 15,814 Marion township 41,985 46,691 15,153 Miles township 33,074 36,063 13,180 Milesburg borough 35,508 37,885 16,255 Millheim borough 37,000 40,682 19,511 Patton township 41,993 61,503 22,860 Penn township 41,544 44,688 15,530 Philipsburg borough 28,356 36,667 16,002 Port Matilda borough 31,932 37,344 15,753 Potter township 43,556 50,000 21,320 Rush township 35,239 39,826 15,683 Snow Shoe borough 40,398 42,222 16,497 Snow Shoe township 31,429 37,750 16,374 South Philipsburg borough 35,139 41,250 15,853 Spring township 39,042 46,632 18,896 State College borough 21,186 54,949 12,155 Taylor township 40,192 43,977 17,994 Union township 41,806 45,568 18,468 Unionville borough 34,286 39,250 15,284 Walker township 48,835 54,613 19,130 Worth township 42,250 49,773 17,999 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1999 Income Household Family Per Capita Blair County $40,106 $49,184 $20,880 Cambria County $32,861 $40,160 $16,743 Centre County $30,179 $37,797 $16,058 Clearfield County $36,165 $50,557 $18,020 Clinton County $31,357 $38,004 $16,010 Huntingdon County $31,064 $38,177 $15,750 Lycoming County $33,313 $40,388 $15,379 Mifflin County $34,016 $41,040 $17,224 Union County $32,175 $38,486 $15,553 $40,336 $47,538 $17,918 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1999 County Income ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333888 Sign for Handicapped Loop Trail Ages 5-15 % Ages 16-64 % 65+ % Centre County 790 0.58% 14,574 10.74% 28 0.02% Bellefonte borough 78 0.06% 1,140 0.84% 36 0.03% Benner township 23 0.02% 350 0.26% 39 0.03% Boggs township 19 0.01% 404 0.30% 42 0.03% Burnside township 7 0.01% 64 0.05% 59 0.04% Centre Hall borough 0 0.00% 133 0.10% 65 0.05% College township 52 0.04% 840 0.62% 66 0.05% Curtin township 2 0.00% 107 0.08% 75 0.06% Ferguson township 129 0.10% 1,369 1.01% 80 0.06% Gregg township 16 0.01% 242 0.18% 80 0.06% Haines township 13 0.01% 164 0.12% 81 0.06% Halfmoon township 20 0.01% 177 0.13% 81 0.06% Harris township 42 0.03% 362 0.27% 97 0.07% Howard borough 0 0.00% 109 0.08% 98 0.07% Howard township 8 0.01% 132 0.10% 100 0.07% Huston township 11 0.01% 291 0.21% 105 0.08% Liberty township 30 0.02% 341 0.25% 130 0.10% Marion township 16 0.01% 174 0.13% 152 0.11% Miles township 24 0.02% 243 0.18% 156 0.11% Milesburg borough 4 0.00% 137 0.10% 157 0.12% Millheim borough 25 0.02% 204 0.15% 173 0.13% Patton township 71 0.05% 1,101 0.81% 199 0.15% Penn township 30 0.02% 128 0.09% 251 0.18% Philipsburg borough 7 0.01% 610 0.45% 252 0.19% Port Matilda borough 11 0.01% 145 0.11% 258 0.19% Potter township 0 0.00% 385 0.28% 270 0.20% Rush township 16 0.01% 541 0.40% 323 0.24% Snow Shoe borough 10 0.01% 93 0.07% 354 0.26% Snow Shoe township 16 0.01% 318 0.23% 364 0.27% South Philipsburg borough 7 0.01% 79 0.06% 382 0.28% Spring township 27 0.02% 596 0.44% 469 0.35% State College borough 21 0.02% 2,515 1.85% 617 0.45% Taylor township 8 0.01% 136 0.10% 631 0.46% Union township 15 0.01% 187 0.14% 683 0.50% Unionville borough 5 0.00% 51 0.04% 702 0.52% Walker township 19 0.01% 555 0.41% 1,130 0.83% Worth township 8 0.01% 151 0.11% 8,785 6.47% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Persons with Disabilities and Percent of Total Population ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---333999 CENTRE COUNTY LAND USE General Land Use Trends from 1975 through 2006 Total development has increased over the last 30 years but remains within 6 to 7 % of total land use. Residential land use increased steadily from 1975 through 2002 by Residential land use has remained around 3.4% of total land use from 2002 to 2006 as the number of new home construction has remained steady, averaging around 675 permits issued per year. New building permits issued for single family dwelling units decreased between 2002 and 2006 (647 permits in 2002; 400 permits in 2006). New building permits issued for duplexes, townhouses, and multi-family residences has increased between 2002 and 2006 (179 permits in 2002; 285 permits in 2006). From 2002 to 2006, residential land use for single family dwelling units increased by 1.19% while multi-family residence land use increased by 0.04%. Commercial land use increased by just over 200 acres between 2002 and 2006. All commercial sectors (heavy, retail, and services) had increases but heavy commercial operations had the largest increase from 0.12% to 0.14%. Commercial retail increased steadily since 1995 but has remained at .07% of land use since 2002. Moshannon Valley, Upper Bald Eagle Valley, and the Centre Region had the largest percent increase in commercial land use with 1.67%, 1.17.%, and 1.1% respectively. Industrial land uses for both heavy and light industry increased steadily by approximately 0.01% every 5 years between 1975 and 1995. In 2002, there was 0.02% decrease in industrial land as major industrial employers closed and/or relocated from Centre County. A partial list of industries that have closed, downsized, and/or relocated include Cerro, Corning, and Muratta Erie. The Centre Region is the only planning region that had a decrease in industrial land use since 2002 while all other planning regions had increases. The Moshannon Valley Region gained the most industrial land use with 10 acres, an increase of 1.76%. Vacant structures have only been documented since 2002. All types of vacant structures are considered: commercial, industrial, public, and residential. There was a 17 acre reduction in the number of vacant structures between 2002 and 2006 but that still translates into 0.01% land use for both years. Mined land includes gas wells, quarries, and strip mines. Mined land had steadily decreased between 1975 and 2002 by 1.87%. Between 2002 and 2006 there was an increase in mined land by 498 acres. The greatest portion of the increase in mined land came from gas well exploration by 385 acres. The Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region shows the most highly visible transportation change with the opening of the I-99 corridor over Skytop Mountain across Taylor and Worth Townships. LAND USE 2006 ACRES 2002 ACRES 2006 2002 1995 Residential 23688.00 24189.00 3.33 3.41 2.93 Commercial 2316.00 2104.00 0.33 0.30 0.25 Industrial 783.00 728.00 0.11 0.10 0.12 Vacant Structure 56.00 73.00 0.01 0.01 N/A Mined Land 3272.00 2774.00 0.46 0.39 0.53 Transportation 12051.00 15448.00 1.69 2.18 2.04 Communications 46.00 44.00 0.01 0.01 N/A Utility 1820.00 790.00 0.25 0.11 N/A Public or Semi-Public 2289.00 2111.00 0.32 0.30 0.29 Recreation 3555.00 3241.00 0.50 0.46 0.50 TOTAL DEVELOPMENT 49876.00 51502.00 7.01 7.26 6.66 Agriculture 108344.00 109851.00 15.22 15.48 17.22 Forested 516716.00 514429.00 72.57 72.51 70.90 Reclaimed Land 12997.00 12846.00 1.83 1.81 N/A Vacant and Unused 20090.00 17231.00 2.82 2.43 4.63 Water 3958.00 3628.00 0.55 0.50 0.60 TOTAL LAND USE 712005* 709486.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---4440 00 Centre County Land Use 2006 Mined Land 0.003% Communications 0.006% Vacant Structures 0.008% Industrial 0.11% Utility 0.256% Public 0.321% Commercial 0.325% Mixed Use 0.46% Recreation 0.499% Water 0.556% Transportation 1.693% Reclaimed Land 1.825% Vacant Land 2.822% Residential 3.327% Agriculture 15.217% Forests 72.572% Forests Agriculture Residential Vacant Land Reclaimed Land Transportation Water Recreation Mixed Use Commercial Public Utility Industrial Vacant Structures Communications Mined Land Public and semi-public land uses only increased by 0.02% between 2002 and 2006. Land use devoted to education gained 94 acres followed by government land uses which increased by 81 acres. Recreation land use increased by 0.04% or 314 acres. The largest increase in recreational land use was found in Worth Township with the construction of a new golf course which added 312 acres of recreational use. Agricultural land still remains the second largest land use type in Centre County consisting of 108,344 acres which makes up 15.22% of the land use. Agricultural land (tillable land) decreased by 1,507 acres, a loss of 0.26% in land area. Agricultural land has been declining since 1975 with the largest reduction between 1995 and 2002. Forested land remains the top land use covering 516,716 acres or 72.5% of Centre County’s land. Most forested lands are owned by the Commonwealth of which includes state forest, state game, and state park lands. The Commonwealth owns approximately 255,000 acres or nearly half of the forested acreage. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---444111 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---444222 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---444333 FUTURE LAND USE TRENDS Centre Region Despite the nationwide decrease in new home construction, the Centre Region has experienced residential growth. Permits submitted for new residences of all types has remained steady from year-to-year between 2002 and 2008, averaging about 300 building permits annually. Residential land use in this region will likely continue to increase as it is the most populated region in the County. Industrial land uses, especially those related to research and development, are expected to increase within this region over the next decade. The Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region Forecasting data predicts that the residential land use growth will occur primarily within Boggs Township near Milesburg. Land uses related to mining and mineral extraction increased by 20% as the northern tiers of Boggs and Curtin Townships had new natural gas wells drilled. Mined land is expected to increase within the Lower Bald Eagle Valley as more natural gas exploration expands within the Marcellus Shale formation. The Moshannon Valley Region This region has experienced the more commercial and industrial growth among all planning regions due in large part to the Moshannon Valley Economic Development Business Park. Commercial land use and industrial land use increased 40% and 43%, respectively. Both commercial and industrial land uses are forecasted to increase as the business park contains unsold lots and plans to expand into adjacent land. Mined land increased by 9% as the natural gas well exploration in the Marcellus Shale formation continues and is forecasted to continue to increase. The Mountaintop Region Commercial and industrial land uses both increased as new businesses were established next to the Interstate 80 Interchange. There remain several vacant lots within commercial and industrial zoning near the interchange which are expected to be developed in the next decade. Mined land increased gaining 432 acres since 2002. Of all major land use categories, mining and mineral extraction is expected to change the landscape of the Mountaintop Region. Natural gas exploration has already increased the number of well sites to nearly thirty (30). Newer drilling methods and roving equipment which require more acreage for operations will nearly quadruple the acres necessary to access drilling sites. The Nittany Valley Region Commercial land increased in Walker Township around the Zion area whereas industrial land uses increased in Benner Township within the Penn Eagle Industrial Park and the Benner Commerce Park adjacent to the Interstate 99 Interchange. Both commercial and industrial land uses are expected to grow especially along the State Route 150 corridor which connects to Interstate 99. This region is not forecasted to be affected by the surge in natural gas well exploration; however the demand for limestone for road construction and development may result in expanded mined land use. The Penns Valley Region Residential development is for the most part, sporadic throughout Penns Valley with subdivisions near Centre Hall and the village of Spring Mills in Gregg Township. Residential development is forecasted to grow at a steady rate through 2040 with 2 larger subdivisions planned in Potter Township; residential development will otherwise come from existing parcel split-offs, especially in eastern Penns Valley. Commercial development around Potters Mills at the intersection of State Route 45 and 144 occurred and available land zoned commercial in that area is forecasted to be developed through 2030. The same area also has available acres zoned industrial which are forecasted to be developed. The potential for commercial land use growth can also be found along US Route 322 in Potter Township near Tusseyville. Upper Bald Eagle Valley Region Denser residential growth is forecasted within Worth Township through 2020 while more sparse residential development is expected in Huston and Union Townships. Eagle Creek Community, a modular home subdivision west of Unionville, is expected to add 100 homes through 2040. The topography of the region limits most development to the area along the Alternate State Route 220 corridor. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN ODDU UCCTTIIO ON N CCH HA APPTTEERR 11 & G wwaaayyy 111---444444 This page was intentionally left blank ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111 This chapter includes a detailed analysis of the natural and cultural resources within Centre County. It was important to describe and highlight these features as many of the mentioned resouces are critial features and/or a significant part of a proposed or existing recreation or greenway corridor illustrated in Chapter 3 – “Assembling the Greenway Network”. NATURAL RESOURCES Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory The first steps for ensuring protection of environmentally sensitive/ecologically important areas are identifying them and determining their importance. The Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory (1991), and the update to the inventory (2002), prepared by Western Conservancy (WPC), are designed to identify and map important biotic (living) and ecological resources present in Centre County. The inventory, while not bestowing protection to any of the areas listed, acts as a tool for informed and responsible decision-making. Public and private organizations may use the inventory to guide land acquisition and conservation decisions as local municipalities and the County may use it to help with comprehensive planning, zoning and the review of development proposals. Developers, utility companies and government agencies all may benefit from access to this environmental information prior to the creation of detailed development plans. The biotic resources as identified by the WPC for this region include: Ø Lands that support important components of native species biodiversity Ø Populations of species that are facing imperilment at a state and/or global level, and their habitats Ø Natural communities (assemblages of plants and animals) that are regionally important to biodiversity because they are exceptionally undisturbed and/or unique within the state Ø Areas important for general wildlife habitat, open space, education , scientific study, and recreation Ø Areas that have been left relatively undisturbed by human activity Ø Potential habitats for species of concern Natural Heritage Area Classification as defined by the Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory (2002) Update BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AREA (BDA) An area containing plants or animals of special concern at either state or federal levels, exemplary natural communities, or exceptional native diversity. BDA’s include both the immediate habitat and surrounding lands important in the support of these special elements. LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION AREA (LCA) A large contiguous area which is important because of its size, open space, habitats, and/or inclusion of one or more Biological Diversity Areas. Although a LCA includes a variety of land uses, it typically has not been heavily disturbed and thus retains much of its natural character. MANAGED LANDS Managed lands are owned or leased properties with importance, or potential importance, to the overall maintenance and protection of ecological resources in Centre County and include public properties, private properties, and Dedicated Areas (DA). The 1991 Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory recognized 64 areas of ecological signficance— 62 Biological Diversity Areas and 2 Landscape Conservation Areas. The Western Conservancy updated the Natural Heritage inventory in 2002 adding many new BDAs within the county.1 Persius Duskywing (Erynnis persius persius) ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333 IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS (IBA) Formed in 1996, developed the first statewide IBA program in the country. A group of scientific advisors (known as the Ornithological Technical Committee) has identified over 80 IBA sites encompassing over two million acres of public and private land. These areas include migratory staging areas, winter roost sites and prime breeding areas for songbirds, wading birds, shorebirds, and other species.2 is making an important contribution to the conservation of bird habitat in the western hemisphere. Penns Woods are critical to many interior forest birds, providing nesting habitat to 17% of the world's Scarlet Tanagers and 9% of the Wood Thrushes. By focusing attention on the most essential and vulnerable areas, the IBA program helps to promote proactive habitat conservation, benefiting birds and biodiversity. The goals of the IBA program are to identify a network of sites throughout the state that are essential for sustaining wild bird populations, and to protect or manage these sites for long-term conservation purposes. How are sites nominated? Currently, over two million acres of land in have been identified as IBA’s and we continue to encourage individuals, Audubon chapters and the conservation community statewide to propose additional sites. If you know about a site in your area that may qualify, please contact Audubon for more information. How Does a Site Qualify as an Important Bird Area? Nominations are presented to Ornithological Technical Committee two times per year. This committee is comprised of top bird experts who determine whether or not a site meets one or more of the following criteria: • Any site having exceptional concentration or diversity of birdlife. • Sites with a significant population of state or federally-listed endangered or threatened species. • Sites supporting a significant population of one or more species on “special concern” list. • Sites containing representative, rare, threatened or unique habitats, with birds characteristic of those habitats. • Sites where long-term avian research or monitoring is ongoing.3 Example of Important Bird Area Map – Sproul State Forest STATE PARKS BALD EAGLE STATE PARK The 5,900-acre park lies in the broad Bald Eagle Valley of north central Two geologic provinces create Bald Eagle's scenic beauty. The Allegheny Plateau to the north and west holds smooth, undulating uplands. The Ridge and Valley Province to the south and east contains numerous long, narrow mountain ridges separated by valleys. A 100-foot high and 1.3 mile long dam forms Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir. Completed in 1969, the reservoir is named in honor of Foster Joseph Sayers, a Private 1st Class Medal of Honor recipient in World War II. The 1,730-acre lake is the focal point for water- based recreation in the park. The lake extends nearly eight miles upstream and has 23 mile of shoreline. Because of its role in flood control, the lake water is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444 (USACE) or (COE) and lake levels vary throughout the year. Beginning in November, the USACE begins a five-foot lake draw down to prepare for winter waters. Between mid-February and early March, the water level is lowered an additional 15 feet.4 BLACK MOSHANNON STATE PARK Perched on the top of the Allegheny Plateau, Black Moshannon State Park and former site of Civilian Conservation Corp.Camp (CCC) features the Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area. Trails and a boardwalk help people explore the birds and plants of the bog and surrounding forests. Black Moshannon State Park covers 3,394 acres of forests and wetlands that provide recreational opportunities for thousands of visitors. The park conserves unique, natural environments and is in Centre County on PA Route 504, nine miles east of Philipsburg. More than 43,000 acres of the Moshannon State Forest surround the park and help create a remote and wild setting. Historic School house – Black Moshannon State Park According to local tradition, American Indians called this watershed "Moss-Hanne," meaning "moose stream," thus the origin of the park's name. Appropriately, the "black" in the park name describes the tea-colored waters. The 250-acre Black Moshannon Lake is fed by clear springs and small streams which flow through the bogs that stretch in most directions from its shores. As the clear water flows through sphagnum moss and other wetland plants, it becomes colored by plant tannins.5 PENN-ROOSEVELT STATE PARK This 41-acre park and former site of CCC Camp is in an isolated area of the Seven Mountains region known as the Stone Creek Kettle. While this Centre County park is small in size, it is surrounded by an 80,000-acre block of Rothrock State Forest. Penn- Roosevelt offers primitive low-density recreation with access to a vast expanse of public land. Penn-Roosevelt State Park did not exist until June 5, 1933, when members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) arrived to set up a work camp during the height of the Great Depression. The camp at Penn-Roosevelt was first known as Camp S-62, Stone Creek Kettle. The CCC of the 1930s was segregated and the camp at Stone Creek Kettle was one of only 12 Black camps in Corps members lived at the camp and constructed recreational facilities, including a 195-foot log-crib dam that has since been stone-faced. They also built many of the surrounding forestry roads and trails. Two fireplaces, a unique stone bake oven and other ruins of the camp can still be found.6 POE VALLEY- POE PADDY STATE PARK Cozy Poe Valley State Park and former site of CCC Camp is nestled in a rugged mountain valley in Centre County. Seemingly endless forests surround the 25-acre Poe Lake. The 620-acre state park is surrounded by the 198,000-acre Bald Eagle State Forest. Poe Paddy State Park is located at the confluence of Big Poe Creek and Penns Creek, a trout angler's paradise featuring the nationally recognized green drake mayfly hatch in June. Hikers also walk the Mid State Trail through the 250-foot long Paddy Mountain Railroad Tunnel.7 Poe Lake and amenities at Poe Valley State Park ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555 McCALLS DAM STATE PARK This park is located at the extreme east end of Centre County. It can be reached by traveling McCalls Dam state forest road, which links PA 192 at R. B. Winter State Park and PA 880 at Eastville. Majestic pines, hemlocks, maples and oaks within Bald Eagle State Forest surround the 8-acre State Park. In 1850, an early settler built a dam on White Deer Creek to provide power to his large sawmill and shingle mill. Sixteen years later the dam was repaired and used as the second of a series of splash dams, used to float white pine logs to the Susquehanna River and the extensive sawmills at Watsontown. Although the dam is gone, Johnny McCall and his dam will always be remembered because of McCalls Dam State Park.8 McCalls Dam State Park HAIRY JOHN’S PICNIC AREA Hairy John’s Picnic Area was formally known as Hairy John’s State Forest Park and lies within Bald Eagle State Forest (PA Forestry District very near the border line of Centre and Union Counties. The picnic area is a picturesque destination point for travel on PA Route 45 and is linked to the Mid State Trail and very near the quaint village of Woodward. Hairy John’s Picnic Area – former State Forest Park Sign along PA Route 45 at Hairy John’s Picnic Area – also denotes Centre County and Union County Border Cross County Ski Trail sign at Hairy John’s Picnic Area ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777 STATE FORESTS BALD EAGLE STATE FOREST The Bald Eagle State Forest hosts all the major game species typically found in including deer, bear, wild turkey and other small game. Driving and walking for pleasure is a major outdoor recreational use of the forest. The District has 340 miles of drivable roads and about the same number of miles of trails. There are five designated scenic drives. The Mid-State Trail traverses the District running northeast from the Route 322 roadside rest at the Centre-Mifflin county line, through R. B. Winter State Park to the village of McElhattan, southeast of Lock Haven in Clinton County. There are 27 vistas within the Bald Eagle State Forest. They offer the forest user many and varied views of both the State owned and private land within and surrounding the District.9 Bald Eagle District Forest Office located on PA Route 45 to the East of Centre County in Union County MOSHANNON STATE FOREST More and more people are making use of the Moshannon State Forest as their recreation outlet. In recent years there has been an increasing demand for types of recreation that only large tracts of forest lands can provide. Traditional outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing have been stable, but such things as cross-country skiing, mountain biking, backpacking, horse back riding and motorized recreational activity increase each year. Some of these have required the construction of new or the upgrading of older trail systems. Maps have been created for a number of the specialty trails and may be obtained at the district office. Very noteworthy to mention, leaving Centre County from the village of Moshannon and traveling through Karthus and heading toward Piper will now bring you into the neighboring County of Clearfield. One of the suggested driving tours and an existing tour lie within the pristine and picturesque Quehanna Wild Area. The Quehanna Wild Area was set aside to maintain the undeveloped character of the forest environment. This 50,000-acre area was originally state forest land that was transferred to the Curtis Wright Corporation for jet engine and nuclear research in 1955 and returned to the Commonwealth in 1966. Today this area shows the stark evidence of extensive oak leaf roller mortality and the massive destruction caused by the 1985 tornado. Natural regeneration has become evident on a number of these sites, holding the promise of a future forest. The Quehanna Wild area is jointly administered by the Moshannon and Elk Forest Districts. Certain special regulations guide the types of activities that are permitted in the wild area. The 975-acre Marion Brooks Natural Area is the site of a pure stand of white birch trees. It is adjacent to the Quehanna Wild Area. This area is preserved so that nature may take its course, free from human intervention.10 ROTHROCK STATE FOREST Vistas or scenic overlooks are a major attraction for many forest visitors. The best known and most easily accessible in the Rothrock is the well-known overlook atop Tussey Mountain along PA Route 26 at the Centre/Huntingdon County line. Named after the late State Senator Jo Hayes of State College, the site is located on State Forest land and is jointly maintained by the Department of Transportation and Rothrock District personnel. The view overlooks the State College area and several surrounding townships in Centre County. Fish and wildlife are one of the many resources provided by the forest. The Little Juniata River which flows through the Little Juniata Natural Area (Huntingdon County) is an excellent trout fishery. Several smaller mountain streams are also stocked with trout. Deer, bear, and turkey are plentiful, along with many species of small game. The diverse and extensive forest habitat provides the sportsman and naturalist opportunities to observe a number of ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---888 rarely seen species. The Rothrock State Forest is truly a "living forest." The State Forest maintains a nursery and dam that is adjacent to PA Route 322 in Potter Township. Many of the forestry signs, picnic tables, birdhouses and other fabrications are made at Penn Nursery and distributed to State Parks and Forests across the Commonwealth. Rothrock lands are managed to provide recreational opportunities for thousands of visitors each year while making a significant contribution to economy with its high quality timber production11 Penn Nursery – PA Bureau of Forestry SPROUL STATE FOREST Situated north of the Allegheny front in the Allegheny Plateau region, the Sproul State Forest contains some of the most rugged and remote forest land in The area offers some outstanding opportunities for diversified outdoor recreation including: Hunting Black bear, whitetail dear, and wild turkey habitat is abundant, and these species are found in good numbers throughout the Sproul State forest. Elk Viewing Proposed Elk Scenic Corridor - Connects "Elk Country" to Interstate 80 and is the best southern access to the recommended viewing sites. You can access the Corridor from the west via Route 153 at Exit 111, from east at Exit 147 via Route 144 and Route 144. Most of the Sproul State Forest is designated by Pa Audubon Society as an Important Bird Area (IBA). Spectacular views are located Fish Dam Run Overlook, approximately 20 miles from Moshannon along PA Route 144 North, Dennison Run Overlook, about 10 miles south of Renovo, and at Burns Run Overlook, about 15 miles south of Renovo. Though all of these overlooks and vistas are in Clinton County they are important to mention as they are a recreational link for the two counties and increase recreation and heritage tourism throughout north central Pa across county borders. Fishing There are over 400 miles of freestone cold water streams within the Sproul State Forest. Included in this total are 12 streams where water quality and native trout populations are such that these streams are classified as Wilderness Trout Streams. Hiking Two hiking trails systems designated as State Forest Trails are located within the Sproul State Forest. The Chuck Keiper Trail is a 50 mile double looped system which includes trails in the Fish Dam Wild Area and Burns Run Wild Area. The Chuck Keiper Trail is marked with orange paint blazes. Chuck Keiper Trail – 23 mile Eastern Loop There are numerous other foot trails which were originally built for fire access which provide good hiking into most parts of the Sproul State Forest. These trails are not marked or maintained. When hiking in the Sproul State forest persons should dress for the weather and use map and compass ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---999 Mountain Biking All trails within the Sproul State Forest are open to mountain biking, with the exception of the Donut Hole Trail and the Chuck Keiper Trail. Most trails are kept clear over the summer, but some do become overgrown. It is recommended you contact the district office to find out which trails are better for riding.. Cross-country Skiing There are trail opportunities for both novice and experienced skiers. Canoeing A canoe access parking area is located on Route 879 south of Karthaus. Most canoeing occurs in the spring when there is adequate water on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The parking area is closed during the winter months when canoeing is not possible. There are numerous exit areas down river from Karthaus. Snowmobiling Snowmobile Trails are available for use when snow conditions permit. The Hyner Mountain Trail system is marked and groomed. Also, many State Forest Roads are open for joint use of snowmobiles and licensed motorized vehicles. All Terrain Vehicles There is one area in the Sproul State Forest open to All Terrain Vehicles use. The area is located near the Huling Branch of Two Mile Run and consists of old woods roads, old coal mining roads, and unreclaimed surface mining areas. All the rest of Sproul State Forest is closed to All Terrain Vehicle use.12 Forest Districts Map STATE GAME LANDS The Game Commission is the agency responsible for wildlife conservation and management in The mission of the PA Game Commission is: • To manage and protect wildlife • To manage wildlife habitat • To inform and educate the public on wildlife and safe hunting practices The PA Game Commission purchases land using revenues from hunting and trapping fees. Recreational passive use is permitted, and noted by signage and maps available from the Game Commission. There are six PA Game Lands that lie within and or connect to bordering counties. They include: State Game Lands in Centre County State Game Land #33 17,757 acres State Game Land #92 5,234 acres State Game Land #100 16,875 acres State Game Land #176 6,857 acres State Game Land #295 2,695 acres State Game Land #323 2,533 acres Pa State Game Lands 295 – Miles and Walker Townsihps ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---1110 00 FISH & BOAT COMMISSION LANDS “The mission of the Fish & Boat Commission is to protect, conserve and enhance the Commonwealth’s aquatic resources and provide fishing and boating opportunities” It will be the policy of the Commission to protect, conserve, and enhance the quality and diversity of the fishery resources of this Commonwealth including reptiles and amphibians and to provide continued and varied angling opportunity through scientific inventory, classification, and management of that resource. Centre County has three operational State Fish Hatcheries: The Bellefonte State Fish Hatchery, Benner Spring State Fish Hatchery, and the Pleasant Gap State Fish Hatchery. The Commission’s H.R. Stackhouse School facility and the pristine Fisherman’s Paradise is located at the Bellefonte facility. Average annual visitors range from 500 at the Pleasant Gap facility to nearly 6,000 at the Bellefonte facility. Streams that support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and quantity to support a long term and rewarding sport fishery without stocking are defined as “Class A Wild Trout Streams”. Centre County has forty (40) such segments of stream throughout the county supporting both Brook, Brown, and Mixed Brook/Brown Trout. Seven miles to the Catch and Release area from its confluence with Elk Creek, Penns Creek is designated as an “All-Tackle Trophy Trout” section of stream. Boat launches owned and maintained by Fish and Boat Commission are abundant within the County. For a detailed map of the locations of all the State boat launches visit their website at: Boat rentals including canoe and kayak are available at: Bald Eagle State Park Marina, Black Moshannon State Park, Evock’s Inland Marine & Power Sports, Poe Valle/Poe Paddy State Park, and Tussey Moutain Outfitters. There are many chartered and private guides for the recreational enthusiast to enjoy the abundance and exceptional value of Centre County’s streams. For a listing of experienced chartered guides visit the PA Fish and Boat Commisison website or call the Peasant Gap Hatchery Office. H.R. Stackhouse School – Bellefonte State Hatchery Pleasant Gap State Fish Hatchery ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111111 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111222 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111333 MUNICIPALITY TOTAL POPULATION TOTAL PARKLAND RECOMMENDED ACRES PER 1000 PERSONS WITHIN RANGE Bellefonte 6395 87.45 40 to 67 YES Benner 5217 46.45 33 to 55 YES Boggs 2834 35.4 18 to 30 YES Burnside 410 5 3 to 4 YES Centre Hall 1079 69.2 6 to 11 YES College 8489 297.8 53 to 89 YES Curtin 551 125.35 3 to 6 YES Ferguson 14063 245.6 88 to 148 YES Gregg 2119 121.92 13 to 22 YES Haines 1479 1.27 9 to 16 NO Halfmoon 2357 17.94 14 to 25 YES Harris 4657 51.14 29 to 49 YES Howard Twp 924 0 6 to 10 NO Howard Boro 699 8.4 4 to 7 YES Huston 1311 15.96 8 to 14 YES Liberty 1830 0 7 to 11 NO Marion 978 16.72 6 to 10 YES Miles 1573 11.07 10 to 17 YES Milesburg 1187 9.37 7 to 12 YES Millheim 749 21.12 5 to 8 YES Patton 11420 387.47 71 to 120 YES Penn 1044 4.22 7 to 11 NO Philipsburg 3056 63.93 19 to 32 YES Port Matilda 638 11.5 4 to 7 YES Potter 3339 361.81 21 to 35 YES Rush 3466 194.54 22 to 36 YES Snow Shoe Boro 771 44.34 5 to 8 YES Snow Shoe Twp 1760 13.75 11 to 19 YES Spring 6117 149.41 38 to 64 YES State College 38420 102.61 238 to 400 NO Taylor 741 0 5 to 8 NO Union 1200 17 8 to 12 YES Unionville 313 0 2 to 3 NO Walker 3299 115.21 21 to 35 YES Worth 835 0 5 to 9 NO COUNTY MUNICIPAL PARKS There are an abundance of municipal parks within the county with nearly every municipality hosting a park or recreation facility. These areas are important local recreation hubs and connection links from one greenway destination to another. In the following charts the facilities are listed by municipality within the County’s planning regions (the charts also include recreational facilities on public school grounds such as soccer fields for example). The majority of the municipal parks are located within the Centre Region municipalities either within the Borough of State College and the Townships of College, Ferguson, Harris, and Patton and operated and maintained by the Centre Region Council of Governments – Centre Region Parks and Recreation Department. Many of the outlying rural muncipalities rely heaviy on their recreational facilties and have made valiant efforts to enhance and restore existing park facilities both with invested volunteer time and success with grant opportunities. Buffalo Run Community Park Old Fort Ballfield – Potter Township cccooom mmm mmuuunnniiitttiiieeesss cccooom mmm dddeeevvveeelllooopppm The National Recreation and Park Association has established standards regarding the percentage of parks within a municipality per 1000 residents. The chart below looks at the total population of each municipalitiy, the total percentage of parkland within each municpality, the recommended percentage of acreage from the National Recreation and Park Association, and whether or not each municipality fits into the recommended range. The tables on the following pages describe the parkland and facilities within each planning region of the County. The detailed tables also include open space/parkland found within the State Parks within the County and municipal playgrounds on school property many of which may also include ball fields and soccer fields. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111444 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111555 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111666 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111777 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111888 Centre Hall Lions Club Port Matilda Community Park ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---111999 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---2220 00 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222111 Percent of Public and Private Forest Land in Centre County 50.09 49.91 Public Owned Private Owned FORESTS AND WOODLANDS Approximately sixty percent (17 million acres) of 28 million acres is forested. Nationally, ranks number one in hardwood production, and forest-based recreation in is a large component of tourism, the state’s second-largest industry. Centre County has 708,886 acres of land of which 535,082 (75%) are forested. The forest type in Centre County is predominately deciduous consisting of mainly oak, hickory, and some northern hardwood. These lands offer environmental and economic goods and services such as recreation, wildlife, water protection, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and aesthetics. Threats to our forest environment include: fragmentation and parcelization from development, moth, hemlock woolly adelgid, oak wilt, dutch elm disease and the emerald ash borer. 13 MARCELLUS SHALE Industrial activity is important to note within the forested land of Centre County as related to the drilling of for gas production. The Marcellus shale is prevalent throughout much of the Appalachian basin and most of although its depth and thickness are variable. The Marcellus shale is an organic-rich black shale that was deposited in an oxygen-deficient marine environment during Middle Devonian time (~390 million years ago). Long known to be a source rock for many conventional oil and gas reservoirs in the Appalachian basin, it is now being explored as an unconventional reservoir. With a land area spanning three states and almost 20 times the size of the five-county Barnett region, the Marcellus Shale provides an unparalleled economic opportunity for Note: Other geologic formations exist below the Marcellus Shale play that also have gas reserves and potential for continued future development. The Marcellus Shale Education & Training Center published a Marcellus Shale Workforce Needs Assessment in the summer of 2009. It explains the impacts of Marcellus Shale activity on employment in more detail for central http://www.pct.edu/msetc/docs/NeedsAssessmentM SETC.pdf The following facts were taken from the Economy League’s November 2008 research titled, “The Economic Impact of the Oil and Gas Industry in • The industry's direct economic impact, which includes drilling, extraction and support activities, brings in $4.5 billion each year. In addition, the increased demand for energy has brought this industry to the forefront of economic development. • These economic contributions are driven by the jobs and wages earned by working More than 26,000 men and women hold full- and part-time positions that can be traced to direct, indirect and induced jobs supported by oil and gas development. • Oil and gas workers also earn competitive wages, with an average annual compensation of $63,000, a figure $20,000 higher than the average annual compensation of a private sector employee in These total industry wages 64% 21% 12% 3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Total Forestland Non Forest Total Cropland Total Pastureland Percent Forested Land in Centre County ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222222 of nearly $350 million each year are then infused into local and regional economies in the state. • Another large contribution is found in the industry's payments to landowners who lease property for oil and gas drilling activity. More than $200 million is paid each year to landowners in the form of lease payments. Once a well is drilled and producing gas, landowners share in the benefits from royalty payments that are paid over the life of the well. These payments, made directly to property owners, are a dominant source of wealth and sustainment for property owners, particularly in rural counties. The payments have grown tremendously in recent years with the increase in production effort. Note: At this current time there is planned construction of two additional pipelines across Centre County. Counties in Commonwealth that have formed a gas/energy task force ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222333 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222444 Percent of Wetlands by Planning Region in Centre County 13% 10% 31% 19% 5% 17% 5% Centre Region Lower Bald Eagle Valley Moshannon Valley Mountaintop Region Nittany Valley Penns Valley Upper Bald Eagle Valley WATERSHEDS Centre County is located at the Headwaters of streams that flow to the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, the main stem of the Susquehanna, and the Juniata River. There are twelve (12) major watershed basins within Centre County, and the approximate square miles of those watersheds listed in the chart below. Major Watershed Square Miles Bald Eagle 297.4 Beech Creek 78.3 Buffalo Creek 19.2 Fishing Creek 53.8 Kishacoquillas 15.5 Little Juniata 63.1 Moshannon 231.9 Penns Creek 269.9 Spring Creek 59.8 Spruce Creek 106.9 Standing Stone 73.3 West Branch Susquehanna 50.2 WETLANDS & FLOODPLAINS Wetlands have recreational, cultural, educational, and aesthetic values. They fall in four major categories: marshes, bogs, swamps, and fens. Wetlands contain hydric soils (soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded during the growing season). Wetland communities in Centre County can be found in riparian, forested, and floodplain areas. These wetland areas are critical to the county’s biodiversity as they support very diverse wildlife and plant communities including some threatened and endangered species. Wetlands also benefit our economy by improving our drinking water quality, playing a vital role in the fishing industry, providing recreation, wildlife habitat, and assisting with flood control. Wetlands are often inviting places for popular recreational activities including hiking, fishing, bird watching, photography, and hunting – More than 82 million Americans took part in these activities in 2001, spending more than $108 billion on these pursuits. (Source: USFWS, Ducks Unlimited) Centre County has 5,880 acres of hydric soils. There are another 104,264 acres of soil that have hydric soil components, and are found typically in depressions and bottomlands and may not necessarily fall within the floodplain. Some of these soils are also described as floodplain soils (At, Du, Mm, Pk, and Pu) while the others have a tendency to have either above average wetness or hydric soil inclusions. Hydric soils make up approximately 8% of the total soils. Wetlands which are comprised of hydric soils provide a host of recreational and educational activities. They are living classrooms ready to teach lessons in plant and animal diversity. They are places of scientific research and artistic inspiration. Birders, photographers, musicians, students, hunters and anglers are all people that have benefited from the natural beauty of wetlands. Wetlands in the County are generally located: along Bald Eagle Creek, Elk and Penns Creek and the Bald Ealge State Forest in the Penns Valley Region, West Branch of the Susquehanna River, Snow Shoe area, Black Moshannon State Park, Moshannon and Black Moshannon Creeks, Millbrook Marsh in College Township, and Bear Meadows Natural Area which is a National Natural Landmark as designated by the U. S. Department of the Interior. 14 According to 25 PA Code 106, a floodplain is defined as “the 100-year floodway and that maximum area of land that is likely to be flooded by a 100-year flood as shown on the floodplain maps approved or promulgated by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).” Major floodplain areas within the county are located in: Milesburg Borough, Philipsburg Borough, the villages of Coburn and Spring Mills, parts of Rush Township, and throughout the Bald Eagle Valley. These areas are critical as they hold back storm ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222555 water flows reducing flooding Floodplains also contain very fertile cropland and are valuable as a link between stream and upland habitat environments. RIPARIAN BUFFERS As defined by the USDA Forest Service a Riparian Buffer is ”the aquatic ecosystem and the portions of the adjacent terrestrial ecosystem that directly affect or are affected by the aquatic environment. This includes streams, rivers, lakes, and bays and their adjacent side channels, floodplain, and wetland”. In specific cases, the riparian buffer may also include a portion of the hillslope that directly serves as streamside habitats for wildlife. Riparian buffers are complex ecosystems improving waterways while also supplying food and habitat for fish and other wildlife. Healthy riparian buffers contain native grasses, wildflowers, shrubs, and trees that line the stream banks and provide many benefits including: Opportunities for environmental education Protection of groundwater recharge areas Flood control Preventing erosion of stream banks Improved air and water quality Recreational opportunities Habitat for a diversity of wildlife species Shaded areas which result in cooler water temperatures for fish habitat and A visual buffer The Municipalities Planning Code (MPC) provides the legal authority for municipalities to plan and incorporate riparian buffers in their local regulations. The Centre Region Comprehensive Plan addresses this by recommending the use of riparian buffers to protect stream corridors within the Spring Creek Watershed, which is designated a high quality cold water stream. Municipalities in the Centre Region are working with local planners to develop a stream buffer zoning ordinance and overlay. The overlay will appear on the municipalities zoning maps. This would be a regional model that other municipalities in the County and within the Commonwealth could use as a basis in their own planning work as well as greenway, recreation, and conservation efforts. For information on this model ordinance and other related information contact the Centre Region Planning Agency or visit http://cog.centreconnect.org/crpa-mpo/. A model Riparian Ordinance will be included in the appendices of this greenway plan. Riparian Buffer Restoration – Project Partnership between local farmer, ClearWater Conservancy, PA DEP, and the Centre County Conservation District Riparian buffer restoration techniques used in the above referenced photo include vegetative buffer installation and enhancement of existing buffers through supplemental plantings and invasive plant removals. Riparian buffers are a proven method of mitigating non-point source pollution by stabilizing streambanks, slowing the flow of stormwater, and filtering pollutants. Wildlife habitat is also improved in the riparian area as native plant communities are restored. Black Moshannon Wetlands ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222666 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222777 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222888 Municipality Acres Benner Township 2,205 College Township 1,304 Ferguson Township 15,918 Gregg Township 5,121 Haines Township 3,449 Halfmoon Township 5,353 Harris Township 3,014 Huston Township 1,858 Marion Township 4,430 Miles Township 7,337 Patton Township 2,993 Penn Township 4,596 Potter Township 11,576 Spring Township 3,225 Taylor Township 4,211 Walker Township 6,881 Worth Township 2,882 Total 86,353 AGRICULTURAL LAND Farmland contributes to the scenic view characteristic of Centre County. Centre County has a rich agricultural heritage that faces ever increasing pressure from commercial and residential development. Many farm owners have succumbed to the developers offers. There are those farm owners, however, who value the benefits of making a living from the land and in some cases, land which has been in the same family for more than two centuries. In 1987, the Legislature placed a referendum on the general election ballot asking voters whether they would support a 100 million dollar bond issue to permanently preserve the Commonwealth’s prime agricultural soils. Seventy percent of the voters, including voters in Centre County, said yes. Centre County’s nine member Agricultural Land Preservation Board was organized in 1989. They purchased the development rights on their first farm in 1991. Since then, a total of 37 farms on 6,024 acres have been permanently preserved.15 In 2004, the Centre County Farmland Trust, a publicly supported non-profit corporation was formed and preserved its first farm. A total of seven farms on 700 acres have been permanently preserved due to the generosity of land owners who donated conservation easements to the Farmland Trust. The combined efforts of both boards have resulted in a total of 6,724 acres preserved on 44 farms. Both organizations have waiting lists totaling over 9,000 acres whose owners want to protect their land from development in perpetuity According to the 2006-2007 Agricultural Statistics, there are 1,215 farms in Centre County comprising of 163,000 acres. The average farm covers approximately 134 acres and products sold average $56,879 in revenue. Agriculture in Centre County is distinguished by its fertile limestone soils which have historically supported a large farming economy. The rural character that Centre County’s farmland offers should be preserved because of the benefits these lands provide such as: • Open pastoral character • Scenic views • Groundwater recharge • Links to our history and future • Conservation of prime agricultural soils The Agricultural Security Act enables the formation of Agricultural Security Areas (ASA) through the cooperative efforts of local government and farmland property owners. As a result over 86,000 acres of Centre County farmland have been voluntarily enrolled in an ASA throughout the county. The majority of the Agricultural Security Areas are located in areas containing Class I and Class II prime agricultural soils and the established Agricultural Security Area is an incentive for farmers to continue their long-range dedication to farming. Agricultural Security Areas in Centre County ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---222999 CENTRE COUNTY FARMS AND FARMER’S MARKETS The demand for purchasing local goods and services has increased in recent years. This trend has grown from factors such as rising energy costs, supporting the local economy, and an increased awareness of chemicals and additives in processed foods. As a result, organically grown crops have increased as well as the availability of farmer’s markets, and restaurants and grocery stores promoting the use of foods purchased from local farmers. Farmer’s markets benefit the producers, consumers, the environment, and the community & local economy. The benefits include: Offers a secure and regular market especially valuable for new producers and producers in organic conversion as well as small scale producers Provides the producer with direct feedback on produce and pricing Cuts out the middleman which allows for increased financial returns by direct selling, price control, and a regular cash flow Aids in improving diet and nutrition by access to fresh local foods Provides sources of information on how to cook and prepare fresh food ingredients Offers a critical role in educating the consumer as to the production and origin of their food Reduces food miles which reduces vehicle pollution, noise, and fossil fuel use Reduces packaging Encourages organic or pesticide free environmental production practices Promotes farm diversification and bio-diversity Brings life into towns and communities Encourages social interaction between rural and more urban communities Stimulates local economy by increasing employment and encouraging consumers to support local businesses keeping the money within the local community Farmer’s Market in State College Within the County there are farmer’s markets that operate on a regular basis in Bellefonte, Boalsburg, the Borough of State College, Milesburg, Millheim, Patton Township, Philipsburg, Spring Mills, and Unionville. These operating farmer’s markets provide a wealth of vitality to their communities. Hopefully they continure to operate and be successful and more local markets form in other communities such as Howard, Port Matilda, and Snow Shoe for example. Farmer’s Market Display in Millheim In 2008 Association for Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) hosted a farm tour (map on following page) of 23 farms within the county. The local farms featured a wide variety of products for sale such as jams, salsas, egg, pastured meats, homemade ice cream, cheese, perennials and herbs, honey, turkeys, and vegetables to name a few. Centre County lies within the Valleys of the Suquehanna “Buy Fresh Buy Local” Chapter and encompasses eight other counties. The Buy Fresh Buy Local program celebrates regional foods and creates food guides, coordinates tasing events, organizes farmer’s markets, and sponsors farm tours. Each Buy Fresh Buy Local chapter is mananged by a diverse coalition of partnering agencies, supported by a communtiy of local volunteers and coordinated PASA, on behalf of the national partner the FoodRoutes Network. PASA was founded in 1992 and thrives to transform agriculture and food systems in Pa and beyond in a way that makes the farmers more viable, improves the land and restores the health and well being of communities. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---3330 00 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333111 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Centre County is in the geographic center of The northwestern half of the County is in the Allegheny Plateau Province and the southeastern half is in the Ridge and Valley Province both separated by the Allegheny Front. Each Province has distinctive and different topographic features that have influenced soil formation and allowable land use in Centre County. The highest point in the county is 2650 ft. located in Rush Township in State Game Lands #60. The lowest point in the County is 570 ft. in Liberty Township. In the soil capability system all soils are designated by Roman numerals I to VII. For our purposes the soil map included in the Recreation & Greenway plan shows soil Classes I-III. Class I Soils – have few limitations that restrict their use or type of plants which can be grown Class II Soils – have more limitations that reduce the type of plants which can be grown or require moderate conservations techniques Class III Soils – have severe limitations reducing the type of plants which can be grown or require moderate conservation techniques or both Of the many types of soils in Centre County that are relevant to greenway/recreation planning it is important to mention hydric soils (described under the Wetland section of this chapter) and prime agricultural soils. Wetlands which are comprised of hydric soils provide a host of recreational and educational activities. They are living classrooms ready to teach lessons in plant and animal diversity. They are places of scientific research and artistic inspiration. Birders, photographers, musicians, students, hunters and anglers are all people that have benefited from the natural beauty of wetlands. Prime agricultural soils, a lot of which occur in agricultural security areas are best suited for food to be harvested, feed for animals, and other crops. These soils on agricultural lands make up the unique rural character of Centre County, some of which is preserved, and all of which offers great aesthetic value. The number of acres of prime agricultural soils are as follows: • Class I – 15,782 acres • Class II – 112,838 acres • Class III – 84,049 acres Prime Agricultural Soils in Centre County Mapping Unit Soil Description AbB Albrights silt loam AIB Allegheny silt loam Ba Basher loam BtB Buchanan loam BuB Buchanan channery loam Ch Chargin soils CkA Clarksburg silt loam CkB Clarksburg silt loam CIB Clymer sandy loam EdB Edom silt loam GIB Gilpin channery silt loam HaA Hagerstown silt loam HaB Hagerstown silt loam HcB Hagerstown silt loam HhB Hazelton channery sandy loam HuA Hublersburg silt loam HuB Hublersburg silt loam LaB Laidig channery loam LkB Leck Kill channery loam Lx Lindside soils MeB Meckesville silt loam MnB Millheim silt loam MoB Monongahela silt loam MrB Morrison sandy loam MuA Murrill channery loam MuB Murril channery silt loam No Nolin silt loam Ph Philo soils Po Pope soils RaB Rayne silt loam UmB Ungers channery loam WhA Wharton silt loam WhB Wharton silt loam Hagerstown Soil – Farm in Ferguson Township ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333222 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333333 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333444 UTILITY CORRIDORS Utility corridors follow linear paths both above ground and subterranean, and are dedicated to the delivery of utility services, including electric, natural gas, telephone, cable, water, and sewer. The simple fact of the linear nature of these corridors and the need for them to be kept clear for maintenance proves they are ideal as trail and greenway corridors. Assets and attributes that indicate utility corridors represent a good trail network opportunity include: Trails built along a utility corridor that already requires periodic maintenance will avoid any further disturbance to existing vegetation Trails near a utility corridor can aid service crews in accessing utilities for maintenance Trail segments and amenities can easily be maintained and replaced if underground utility maintenance is required Trail-side landscaping provides an opportunity for habitat enhancement along utility corridors Utility corridors represent a commuter value as utilities service many forms of our infrastructure including; commercial and business districts, homes, transit and transportation, and employment zones An integrated combined approach of utility corridors and greenways provides public recreation, habitat protection and vehicle free people movement from one destination to another. Beautiful mountain laurel utility corridor along State Route 26 heading over mounain south of village of Pine Grove mills toward Huntington Aerial photograph of Dominion pipeline in Centre County ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333555 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333666 Slope % of Centre County Land Area 0-5% 32% 6-10% 16% 11-15% 17% 16-25% 25% 25% and up 10% STEEP SLOPES Steep Slopes are defined as slopes greater than 25 percent. Within Centre County, the Allegheny Plateau Province is characterized by a forested elevated plain with deep stream valleys while the Ridge and Valley Province contains fertile limestone valleys broken up by steep forested ridges. Hills, mountains, and ridges provide many popular recreational opportunities such as: hiking, mountain biking, climbing, hunting, and wildlife watching. Steep slopes can provide mechanisms for open space management by creating greenways, conservation and protected areas, and wildlife preservation areas. VIEWSHEDS AND RIDGETOPS A viewshed can be defined as the natural environment that is visible from one or more viewing points especially those having aesthetic value.16 These visual resources often can be ruined by spontaneous development and clear cutting practices. Identification and protection of these resources for recreational value preserves their scenic beauty. The County seat of Bellefonte offers a beautiful urban viewshed that can be seen from the hilltop behind the courthouse where there is an impressive view of the historic rooftops and the mountains to the west. Many residents and visitors to the County admire others such as: • Penns View • Bells Majestic View • Ingleby View • Raven’s Knob • Joe Hayes Vista • Overlook atop Tussey Mountain • Skytop view from I-99 • View of Viaduct Bridge from I-80 • West Branch of Susquehanna at Karthaus • Mount Nittany Penns View – Penns Creek & Railroad Grade in Background Ridgetops are important for their visual, natural, cultural, and recreational values and critical in watershed planning. Ridgetops are a source of the county’s Class A trout fisheries, and high quality, and exceptional value stream headwaters. The county having many district and different topographic features includes; Bald Eagle Ridge, Brush Mountain, Big Poe Mountain, Egg Hill, First Mountain, Front Mountain, Little Poe Mountain, Mt. Nittany, Sand Mountain, Sand Ridge, Schriner Mountain, Thick Mountain, Tussey Mountain, and Woodward Mountain. USGS Spring Mills Quadrangle – Egg Hill Mountain “Penns View” clearly shows the characteristic "ridge and valley" topography that makes up the Appalachian Mountains in DCNR Geology Website) ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333777 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333888 RIDGETOPS FOR WIND ENERGY Electricity generated from wind is clean, non- polluting, and readily available. However, the turbines used to collect the energy from wind can cause distress to the environmental community. Careful site selection and feasibility studies for wind farms in Centre County must be conducted due to the impacts a wind farm could have on wildlife, proximity to residential areas, viewsheds, and stormwater runoff. In 2007 the PA Game Commission signed with PA Wind and Wildlife Collaborative with public and private entities to minimize, and potentially mitigate any adverse impacts the development of wind energy many have on the state’s wildlife resources. In order to minimize impacts to wildlife species and their habitats caused by wind energy facilities, state agencies have taken steps to ensure the consideration of the protection of wildlife by wind energy developers. The Centre for Rural conducted a study to identify townships in which there could be a potential conflict between commercially viable wind energy installations and wildlife habitat. Townships may obtain a copy of the research results, Modeling Potential Wildlife- Wind Energy Conflict Areas from the Centre for Rural Pa by calling [PHONE REDACTED] or email at [EMAIL REDACTED]. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), ridgetops in Centre County have sufficient winds for large scale wind farm developments. The ridgetops in Centre County are listed as geographical features to be protected and important as a natural viewshed. As a result, plans for large scale wind farms in the County must be reviewed carefully. Development of any wind farm should not e completed without the consideration of placement, particularly in the vicinity of residential areas and areas of large, contiguous tracks of wildlife habitat. April 2010 the Centre County Planning Commission conditionally approved the Sandy Ridge Wind Farm with the next steps to be construction of the wind farm that includes areas of Blair and Centre counties. The Sandy Ridge Wind Farm proposes 25 windmills to generate 50 megawatts of clean electricity, which is enough to power about 15,000 homes. The majority of the project, which would encompass no more than 90 acres, is divided between Snyder Township in Blair County and Taylor Township in Centre County. Between 10 and 15 windmills would be on Tyrone Borough property on Ice Mountain. There are 16 turbines proposed in Blair County and 9 turbines in Centre County along with an electrical substation. View of Penns Valley from Bells Majestic View ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---333999 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---4440 00 MOUNTAIN PEAKS & SUMMITS Centre County, is home to a total of 49 mountain summits and peaks, as shown in the list below: Bald Knob Summit Bald Mountain Summit Bear Hill Summit Bear Knob Summit Bear Rocks Summit Big Fork Hill Summit Big Poe Mountain Summit Black Bear Hill Summit Brush Mountain Summit Buck Point Cliff Egg Hill Summit First Green Knob Summit First Mountain Summit Ganderstep Knob Summit Hall Mountain Summit Hickory Knob Summit Hough Mountain Summit Hunters Rocks Summit Kohler Mountain Summit Little Fork Hill Summit Little Mountain Summit Little Poe Mountain Summit Long Mountain Range McCall Mountain Summit Panther Fire Tower Pillar Pine Hill Summit Ravens Knob Summit Rupp Mountain Summit Sand Mountain Summit Sawmill Knob Summit Sawmill Mountain Summit Second Green Knob Summit Second Mountain Summit Sharpback Mountain Summit Shriner Mountain Summit Slide Mountain Summit Stillhouse Knob Summit The Barrens Summit The Winehead Summit Thickhead Mountain Summit Tower Hill Summit Trcziyuiny Mountain Summit Triester Mountain Summit Tunnel Mountian Summit Winkelblech Mountain Summit Wolf Rocks Range Woodward Mountain Summit DARK SKIES A dark night sky is a natural resource, just like plants, waterways and wildlife. Recognizing that this unique resource needed to be managed and protected, in 2000, the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources declared Cherry Springs State Park (Potter County, Pa) the first Dark Sky Park. The International Dark-Skies Association and its partners certify locations with exceptional as International Dark Sky Parks (IDSP). These locations serve as reminders that with quality outdoor lighting, the extraordinary wonders of the nighttime sky and night environment are just as much a part of our lifestyle and history as are the daylight hours. In fact, without the inspiration and wonders of the nighttime environment much of the world's history, art, culture, music, and literature might not have been created. Cherry Springs State Park and View of the Milky Way – Though this site is in Potter County, Centre County offers some spectacular nighttime sky viewing along with the gorgeous views looking at and from all the spectacular vistas and mountain summits ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444111 HERITAGE CORRIDORS/REGIONS Tourism is a powerful economic development tool. Tourism creates jobs, provides new business opportunities and strengthens local economies. When cultural heritage tourism development is done right, it also helps to protect our nation’s natural and cultural treasures and improve the quality of life for residents and visitors alike. Linking tourism with heritage and culture can do more for local economies than promoting them separately. Lumber Heritage Gateway Sign – Bellefonte Cultural heritage tourism can have a tremendous economic impact on local economies. A well- managed tourism program improves the quality of life as residents take advantage of the services and attractions tourism adds. It promotes community pride, which grows as people work together to develop a thriving tourist industry. An area that develops its potential for cultural heritage tourism creates new opportunities for tourists to gain an understanding of an unfamiliar place, people or time. With the arrival of visitors in turn come new opportunities for preservation. Well- interpreted sites teach visitors their importance, and by extension, the importance of preserving other such sites elsewhere. State Heritage Areas are large geographic regions or corridors of the Commonwealth that span two or more counties. These areas contain a multitude of historic, recreational, natural, and scenic resources of state and national significance that collectively exemplify the heritage of Through regional partnerships and public grassroots planning strategies, these resources are identified, protected, enhanced and promoted to strengthen regional economies through increased tourism, creation of new jobs and stimulation of public and private partnerships for new investment opportunities. This holistic and bottom-up approach to planning ensures that the legacy of a region - and the natural, educational and recreational values inherent to it - are preserved for future generations. Designated in 2001 as one of twelve Heritage Areas, The Lumber Heritage Region of (LHR) is a local grassroots project with the purpose of highlighting and interpreting the rich cultural, historic, natural and recreational resources of forests. The LHR is premised on the fact that the region has significant sites, places, communities, peoples, traditions and events it wishes to share with its neighbors and fellow Ø The LHR Vision Statement identifies the LHR as an internationally recognized forest community with a sense of pride in our people, our quality of life, and the traditions of our rural heritage. Ø The LHR provides technical, educational, and financial assistance to communities, local governments, business institutions, and the general public. Ø The LHR coordinates programs which interpret the region’s unique lumber history, celebrates its living heritage, and fosters a greater understanding of the contemporary lumber and forest products industry and rural life. Ø The LHR works to enhance the region’s economy by providing forest management education; conserving and interpreting historic, natural, and recreational resources; and enhancing tourism in cooperation with local communities to make the region a better place to live, work and visit. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444222 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444333 CEMETERIES Churchyards and cemeteries make a significant contribution to the provision of greenspace, offering a quiet sanctuary for both people and wildlife. They offer a real opportunity for historic interpretation and new kinds of preservation and conservation. Cemeteries and churchyards can be a significant open space provider in some areas particularly in urban areas. In other areas they can represent a relatively minor resource in terms of the land, but are able to provide areas of nature conservation. Cemeteries and churchyards need to be considered as an important asset, including the value to the families of the deceased, peaceful areas for contemplation, a significant “piece of history” and a sanctuary for wildlife. In addition to offering a functional value, many cemeteries and churchyards have wider benefits including heritage, cultural, and landscape values. Students of all ages and groups such as boy and girl scout troops can discover that the cemetery can be an outdoor classroom rich in action-oriented experiences and learning activities. Union Cemetery – Millheim Borough Bretheren in Christ Cemetery – Marsh Creek Yearick Cemetery – Gregg Township Trcziyulny Cemetery – Boggs Township Packer Cemetery – Howard Township An individual lived in a 4-plex across the street from the small town public cemetery. It was considered an amenity. It was park like, an oasis in the town. Lexington, KY has a fantastic cemetery that is a destination park. "The great Victorian cemeteries were designed and maintained as beautiful public parks for the enjoyment of all. Every local authority should have them in their green space strategy and ensure that their full value is realized." ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444444 TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS17 is in a strategic position with important interstate roadways traversing the state and serving national and international trade routes. The federal functional classification system groups roadways into classes according to the service they provide. Within the borders of Centre County are examples of roadways that fall into each of the seven federal functional classification system designations. Interstate Highways: Interstate Highways are a series of continuous routes with trip length and volumes characteristic of substantial statewide or interstate travel. These include Interstate 80, which traverses east and west across the United States from California to New Jersey with a section traveling through Centre County, Interstate 99 currently terminates at US Route 220 at Bald Eagle in Blair County. Interstate 99 links the Turnpike with Interstate 80 and beyond. Interstate 99 originated as part of the Appalachian Thruway from Cumberland, Maryland to Corning, New York. When completed in Centre County, Interstate 99 alleviates congestion by diverting through traffic away from Alternate US Route 220 between Bald Eagle and Interstate 80 near Milesburg. Other Freeways and Expressways: Freeways and expressways are divided highways with partial (freeway) or full (expressway) control of access. They serve through traffic and major circulation movements within federally defined Urban Areas. An example is the Mount Nittany Expressway (US Route 322) in Patton, College, and Harris Townships which bypasses State College Borough. Other Principal Arterial Highways: Principal arterial highways provide long distance connections. Examples of this type of highway in Centre County include US Route 322, US Route 220, Business Route 322, State Route 26 and State Route 144. Minor Arterials: Minor arterial roads consist of routes which normally provide high travel speeds with minimum interference to through movement. Examples of minor arterials in Centre County include State Route 45, State Route 150, State Route 350, State Route 550 and State Route 64. Urban Collector or Rural Major Collectors : Urban and rural major are two types of collector roadways. Urban collectors provide land access and traffic circulation within urban residential neighborhoods and commercial and industrial areas in federally designated urban areas. Rural major collectors serve travel within the County and travel distances are usually shorter than arterial roadways. This type of road serves three important purposes. First, it serves county seats as well as larger towns not directly served by the higher roadway classification system. Second, it links nearby larger towns or cities, with routes of higher classification. Third, it serves intra-county travel corridors. Examples of urban collector or rural major collectors in Centre County include State Route 970, State Route 504, State Route 445, State Route 192, High Street in Bellefonte Borough and Allen Street in State College Borough. Rural Minor Collectors: Rural minor collector roads provide service to smaller communities and link locally important traffic generators with the arterial system. Examples of rural minor collector roadways can be found in various Townships and Boroughs within Centre County such as Howard Divide Road in Howard and Curtin Townships and Clarence Road in Snow Shoe Township. Local Roads: Local roads provide access to adjacent land and generally serve shorter trips as compared to the higher classification roadways. Examples of local roads can be found in various Townships and Boroughs within Centre County such as Bell Hollow Road in Taylor Township and Chestnut Grove Road in Union Township. Traffic Volumes: Centre County traffic volumes continue to grow which is reflected in increased congestion. Traffic volumes on key roadways have increased significantly since 1965. For example between 1965 and 2001, travel volumes through State College Borough increased by 264 percent or 14,500 on US Business Route 322. This rise in volume can be attributed partially to the increase in both the student and faculty population at State University (Penn State). Between 1965 and 2001, the student population at Penn State nearly doubled from 20,800 to 40,800. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444555 Growth in the urbanized area of Centre County fueled by Penn State and by increasing commercial business and enterprises with related housing growth has also contributed to large increases in traffic on the major roads serving commuter traffic from Centre County and the surrounding counties. For example, the section of US Route 220/Route 322 north of Port Matilda increased by 262 percent or over 15,000 vehicles between 1965 and 2001. This road link provides access to both US Route 322 and Interstate 80, a major trucking distribution route. These volumes are attributed to Penn State University and the surrounding increasing number of commercial, business and industrial growth bringing the commuter traffic to Centre Region from all outlying regions of the County. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444666 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444777 Number % Number % Number Number % Did not work at home: 5,203,581 97.3% 55,140 96.5% 5,391,665 97.0% 60,572 96.0% Less than 5 minutes 209,293 3.9% 2,984 5.2% 196,492 3.5% 2,836 4.5% 5 to 9 minutes 663,562 12.4% 9,244 16.2% 615,919 11.1% 9,506 15.1% 10 to 14 minutes 873,894 16.3% 12,543 22.0% 825,199 14.9% 12,807 20.3% 15 to 19 minutes 874,134 16.3% 10,297 18.0% 836,006 15.0% 11,377 18.0% 20 to 24 minutes 762,843 14.3% 7,748 13.6% 782,790 14.1% 8,601 13.6% 25 to 29 minutes 306,291 5.7% 2,922 5.1% 327,459 5.9% 3,116 4.9% 30 to 34 minutes 620,439 11.6% 4,449 7.8% 655,811 11.8% 4,983 7.9% 35 to 39 minutes 131,044 2.5% 830 1.5% 148,906 2.7% 1,137 1.8% 40 to 44 minutes 158,154 3.0% 969 1.7% 187,483 3.4% 1,615 2.6% 45 to 59 minutes 350,019 6.5% 2,097 3.7% 407,516 7.3% 2,580 4.1% 60 to 89 minutes 212,848 4.0% 876 1.5% 265,759 4.8% 1,118 1.8% 90 or more minutes 41,060 0.8% 181 0.3% 142,325 2.6% 896 1.4% Worked at Home 144,551 2.7% 1,974 3.5% 164,646 3.0% 2,525 4.0% Mean Travel Time TOTAL Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1990 and 2000 Census *Not Available in 1990 1990 2000 Travel Time to Work 1990-2000 Centre Co. Centre Co. 5,348,132 57,114 5,556,311 63,097 19.6 25.2 N/A* N/A* State Route 26 south of State College Borough has shown an increase in traffic volume of 3,000 vehicles or 214 percent during this 36 year period. State Route 26 provides direct access to State College Borough from areas south of Centre County, including Huntingdon County. Traffic has also significantly increased on Interstate 80, which is a major national and international route, especially for truck freight from New Jersey to California. Interstate 80 was officially opened on September 17, 1970 from the border of New Jersey through to Ohio. Traffic count data from 1982 to 2001 for the section of Interstate 80 west of US Route 220, reflects a 109 percent increase or approximately 15,000 vehicles. Travel Patterns: As indicated by the 2000 US Census, Centre County workers are less dependent upon personal motor vehicles than typical workers. Most of the non-motorized travel is related to Penn State University and downtown State College. There are approximately 41,000 students, who may walk, bike, or take the CATA bus to their jobs. A majority of the non- highway single occupancy vehicle trips are also within the State College downtown area and are students or university individuals. As shown in Means of Transportation to Work chart, approximately 78 percent of Centre County workers used a personal vehicle to travel to and from work, compared to 87 percent statewide. Between 1990 and 2000, fewer Centre County workers carpooled; 14 percent in 1990 versus 12 percent in 2000. The second most common method of commuting to work within Centre County is by foot. Approximately 12 percent of the County’s workforce walked to work in 2000, as compared to 4 percent at the State level. Between 1990 and 2000 there was a 3 percent decrease in County residents who walked to work. While the percentage of workers in Centre County who commute via bus is comparable to the state average in 2000, between 1990 and 2000 there was a one percent increase in the percentage of County residents who commuted via bus. In 2000, 0.8 percent of County residents bicycle to work, a slight drop from 1990. There was a slight increase in the percentage of County residents who worked at home: 3.5 percent in 1990, compared to 4 percent in 2000. Centre Area Transportation Authority (CATA) carries the 3rd largest number of passengers in ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444888 In the ten year period between 1990 and 2000 the percentage of Centre County residents who worked within the County had decreased by almost 2 percent. In 2000, approximately 92 percent of Centre County residents worked inside the County limits, with only 8 percent commuting out of the County and less than one percent working outside the State. The proximity of Centre County residents to their workplace shows that in 1990 and 2000 about 40 percent of Centre County residents had a commute of 15 minutes or less. In addition, the mean travel time to work for Centre County residents in 2000 was 19.6 minutes, significantly less time than the statewide average of 25.2 minutes. Public Transportation: Reflecting the diverse nature of Centre County, there is more than one transit service and public transportation operator available. The Centre County Office of Transportation (CCOT) operates a demand responsive service throughout Centre County. The “shared ride” program is similar to a taxicab in that people are picked up at their origin and taken to their destination. Unlike a taxicab, more than one person is served and may be in the vehicle being served in the same time frame. The service requires that advance reservations be made. Standing orders are also taken for individuals who have multiple reservations within the month. While the service is available to the general public, it is primarily oriented to senior citizens and disabled passengers. The shared ride program fares are discounted through proceeds from the Lottery. The CCOT will provide specially arranged transportation by contract rates. The paratransit service, or special, more flexible transport services for people with disabilities, is available to any location within the boundaries of Centre County and also serves selected locations outside of Centre County. These include shopping and medical sites in Clearfield County from the Philipsburg area. Additionally, trips to the Altoona, Lock Haven, Lewistown and Lewisburg areas are accommodated providing a full van can be scheduled. Centre Area Transportation Authority (CATA) operates three types of public transportation services throughout the Centre Region and surrounding areas of Centre County. These services include fixed-route bus service, demand responsive service and special services. (120,000 trips/yr.) Fixed-Route Bus Service: CATA operates a fixed-route bus system called the Centre Line which consists of approximately twelve routes that focus on downtown State College and the Penn State campus. These bus lines radiate from downtown and extend to neighboring communities. In addition, CATA operates four shuttle routes within the Penn State University Campus and downtown State College. This includes the College Loop, Town Loop, the Link and the Link Express. Figure 13 illustrates the Centre Line bus system routes. Number % Number % Number Number % Car, truck, or van 4,508,041 84.3% 43,748 76.6% 4,825,200 86.8% 49,410 78.3% Drove alone 3,818,385 71.4% 35,770 62.6% 4,247,836 76.5% 42,116 66.7% Carpooled 689,656 12.9% 7,987 14.0% 577,364 10.4% 7,294 11.6% Public Transportation 343,724 6.4% 1,650 2.9% 289,699 5.2% 2,465 3.9% Bus or trolley bus 229,544 4.3% 1,604 2.8% 198,036 3.6% 2,281 3.6% Other 110,101 2.1% 11 0.1% 86,793 1.6% 83 0.1% Taxicab 4,079 0.1% 35 0.1% 4,870 0.1% 101 0.2% 5,000 0.1% 85 0.1% 3,235 0.1% 64 0.1% Bicycle 12,556 0.2% 685 1.2% 14,001 0.3% 505 0.8% Walked 304,589 5.7% 8,775 15.4% 229,725 4.1% 7,844 12.4% Other means 29,671 0.6% 197 0.3% 29,805 0.5% 284 0.5% Worked at Home 144,551 2.7% 1,974 3.5% 164,646 3.0% 2,525 4.0% Total Workers Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1990 and 2000 Census 1990 2000 Means of Transportation to Work 1990-2000 Centre Co. Centre Co. 5,348,132 57,114 5,556,311 63,097 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---444999 CATA offers a variety of prepaid fare arrangements with apartment complex tenants and Penn State full- time faculty and staff, as well as the “One Pass” for frequent riders. All CATA buses have been installed with bike racks, which benefit CATA riders by expanding recreational bicycling opportunities, adding flexibility to the transit commute, and by helping to reduce traffic congestion. Demand Responsive Service: CATA provides a curb-to-curb demand responsive service within its service area. It consists of the shared ride program which is similar to that operated by CCOT. CATA also provides a complementary paratransit service as part of its compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Persons who are unable to ride the Centre County bus routes are eligible for the demand responsive service. Advance reservations are required and the service area is limited to locations within three-fourths of a mile of current bus routes. Vanpools: CATA launched a community vanpool program in October 2007 with six vanpool groups. The program has grown to 15 vanpool groups coming from the Lewistown, Lock Haven, Philipsburg, and Tyrone areas. A vanpool group is typically 7 – 12 people who share their commute. The vanpool travels from home (or a pre-arranged meeting place) to work, school, or other destination. To be cost-effective, the vanpool group should travel at least 40 miles round trip each day. CATA provides the van, insurance coverage, maintenance, and a gas card. The fleet gas card provides gas for the vanpools tax-free and volume discounted. The driver is given access codes to use the card at the pump, and CATA is billed. The vanpool group shares the total cost of the operation, which is determined by a base price plus a per mile ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---5550 00 charge. Fares are billed to the driver/coordinator of the group with payment due on the first of each month. To start a vanpool group, ten or more commuters traveling from the same area indicate their interest in a vanpool to the Commuter Service Manager at CATA. Special Services: CATA operates shuttle services during special events which include Penn State home football games, the Central Festival of the Arts, Ag Process Days, the Bellefonte Arts & Crafts Fair, Bellefonte Victorian Christmas and First Night State College. Officer assisting with CATA bike rack in State College In addition, CATA also operates Ride Share, a free ride matching service program to help participants find commuters with similar travel patterns. Participants in the program provide information for a carpool match list which allows CATA to fit the participant’s schedule. Commuters interested in the Ride Share program are sent a list that provides the name and telephone number of other registered Ride Share commuters who live in or commute through the area, as well as other available transportation options. Airports: Centre County has six public use aviation facilities: University Park Airport, Mid- State Airport, Bellefonte Airport, Centre Airpark, Penns Cave Airport and Ridge Soaring Gliderport. Flying gliders is a quite common recreational activity at the Centre Airpark and the Ridge Soaring Gliderport. The University Park Airport is served by three commercial carriers and the other five airports are general aviation facilities. A further discussion of the airports in Centre County can be found in the Centre County Long Range Transportation Plan 2030. Rail- Active Lines: Norfolk Southern and the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad are the two railroads which traverse Centre County. The Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad operates and provides freight service to Centre County. Norfolk Southern has trackage rights, but does not provide service to Centre County. Both railroads operate on the Susquehanna Economic Development Association- Council of Governments (SEDA-COG) Joint Rail Authority (JRA) rail lines. SEDA-COG JRA is the Municipal Authority that owns a 200-mile regional rail system in Central In addition, four other railroads operate within the SEDA-COG JRA outside of Centre County. Formed in July 1983, the purpose of the Authority is to maintain service to industries which are dependent on rail through short-line operations. The JRA serves Centre, Clinton, Columbia, Lycoming, Mifflin, Montour, Northumberland and Union counties. There is no passenger rail intercity service in Centre County. The Bellefonte Historical Railroad promotes rail-fan tourism. The Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad (NBER) is a local freight railroad company that operates on 70 miles of SEDA-COG JRA rail lines. These lines run north east to west linking the Norfolk Southern line in Tyrone with the Norfolk Southern line in Lock Haven. A rail line between Pleasant Gap and Lemont links with a line through Bellefonte to Milesburg. The NBER has terminals at Tyrone, Lock Haven, Milesburg, Pleasant Gap, Mill Hall, and Sunbury. According to Todd Hunter of NBER, 865 carloads were run in 1986; in 2001 there were 13,615 carloads. Between 2000 and 2001 there was a drop in annual carloads due to the closure of NBER served paper mills in Blair and Clinton Counties. NBER forecasts increased tonnage from local businesses and the Norfolk Southern coal trains operating on trackage rights on the NBER main line. SEDA-COG is planning track upgrades and other improvements. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555111 Deliveries are made via the NBER to companies within Centre County, including: Happy Valley Blended Product, Bolton Metals formerly Cerro Copper Brass, Sunoco Products, and Graymont Lime. In addition, outbound shipments are being made by Hawbaker Constructions, and Graymont Lime. Currently, Lezzer Lumber and Centre Concrete are not active rail users, but they still have rail sidings in place for future use. Norfolk Southern is a freight hauler that serves the Eastern United States and has major classification yards in Allentown, Conway, Harrisburg and Enola. The Norfolk Southern has two lines north and south of Centre County. The north rail line runs through Lock Haven in Clinton County, and the south line runs through Tyrone in Blair County. According to NBER, it runs an average of 1.25 trains per day with 105 cars per train. The SEDA-COG main line received a $2 million upgrade in 2003. The project included the installation of approximately 12 miles of welded rail. In addition, NBER constructed a one mile branch line to be extending into the Glenn O. Hawbaker Quarry in Pleasant Gap. The NBER parent company has purchased additional locomotives and will add more trains as needed in order to serve the expanding aggregate business from the Hawbaker quarry. Passenger Rail: Amtrak service through the central region passes to the south of Centre County to Blair, Huntingdon,and Mifflin Counties. The train provides daily daytime service between New York and Pittsburgh with station stops in Lewistown, Huntington, Altoona and Tyrone in central The Three Rivers train, providing overnight service daily between New York and Chicago, has station stops in central in Lewistown, Huntington and Altoona. Recognizing a need for a balanced transportation system, PENNDOT issued PennPlan, the 25-year statewide Long Range Transportation Plan in 2000. PennPlan identified a need for a passenger rail study to assess statewide intercity (not commuter) passenger rail services. One of the study components is the identification of potential intercity rail corridors and possible expansion of passenger service into freight corridors. Initial assessments have been conducted on a State College – Altoona – Pittsburgh corridor as well as a State College-Harrisburg corridor. Corridors were initially prioritized based on their potential and attributes using five criteria including infrastructure/ right-of-way availability, major destinations/trip generators, market size, transportation patterns/conditions and system continuity/ connectivity. Future feasibility assessment of any corridors would require detailed evaluations to identify rights-of-way, station locations, ridership, costs and benefits. Norfolk Southern railroad has expressed concern with the plan in terms of specific corridors, right-of- way improvements and the impact of increased passenger traffic on the movement of freight within Norfolk Southern feels that passenger rail traffic will reduce the amount of freight traffic that will be able to run on the lines. The primary concern is the corridor between Philadelphia and Harrisburg. The Bellefonte Historical Railroad Society (BHRS) has operating rights on the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad. It offers weekend tours throughout the year with trips that begin and end in Bellefonte and go through Tyrone, Curtin Village, Unionville and Lemont. Currently no excursions are planned and operations have ceased until equipment can be upgraded and a federal safety inspection completed. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555222 RAILS TO TRAILS Rails to Trails offer the user a way to experience the natural environment, cultural and historic resources, and provide health benefits through recreation. These trails can be motorized or non- motorized, designed for a variety of users, and provide an opportunity for all ages of individuals. Currently there are three designated rail to trail facilities within the county: • Bellefonte Central Rail Trail - The Bellefonte Central Rail Trail connects with the McKee Street/Clinton Avenue Bike Path in State College and is approximately 1.3 miles with a crushed limestone surface. • Penns Creek Path – This trail is officially part of the Mid-State Trail, 3.0 miles in length with a ballast surface and trailhead located at Poe Paddy State Park • Snow Shoe Rail Trail (SSRT) – This is a multi-use trail, (ATV users must register with the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association) approximately 20 miles in length with a ballast surface and trailheads located in Clarence and Gillintown. Two recently completed rail to trail feasibility studies support future trail opportunities along the former Bellefonte Central Railroad and the Beech Creek Railroad. Historical Railroad Marker along SSRT INACTIVE RAIL LINES There are many historic inactive rail lines in Centre County. Feasibility studies have been conducted on a few sections of abandoned lines within the County, and further studies will determine if it is viable to convert these lines to rails-to-trails. These studies include the Nittany & Bald Eagle Greenway Plan, the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail Feasibility Study, and the Beech Creek Greenway – “The Brick Town Trail”. The Feasibility Studies for Greenway Studies Map (Chapter One, page 12) depicts where these studies were completed and where other potential future rail trails may exist if found feasible in the future. Active Rail Line adjacent to Historic Curtin Village Hogsback Trail along abandoned Beech Creek Branch of the New York Central Raiload ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555333 DESIGNATED HIKING TRAILS The Mid State Trail System (MST) is a long distance hiking trail and has side trails in central The current northern end is at the West Rim Trail on Bohen Run north of Blackwell and the southern end is a junction with Green Ridge Hiking Trail in Maryland at the Mason-Dixon Line. The MST is almost entirely on public land: state forests, game lands and parks. Intermediate access from paved roads within Centre County is available from State Route 26, State Route 45, State Route 192, and US Route 322. The MST is marked with rectangular orange blazes on the main trail and blue blazes on side trails. Principle features of the MST are its many views, side trails and wilderness. The Mid State Trail has been labeled as "The Wildest Trail in Hiking Trail up to Mt. Nittany The Allegheny Front Trail is approximately 40 miles in length and encircles Black Moshannon State Park. This rugged trail includes 11 vistas and many mountain trout streams including tributaries of Moshannon Creek. A seven mile connector trail traverses through the state park and most of the trail is blazed in orange with cross-country ski trails blazed in blue. Painted Trillium along Allegheny Front Trail To make a greenway... is to make a community. And that, above all else, is what the movement is all about. —CHARLES LITTLE, Greenways for America, 1990 The Chuck Keiper Trail is named after Charles F. Keiper who was a dedicated conservationist and wildlife law enforcement officer. The trail, located in both Centre and Clinton Counties and in the Sproul State Forest, is 52 miles in length and is organized into an eastern and western loop. The western loop is longer than the eastern loop with the western loop being hiked in three days and the eastern in two days. Cranberry Swamp – Chuck Keiper Trail ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555444 The Nittany Mountain trail system (lands owned by the Mt. Nittany Conservancy (MNC) and the Lions Paw Alumni Association) provides nearby hiking opportunities and views of the State University campus and Rockview State Correctional Institution. The system consists of two loop trails: the White Loop (4 miles) and the Blue Loop (6 miles). The popular Mike Overlook features a birds-eye view of the campus, including Beaver Stadium and the Bryce Jordan Center. In the summer of 2009 the MNC began installing a wayfinding system of trail signs at critical intersections and points on the paths. In total, there are 19 signs on the Blue and White trails to help guide visitors on the Mountain. Mt. Nittany Trail System ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555555 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555666 CANALS Historically, the best route for the shipment of 19th century industrial products was east through Mill Hall and Lock Haven to the Susquehanna River; then south on the river to Harrisburg. The Bald Eagle, Nittany, and Bellefonte Turnpike was built in 1833 to accomplish this. The following year the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Company began the construction of a canal to provide barge transportation along the same route as the turnpike, following Spring Creek into Bellefonte. It was completed in 1848. The boat basin occupied the west side of North Water Street in Bellefonte. Canal boats traveled regular six-week schedules between Bellefonte and Philadelphia. The canal carried its first piano to Bellefonte from Philadelphia which currently resides in the Centre County Historical Society Library. The canal was in operation for 17 years and due to spring flooding, the wash out dams and bridges, high repair bills, and competition from rail roads all operations ceased. Remnants of the approximate 28 (twenty eight) locks that operated along this canal system can still be seen between Bellefonte and Lock Haven. This canal system, though no longer operating, has great potential for recreation providing opportunities for walking, biking, a driving tour and historical interpretation. Historic map of Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Canal Close up on canal lock remnants – Howard Township Restored Lockmasters house and canal in Lock Haven ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555777 TUNNELS It is not suprising given the topography of Centre County, and the historic railroad system throughout the county that there were many tunnels built to accommodate the passage of the trains to and from their destinations. These structures are a remarkable remberance of our rich history and offer the recreational user a unique experience whether hiking/biking/riding through the tunnel or photographing from a distance. A few of the structures are located on State Forest lands and the Peale Tunnel is part of the Snow Shoe Rail Trail which is owned by Headwaters Charatible Trust. This structure in particular along with the other transportation structures along the Beeck Creek Railroad have been found eligible for designation in the National Registor of Historic Places. Centre County Tunnels: • Coburn Tunnel • Hogsback Tunnel • Karthaus Tunnel • Paddy Mountain Tunnel • Peale Tunnel Hogsback Tunnel Another impressive structure along the historic Beeck Creek Railroad is the Viaduct Bridge, a 770 foot long iron and steel structure 110 feet above the Moshannon Creek. The center of this bridge is on the Centre/Clearfield County line. No major changes have been made to this structure since its construction in 188? except for the removal of the track in 1984. The west side walkway has been replaced with galvanized walkway and a metal railing. This structure is also part of the Snow Shoe Rail Trail connecting Centre and Clearfield counties. This bridge is a remarkable example of 19th century railroad and structural engineering. Historic Viaduct Tower PA DESIGNATED BIKE ROUTES Bicycle PA routes traverse throughout the Commonwealth and were created by experienced bicyclists. Eight designated biking routes can be found throughout of which two cross through Centre County; BicyclePA – Route G, and BicyclePA – Route V. Neither of these designated routes contain bike lanes and both follow PennDOT state highways. (www.bikepa.com) ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555888 Bicycle Route V along Rt. 192 from Centre County East to Union County . DESIGNATED BIKEWAYS The majority of the designated and maintained bikeways are located within the Centre Region of Centre County. These are either bikeways or are on road bike lanes connecting the Centre Region neighborhoods, parks, schools, and the Penn State University. These include: • Bellefonte Central Rail Trail - 1.4 mile shared use path from McKee Street/Clinton Ave. Bikeway to the Penn State/Toftrees property line • Blue Course Drive Bikeway – Parallels Blue Course Drive from Haymarket to Teaberry Ridge Development • Blue and White Trail – 1.8 mile shared use path along Collge Avenue on abandoned Bellefonte Central Rail right-of-way to Corl Road • Brandywine Drive Bikeway – Brandywine Drive to Warner Boulevard in Boalsburg and off road access to Mt. Nittany Middle School and Panorama Elementary School • Cato/Stonebridge Bikeway – Blue Course Drive to CATO Industrial Park in Ferguson Township • College Township Bikeway (Mt. Nittany Expressway Bikeway) – 4.6 miles of trail that connects Spring Creek Park, Millbrook Marsh Nature Center, Slab Cabin Park, Dalevue Park and South Atherton Street Bike Path • Colonnade Bike Lanes – Along Colonnade Way and Colonnade Boulevard from Waddle Road to North Atherton Street in Patton Township • Curtin Road Extension Bikeway - 0.45 miles of shared use path along Curtin Rd. Extension from North Atherton Street to Burrowes Rd. • Fox Hollow Bike Lane – on-road bike lane extends from Park Avenue to Toftrees • Garner Street Bike Lanes – along Garner St. from Westerly Parkway to Beaver Avenue • Governors’ Park Bikeway – extends from PA Route 550 to Governors’Park via Airport Road in Bellefonte • Henderson Mall Bikeway – on- and off-road segments on University Campus between Park Avenue and East College Avenue • Orchard Road Bike Lane – on-road bike lane connects to the Park Avenue Bike Lane and will eventually connect to the College Township Bikeway at Millbrook Marsh Nature Center • Orchard Park Bikeway – extends from Community Field to Orchard Park and links to Welch Pool and State College High School North and South Campus in State College Borough • Park Avenue Bike Lane – on-road bike lane which connects Orchard Road Bike Lane with Fox Hollow Road Bike Lane • Porter Road/Curtin Road Bike Lane – on- road bike lane links University Drive Bikeway to Fox Hollow Road Bike Lane • Puddintown Road Trail – Shared use path along Puddintown Road from the Mt. Nittany Expressway to Orchard Road • McKee Street/ Clinton Avenue Bikeway – connects Overlook Heights Park to Sunset Park in State College and connects to the Arboretum Section of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail • Research Park Path – extends from Fox Hollow Road to the Penn State Research ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---555999 Park in College Township • South Atherton Street Bikeway – parallels Atherton Street from near the Military Museum in Boalsburg north to University Drive • Toftrees Avenue Bike Lanes – along Toftress Avenue from Fox Hollow Road to Cricklewood Drive • Tudek/Circleville Bikeway – extends from Aaron Drive through Tudek Park, adjacent to Circleville Road and State Game Lands #176 and a second spur extends from Circleville Road through the Penn State Golf Course in Ferguson Township • University Drive Bikeway – parallels University Drive between Curtin Road and East College Avenue and provides access to Penn State University athletic facilities • Vairo Boulevard/Aaron Drive Bikeway – bikeway traverses Suburban Park in Ferguson Township Circleville Bike Path showing winter maintenance The Friends of Tudek Dog Park, along with the help of many generous donors, and the cooperation of Ferguson Township, have created a public off-leash dog park in a portion of Tudek Park located off Park Crest Lane in State College, PA. PARK & RIDE Park and ride facilities are designed to allow commuters traveling to urban locations, a place to leave their personal vehicle for the day and carpool with others or transfer to a bus or other mode of travel. These park and ride facilities are typically located outside of the urban core and near major travel routes. Realizing the benefits of park and ride facilities, the Centre County Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) and Centre Area Transportation Authority (CATA) have identified a number of potential future locations and for several years have been pursuing the county’s first official park and ride facility. In the fall of 2004, Potter Township, Centre County executed an agreement with PennDOT for the design and construction of a Park and Ride facility in Old Fort, PA near the intersection of State Route 45 and State Route 144. This location is a prime travel corridor for many who work in the State College area, but live in the southeastern portion of the County. The Old Fort Park and Ride is currently under design and once completed will offer commuters from Centre Hall and the entire Penns Valley area a lit, maintained surface parking lot to utilize for carpool travel. The parking would accommodate 50 vehicles and also allow for future transit service. The Moshannon Valley Region, specifically the Philipsburg area, is likely the next location for a park and ride facility. Currently, there are two informal park and ride locations within Rush Township, one at Cold Stream Dam along State Route 322 and another at the intersection of State Route 322 and State Route 504 on property owned by the Philipsburg-Osceola School District. The best location for a formal park and ride facility will be determined through a study that considers locations in relation to commuter traffic patterns. This study was funded through the Community Transportation Initiative (PCTI) and will commence in early 2010. The Centre County Long Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) currently identifies construction of this park and ride project in the 2011-2014 timeframe. Also of note, the LRTP identifies two projects that would extend CATA commuter bus service into both ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---6660 00 Penns Valley and Moshannon Valley sometime in the 2011-2014 timeframe. These projects are dependent on the availability of funding, but if implemented, would provide commuters in these regions another option for their commuting needs. SKATE PARKS Skate parks have become very popular across the nation and are growing in popularity in Central as well. If a positive skate park climate is established, that is a key to ensuring that the public skate park will be utilized properly, and that it is viewed as an asset and not a liability by the local residents and elected officials. There are two public skate parks in Centre County, one located at Tussey Mountain (Centre Community Skate Park), and the second park in Philipsburg at the Powerhouse Grounds near the ball park at Slab Town Park. Both locations allow the use of BMX bikes and in line skates. An effective strategy in guarantying the long term success of a community skate park is in designing a park that is accessible and safe for beginning skaters, but that still contains ample challenging terrain to keep more mature and responsible skaters coming back for more. Notable to mention is Woodward Camp, a world renowned youth action sports camp and gymnastic facility that includes skating located in the rural village of Woodward, Penns Valley Region, Centre County. A good community resource for skate parks including possible grant funding can be found by researching this website: www.tonyhawkfoundation.org ATV DESIGNATED TRAILS The northern tier of Centre County is much more suited for ATV trails than the area south of the Bald Eagle Ridge. There are numerous trails on the Sproul State Forest such as the Bloody Skillet (consists of 37 trail miles (Phase 1 & 2) and is accessed from SR 144 approximately 18 1/2 miles north of Snow Shoe. Turn right onto DeHaas Road and travel 5 miles south to the Northern Terminus Trailhead) and the Whiskey Spring ATV Trails (Access is from the Two Miles Road 1-1/2 miles west of Westport toward Kettle Creek State Park), located on abandoned strip mine lands in Centre and Clinton counties. The other location for public use of ATV’s is on the Snow Show Rail Trail, a 19 mile multi-use trail in Snow Shoe Township. This trail also includes 20 miles of connecting Township roads from Clarence through Kato, and in 2010 will include a connection via the township roads to the Bloody Skillet ATV trail on the Sproul State Forest. ATV users mush register with the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association (SSRTA) to ride on the trail, but those utilizing the trail for walking or biking need not do so. This trail is on the former New York Central Railroad right-of-way offering the user a glimpse of the historical remnants; notable to mention of course would be the Viaduct, Peale Tunnel, clay tipples, coal washing areas, coke ovens, and historical railroad markers The trail offers spectacular views, beautiful outcroppings of rocks, and a wonderful opportunity to view local flora and fauna. Trail heads are located at Black Bear, Clarence, and Gillentown which recently added restroom facilities. Restroom facilities constructed at SSRTA Gillentown Trailhead – Project funded by SSRTA, DCNR, and area sponsers ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666111 INTERMODAL FACILITIES Two intercity bus companies, Fullington Bus Company and Greyhound Lines, serve destinations within Centre County and connect the county with other areas throughout as well as other states. One additional bus company and another that contracts with Fullington Bus Company provide service between Centre County and New York City. The two intercity bus companies serve Centre County primarily by way of the bus terminal located in State College Borough. This facility located just off of North Atherton Street, is within close proximity to downtown State College and the campus of Penn State University. In recent years, local stakeholders have entered into discussions to replace the existing bus terminal with a new facility. This new facility may accommodate the intercity bus companies, CATA, the Centre County Office of Transportation, local taxi companies, ridesharing vehicles and a public parking facility. Accordingly, it would serve as a key node in inter-modal transportation within Centre County. OTHER RECREATION FACILITIES State Owned Campgrounds • Bald Eagle State Park • Black Moshannon State Park • Penn-Roosevelt State Park* • Poe Paddy State Park* • Poe Valley State Park • Reeds Gap State Park • R.B. Winter State Park *denotes more primitive site Privately Owned Campgrounds • Bellefonte/State College KOA Campground • Fort Bellefonte Campground • Hemlock Acres Campground • Kearns Campground • Liberty Township Public Campground • Sevens Mountains Campground • Woodward Cave Campground • Snow Shoe Park Campground Tent Site at Hemlock Acres Campground Golf Courses • Centre Hills Country Club – Blue Course • Centre Hills Country Club – The Eighteen Hole Course • Centre Hills Country Club – White Course • Centre Hills Country Club – Nittany Course • Centre Hills Country Club – The Nine Hole Course • Nittany Country Club • Philipsburg Country Club • State College Elks Country Club • Toftrees Resort Fairgrounds • Aaronsburg • Bellefonte • Grange Fair grounds • Jacksonville • Milesburg • Rebersburg • Spring Mills • Snow Shoe YMCA’s • Bellefonte YMCA • Philipsburg YMCA • State College YMCA ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666222 Athletics at Penn State University • Ashenfelter Multi-Sport Facility • Astroturf Field • Beaver Stadium • Bryce Jordan Center • Greenberg Indoor Sports Complex • Golf Courses • Holuba Hall • Intramural Building • Jeffrey Field • Lasch Building • Lorenzo Wrestling Complex • Medlar Field at Lubrano Park • Penn State Ice Pavilion • Penn State McCoy Natatorium • Nittany Lion Field • Recreation Building • Sarni Tennis Center • White Building Museums at Penn State University • All Sports Museum • Earth & Mineral Science Museum and Art Gallery • Frost Entomological Museum • Matson Museum of Anthropology • Palmer Museum of Art • Pasto Agricultural Museum Performing Arts Venues at Penn State • Bryce Jordan Center • Eisenhower Auditorium • Penn State Theatre COUNTY RECREATION PROGRAMS Centre County Government does not have a recreation department or provide recreation services, however the Centre County Planning and Community Development Office provides technical support to municipalities through grant writing, meeting facilitation between officials and stakeholders, mapping with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the coordination of Greenway Planning, and various other requests. Centre County residents can partake in recreation programs through the services provided by their municipality. CENTRE REGION RECREATION Centre Region Parks and Recreation (CRPR) is an agency of the Centre Region Council of Governments. The Borough of State College and the Townships of College, Ferguson, Harris and Patton participate and contribute shared-funding in support of regional year-round recreation and municipal park operations and are represented by a six-member board. Rather than each municipality operating their own Parks & Recreation Department, CRPR has been designated as their official municipal recreation and park agency for over 40 years. Each municipality acquires and develops their park sites; maintenance and programs are then jointly- funded and provided by CRPR. For 2008, CRPR will maintain recreation areas totaling 786 acres at 51 sites, and provides the region's 77,000 residents with special events and programs in parks, school district facilities and at other sites. Specialized recreation programs are capitalized and operated by the Centre Region Parks and Recreation Board / Centre Regional Recreation Authority (CRRA) on a regional basis with prorated contributions from the five participating municipalities. Millbrook Marsh Nature Center Located in College Township this 62-acre site consists of a 12-acre farmstead area (with a large bank barn, farmhouse, and several outbuildings), and an adjacent 50-acre wetland area. The 50-acre wetland area also hosts a conservation easement between Penn State and ClearWater Conservancy of Central PA. The land around the nature center includes several important types of wetland areas, including natural springs and a calcareous fen. Millbrook Marsh incorporates three streams that offer unique wildlife viewing and nature education opportunities. Bathgate Springs Run, Thompson Run, and Slab Cabin Run then join Spring Creek near Spring Creek Park in College Township. Millbrook Marsh Nature Center provides programs seasonally, including: • Programs for Young Children • Guided Discovery Programs for Youth • Summer Camp • Family Programs & Events ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666333 • Programs for Home School Families and Scout Groups • Birthday Parties for Children • Rentals Opportunities for the Barn & Pavilion CRPR Sports Leagues Offers youth sports leagues in basketball and developmentally appropriate leagues in soccer, golf, and football for younger children. There are also adult leagues in indoor soccer, basketball, flag football, volleyball and soccer. Boardwalk at Millbrook MarshNature Center MUNICIPAL SUMMER PROGRAMS • Benner Township Summer Park and Recreation Program • Halfmoon Township Little People’s Park • Halfmoon Township Summer Park and Recreation Program • Howard Borough Day Camp • Walker Township Parks Summer Camp Program PROGRAMS BY OTHER PROVIDERS Krislund Camp Krislund Camp offers religious-based seasonal and off-season programming for families and individual campers in various age groups with activities ranging from aquatics and rafting to biking and backpacking. This camp is located in Gregg and Walker Townships. Woodward Camp: A youth action sports camp consisting of nineteen (19) facilities for skating, biking, and racing, and other extreme sports. The facility is located in Haines Township and enrolls campers from around the around the world and is featured on ESPN television for competitions. Woodward is also a camp for gymnastics and recently, Woodward Camp added a snowboarding program. Tussey Mountain Located in Harris Township and designed for skiing and snow tubing Tussey Mountain also offers special winter programs such as ski/snowboarding skill development, a winter break day camp for school aged children and lessons. Summer facilities include an amphitheatre, batting cages, driving range, go-karts, fishing, pavilions, and a skate park. Summer and Day Camps The State University campus offers day camps and resident camp programs for children eighteen (18) and under in the arts, athletics, and sciences. Summer sports camps are available for twenty-seven (27) different sports ranging from figure skating to football. Coach clinics are also offered. Shaver’s Creek Environmental Center Though in Huntingdon County, the Center is right over the mountain from the village of Pine Grove Mills. The Center offers eight summer camps sessions for a variety of children’s age groups. Activities featured in the day camps include: investigating animal habitats, nature’s cycles, arts and crafts, learning about birds of prey, amphibians and reptiles, watersheds, etc.. Shaver’s Creek Raptor Center ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666444 MUSEUMS & HISTORICAL SOCIETY Beech Creek/Marsh Creek Museum The museum is located in the Harry A. and Vera A. Lingle Room at the former Beech Creek Elementary School, 44 Vesper Street, Beech Creek, Pa. A local dentist from the area had purchased the school and had a dream of starting a museum for the area. The dream came to fruition when in 1999 local citizens assembled together to form a museum association, with the museum opening a year later. The museum’s purpose is to document and preserve the industries, community, and natural resources of the Beech Creek and Marsh Creek watershed areas. Bellefonte Museum Bellefonte Museum The Bellefonte Museum for Centre County is located in the historic John Blair Linn House in Bellefonte. The house, built in 1810 of Trenton Limestone, is listed in the National American Buildings Survey and on the National Historic Registry. The historic home was the residence to many individuals and families who contributed to the growth of Bellefonte, Centre County, and The historic Linn House was converted to a museum facility over ten years ago. Recent plans to expand the museum include increasing the exhibition space, adding “Discovery Rooms” for children, a museum store, and a tearoom. The museum is located as 133 N. Allegheny Street and the hours of operation are 1-4PM Thursday through Saturday. Boalsburg Heritage Museum Association Established in September, 1982, the Boalsburg Heritage Museum has been preserving items of historical significance, and promoting awareness of the rich heritage within the Boalsburg and Harris Township community while creating interest and educating the public. Historical artifacts unique to the area can be seen on display in the museum. You can also see modern exhibits by artists, craftsmen, photographers, hobbyists, guilds, and other collectors, with many being of historical importance. The museum is located on Main Street in Boalsburg at Loop Road. The hours of operation are Tuesdays and Saturdays from 2-4PM and by appointment. Centre County Library and Historical Museum The Centre County Library and Historical Museum is located in Bellefonte, Pa and supports three branch libraries in Aaronsburg, Centre Hall, and Philipsburg. The library operates a bookmobile that travels throughout the County. The Centre County Library and its three branches offer a variety of programs such as family activities, sit and knit, storytelling, guest speakers, tea time and much more. For more information visit www.centrecountylibrary.com Centre Furnace Mansion Furnace Stack – PA Rt. 26 Centre Furnace Mansion/Centre County Historical Society Founded in 1904, the Centre County Historical Society (CCHS) is the oldest and largest history organization in the county, serving as the official historical society of Centre County. It is a community and volunteer based non-profit educational organization that works collaboratively ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666555 with local, regional, county and state organizations preserve and promote the area's historic, cultural, and natural resources. Disseminates historical information about Centre County Offers programs and exhibits of historical and cultural interest for children and adults Marks and helps preserve and protect the Centre Furnace Mansion property and grounds, our newly acquired Boogersburg School, and other historical sites and landscapes in Centre County Maintains a collection of artifacts, books, manuscripts, maps and photographs Publishes and promotes interest in historically significant publications relating to Centre County Centre Furnace Mansion is located at 1001 East College Avenue, State College, Pa. Office hours are Monday through Friday from 9-5PM and tours of the mansion are available on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 1-4PM. Lions David House Heritage Museum This museum is located in Snow Shoe Township, Centre County (near Snow Shoe) and it houses the Mountaintop Region’s only public heritage collection. Current exhibits span topics from the history of industrial development to handwritten family genealogies. The collection at the Lions David House includes books, local histories, memorabilia, quilts, uniforms, maps, photographs, as well as the preserved parlor and furnishings of Vivian David’s original home. Lions David House Milesburg Museum and Historical Society The museum is located at 205 Market Street, Milesburg, Pa with hours of operation on Saturdays from 9AM-Noon April through December. “A town where history never gets old” is the slogan for the museum and their mission is “to establish a museum for the preservation of all generations, future and past, and to maintain a Historical Society within”. The museum conducts many events and fundraisers throughout the year including an Applefest/Car Show in September, Ham and Cheese sandwich sales, Soup and bake sales, Easter egg sales, and a Holiday tea, all of which are critical to the maintenance of the museum. Palmer Museum of Art The Palmer Museum of Art on the Penn State University Park campus is a free-admission arts resource for the University and surrounding communities in central The museum offers an ever-changing array of exhibitions and displays of its permanent collection. With eleven galleries, a print-study room, 150-seat auditorium, and outdoor sculpture garden, the Palmer Museum is a unique cultural resource for residents of and visitors to the region. Museum hours are Tues-Sat from 10-4:30PM and Sunday from 12-4PM. Penn State All Sports Museum: The Museum is located at the southwest corner of Beaver Stadium opposite the Bryce Jordan Center. A long canopy leading from Curtin Road marks the Museum entrance. Admission is $5 for adults and $3 for children. The Penn State All-Sports Museum allows its visitors to connect, relive, and be a part of the Penn State Nittany Lions' proud athletic legacy. Like all great sporting endeavors, the Museum relies on its teammates and friends to achieve its mission ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666666 Penns Valley Area Historical Museum The Penns Valley Area Historical Museum Association, located at 244 West Aaron Square, Aaronsburg, Pa is a nonprofit educational organization whose mission is to discover, collect, preserve, interpret and present the pre-historical, historical and cultural heritage of the people of the Penns Valley and Brush Valley regions. The association accomplishes this by maintaining a collection of artifacts, providing a research and genealogical library, developing and presenting educational programs, and publishing supportive literature. The museum is open to the public on Saturdays from 1-4PM or by appointment by calling [PHONE REDACTED]. Corroto prints portraying Penns and Brush Valley scenes available for sale at the Museum gift shop in the Penns Valley Area Historical Museum, Aaronsburg. A history and story is featured on the back of each print from local artist June Goyne Corotto. Military Museum: The Military Museum located in Boalsburg, Harris Township, preserves and honors military history from 1747 to the present with special emphasis on the 20th century, interpreting for citizens and visitors the story of the Commonwealth’s “Citizen Soldiers”, civilian activities on the home front, and the contributions of industry to military technology. The Friends of the Military Museum is a not-for-profit membership organization established in partnership with the Historical & Museum Commission to: Promote interest in the military museum Assist with projects in the museum and grounds Provide and facilitate educational programming Establish fundraising activities Roland Curtain Foundation/Eagle Iron Works at Curtin Village Curtin Village and the restored Eagle Iron Works, located on approximately 60 acres of land in Boggs Township, are owned by the State and administered by the Historical and Museum Commission. The Curtin Village historical site is supported by admissions, special events, patrons and the work and contributions of volunteers and members of the non-profit Roland Curtin Foundation. Curtin Village opens on Memorial Day. Guided tours are available Wednesday to Sunday. Special events are planned at the Village beginning in Mid-June with the Arts Festival. Mid-July begins the Antique Car Show, Mid-September brings the Civil War Encampment and Mid-October offers Apple Butter Day. The special events close out in Mid-December with Christmas at Curtin. The Bellefonte Historical Railroad offers train excursions to Curtin Village making a most enjoyable summertime family outing. Curtin Village supported by the Roland Curtin Found. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666777 Milesburg Museum and Historical Society Also important to note are the: • Boal Mansion in Boalsburg • Philipsburg Historical Society Reading Rooms • The Old Mud Curch in Philipsburg more formally now called the Union Church • The Simler House in Philipsburg HISTORIC RESOURCES The Bureau for Historic Preservation manages the National Register of Historic Places for The program was established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Properties listed in the Register include districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that are significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture. National Register properties are distinguished by having been documented and evaluated according to uniform standards. These criteria recognize the accomplishments of all peoples who have contributed to the history and heritage of the United States and are designed to help state and local governments, federal agencies, and others identify significant historic and archeological properties worthy of preservation and of consideration in planning and development decisions. Listing a property often changes the way communities perceive their historic resources and gives credibility to efforts to preserve these resources as irreplaceable parts of our communities. There are a number of historic districts and National Register Historic Sites in Centre County (see map on page 70). Also several National Register sites have been destroyed by fire in recent years including the Bush House and Bellefonte Academy (see more information on the Bellefonte Academy below) both in Bellefonte Borough. The Bellefonte Academy was a private preparatory school with a national reputation. The founders of Bellefonte, James Dunlop and James Harris, were interested in establishing an institution of learning, and it was incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1805. "The Bellefonte Academy has educated more governors, more senators, more judges, and more public men than any other school in [The Philadelphia North American, 1909] Rev. James R. Hughes was headmaster from 1868-1900, when his son James R. Hughes took over and served until the academy closed. The school had notable success in football, beating Penn State 6-5 in 1908 and playing Texas and Oklahoma schools in the 1926 football season to claim the National Prep School Championship. The building underwent many architectural changes, with its Greek Revival pillars dating back to 1904. After closure in 1934, due to the Depression, it was converted into apartments. It burned to the ground in 2004. It was located on the knoll at the foot of West Bishop Street.18 Historic postcard of the Bellefonte Academy ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666888 Union Church – Philipsburg Borough nnneeew ww nnneeew ww gggooooooddd w wwaaagggeeesss,,, eeecccooonnnooom mmiiiccc Listing in the National Register contributes to preserving historic properties in a number of ways: 1. Recognition that a property is of significance to the nation, the state, or the community. 2. Consideration in the planning for federal or federally assisted projects. 3. Eligibility for federal tax benefits. 4. Qualification for federal assistance for historic preservation, when funds are available . There are many community benefits to historic preservation including: • Creation of new jobs • Increase in tourism • Creation of new businesses • Increase in property values • Enhanced quality of life • Buildings rehabbed or saved from demolition • Historic interpretation opportunities Brockerhoff Mill – Benner Township Penns and Brush Valleys comprise a ‘historic vernacular landscape”, which is defined as a landscape that evolved through use by the people whose activities or occupancy shaped it. These landscapes reflect the physical, biological, and cultural character of everyday lives. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---666999 ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Archeological sites include both pre-historic and historic resources. Pre-historic includes Native American resources from 16,000 years ago to the early 18th century. Historic resources include remnants of man-made buildings and structures such as industrial sites and villages. Centre County has approximately four hundred and thirty five (435) archeological site files recorded with the Historic and Museum Commission. Analyzing these locations by type for patterns of development, and considering important variables such as soil type, slope, distance to water and settlement patterns would prove useful in the long range transportation planning process for highway development in new, undisturbed locations. Community-based archeology projects have enormous potential. People can address community needs ranging from the economic benefits of tourism, to education in schools, to concerns over development growth, and more. Archeology projects help people to practice skills, such as communication or teamwork, that are necessary for building strong communities. Community members also benefit from a diversity of abilities and perspectives. As a community-building tool, archeology offers many ways for people to learn and grow together.19 Archeology is a great “hook” for getting people of all ages interested in the past. It particularly complements national and state standards and enables students to understand that the skills they learn in school have important applications in the real world.20 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---7770 00 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777111 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777222 Municipality Property Name Status Bellefonte Borough Bellefonte Historic District Listed Centre County Courthouse Listed Gamble Mill Listed Miles-Humes House Listed McAllister-Beaver House Listed South Ward School Listed Thomas, William, Homestead Listed Brockerhoff Hotel Listed Bellefonte U.S. Post Office Eligible Bellefonte Historic District Boundary Increase Eligible Match Factory Listed Benner Township Brockerhoff Mill Listed Roopsburg Brewery Eligible State Correctional Instit. Rockview Historic Dist. Eligible Shuey Farmstead Eligible Grove Farmstead Eligible Shugart House Eligible Boggs Township Curtin Village Listed Harmony Forge Mansion Listed Fisher, William House Eligible College Township Lemont Historic District Listed Oak Hall Historic District Listed Thompson, General John, House Listed Tudek Site Listed Dale, Felix, Stone House Listed Shiloh Church Eligible Hoy, P. Farmstead Eligible State Correctional Instit. Rockview Historic Dist. Eligible Houserville Site Listed Shuey Farmstead Eligible Gordon Farmstead Eligible Old Houserville Historic District Eligible Lee, J. Marvin, Tenant House Eligible Starlight Drive-In Theater Eligible Ferguson Township Ayers, Bucher, Farm Listed Homan Estate Eligible Gregg Township Allison, William, House Listed Fisher, Maj, Jared House Listed Penns Cave and Hotel Listed Haines Township Aaronsburg Historic District Listed Woodward Inn Listed Meyers Mill House Eligible Halfmoon Township Elder, Abraham, Stone House Listed Wilson, George, Homestead Listed Way, Robert & Hannah, Farm Eligible Hagg Property Eligible McFeely Brick Company Eligible Harris Township Boal Mansion Listed Boalsburg Historic District Listed Hill House Listed Jack, Michael, Estate Eligible Lindon Hall Historic District Eligible Fess Farm Eligible Howard Borough Howard Elementary School Eligible Liberty Township Bechdel, Christian, II, House Listed Miles Township Centre Mills Listed Pickle, Simon, Stone House Listed Rebersburg Historic District Listed Spangler, Residence Eligible Milesburg Borough Iddings-Baldridge House Listed Millheim Borough Millheim Historic District Listed Multi Municipal Penns Valley & Brush Valley Historic District Eligible Patton Township Gray, John, House Listed Thompson, W. Eligible Sellers Bros Eligible Philipsburg Borough Rowland Theater Listed Union Church & Burial Ground Listed Philipsburg Commercial District Listed Port Matilda Borough Bald Eagle Presbyterian Church Eligible McFeely Brick Company Eligible Potter Township Egg Hill Church Listed Gregg, Andrew, Homestead Listed Neff, Major John, Homestead Listed Neff Round Barn Listed Potter-Allison Farm Listed Waggoner, Daniel, Log House & Barn Listed Rhone, Leonard, House Listed Rush Township Philips, Hardman, House Listed Black Moshannon State Park, Day Use District Listed Black Moshannon State Park, Family Cabin District Listed Black Moshannon State Park, Maintenance District Listed Spring Township Logan Furnace Mansion Listed Bellefonte Armory Listed Yarnell Residence Eligible Valentine, Farmstead Eligible Baird Farmstead Eligible Logan Furnace /Ault Farmstead Eligible Valentine, A.S., Farmstead Eligible Weaver-Jordan Farmstead Eligible Axeman Village Eligible Bellefonte Forge House Listed Hoy, Farmstead Eligible Curtin, R.C. & Property Eligible Vehicle Maintenance Building Bellefonte Armory Eligible State College Borough Camelot Listed Centre Furnace & Mansion House Listed Farmer's High School Listed Ag Hill Complex Listed College Heights Historic District Listed Holmes-Foster/Highlands Historic District Listed Frear Laboratory;North Frear Laboratory Eligible Buckhout Laboratory Eligible Birch, Spruce, Pine Cottages Eligible Eastview Terrace Housing Project Eligible State Theater Eligible Taylor Township Hoover, Property Eligible Unionville Borough Fisher Farm Site Listed Unionville (Fleming) Historic District Listed Walker Township Garbrick, W. Eligible Beck Farm Eligible Worth Township McCutcheon Property Eligible Cowher, J. Eligible Spotts, J. Eligible Properties Listed on Historic Register LLLooocccaaalll iiim H HHeeerrriiitttaaagggeee T TTooouuurrriiisssm mm,,, M MMaaaiiinnn S E EElllm mm S lllooocccaaalll Boalsburg Historic District ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777333 CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS When Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office in 1932, he immediately commenced a massive revitalization of the nation's economy. In response to the depression that hung over the nation in the early 1930s, President Roosevelt created many programs designed to put Americans back to work. Roosevelt was not interested in the dole. He was determined, rather, to preserve the pride of American workers in their own ability to earn a living, so he concentrated on creating jobs. In his first 100 days in office, President Roosevelt approved several measures as part of his “New Deal”, including the Emergency Conservation Work Act (ECW), better known as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). With that action, he brought together the nation's young men and the land in an effort to save them both. Roosevelt proposed to recruit thousands of unemployed young men, enlist them in a peacetime army, and send them to battle the erosion and destruction of the nation's natural resources. More than any other New Deal agency, the CCC is considered to be an extension of Roosevelt's personal philosophy. The outcomes of the nations CCC projects included: Tree Planting – more than 3 billion trees to reforest America Controlled forest fires – built fire towers Built public roadways, byways, fire trails, cabins, lodges, pavilions, dams Soil conservation was implemented Constructed and operated fish hatcheries Developed the infrastructure of our nations outdoor recreation system Involvement in researching and reintroduction of wildlife Life in the camp prepared men for WWII military life style Increased the standard of living in America Men (and women) supported their families by the $30 a month they made of which $25 was automatically sent home to their families There were seven camps in Centre County depicted on the map on the following page. Remnants of some of these camps are still intact, while others are long gone. Restoration and interpretation efforts are already in place at the Salt Lick Camp (restoration of stone entrance and signage) and Wolf Run Camp (interpretative signage), and hopefully there will be more such efforts in the future. Original Sign for S-119 Wolf Rock Camp S-121 Salt Lick Camp Entrance Typical CCC Signage (provided by DCNR Bureau of Forestry) to denote former location of a camp – This camp is located very near the Centre/Union County border at R.B. Winter State Park ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777444 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777555 10 Largest Populated Municipalities 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 State College Borough Ferguson Township Patton Township College Township Bellefonte Borough Spring Township Benner Township Harris Township Rush Township Potter Township POPULATION CENTERS Centre County has thirty five incorporated municipalities including twenty five 2nd class townships and ten boroughs. Many of the county’s small towns and historic villages will serve as destination points for the recreation and greenway plan, most of which have a population of 1,000 or more individuals. The population center map shown on the following page depicts these destinations which include: • Aaronsburg • Bellefonte • Boalsburg • Centre Hall • Coburn • Howard • Julian • Lemont • Milesburg • Millheim • Pleasant Gap • Philipsburg • Pine Grove Mills • Rebersburg • Spring Mills • Unionville • Woodward • Zion COMMERCIAL CENTERS The commercial centers in Centre County provide lodging, dining, and retail services. Many of these towns were important historically as centers of commerce and industry. Local streams and waterways provided the water velocity needed to operate the early industrial machinery used by the iron furnaces, foundries, sawmills, grist mills, and axe making. In later years, the industrial base expanded to include textile mills, brick refractories and even match making. Many remnants of the counties rich history are embodied in the buildings and monuments found throughout the county. The most significant commercial centers in the county are: Bellefonte Borough, Centre Hall Borough, College Township, Millheim Borough, Philipsburg Borough, Snow Shoe Borough, Spring Township, and State College. Grist mill that is still present in Borough of Millheim Postcard rendering of the historic Match Factory in Bellefonte ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777666 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777777 BROWNFIELDS/UNDERUTILIZED SITES Brownfields can be defined as: “Abandoned, idled or under-used real property where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by the presence or potential presence of environmental contamination”21. The Centre County Planning and Community Development Office is preparing to launch a Countywide Underutilized and Vacant Site Inventory. The purpose of this inventory is to identify sites that are within reach of available infrastructure and that have real or perceived barriers to reuse or rehabilitation. These sites may include vacant land, vacant or underutilized buildings and brownfield locations. Abandoned Gas Station in Snow Shoe Borough This inventory may include information of the physical characteristics of each site (known or perceived contamination, soil type, slope, etc.), availability of utilities, access to transportation facilities and the character of the surrounding community (land use, zoning, etc.) Sites may also be evaluated for their suitability to various types of development. It is envisioned that this inventory can be used by local officials, real estate brokers and developers to identify, reclaim/rehabilitate if necessary, and market and develop these sites effectively to aid in community revitalization efforts. Former Clarence school in Snow Shoe Township INDUSTRIAL PARKS/LANDS • Airport Commerce Park – 210 acres in Benner Township • Benner Commerce Park – Former Rockview State Prison property located right off of Interstate I-99 • Boalsburg Technology Park – Office, research, and development space located off of Route 322 in Harris Township • Bristol Corporate Center – Located off of Route 26 in Ferguson Township – Location of Centre Region Council of Governments and the Centre Region Park and Recreation offices • CATO Park – Business park in Ferguson Township housing approximately 35 businesses • Dale Summit Commerce Park – Office, retail, and light industrial space located off PA Route 26 near the Nittany Mall • Edwards Park – Located near Science Park off of PA Route 26 in Ferguson Township • Herbert R. Imbt Industrial Park – Located on West College Avenue in Ferguson Township • Innovation Park at Penn State – 118 acre mixed-use park on the University Campus in College Township • Moshannon Valley Regional Business Park – Located on US Route 322 one mile east of Philipsburg in Rush Township • Patton Forest Corporate Park – Located at the Valley Vista exit of the Mount Nittany Expressway/Interstate 99 • Penn Eagle Industrial Park – Located about ½ mile from Bellefonte exit of I-99 • Scenery Park – multi and single tenant buildings located off Route 322 in College Township • Science Park – Home to many scientific and research companies located in Ferguson Township • Summit Park – Various retail, office, and industrial space located near the Nittany Mall in College Township • Windmere Park – Located near Country Club Golf Course and Hills Plaza in College Township • Woskob Industrial Park – Numerous office, light industrial near Nittany Mall ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777888 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---777999 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---8880 00 CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS Centre County Office of Planning & Community Development in partnership with the Centre County Conservation District compiled a booklet entitled “A Guide To Conservation Groups in Centre County – 2009” available at either office and on the County website Conservation and Environmental Groups in Centre County The Arboretum at Penn State Bald Eagle Watershed Association Beech Creek Watershed Association Center for Sustainability Center for Watershed Stewardship Centre County Agricultural Land Preservation Board Centre County Bass Clubs Centre County Farmland Trust Centre County PA Senior Environmental Corps. Centre Region Parks and Recreation Chesapeake Bay Foundation ClearWater Conservancy The Conservation Fund - PA Office Ducks Unlimited Eco-Action Headwaters Resource Conservation & Development Council Keystone Trails Association League of Womens Voters Lumber Heritage Region of PA, Inc. Moshannon Creek Watershed Coalition Mount Nittany Conservancy The Nature Conservancy - PA Chapter Nittany Grotto Nittany Valley Longbeards/ Nat'l Wild Turkey Federation Penn State Chapter of the Wildlife Society Penns Valley Conservation Association Association for Sustainable Agriculture Association of Conservation Districts, Inc. Federation of Sportsman's Clubs Native Plant Society The Wildlife Federation Ridge and Valley Outing Club Roaring Run Watershed Association Ruffed Grouse Society Sierra Club, Moshannon Group Spring Creek Watershed Commission Spring Creek Watershed Community Spruce Creek Watershed Association State College Bird Club Susquehanna River Basin Commission Trout Unlimited Woodland Owners of Centre County ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---888111 Footnotes 1 Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory (2002) Update, Western Conservancy 2 http://pa.audubon.org/iba/ 3 Ibid 4http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/parks/b aldeagle.aspx 5http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/parks/b lackmoshannon.aspx 6http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/parks/p ennroosevelt.aspx 7http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/parks/p oevalley.aspx 8http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/parks/m ccallsdam.aspx 9 Bald Eagle State Forest Brochure 10 Moshannon State Forest Brochure 11 Rothrock State Forest Brochure 12http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/statefore sts/sproul.aspx 13 Discussion with Dave Jackson, Cooperative Extension, Forestry Extension Educator 14 Figures were generated from discussions with Robert P. Brooks – Penn State Cooperative Wetland Center, and County Planning GIS 15 Norman K. Lathbury, Coordinator, Centre County Agricultural Preservation Program 16 Definition from Merriam Webster online dictionary 17 Transportation section from discussions with Mike Bloom, Senior Transportation Planner, and Centre County Long Range Transportation Plan (2030) 18 Bellefonte Borough website – Gallery of Historic Photos and Postcards 19 National Park Service – Communities and Archeology Pamphlet 20 Ibid 21 As defined by U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ---PAGE BREAK--- IIN NVVEEN NTTO ORRYY O OFF CCEEN CCO OU UN RREESSO OU URRCCEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 22 & G wwaaayyy 222---888222 This page was intentionally left blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111 GREENWAY CORRIDORS This chapter of the plan will define the three corridor types identified for the Recreation & Greenway Plan and describe them in detail for the seven planning regions of the County. The corridors were identified as Conservation, Recreation, and Transportation. Conservation Corridors Conservation corridors are linear corridors that are ecologically important and their primary function is preservation of sensitive habitats and environmental features such as: wetlands, natural heritage inventory sites, high quality and exceptional value streams, watersheds, riparian buffers, and steep slopes and ridges. These types of corridors typically are used for passive recreation for their aesthetic value and/or low impact recreation such as hiking, kayaking, birding, and photographing wildlife. Mountain biking, snowmobiling, horseback riding, and ATV use would be discouraged in a Conservation Corridor. Thirty three (33) corridors were identified within the county, most of which provide connectivity to surrounding counties. Recreation Corridors Recreation corridors are defined as corridors where trail development is suggested, either land or water- based. These trails provide the opportunities such as: walking, hiking, biking, canoeing, kayaking, fishing, horseback riding, sightseeing, wildlife watching, snowmobiling, and ATV use. Recreation corridors connect people to places. Within the county these corridors link what we have defined as hubs (boroughs, downtowns, historic sites, parks, and recreations areas) to destinations that can be recreational, educational, cultural and historical in nature. Recreation corridors also provide alternative and safe modes of transportation for residents and tourists. In a few instances there are recreation corridors that overlap with conservation corridors those identified for low impact use such as canoeing/kayaking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. There may be a feasible recreation corridor suggested adjacent to a stream but only if no adverse environmental impacts would result. There are thirty (30) proposed recreation corridors that include: existing designated trails, proposed trails, historic destinations, abandoned railroad and canal routes, streams, and state park and state forest lands. The recreation corridors identified provide connectivity to many neighboring counties. Transportation Corridors Transportation Corridors within the County are identified as linear corridors that include PA Bike Routes (Penn DOT) and suggested scenic and thematic driving tours. The driving tours traverse throughout the county offering majestic views and landscapes, remembrances of the county’s rich history, and a chance to view wildlife such as deer, turkey, hawks, eagles, and elk. Each of the designated routes provides a connection to Cameron, Clearfield, Clinton, Huntingdon, Mifflin and/or Union counties. Twelve (12) Transportation Corridors have been identified. Interpretive signage at Karthaus boat launch PA Wilds Signage – Snow Shoe Township ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666 DEVELOPMENT OF CORRIDORS The corridors were identified in two ways: Greenway Steering Committee (GSC) and staff input from meetings and draft map review; and extensive Geographic Information System (GIS) applications using county data and data collected for the recreation and greenway plan. Data was analyzed and mapped, then reviewed for comments, changes, and suggestions by the GSC at the initial steering committee meeting and the first two public meetings. An explanation of the GIS methods used for the plan follows. Two maps were initially prepared to show where these natural resources and habitats are located in relation to each other, respectively – Priority Habitats and Priority Natural Resources (pages 8 and 9) Instead of applying a qualitative or quantitative value to each of the resources, as if to say some resources were ranked higher than others, we chose to analyze how all 14 resources correlated spatially. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) a simple, straight-forward union was performed on all layers to see where the areas of overlap occurred. Each resource’s data layers’ attribute tables were edited to include a numeric field which was given a value of 1. This value did not reflect a resource’s ranking but again was used to perform the union operation. When all 14 layers were unioned together, both the spatial data and the attribute data combined. Therefore, not only could a user see visually how all resources overlapped but the number of overlaps was measurable in a new field created within the combined layers’ attribute table called “overlaps”. Figure A: A graphic example of how the union function in GIS works Layer: Streams Layer: Floodplain Layer: Prime Ag Soils A union function combines these layers in both the spatial and tabular format. The combined layer would look something like the above graphic where the layers sharing the same geographic location will overlap. The attribute table for the all of the layers unioned together will tally the number of overlaps. The table below shows a segment of the attribute table, and the column on the far right is the measure of how many resources (priority natural resources and priority habitats) share the same geographic location. Within the table below a value of 1 means that the resource occurs in that area and a value of 0 means that the resource does not occur in the area. Although we added the field to each resource layers’ table to reflect a value of when the software performs the spatial operation it assigns a to areas where the resource is lacking. Table 1. Example of Attribute Table Floodplain Contiguous Forest Steep Slope Important Bird Area Trout Stream Overlaps 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 Interpretation of the Data After performing union, the number of overlaps between natural resources and habitats ranged between 1 and 10. To define the greenway corridor, we first considered those areas that encompass the most resources and habitats within a geographic area. Within Centre County, areas such as Spring Creek Canyon, Penns Creek, and Scotia Barrens all contained multiple overlaps because they contain multiple resources used in the analysis. A thematic map was prepared to show the number of overlaps between resources. Using the unioned dataset, a threshold of 3 overlapping resources was set. The resulting map shows large tracts of land containing most of the public lands but also delineates smaller, linear features from which the conservation greenway corridors were derived. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777 Priority Natural Resources Streams Includes major streams and their tributaries Ridge Lines A long, narrow range of hills within the Ridge and Valley region Contiguous Forest Connected forest that is not fragmented by development National Wetlands Inventory Lands where saturation with water is the dominant factor determining the nature of soil development and the types of plant and animal communities living in the soil and on its surface Steep Slopes Landscapes where the slope percentage change in rise over run) exceeds 15% Prime Agricultural Soils Soils defined by USDA- NRCS whose capability class is 1 through 3. 100 Year Floodplain A plain bordering a stream or river as delineated by FEMA Priority Habitats Wilderness Trout Streams Streams defined by the PA Fish and Boat Commission as ideal for supporting wild trout Class A Trout Streams Streams defined by the PA Fish and Boat commission as ideal for trout fishing Exceptional Value Streams defined by the PA DEP where stream pH, aquatic life, and turbidity exceeds standards Special Designated Streams High Quality Streams defined by the PA DEP where stream pH, aquatic life, and turbidity meets standards Biological Diversity Area An area containing or important in support of plants or animals of special concern at either state or federal levels, or exceptional native biodiversity Natural Heritage Inventory Landscape Conservation Area A large contiguous area which is important because of its size, open space, habitats, and/or inclusion of one or more Biological Diversity Areas. Important Mammal Areas Designated areas critical to supporting mammalian species Important Bird Areas Designated areas critical to supporting bird species State Forest Game Lands Public Lands State Parks All of these lands are owned and managed by the Commonwealth of and provide many recreational opportunities Six-Mile Run –EV stream and Important Bird Area in Rush Township Silvery Blue – Found in Prairie BDA’s in County ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---888 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---999 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---1110 00 CORRIDORS BY PLANNING REGION Elk Creek along the Millheim Narrows – Route 445 PENNS VALLEY PLANNING REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Penns Creek Conservation Corridor (C1) - The headwaters of Penns Creek is located in Gregg Township and near Penns Cave and Hotel, both sites listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The reaches of Penns Creek are listed on the Commonwealth’s Department of Environmental Protection’s (DEP) list of Chapter 93 designated streams. Chapter 93 designation lists streams that are: Cold water fisheries (CWF), High quality waters (HQW), Exceptional value waters (EVW), and Trout Stocked fisheries (TSF) as defined within the chart on page 6 under Priority Habitats. Penns Creek travels through Bald Eagle State Forest, and Poe Valley and Poe Paddy State Parks. Sections of the stream are located within the Penns Creek Conservation Area, Poe Valley State Park Ravine Biological Diversity Area (BDA), Pine Swamp BDA, and Kettle Run Farm, a habitat known for wild lupine, a rare plant species. Penns Creek is navigable by canoe/kayak and known as one of the best trout fishing streams in the Northeast, more specifically at the time when the green drake hatch comes out in May. Fish and Boat Commission access and launch ramps are located at points upstream of Coburn along Penns Creek Rd, sections along Ingleby Road along SR 2018, at Poe Lake, and Poe Paddy State Park. There is a special regulation “All Tackle Trophy Trout” area 7 miles from the confluence with Elk Creek to the catch and release area in Coburn. Spectacular views of Penns Creek and the remnants of the Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad can be seen from atop Penns View. This corridor is an established for fishing and canoe/kayak but could potentially have trail development adjacent to the abandoned railroad, continuing east into Union County to connect to the villages of Weikert and Glen Iron and east to Mifflinburg. Approximately six miles of the Mid State Trail lie within this corridor on the outskirts of Poe Paddy State Park through the historic Poe Tunnel on Bald Eagle State Forest Land. Pine Creek Conservation Corridor (C2) – The headwaters of Pine Creek originate in Hartley Township, Union County where it flows west- southwest along the north side of the mountain to the village of Coburn where it is joined by Elk Creek, and at Coburn proper joins Penns Creek. The stream passes through portions of Bald Eagle State Forest, and many NHI sites including; The Hook Natural Area, Pine Creek Meadow, Pine Creek – Fiedler Road, Woodward Cave, Blue Rock BDA, and Penns Creek Conservation Area, where it empties into Penns Creek. Pine Creek is a Cold Water Fishery and is designated as an EV and HQ stream for its entire length. Pine Creek corridor offers passive recreation experiences for fishing, wildlife watching, and preservation of unique flora and fauna. Woodward Cave and campground resort along beautiful Pine Creek ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111111 Elk Creek Conservation Corridor (C3)- The headwaters of Elk Creek originate in Bald Eagle State Forest in Miles Township. The streams flows west through the village of Smullton, (not too far in proximity from the historic district and heritage node of Rebersburg), the Millheim Narrows BDA, which contains a habitat for backwards sedge and whitewater crowfoot (plant species of special concern in PA), and the Millheim Historic District. Elk Creek, a Cold Water Fishery is designated EV and HQ for its entire length where it meets Pine Creek in Penn Township. The Elk Creek Corridor is important for: its passive recreation in the form of fishing, wildlife watching and plant habitats,(2) the unique character of the historic mill town of Millheim; and the scenic landscape offering pristine farms, greenhouses, bulk food stores, Bed and Breakfast’s, and locally crafted Amish furniture. Sinking Creek Conservation Corridor (C4) – The headwaters of Sinking Creek originate in Harris Township and Rothrock State Forest located in the Bear Meadows Natural Area BDA. The stream flows in an east-northeast direction where it is adjacent to the recreational node of Colyer Lake, state owned and operated by the PA Fish & Boat Commission and in the Georges Valley Wetland Landscape Conservation Area (LCA). It then continues through Wildflower Hill, a good example of a calcareous forest type, and the Sinking Creek Prairie BDA to the village of Spring Mills, one of the villages where the historic Lewisburg & Tyrone railroad once passed through. This corridor is significant for passive recreation as a link to Rothrock State Forest and Colyer Lake for fishing and boating, and preservation of unique flora and fauna. Canoes at Colyer Lake Roaring Run Conservation Corridor (C5) – The headwaters of Roaring Run originate in Walker Township and the stream passes through State Game Lands 295 taking a westerly direction passing through the Roaring Run BDA. The entire length of Roaring Run is an exceptional value stream. This corridor is recommended for use as passive recreation such as wildlife viewing, fishing, and light hiking to ensure protection of this pristine stream, its location and proximity to State Game Lands, and close proximity to Krislund Camp and Conference Center. Krislund Camp – Cabins for 3rd and 4th graders ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111222 RECREATION CORRIDORS Mid State Trail Recreation Corridor (R1) – This existing trail corridor in Centre County passes through Rothrock and Bald Eagle State Forests; Penn Roosevelt, Poe Valley, Poe Paddy State Parks; and Alan Seeger and Detweiler Run Natural Areas through Centre, Huntingdon, Mifflin, and Union Counties. The recreational corridor serves as an existing hiking trail with many recreation, historic, and conservation destinations. The Mid State Trail extends from Green Ridge Trail in Maryland, to SR 2016 north of Sand Run Falls, in Tioga County, The general route of the Mid State Trail is shown on Official Transportation and Tourism Map, 2005 edition. This map is available free from highway rest areas and municipal offices. Working cooperatively, Juniata and Mifflin Counties are in the process of developing a joint Greenway Plan. The map below depicts the opportunities for connections between both Centre and Mifflin County where their boundaries join. The Mid State Trail is noted in both Recreation & Greenway Plans, as are populated hubs, forested areas, high quality streams, and Natural Heritage Inventory sites in both counties. Draft Mifflin County Greenways, Trails, and Bicycle Routes Map (section showing Centre/Mifflin County border) Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad Greenway(R2) – This historical railroad corridor, previously the Lewisburg, Centre, and Spruce Creek Railroad, was a subsidiary of the Railroad in Central Interestingly, it never connected its namesake towns, but instead it reached Lemont in 1885, and bent around the mountain and headed to Bellefonte. The railroad brought passenger service to Spring Mills in 1877 and Centre Hall in 1885. Of the many stations along the way there was a station called Rising Springs that is now formally the village of Spring Mills. Two other branches were built from this railroad and a spur that was laid along Poe Creek to reach a sawmill at the village of Poe Mills. This corridor has potential to be a trail with a crushed limestone surface. Much of the former railroad bed has been removed and is developed over by residences, businesses, and farmland. It may be possible to secure easements where landowners are willing to agree to trail development. Since the western end of the corridor is more developed, specifically the section from Spring Mills to Centre Hall, it may be most feasible to focus development of the trail. Connecting just outside of the Poe Paddy Tunnel, the trail would follow the Bald Eagle State Forest right of way to Weikert and Glen Iron in Union County with the intention of linking with the Buffalo Valley Rail Trail – an existing trail study/future trail effort from Mifflinburg to Lewisburg, Union County and further east to Montandon, Northumberland County. Historic Railroad Station – Rising Springs (now Spring Mills) Blue Ball Gap Recreation Corridor (R3) – This corridor can be accessed from SR 192 between Madisonburg and Centre Hall. SR 192 is also designated as PA Bicycle Route G heading west from Madisonburg toward Lemont. As PA Route 192 is currently an established biking corridor, Blue Ball Gap Road would serve as a spur over the mountain offering a scenic and challenging ride for bike enthusiasts. There may be potential for a loop bike trail leading back to PA Bicycle Route G following Blue Ball Gap Road and taking Sugar Valley Road ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111333 to the east leading to Krislund Camp as a destination point and Pike Road (PA Bicycle Route G) and continuing on to SR 64 in Clinton County. There is a direct link to State Game Lands 295 via Rag Valley Road off of Blue Ball Gap Road north of Sugar Valley Road. Poe Paddy to Glen Iron to McCall Dam State Park Recreation Corridor (R4) – This corridor proposes to connect the existing rail trail from Poe Paddy State Park (accessing through Poe Tunnel) and following the rail trail which is on State Forest lands to the village of Glen Iron, Union County along the historic Lewisburg to Tyrone Railroad right-of-way. Then it proceeds north on Route 235 (historically there was a railroad spur adjacent to Route 235 heading north) and intersecting with Route 45 at Laurelton Center. Here is a destination point where the Bald Eagle State Forest District Office is located with a spectacular view across the road of the historic Laurleton Center. From Laurleton Center a proposed hiking path would go through State Game Lands 317 and continue north into Bald Eagle State forest using existing trails to arrive at the destination of R. B. Winter State Park and further north to McCall Dam State Park. Both parks lie in Union Countym, adjacent to the Center County border. The Hook Natural Area BDA is located in Bald Eagle State Forest in Centre and Union Counties and is an exceptional value watershed. White Deer Creek Seeps BDA near McCall Dam State Park boasts an excellent example of forest seepage communities. This corridor could potentially link Centre County to Union County by historic railroad grade, villages in Union County, state routes, destinations, public lands, historic sites, and Natural Heritage Inventory Areas. Beautifully majestic Laurelton Center, PA Route 45 Mid State Trail to Woodward Recreation Corridor (R5) – This recreational corridor would provide access to the destination village of Woodward from the north or south on the Mid State Trail. Heading in a northeast direction toward Woodward, the Mid State Trail links to the Bald Eagle State Forest Roads via Green Knob Road to Bear Run Road to Rock Run Road where a connection can be made to the township road, Woodward Gap Road. Heading southwest on the Mid State Trail toward Woodward there is a connection on Sand Hollow Road to Woodward Gap Road. Sections of all of the above mentioned roads pass through the Bear Run Natural BDA which has an exceptional hemlock, tulip, and birch forest community type. Woodward as a destination point provides a recreational experience and destination nodes such as Woodward Cave and Woodward Hotel, (both listed on the National Register of Historic Places), Woodward Camp and Pine Creek. Opportunities also exist to visit and tour the rolling hills and pristine farmland surrounding the quaint village. Spring Mills to Krislund Camp Recreation Corridor (R6) - This corridor would provide a connection from the hub of Spring Mills taking Penns Cave Road to the north continuing through the village of Farmers Mills, continuing on Penns Cave Road past Penns Cave and Hotel to PA Route 192 (PA Bicycle Route G) and heading left just under a mile to connect with Blue Ball Gap Road. A few miles on this road leads to a road on the right, Little Sugar Valley Road which heads east to Krislund Camp. This road traverses through the Roaring Run BDA, an exceptional value watershed. This corridor could be a recreational experience for hikers, bikers, driving tours, wildlife watching, and fishing. Spring Mills to Penns Valley Schools Recreation Corridor (R7) – This corridor would provide a safe route for passive recreation from the village of Spring Mills to the Penns Valley Elementary and High School complex. This route avoids travel on State Route 45 where the un-experienced bike rider and/or children would be unsafe because of high traffic volumes and the lack of a bike lane. The challenge with this corridor is the lack of public lands to directly access the school ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111444 property and most adjacent properties between the village and the schools are private residences. Further study of this corridor will provide recommendations accommodating safe routes to the Penns Valley Elementary (also the location of the Penns Valley Environmental Center) and High School. One of the properties along this corridor, The Cooke Tavern Bed and Breakfast along Route 45, has a newly restored educational wetland on the property where students from schools and university come to experience hands on learning and increase their awareness of the positive impact of preserving wetlands. Grant monies aided in construction of a boardwalk throughout this wetland. The 200-foot boardwalk was constructed through a partnership between Penns Valley Conservation Association, United States Fish & Wildlife Service, and Ducks Unlimited. Birds seen at the wetland include the Great White Egret, American Bittern, and the Virginia Rail, all of which are rarely seen in Penns Valley. Cooke Tavern Boardwalk at Wetlands Education Center Zerby to Wildcat Gap Recreation Corridor (R8) – This recreation corridor starts at Zerby Gap in Gregg Township and heads south on Lingle Valley Road, east to Mountain Church Road, then connecting to the Siglerville Millheim Pike to lead to Wildcat Gap in Bald Eagle State Forest. This corridor provides passive recreational use on less traveled and maintained roads while offering opportunities for wildlife watching, scenic views, state forest and state park land. Continuing on the Siglerville Millheim Pike will connect to the destination of Reeds Gap State Park Complex in Mifflin County. Colyer Lake to Tussey Mountain Recreation Corridor (R9) – This corridor provides a connection from the fishing, boating, picnicking, and hiking facility at Colyer Lake via either Lake Road or Thunder Hill Road to Treaster Kettle Road which passes through Rothrock State Forest and connects to Bear Meadows Road leading to Tussey Mountain. This destination point offers the recreational facilities at Tussey Mountain, the passive recreation at Bear Meadows (National Landmark), public lands, fishing, hiking, and wildlife watching. TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS Art Thrives on 45 Transportation Corridor (T1) - This corridor originates in Montour County and heads west through Northumberland, Union, Centre, and Huntingdon counties. Also known as the Purple Heart Highway, PA Route 45 offers many destination nodes along the way such as: local potters, candlecrafters, woodworking, museums, glass and fiber arts, Danville, Bucknell University, Vicksburg, Mifflinburg, Woodward, Aaronsburg, Penn State University, Pine Grove Mills and more. This corridor is not only pleasing to drive but aesthetically stunning for views of the landscape and a reminder of the rural character of the region. William Heiss Coachworks – Mifflinburg Buggy Museum ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111555 PA Bicycle Route G Corridor (T2) - This designated bicycle corridor runs a north-south route from Tioga County through to Bedford County. Route G is accessed in Centre County at the intersection of PA Route 64 and PA Route 445 outside of Lamar and in Pine Grove Mills on Route 45. There are signs throughout the entire biking corridor and an opportunity to experience the beauty, history, and cultural experience of many towns and villages along the way through the Commonwealth. PA Bicycle Route G at intersection of Pa Route 192 and Pa Route 445 in Madisonburg PA Bicycle Route V Corridor (T3) - This East to West PA designated bike trail begins in Northampton County and terminates across the Commonwealth in Lawrence County encompassing 368 miles. Route V can be accessed in Centre County at the Centre/Union County border just outside of R. B. Winter State Park on State Route 192 and State Route 144 in Snow Shoe Township. Similar to Route G, this route provides the recreational user with an experience through many counties of the Commonwealth where there is diversity and a sense of place in each community. Proposed Driving Tour Between Hatcheries (T4) – This proposed corridor would begin on PA Route 445 and pass the locally owned and operated Elk Creek Hatchery that lies on Elk Creek, following PA Route 192 east to the Historic District of Rebersburg. It then turns north on PA Route 880 to ascend over the mountain to Tylersville, Clinton County. At the bottom of the mountain the route turns left or west bringing you to the state owned Fish Hatchery where public tours are given. Proceeding along will provide a scenic drive along Big Fishing Creek, and past the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hatchery ending on PA Route 64 in Clinton County. The corridor provides a beautiful glimpse of the valley and Brush Mountain with views of mountain streams, farmland, local goods for sale, and opportunities for wildlife watching. Tylersville Fish Culture Station Historic/Scenic Corridor near Penns Cave (T5) - This proposed driving/biking tour would highlight the rural scenery and historic significance of this area of Penns Valley. From the hub of the quaint village of Spring Mills are nearby township roads that provide scenic views of the rural agricultural landscape and the following Nationally Registered properties: Andrew Gregg Homestead, Daniel Waggoner Log Home/Barn, Egg Hill Church, Major Jared B. Fisher House, and Penns Cave. Egg Hill Road, Penns Cave Road, and Sinking Creek Road are just a few of the township roads worth exploring. Ecologically significant in this vicinity are the Roaring Run Watershed BDA, Sinking Creek Prairie BDA, and the Veiled Lady Cave BDA. Extension of this driving tour could be to Woodward Cave in Woodward to the east and to Lincoln Caverns in Huntingdon (off of PA Route 22) to the west. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111666 Egg Hill Church & Cemetery HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1) A final National Register Rural Historic District nomination for Penns/Brush Valley, to be submitted by the Centre County Historical Society to Bureau for Historic Preservation and the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Penns/Brush Valley already has been recognized as eligible for inclusion. Continuing this effort will help to ensure that the rich historic and cultural resources of Brush and Penns Valley are recognized, highlighted, and made available for use in planning efforts. 2) Ongoing work by the Penns Valley Conservation Association in recognizing and protecting sites and providing educational programs that highlight the area’s rich environmental resources. 3) The establishment of an enlarged and enhanced Penns Valley Area Historical Association to celebrate the area’s unique history. Municipal Specific Recommendations Ø The Borough of Centre Hall is a well- preserved example of an early market town and worthy of consideration for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Its streetscape has remained cohesive in style, and character, with very few intrusions. In setting with Nittany Mountain to one side and a rural landscape spanning out in the other directions, it continues to give credence to its agricultural connections. And, the Borough’s historic relationship with the Grange and the Grange Fair make Centre Hall a significant contributor to the agricultural history of Centre County. Ø Spring Mills is worthy of consideration for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Ø Recommended historic district boundary for Spring Mills: Beginning at the entrance to Spring Mills at PA Route 45, to include properties along Fire Hall Road, School, Railroad, and Water Streets; Maple Lane, Long Street, and Cooper Street as it curves along the base of Egg Hill. Ø Madisonburg is worthy of consideration for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Ø Recommended historic boundary for Madisonburg: Beginning at the intersection of PA Route 192 and PA Route 445 (Main Street), to include properties facing Brush Valley Road, and then beginning at that intersection, properties on either side of Main Street to East and West Alleys, to include three cemeteries, and then to continue north beyond the Fisher Harness Shop and Shaffertown Road where Main Street becomes the Madisonburg Mountain Road (Pike Rd.). Ø In the Borough of Millheim, the identification, marking and preservation of sites related to the Borough’s milling history should be continued, whenever possible. Ø The Borough of Millheim should strive to rehabilitate and reuse the brick school building on North Street. Ø In Millheim, the rescue and recovery of the Rearick House on Penn Street should be a continued goal. This elaborate rambling brick house has been a landmark building in Millheim for more than one hundred years. Its exuberant combination of intersecting gables, tower, wrap-around veranda, its varied texture and shapes, and its elaborately carved brackets, bargeboards, and spindle work are ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111777 remarkable testaments to the fine craftsmanship of another era and a significant architectural resource. Ø Research and interpret the industry that Millheim was named for, “Home of the Mills” that were located throughout the Borough. Besides sawmills, and grist mills, there was a hosiery factory and bra factory (a beautiful brick structure that has since been demolished). Ø Coburn’s setting – surrounded by a rural landscape, nearby forest and mountains, and meandering creeks, combined with the unity of scale, style, and character in its architecture make the village worthy of listing on the National Register. Ø The approximate boundaries of a proposed historic district for Coburn include: Beginning at the intersection of Coburn and Pine Creek Roads and continuing to including open space and properties bordering Main Street, Railroad Street, Tunnel Road, and Penns Creek Road. Rendering depicting Planing, Saw Mill, Wollen Mill, and Grist Mill dams in Millheim Brick Mill building still standing at 102 Mill Street, Millheim Corridor Wide Physical Points of Interest The Penns/Brush Valley corridor is unique for its history and it’s variety of cultural resources which add to the aesthetic beauty of the area. There are remnants of the railroad and lumbering days, two Civilian Conservation Corps Camps (Penn Roosevelt and Poe Valley) reflecting the hard work and dedication contributed to the Commonwealth’s infrastructure, roads, parks, and forests, beautiful hedgerows and fence lines, and woodlots, old orchards, and residential trees. In fact when Samuel Miles offered tracts of land in Brush Valley in 1792, he included in the terms of his lease that settlers should “plant within four years an orchard of apple trees containing at least 100 trees.” Historical Markers 1) The Aaronsburg Story – Located on PA Route 45 at the east end of Aaronsburg – The text reads “Aaron Levy, a Jewish immigrant who founded this village in 1786, donated ground for Lutheran and Reformed congregations here and presented them with a pewter communion set. In remembrance of his generosity, 30,000 people gathered in Aaronsburg on October 23, 1949, for a day-long celebration of religious and racial understanding. It included a huge outdoor pageant on a natural stage just north of this site.” 2) Potter’s Fort – Located on PA Route 144 southeast of Centre Hall – The text reads “Built 1777 by Gen. James Potter. A stockaded fort refuge for the settlers of the valley region. The site is on the nearby rise”. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111888 More than 2,000 cast aluminum markers tell the stories of Native Americans and settlers, government and politics, athletes, entertainers, artists, struggles for freedom and equality, factories and businesses, and a multitude of other topics. New markers are approved and placed along highways and city streets each year. Most markers are dedicated in public events featuring public officials, local historians, community representatives, and others. Each dedication presents opportunities for to celebrate and understand their heritage. Nominations for historical markers may be submitted by any person or organization. Nominations are evaluated by a panel of independent experts from across the state and reviewed by PHMC commissioners. Centre Hall Railroad Station The establishment of the Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad enhanced Penn Township’s transportation capabilities, with Coburn becoming the hub of economic life in Penns Valley in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Queen Anne style home in Coburn Former historic bank in Spring Mills – currently operating as a local eatery Aaronsburg Inn, A historic Bed and Breakfast within the Aaronsburg Historic District ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---111999 PENNS VALLEY REGION CORRIDOR MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---2220 00 NITTANY VALLEY PLANNING REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Spring Creek Conservation Corridor (C6) - In this corridor Spring Creek, now designated a HQ stream, is important as a conservation, education, recreation, and water quality link. It flows into the eastern border of Benner Township, traverses through a pristine area referred to as the Spring Creek Canyon, and continues where it joins with the confluence of Bald Eagle Creek in Milesburg. One of the best places to fish for trout in Centre County, it passes through the Benner Spring State Fish Hatchery and the Bellefonte State Fish Hatchery, and the stream corridor provides a important buffer for watercourse and floodplain control. In addition the corridor passes through the Spring Creek Valley BDA, a landscape that contains several species and communities that are rare within the state such as Ebony Sedge and Tufted buttercup (a native perennial wildflower). Continuing from Bellefonte, Spring Creek flows through the Bellefonte Waterfront District and continues along Fish and Boat Commission lands to the Borough of Milesburg. Fishing, kayaking, and canoeing opportunities are available of Lamb Street in Bellefonte. Non-formalized boat access points are available at the Sunnyside Paddling Park where Mach One Slalom Team operates a kayak course. Fishing access of Lamb Street is available at Krauss Park located across the street from the historic Gamble Mill and from Fish and Boat Commission lands located along the eastern stream bank. McCoy Dam originally constructed for power generation and located just upstream of Milesburg was removed in 2007 opening this section of Spring Creek as a “blueway” for kayaks/canoes. Due to the dam removal, project restoration is continuing along the banks of Spring Creek where invasive species such as purple loosestrife were thriving. This location is also the site of Harmony Forge, the historic Milesburg Ironworks. As a result of the partnership between The PA Fish & Boat Commission and ClearWater Conservancy, interpretive signage will be developed at this location making this section a heritage node for preservation and educational opportunities. Tufted Buttercup Nearby schools include Bald Eagle and Bellefonte Middle and High Schools, and the Benner, Bellefonte, and Wingate Elementary Schools. Community Parks for linear connections include Fisherman’s Paradise, Spring Creek Nature Park, Talleyrand Park, and Krauss Park while nearby neighborhood parks (within walking distance and very close to developments and neighborhoods) include Burnham Estates and Masullo Park. A recommendation would be to provide for additional parking spaces for recreational users from Sunnyside Park to McCoy Dam (potentially two parking lots to allow for 25 spaces each). An additional recommendation would be to relocate the Mach One Kayak Team boat house to the river right of Spring Creek decreasing the pedestrian traffic that is now crossing the active rail line near Sunnyside Paddling Park. Sunnyside Paddling Park – Spring Township ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222111 Spring Creek Canyon Greenway Corridor (C7) - Located on the State Correctional Institute at Rockview in Benner Township is a 1,800-acre parcel of ground comprising the Spring Creek Canyon. This parcel is to be transferred to ownership to Penn State University, The PA Game Commission, and PA Fish & Boat Commission within the next few years. The Spring Creek Canyon area is a calcareous opening/cliff community which is very rare in Centre County. The “Canyon” is recognized for its natural and cultural resources; the most significant being Spring Creek, a High Quality Cold Water Fishery. It is surrounded by notable and environmentally sensitive areas and documented pre-historic and historic sites. Impacts to the property result from the presence of invasive species and activities located well beyond the property’s boundary. In 2010, a team of professional consultants was given the task to develop a conservation strategy for the “Canyon”. “The Strategy presents an approach to balance the site’s ecological and cultural significance with its potential capacity for human interaction and; foremost, to balance these so that resources can be realistically managed in the future.” (Spring Creek Canyon Conservation Strategy: The Centre County Greenways Study recognizes the importance of this valuable resource and supports the future development of the site for a variety of opportunities provided that the uses are undertaken with the overall goal of protecting the extant resources. Opportunities at the Canyon include: Conservation Passive Recreation Interpretation of cultural and natural resources and invasive species Educational opportunities Agricultural research Historically, this corridor can be a great educational tool for school field trips as evidence of former buildings and structures remain for historical interpretation, on-site visits and perhaps restoration. This connection could provide a very important link from the Centre Region to the hub of Bellefonte. This Greenway is also important because it was a recommended corridor for possible future implementation in the Nittany and Bald Eagle Greenway Plan. Suggested passive recreation routes in and around the canyon area would be from the Bellefonte State Fish Hatchery to the Benner Spring State Fish Hatchery. There is already a gravel pathway that leads from one end to the other while traveling right through the middle of the Canyon area about half way through. This walk/run/ or bike ride is adjacent to Spring Creek and there is an opportunity for environmental education and historic and cultural interpretation along the way. This linear corridor passes through the old hatchery ponds where there is always an abundance of turtles bathing on rocks, and heron rookeries (a breeding ground for herons – a colony) surrounding the old ponds. Access to the northeast of the canyon can be from Fisherman’s Paradise Road and Garden Road, then accessing old farm lands and fields to the Canyon Cliffs, and from the southwest from Shiloh Road and Rock Road through farm fields and woodlots to the Canyon area. Barns Lane can provide an access to the north of the Canyon very near the scenic orchard area of the Rockview Property. With all these options for access around the Canyon and the linear trail along the stream from one hatchery to the other there are many opportunities for a loop trail system surrounding the pristine canyon corridor. Buffalo Run Conservation Corridor (C7) - Buffalo Run, a tributary to Spring Creek, is designated a HQ stream, and significant as a conservation, education, recreation, and water quality link. The headwaters to Buffalo Run originate in Patton Township and follow an easterly direction paralleling PA Route 550 and the historic Bellefonte Central Railroad corridor to its confluence with Spring Creek near Coleville, Spring Township. This corridor has been studied extensively with the recent completion of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail Feasibility Study, which recommended that a phased approach for trail development be implemented. This corridor is bordered by the Bald Eagle Ridge and offers excellent birding and fishing opportunities. The area is rich in cultural resources with a rich history left behind by remnants of the iron industry, railroad, and agricultural operations. This HQ stream should be protected for maintenance of water quality and the aquatic habitats of the stream. A “Riparian Conservation Zone” established along the Buffalo Run Corridor would protect all the existing wetlands ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222222 and natural vegetation along the creek and could provide incentives to private landowners as well. There are special management assistance programs for landowners to aid in stream bank re-vegetation and stream buffer maintenance. The rural character of this corridor is aesthetically pleasing and can be preserved even if a trail opportunity is pursued along the historic Bellefonte Central Rail line. Little Fishing Creek Corridor (C9) - Little Fishing Creek originates in Spring Township, Centre County within Bald Eagle State Forest and the Greens Valley Road BDA, a significant good quality wetland community. Designated a HQ stream, Little Fishing Creek flows in an easterly direction through a forested valley approaching Mingoville in Walker Township where the stream enters a limestone valley and sinks. It re-emerges near Hublersburg and flows through a farmed valley where it joins Fishing Creek in Lamar, Clinton County. This stream has an excellent population of brook trout. This stream provides a link for recreation and a potential connection to the Blue Ball Gap Road Recreation Corridor. As a recreational and historical node, this corridor travels through the villages of Mingoville, Hublersburg, Snydertown, and Nittany, and links to recreational parks at Walker Township Community Park, Hecla Park, Nittany Country Club, and Marion Walker Elementary School. The Hecla Iron Furnace was once in operation within this corridor from 1825 to 1857. Logan Branch Conservation Corridor (C10) - This stream is designated HQ and originates on Mt. Nittany Ridge and flows in a northern direction through Rockview State Correctional Institution lands crossing PA Route 26 and running parallel with the railroad near the Pleasant Gap State Fish Hatchery. The stream then winds along scenic Route 144 until its reaches Spring Creek at Masullo Park and the rehabilitated Match Company industrial site occupied by the American Philatelic Society and upstream of Talleyrand Park. This conservation link is important historically for the remnants of the County’s rich iron history such as an early nineteenth century ironmaster’s home, the historic manufacturing village of Axeman, and limestone farmhouses and bank barns. Interpretive signage could be installed to interpret the story of this corridor and good management and conservation efforts will continue to support this trout-filled stream. The stream could be used as an outdoor hands on classroom to explain its geology (limestone terrain and miniature canyon). This is also an important link to the Bellefonte Waterfront District. Heavy industrial use dominates this corridor as it approaches Bellefonte, particularly the former Cerro plant on PA Route 144. Roaring Run Conservation Corridor (C5) - This stream is a great conservation link as the headwaters are designated EV and the rest of the stream is HQ. The stream originates in Little Sugar Valley and flows immediately through Roaring Run BDA, an exceptional value watershed in Gregg, Miles, and Walker Townships. The stream then flows through the Krislund Camp recreation node and continues along scenic PA Route 445 skirting through PA Game Lands 295 until it reaches its confluence with Little Fishing Creek in Walker Township before flowing east into Clinton County. PA State Game Lands 295 is a mountainous and heavily forested tract of land containing many exceptional trout streams and abundant populations of white-tailed deer, black bear, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and gray squirrel. There are a few trails designated on the official Sportsman’s Recreation Map for State Game Lands No. 295. Roaring Run Stream ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222333 Cedar Run Conservation Corridor (C11) - This stream originates in Marion Township in Little Nittany Valley and flows parallel in an easterly direction adjacent to Jacksonville Road. The stream corridor is surrounded by small pockets of wetlands that support a variety of wildlife and plant species. The stream is designated a HQ Cold Water Fishery well into Clinton County where it flows for a very long distance passing through wetland and spring areas, a historic hatchery, and near Cedar Hill Cemetery where it meets the confluence of Fishing Creek. Protecting and enhancing the riparian buffer along this HQ stream will ensure this designation and its value for fishing, recreation, and supporting wildlife. Remnants of Howard Furnace on State Route 26 Lick Run Conservation Corridor (C12) - An HQ stream, Lick Run begins south of Jacksonville Road in Marion Township and Interstate 80. The stream flows through land that was historically a quarry and continues north then paralleling PA Route 26 (Walnut Street) and Park Street in Howard Borough, passing beneath the Railroad before joining Bald Eagle Creek at Foster Joseph Sayers Lake. The Headwaters of the stream and most of the reach borders the Bald Eagle Ridge IBA. The stream terminates in an area full of recreational opportunities, including 8 boat launch areas, remnants of the historic Howard Iron Works (in operation 1830-1889), and parks including: Bald Eagle State Park, Howard Borough Park, Howard Borough Central Park, Howard Borough Elementary School Park, and Jonas Panik Park in Marion Township. Other nearby opportunities include: hiking the levee around Howard Borough near the State Park, primitive camping, local amenities (soft goods, bait sold, and gas), restaurants, and a nearby boat launch. The 1,730-acre Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir and its 23 miles of shoreline offer excellent warm water fishing. Common fish are crappie, yellow perch, tiger muskellunge, channel catfish and largemouth and smallmouth bass Nittany Creek Conservation Corridor (C13) - Flowing north very near the village of Zion, Nittany Creek travels through developed land, then more steeply sloped forested areas before flowing beneath Jacksonville Rd and Interstate 80. It then continues north passing through Curtin Gap and PA State Game Lands 323 reaching the historic node of Curtin Village and crossing beneath the Railroad where the stream flows into Bald Eagle Creek. This corridor offers many recreation and historic interpretation/education opportunities. The stream cuts through the middle of the State Game lands where hunting and fishing opportunities are abundant. Historic opportunities flourish with the remains of an iron furnace, the history of the Railroad, the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal, and the historic Curtin Village and Eagle Iron Works. A PA Roadside Marker identifies the location of the Eagle Iron Works for travelers using PA Route 150. RECREATION CORRIDORS Bellefonte Central Rail Trail Greenway (R10)- This proposed trail includes sections of Bellefonte and State College Boroughs, Benner, College, Ferguson, Patton, and Spring Townships. The corridor parallels PA Route 550 and the Buffalo Run stream corridor designated a HQ stream, and extends from the Bellefonte Waterfront District to the McKee Clinton Bikeway near Sunset Park in State College Borough. The State University has constructed the first 1.3 miles of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail, from the McKee Street/ Clinton Avenue Bikeway, through the University’s Arboretum property. The feasibility study recommended a phased approach to the rail trail project with the first phase to be from Coleville to Upper Gyp Road in Benner Township. This corridor provides excellent opportunities for fishing, bird watching, wildflower identification, and historic interpretation/education along the historic railroad right-of-way. There are numerous wetland ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222444 communities along this corridor providing excellent habitat for flora and fauna and an opportunity for environmental education and outdoor classroom experiences. The corridor if developed as a trail would be a great economic opportunity for the hubs of Bellefonte and State College. Blue Ball Gap Road Recreation Corridor (R3) – This corridor can be accessed by taking Hecla Road directly off of PA Route 64 (Nittany Valley Drive) in Walker Township, Centre County and then proceeding south and taking Blue Ball Gap Road heading East. The beginning of this route passes through two recreation nodes, Nittany Country Club and Hecla Park. The initial ¾ of a mile also parallels Little Fishing Creek designated an Exceptional Value Stream. Blue Ball Gap Road will serve as a spur up over the mountain offering a scenic and challenging ride for bike enthusiast. Blue Ball Gap Road intersects with Route 192 and is designated as PA Bicycle Route G in a westerly direction from Madisonburg to Centre Hall and on towards Lemont. Along Blue Ball Gap Road there are other intersecting roads that provide a possible link to destinations and a loop trail connecting back to PA Bicycle Route G. Taking Sugar Valley Road will head East toward Krislund Camp and link back to the Madisonburg Pike (Pa Route 445). One can Simon Pickle House – Along Pa Route 192 in Madisonburg then continue north to Pa Route 64 or head south to link to Pa Route 192 in Madisonburg, then continuing east on PA Bicycle Route G for approximately six miles will reconnect with Blue Ball Gap Rd. There is a direct link to State Game Lands 295 by accessing Rag Valley Road (a private road so permission would need to be granted) off of Blue Ball Gap road north of Sugar Valley Road. The hub of Madisonburg should be noted for its many historic sites (such as the Simon Pickle Stone House - located at the junction of PA Route 445 and Pa Route 192 – a site that is listed on the National Register of Historic Sites), building, and structures, as well as being included in the Penns Valley and Brush Valley Rural Historic District found eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places Spring Mills to Krislund Camp Recreation Corridor (R6) - This corridor could be a recreational experience for hikers, bikers, driving tours, and wildlife watching. Krislund Camp, a recreation destination located off of Pa Route 445 lies in a beautiful location in a forested setting. This corridor would provide a link from Krislund Camp to Spring Mills and vice versa, a recreation connection that has been expressed by interested individuals within Gregg Township. A trail connection could easily be found leaving Krislund Camp to the west on a former jeep trail that will link up to Little Sugar Valley Rd. for two miles before reaching Blue Ball Gap Road. At the junction on Blue Ball Gap Road and Pa 192 head east just under a mile to connect with Penns Cave Road through the village of Farmers Mills and then on south to the hub of Spring Mills. This corridor begins by paralleling the Roaring Run Conservation Corridor and lies within the Roaring Run Biodiversity Area, an exceptional value watershed. The corridor passes by the beautiful Penns Cave Hotel, a site recognized on the National Register of Historic Places and the Cave and its 1,500 acres of Water Cavern and Wildlife Park, offering tours of each. The village of Spring Mills has a lot to offer as far as village charm including beautiful architecture, food amenities, a ball park, the former elementary school that is now the Old Gregg School Community and Family Recreation Center and used very frequently. Penns Creek runs right through the center of the Spring Mills giving quite an aesthetic feeling to this vibrant little village. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222555 Bald Eagle & Spring Creek Navigation Canal Greenway Corridor (R11) – This recommended recreation corridor would extend from Lamb Street in Bellefonte to Lock Haven, Clinton County. As part of a DCNR-funded feasibility study (2009 through 2010), this corridor will be evaluated for its feasibility as a hiking/biking trail, water trail, and driving tour. The Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal was a result of a company forming with the intention to link the iron industry of Bellefonte (and nearby villages) with the Canal system. The canal opened in 1837 and was completed in 1848. The canal quickly became a major shipper of bituminous coal and pig iron to its consumers, as well as a carrier of agricultural goods and traffic. Flooded in 1865, it became inoperable and was not rebuilt, a paralleling railroad (Bald Eagle Valley Railroad) completed that year replaced it. Stonework from one of the locks is still visible at the former site of the McCoy and Linn ironworks and Harmony Forge, in the water gap of Spring Creek between Bellefonte and Milesburg. There are visible remnants of a few of the 28 locks that were located within the corridor. Locks were of two types, guard locks and lift locks. Canal Remnants near Eagle Iron Works It is recommended that this corridor be studied further for recreational and educational possibilities and for a linkage from the hub of Bellefonte to the hub of Lock Haven. Interpretive signage, a driving tour brochure, and historical markers would be a great opportunity to tell the story of this historic canal. It is also recommended that future consideration be given to the restoration of a canal lock, if feasible due to present day physical condition and accessibility. For birders this corridor lies within the Bald Eagle Ridge IBA, proving an excellent opportunity year round for rare sightings of migratory birds, nesting eagles, and the many year- round species found in North Central Restored canal lock in Lock Haven House TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS PA Bicycle Route V (T3) - This East to West PA designated bike trail begins in Northampton County and terminates across the Commonwealth in Lawrence County encompassing 368 miles. Route V can be accessed in Centre County at the Centre/Union County border just outside of R. B. Winter State Park on State Route 192 and State Route 144 in Snow Shoe Township. Access to Route V within the Nittany Valley Region is on Pleasant Valley Blvd. outside of Milesburg, on Allegheny and Bishop Streets in Bellefonte, and on Zion Road in Spring and Walker Townships to Nittany Valley Drive (Pa Route 64) until the junction of Pa 445 where the route continued on over the mountain and then into Union County. Similar to Route G, this route provides the recreational user with an experience through many counties of the Commonwealth where there is diversity and a sense of place in each community along the way. PA Bicycle Route G Corridor (T2) - This PA designated bicycle corridor runs a north- south route from Tioga County through the Commonwealth terminating in Bedford County. Pa Bicycle Route G joins Centre County from Clinton County via Pa Route 64 in Walker Township. Route G can be accessed in Centre County in many locations near Madisonburg, Centre Hall, Boalsburg and Pine Grove Mills. There are signs throughout ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222666 the entire biking corridor (approximately every few miles) and an opportunity to experience the beauty, history, and cultural experience of many towns and villages along the way such as Tioga, Ansonia, Avis, Boalsburg, Pine Grove Mills, Spruce Creek, Alfarata, Williamsburg, Martinsburg, Bedford, and State Line. The towns of Alfarata and Williamsburg mentioned above are trailhead locations along the Lower Trail (located in Blair and Huntingdon counties). The 16.5 mile trail is said to be “one of the best kept secrets in is a broader example of the many multiple connections of trails systems existing and proposed throughout the state. Bicycle Route G links to the Lower Trail and is just one example of the multitude of experiences a user can have or a different type of trail experience such as this one where Bicycle Route G is an on-road trail utilizing PA state roads (such as PA Route 445, 192, and 45 in Centre County) and whereas in comparison the Lower Trail is an abandoned railroad right-of-way converted to a multi-use trail. Lower Trail offers numerous recreational opportunities including hiking, jogging, horseback riding, bird watching, cross-country skiing, and access to the river for fishing, kayaking, and canoeing – A perfect example to highlight the importance of “ribbons of green” greenway connections to offer many unique opportunities for many different user types. Northern Trailhead in Alfarata Scenic Farm along the Lower Trail about 1 ½ miles north of Williamsburg Bellefonte Walking Tour (T6) - The Talleyrand Park Committee of the Bellefonte Historical and Cultural Association periodically updates and republishes The Historical Walking Tour of Bellefonte. The brochure contains history of Bellefonte and an 1874 map of Bellefonte containing names of property and business owners. Forty-five historic homes and businesses are highlighted and annotated with text. Maps are available at several locations around Bellefonte including the Bellefonte Inter-valley Chamber of Commerce in the Train Station. A virtual walking tour based on the Walking Tour map, is now available online at http://bellefontearts.org/virtual_home.htm Bellefonte’s first hospital –Stop 29 on walking tour ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222777 HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1) Continued efforts to enhance the Bellefonte Waterfront District and the revitalization of the land where the former Bush House was located should be encouraged. 2) Continue the partnership with the Centre County Historical Society, ClearWater Conservancy, PA Fish & Boat Commission, DCNR, and Bellefonte and Milesburg Boroughs and other interested parties to interpret the historical, cultural, and natural history of the area surrounding Harmony Forge. 3) Look into the possibility of Greenway access to the Spring Creek Canyon and the area associated with Philip Benner’s ironmaking operation at the “Rock”, offering a unique opportunity to combine significant Centre County history with its natural history. Interpreting this area and making it available for careful public use should be strongly encouraged. Municipal Specific Recommendations Ø Bellefonte’s scenic location and rich history is reflected in its architecture and promoted through partnerships with organizations such as Historic Bellefonte Inc., the Bellefonte Historic and Cultural Association, Centre County Library and Museum, and the Bellefonte Museum for Centre County in the historic Linn House. Restoration of the PA Match Factory and other significant historical structures should be continued through these types of partnerships. These allocations of funds for the downtown waterfront district and the improvement of park-like frontage along Spring Creek for public recreational use should be a priority. Ø The significance of the historic village of Rock has not been well known because the area has been off limits for many years due to SCI Rockview. With the possible opening of the Spring Creek Canyon to public use, the story of Rock needs to be retold. How much archaeological evidence is not known, but the Benner Cemetery is still intact. Archaeological investigations should be undertaken to identify locations of the structures that played a role in Philip Benner’s story, and the area of the Rock and its story should be carefully interpreted. Ø In Spring Township the villages of Boiling Springs and Axemann, the archaeological traces of their significant nineteenth century industrial operations, and several well-maintained individual historic properties three of which are: “Edgemont”, the Mann home 1832); the store and post office 1820’s); and the United Methodist Church, initially the Boiling Springs Harvey Mann Memorial Church, given as a gift by Harvey Mann’s widow Jane Burnside Mann in 1882 should receive special consideration. The villages were declared eligible for listing in the National Register in 1998. A final nomination should be completed. Ø The story of Axemann is one that is worthy of further investigation and promotion as a significant historic site. It is particularly important in demonstrating the role of Bellefonte’s nineteenth century iron industry Ø The village of Roopsburg has another important story to tell. The Brockerhoff Mill, on the National Register, and the restored brewers house and brewery, eligible for inclusion, are other significant pieces in the role Spring Creek and its tributaries played in the development of Centre County Ø Hublersburg and Snydertown offer excellent examples of still intact nineteenth century agricultural villages. Residents should be aided in their efforts to preserve these communities. New development should be encouraged to respect both the layout of the villages and their architectural scale and character Ø Additional research should be undertaken on the village of Coleville and its relationship to the lime industry and the Bellefonte Central Railroad. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222888 Ø Keeping truck traffic off PA Route 144 through Pleasant Gap has greatly enhanced the livability of that community, and it should be continued Ø National Register nominations should be completed for these districts and the following properties: Axemann Village, Hublersburg Historic District, Snydertown Historic District, Roopsburg Brewery, and Shugart House near Blue Spring in Benner Township Corridor–wide Physical Points of Interest The Centre and Kishacoquillas Turnpike (now PA Route 144), the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Company Canal, and the Bellefonte, Nittany, and Lemont Railroad, later part of the Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad all provided the necessary means of transportation during their time and are well worth recognizing and interpreting for generations for come. Historical Markers 1) Andrew G. Curtin – Located on Allegheny Street near Cherry Lane in Bellefonte – The text reads “Governor of 1861-67, was born on this site. He brought about the establishment of State Normal Schools; organized the famed Reserve Corps; obtained funds for the erection of State Orphan Schools.” 2) Anna Wagner Keichline – Located at 126 West High Street, Bellefonte – The text reads “First woman registered as an architect by the state (1920), this Bellefonte native, inventor, Cornell grad & women's suffrage advocate designed numerous buildings, including the Plaza Theatre here. She served as Special Agent, Army intelligence, WWI.” 3) Bellefonte – The text reads “Laid out by James Dunlap and James Harris, 1795. Named by Talleyrand for "beautiful fountain." Early center of the iron industry. One-time home of five of governors.” 4) Bellefonte Air Mail Field – PA Route 550, East Bishop Street, near High School in Bellefonte – The text reads “The initial stop on the first scheduled west-bound air mail flight was made here by Pilot Leon D. Smith on December 18, 1918. The site for the field was chosen by pioneer aviator Max Miller and was in regular use for air mail until 1925.” 5) John Montgomery Ward – Located at 236 East Lamb Street, Bellefonte– The text reads “Baseball pioneer, born in Bellefonte, grew up here. Played for Providence, N.Y. Giants, Brooklyn, 1878-94. Pitched professional baseball's 2nd perfect game, 1880. Formed first players ' union, 1885, & Players' League, 1890. In Baseball Hall of Fame.” 6) The Mills Brothers – Located at 213 West High Street between Water and Spring Street in Bellefonte – The text reads “Grandfather, William H. Mills, a local Jubilee Singer, had a barber shop here, 1871-1931. Father, John went to Ohio. Four sons, born there, formed first vocal group to overcome racial barriers, gaining a mass audience. Father was its bass, 1936-56; group endured, 1925-81.” 7) Match Factory – Located near PA Route 150 and Phoenix Avenue, Bellefonte, now the American Philatelic Society Building – The text reads “One of the nation’s leading producers of wooden matches during the first half of the 20th century; founded 1899 by Bellefonte entrepreneurs. The factory buildings opened in 1900, using the vast resources of the surrounding lumber region. By World War II, the company had merged into the Universal Match Corp., and the workforce had grown to 400. The factory in 1947 closed due to competition from book matches and cigarette lighters.” 8) Phillip Benner – Located on PA Route 550, Buffalo Run Road, at Rock Road, at Buffalo Run Church, just South of Bellefonte – The text reads “The ironmaster's home was at Rock. Here also were the first forge, 1794, and a nail and slitting mill. A founder of Bellefonte; leader in Centre County affairs until his death in 1832.” 9) Union Cemetery – Located at cemetery entrance, East Howard Street, Bellefonte – The text reads “First burial here as early as 1808. Cemetery chartered in 1856. Here lie three Governors of and their wives Andrew Gregg Curtin (1815-1894), who served 1861-67, and Katharine Wilson Curtin (1821-1903); James Addams Beaver (1837- 1914), who served 1887-91, and Mary McAllister Beaver (1842-1926); Daniel Hartman Hastings (1849-1903), who served 1895-99, and Jane Rankin Hastings (1851-1937).” ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---222999 Historic postcard rendering of the Pa Match Factory Gamble Mill – Lamb Street in Bellefonte Bellefonte Forge House ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---3330 00 NITTANY VALLEY REGION MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333111 LOWER BALD EAGLE VALLEY REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Bald Eagle Creek Conservation Corridor (C14) - Bald Eagle Creek is a large tributary of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River running through Bald Eagle Valley at the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain ridge to the east to Lock Haven, Clinton County. In 2006 a group of local concerned residents came together to form the Bald Eagle Watershed Association. The mission of the Bald Eagle Watershed Association is to “protect the quality and the beauty of the Bald Eagle Creek, including its feeder streams”. The group has promised to promote actions that will “improve the quality of life within the watershed, including those which would help to prevent future flooding of the homes, businesses, and agricultural lands through storm water management in the watershed.” Communities along Bald Eagle Creek include Port Matilda, Julian, Unionville and Howard in Centre County, and Beech Creek, Mill Hall, and the City of Lock Haven in Clinton County. Many wetlands are adjacent to Bald Eagle Creek. Riparian buffers should be protected and/or enhanced and natural channel design work encouraged where recommended such as the work that was done in partnership with the Centre County Conservation District and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service on Wallace Run, a tributary to Bald Eagle Creek, that suffered much damage from flooding in the past. The waters are navigable in sections for canoe and kayaking, and fishing and birdwatching opportunities are plentiful. At this current time “impromptu” access to Bald Eagle Creek for canoe and kayak is currently occurring in Unionville off of Chestnut Street and Furnace Street in Julian. It is recommended that two formal soft launches be constructed at these locations to accommodate the recreational user and to lesson the impact of erosion on the stream bank. Opportunities for historical interpretation include the historic brick towns of Milesburg, Howard, Blanchard, and Beech Creek; and the “Julian Furnace” that was once in operation in Julian from 1832-1858. Ironmaking within this corridor was very significant with furnaces also located at the then villages of Hannah, Martha, Harmony Forge – Milesburg Ironworks, Curtin Village Eagle Ironworks and Howard Ironworks. Historically the railroad ran through this corridor and is still active today Railroad - Bald Eagle Branch). Beech Creek Conservation Corridor (C15) - Flowing north Beech Creek originates at the confluence of the North and South Forks, upstream from the village of Kato, and flows for approximately 28 miles to join Bald Eagle Creek 1.8 miles of Beech Creek Borough. Historically the Beech Creek Railroad ran the entire length from the mouth of the stream to North Fork. The abandoned grade of the rail line can still be seen, more specifically on Sproul State Forest land and near the villages of Monument and Orviston. The Beech Creek Greenway – Brick Town Trail identified this as a potential trail corridor. The railroad grade passes through public land on Sproul State Forest but the rest of the right-of-way is on private land and landowners would need to be willing to work with a trail easement agreement for this linear trail to have a connection from Beech Creek Borough north to Orviston. West Branch Big Run and Two Rock Run, headwater tributaries of Beech Creek, are designated as EV streams. The corridor is adjacent to West Branch Run BDA in Centre and Clinton Counties, Two Rock Run BDA and Hayes Run BDA are exceptional value watersheds. Remnants of a Civilian Conservation Corps Camp (PA-S-121 – Salt Lick Camp) and the rich history of the brick towns provide an excellent opportunity for historical interpretation and preservation. Spring Creek Conservation Corridor (C6) - In this corridor Spring Creek, now designated a HQ stream, is important as a conservation, education, recreation, and water quality link. It flows into the eastern border of Benner Township, traverses through a pristine area referred to as the Spring Creek Canyon, and continues to it’s with Bald Eagle Creek in Milesburg. One of the best places to fish for trout in Centre County, it passes through the Benner Spring State Fish Hatchery and the Bellefonte State Fish Hatchery; and the stream corridor provides an important buffer for watercourse and floodplain control. In addition the corridor passes through the Spring Creek Valley BDA, a landscape that contains several species and communities that are rare within the state such as Ebony Sedge and Tufted buttercup (a native perennial wildflower). The canyon area is a ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333222 calcareous opening/cliff community which is very rare in Centre County. Though fishing is a favored recreation activity in this area, there is a possibility of a trail connection from the Benner Hatchery (near the historic village of Rock) connecting to the Bellefonte Hatchery, land currently owned by the Rockview State Correctional Institute. Currently as of October 2008, there has been discussion of the land ownership being transferred to possibly Benner Township, the State University, and/or the PA Game Commission. Ultimately the new owner will be managing the lands and will decide what type of recreational uses will be permitted. Historically, this corridor can be a great educational tool for school field trips as evidence of former buildings and structures remain for historical interpretation, on-site visits and perhaps restoration. This connection could provide a very important link from the Centre Region to the hub of Bellefonte. This was a recommended corridor for possible future implementation in the Nittany and Bald Eagle Greenway Plan. Continuing from Bellefonte, Spring Creek flows through the Bellefonte Waterfront District and continues along Fish and Boat Commission lands to the Borough of Milesburg. Fishing, kayaking, and canoeing opportunities are available of Lamb Street in Bellefonte. Mach One Slalom Team operates a kayak course at the Sunnyside Paddling Park, just of Lamb Street and Krauss Park located across the street from the historic Gamble Mill. McCoy Dam originally constructed for power generation and located just upstream of Milesburg was removed in 2007 opening this area as a “blueway” for kayaks and canoes. Due to the dam removal project, restoration is continuing along the banks of Spring Creek where invasive species such as purple loosestrife thrive. This location is also the site of Harmony Forge (the historic Milesburg Ironworks) and a partnership with the PA Fish & Boat Commission and ClearWater Conservancy should result in the placement of interpretive signage at this location making it a heritage node for preservation and educational opportunities. Nearby schools include Bald Eagle and Bellefonte High Schools, and the Benner, Bellefonte, and Wingate Elementary Schools. Community Parks for linear connections include Fisherman’s Paradise, Spring Creek Nature Park, Talleyrand Park, and Krauss Park while nearby Neighborhood Parks (within walking distance and very close to developments and neighborhoods) include Burnham Estates and Masullo Park. A recommendation would be to provide for additional parking spaces for recreational users from Sunnyside Paddling Park to McCoy Dam (potentially two parking lots to allow for 25 spaces each). An additional recommendation would be to relocate the “boat house” for Mach One Kayak Team to river right of Spring Creek decreasing the pedestrian traffic that is now crossing the active rail line near Sunnyside Paddling Park. Marsh Creek Conservation Corridor (C16) - The headwaters of Marsh Creek lie in Boggs Township and meander through forested land abutting State Game Land #92 and very near State Game Land #92 Forest BDA which hosts the habitat for the small-whorled pogonia, a globally rare species. The stream continues flowing northeast reaching the village of Romola in Liberty Township and continues in a southern direction where the stream reaches Bald Eagle Creek just south of Blanchard. Small-Whorled Pogonia The Romola Bottomlands BDA is one of the only examples of a floodplain forest within the entire county. Depending on water levels certain sections of Marsh Creek are navigable by kayak. The villages of Yarnell, Romola, and Big Run are surrounded by historic buildings, farms, and cemeteries. Camping is available at Sylvan Hills, a private campground. Access to public land nearby includes Bald Eagle State Park, Sproul State Forest, and State Game Lands #92. Amenities can be found at the end of the stream in the town of Beech Creek. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333333 Wallace Run Conservation Corridor (C17) – A Showcase Example of Watershed Restoration and Partnerships Wallace Run originates on the southern slope of the Allegheny Plateau, approximately ½ mile from the intersection of State Route 504 and the Governor’s Road in Union Township. It flows northeast for about eight miles to Gum Stump before heading southeast for another four miles to its confluence with Bald Eagle Creek near the town of Wingate. The stream is about 12.1 miles long, draining a 24 square mile watershed. For the first eight miles, the stream flows through a forested landscape with only a few cabins at the lower end. The watershed in this reach is almost entirely forested. For the last four miles, from the town of Gum Stump, it flows through a suburban landscape of homes and businesses constructed along the stream with some agricultural fields. Most of Wallace Run lies within the boundaries of Boggs Township. The underlying geology in a watershed influences the quality of a fishery and a stream’s water chemistry. For example, streams flowing through, and fed by limestone geology often maintain higher flows during drought conditions and are generally more productive in terms of aquatic life, while streams flowing through shale and sandstone are relatively infertile, and more affected by droughts. Wallace Run is classified as a low alkalinity, cold water, freestone stream. In the upper eight miles, it flows through gray conglomerate and sandstone, and red to brownish shale and sandstone. Wallace Run In the past people have tried to control the stream by straightening it. It appears that Wallace Run has been straightened and lined with heavy rock throughout the middle section of the stream. This has created a sluice like effect, dramatically increasing the velocity of the water. The sinuousity of the stream, which serves to slow the water, has been removed. The proximity to Route 144 and the now unused railroad line certainly must have been factors in creating the current unfavorable characteristics of Wallace Run. From visual observation it appears that some landowners have carried out stream restoration efforts resulting in varying degrees of success. Above Peace Bridge there is evidence of large rip rap rock deposited on the stream banks. It appears that levees were put in place to mitigate flooding on individual properties. Both of these remedies are short lived and helpful only to the immediate adjacent landowners. In fact “fixes” of this type can even be detrimental to neighbors. Many landowners and government agencies have made unsuccessful and expensive attempts at restoring streams with rip rap rock and levees. Many of these projects have failed when the first major storm occurs. Because of these problems thinking about stream restoration has changed in recent years. There is a growing movement to attempt to try to replicate nature instead of trying to control it. This movement is generally referred to as Natural Stream Design or the more technical term of fluvial geomorphology. It is an effort to restore the stream to a more natural condition. Wallace Run landowners need only to take a walk in the nearby Gamelands in order to see what their section of the stream might look like in a more natural state. This approach to stream restoration can prove more beneficial to all landowners and to the stream itself. In the winter of 2008 the PA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Department of Waterways and Engineering conducted a restoration project utilizing Natural Stream Design techniques. The landowners had tried for years to obtain assistance to repair their property along Wallace Run, but nothing had seemed to work. By 2001 the stream encroachment was threatening their home. DEP Department of Waterways and Engineering personnel visited the site and were able to put this ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333444 property on their project list. US Fish and Wildlife Service performed an emergency repair in June 2007 that successfully prevented additional erosion before the complete restoration took place. Restoration included the installation of rock vanes and one root wad. The rock vanes consist of huge rocks that are placed in the stream that direct the energy of the water to the center of the stream instead of the streamside. This effectively protects the bank and prevents erosion. The root wad consists of a large tree that has been dug up and placed on the stream bank with the roots in the stream. Sediment will catch on the roots, build up and result in added vegetation. The rock vanes produce the much needed pools of deeper water that fish prefer. Landowners planted hundreds of trees in the riparian area in order to stabilize their new bank and to cool the water. The end result is a stream that fish and people can enjoy. Wallace Run has become an asset, not the enemy it had been for so many years. Funding for this project came largely from the Centre County Environmental Initiative Grant. Nisource, the parent company for Columbia Gas contributed to the project since continued erosion threatened to expose their pipeline. The Pa Fish and Boat Commission install fish habitat structures in streams throughout the Commonwealth. Local watershed groups, Trout Unlimited chapters and streamside landowners cooperate with the Commission by contributing labor and funds to do the work. Wallace Run fish habitat would benefit greatly from some of this important work. The middle section of the stream is bereft of deep pools. Members of the community of Runville and the Bald Eagle Watershed Association should work together to engage the Pa Fish and Boat Commission to improve this stream, thereby improving property values for some of the most beautiful properties in Centre County. Lick Run Conservation Corridor (C12) - Flowing north Beech Creek originates at the confluence of the North and South Forks, upstream from the village of Kato, and flows for approximately 28 miles to join Bald Eagle Creek 1.8 miles of Beech Creek Borough. Historically the Beech Creek Railroad ran all the way from the mouth of the stream up to North Fork, the abandoned grade of the rail line can still be seen at this time, more specifically on Sproul State Forest Nittany Creek Conservation Corridor (C13) - Flowing north very near the village of Zion, Nittany Creek travels through some more developed land before reaching mostly forested more steep land then flows beneath Jacksonville Rd and Interstate 80 where it continues north passing through PA State Game Lands 323 and then reaching the historic node of Curtin Village and crossing beneath the Railroad where the stream flows into Bald Eagle Creek. This corridor offers many recreation and historic interpretation/education opportunities. The stream cuts through the middle of the State Game lands where hunting and fishing opportunities are abundant. Historic opportunities flourish with the remains of a iron furnace along Route 26., the history of the Railroad, the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal, and the historic Curtain Village and Eagle Iron Works and Eagle Ironworks Historic Marker located along PA Route 220. RECREATION CORRIDORS Brick Town Trail Recreation Corridor (R12) – This potential 24 mile trail begins in historic Curtin Village near the Eagle Ironworks in Boggs Township, Centre County and ends on the former Beech Creek rail bed near the villages of Monument and Orviston, both in Centre County but close to the Clinton County border. The Monument and Orviston section terminates in rural villages, but is otherwise surrounded by forested lands and wetland habitats, much of which lies within Sproul State Forest. Howard, Beech Creek, Monument, and Orviston were all former “brick industry” towns, and the rich industrial history of these former company towns, in combination with their rural isolation, contributes to their appeal as heritage tourism sites. The Brick Town Trail recommendations came out of the recently completed Beech Creek Greenway- Brick Town Trail Feasibility Study (completed 2008). This corridor is an excellent example of a recreation, historic, conservation, and educational link providing: access to public land through Curtin Village, Bald Eagle State Park, the Army Corps of Engineers Sayers Dam, and Sproul State Forest, an opportunity to recapture the history of ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333555 former brick towns and the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal, an opportunity for kayaking/canoeing/fishing/hiking/cross-country skiing, and bird watching; and a trail that can have a large environmental education component that can be utilized by area schools, scout groups, and many other organizations. Recommendations of this plan encouraged the completion of a Master Site Plan Phase and a future study to include the Borough of Milesburg and its contribution as a “Brick Town” in Centre County. The Wallace Family and many generations thereof operated the Wallace Brickworks located in Milesburg near the present day location of the PA interchange. There is a great opportunity for partnership with the community of Milesburg and the Museum in Milesburg to offer brick displays in their museum as well as aiding to facilitate the interpretation of the brick industry during its heyday in the County by preserving historic documentation and photographs of the Wallace operation. Orviston to Romola Recreation Corridor (R13) – This proposed connector trail would spur off of the Beech Creek Greenway – Brick Town Trail in Orviston. This connector trail will be proposed for shared use along the traveled Orviston Mountain Road south to Romola. This corridor is adjacent to the 2,600 plus acres of the Hayes Run BDA, an exceptional value watershed. A tributary of Beech Creek meanders along and nearby this rural road. Most of this corridor lies within the Sproul State Forest and the remaining land is very rural showing off the rich agricultural landscape near Romola. Hiking and/or biking would be encouraged for the more experienced recreational enthusiast, as the terrain is challenging with the change in elevation and variable road surface. On this section of township road there is limited winter maintenance. Salt Lick Run Recreation Corridor (R14) – The beginning of this trail connector to the Beech Creek Greenway – The Brick Town Trail is the site of the former Civilian Conservation Corps Camp (CCC) S-121 or Salt Lick Camp. The location of the former camp was identified in the feasibility study as a potential trailhead for the Brick Town Trail. Currently plans are underway to restore the stone pillar entrance at this camp and to provide interpretive signage regarding the Civilian Conservation Corps. Grant funds were received from the Heritage Parks Program of DCNR through the Lumber Heritage Region of (2008). The former camp lies on Sproul State Forest land, a state forest trail – “Salt Lick Trail” runs through the former camp property and is adjacent to Salt Lick Stream, a tributary of S-121 CCC member sitting on Salt Lick Dam Beech Creek. The state forest trail proceeds south through forested land for approximately 1.8 miles to the junction of Salt Lick Road, a state forest road and an old jeep trail. This spur trail offers an excellent opportunity for environmental and historical interpretation. The dam built by the CCC ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333666 still remains on Salt Lick Stream on the east border of the camp. Many trees planted by the CCC are visible on the property as are open fields where barracks and other buildings once stood. A few hundred feet across the Orviston Mountain Road is the connection to the Brick Town Trail where the former Beech Creek Railroad right-of-way exists. A “pull off” exists at this location along the Penn DOT right-of-way making it a viable option for the formal development of a trailhead with formal parking and trail signage for the Brick Town Trail. As recommended in the completed Brick Town Trail Feasibility Study, gravel parking for six vehicles, trail signage for the Brick Town Trail, remediation of washout, and construction of a spur trail from the camp entrance to the formal Brick Town Trail would make this proposed trailhead a central link between the historic brick towns of Monument and Orviston. Salt Lick Dam as it exists currently Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension East Recreation Corridor (R15) – The Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association would like to see their current multi-use trail extended to the east toward Orviston and the Bloody Skillet ATV Trail. The Bloody Skillet ATV riding area, located in Centre County on Sproul State Forest land consists of 37 trail miles (Phase 1 & 2) and is accessed from SR 144 approximately 18 1/2 miles north of Snow Shoe. Turn right onto DeHaas Road and travel 5 miles south to the Northern Terminus Trailhead, located northwest of Orviston. The terminus of the current Snow Shoe Rail Trail is located at the Clarence trailhead. Extending the trail to connect to Orviston and near the Bloody Skillet would allow for use of approximately 16 more miles of multi-use trail. Though most of the former rail line lies on the Sproul State Forest Commonwealth’s right-of-way there are private landowners primarily east of Clarence, a distance of about five miles, and near the village of Orviston. To construct this trail would require easements from private landowners and partnership with DCNR Sproul State Forest, and replacement of many of the bridges over Beech Creek along the former Penn Central Railroad. This potential trail would parallel Beech Creek and traverse between two Exceptional Value (EV) watersheds, Hayes Run BDA and Rock Run BDA. The hogback tunnel lies on the western end of the proposed trail extension and historically represents the ingenuity and skill required to build a railroad and an industrial base in this mountain terrain. The hogback tunnel, along with the other historical structures along the former rail bed located on the current Snow Shoe Rail Trail have been recommended to the Historical and Museum Commission for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Chuck Keiper Trail Recreation Corridor (R16) – The Chuck Keiper Trail is a State Forest Trail located in northern Centre County and western Clinton County (south of Renovo). This orange paint blazed trail in the southern part of the Sproul State Forest is organized into two loops, east and west. The east loop is 36 KM long and suitable for a two day backpack. The west loop of 54 KM can be traversed in three days. The Chuck Keiper Trail traverses the Burns Run Wild Area, Fish Dam Wild Area, East Branch Swamp Natural Area and Cranberry Swamp Natural Area. A looped trail is located around the perimeter of Cranberry Swamp. This trail will be marked with blue paint blazes when time and manpower permits. The trail is named for Charles F. Keiper who was the District Wildlife Conservationist for Western Clinton County from 1951 until his death in 1973. Chuck Keiper was a dedicated conservationist and wildlife law enforcement officer. This trail is a tribute to his devotion to wildlife resource. There are many stream crossings without bridges so the trail should be hiked during low water. On May 31, 1985, a complex tornado ripped through much of North Central PA. Over 8,000 acres of forest land in the Sproul State Forest were flattened. Fish Dam Trail and Dennison Fork Trail in the Fish ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333777 Dam Wild Area were particularly devastated. As a result, the trail in this area has been relocated. The Western Loop of the trail bisects the Two Rock Run Fire area. This wildfire was ignited by careless burning on April 18, 1990. Nine out of ten trees in the path of the wildfire died as a result of the burn. Timber salvage on a third of the 9600 acres burned has been completed. The wildfire cuts the Chuck Keiper in two places. These segments include Walker Trail and J. U. Branch Trail. Dead trees on both sides of the trail have been removed. Carsonite post trail markers have been used to mark the trail in some areas where all trees were harvested. In cooperation with DCNR, sections of this trail are maintained, in part, by volunteers from the Keystone Trails Association. Members of this association have been active in Centre County with Greenway Planning efforts and partnerships with the County. Bridge shared by Chuck Keiper Trail and Cranberry Swamp Trail near a nice campsite Bald Eagle & Spring Creek Navigation Canal Corridor (R11) – This recommended recreation corridor would extend from Lamb Street in Bellefonte to Lock Haven, Clinton County. As part of a DCNR feasibility study, this corridor will be surveyed, inventoried, and will result in a summary of the feasibility of this area as a trail, and driving tour. The Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal was built using private investments with the intent to link the iron industry of Bellefonte (and nearby villages) with the Canal system. The canal opened in 1837 and was completed in 1848. The canal quickly became a major shipper of bituminous coal and pig iron to its consumers, as well as a carrier of agricultural goods and traffic. The canal became inoperable after being flooded in 1865 and was not rebuilt. A paralleling railroad (Bald Eagle Valley Railroad) completed that year replaced it. Stonework from one of the locks is still visible at the former site of the McCoy and Linn ironworks and Harmony Forge, in the water gap of Spring Creek between Bellefonte and Milesburg. There are also other visible remnants of a few of the 28 locks that were located within the corridor. It is recommended that this corridor be studied further for recreational and educational possibilities and for a linkage from the hub of Bellefonte to the hub of Lock Haven. Interpretive signage, a driving tour brochure, and historical markers would be a great opportunity to tell the story of this historic canal. It is also recommended that future consideration be given to the restoration of a lock that is in fairly good condition. For birders this corridor lies within the Bald Eagle Ridge IBA (which runs from Altoona to Williamsport), proving an excellent year-round opportunity for rare sightings of migratory birds, nesting bald eagles, and the many year-round species found in North Central Other Neo-tropical migrant bird species to note include: Worm-eating Warbler, Wood Thrush, Scarlet Tanager, and Ovenbird. And, a very worthy attribute are the counts of Golden Eagles – reaching some of the highest recorded counts in eastern North America within the Bald Eagle Ridge IBA, and consistently exceeding those of migration count sites along the Kittatinny Ridge Conservation Corridor, running in a northeast direction from near Franklin County PA in a northeast direction to Monroe County. Scarlet Tanager (male) ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333888 TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS PA Bicycle Route V Corridor (T3) - This East to West PA designated bike trail begins in Northampton County and terminates across the Commonwealth in Lawrence County encompassing 368 miles. Route V can be accessed in Centre County at the Centre/Union County border just outside of R. B. Winter State Park on State Route 192 and State Route 144 in Snow Shoe Township. Similar to Route G, this route provides the recreational user with an experience through many counties of the Commonwealth where there is diversity and a sense of place in each community along the way. Proposed Driving Tour from Black Moshannon to Wingate Corridor (T6) - This scenic driving tour is proposed from Black Moshannon State Park to the village of Wingate via PA Route 504 – the Rattlesnake Pike and PA Route 220. From a wildlife and ecological perspective, Black Moshannon State Park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state, such as carnivorous plants, orchids, and species normally found farther north. As home to the largest reconstituted bog/wetland complex in the park was chosen by the Bureau of Parks for its "Twenty Must- See State Parks" list. Black Moshannon State Park is open year-round for recreation and has an extensive network of trails which allow hiking, biking, and viewing the bog habitat at the Black Moshannon State Natural Area. The park is in Important Bird Area #33, where bird watchers have recorded 175 different species. It is also home to many rare and unusual plants and animals, due to its location atop the Allegheny Plateau. The lake is at an elevation of about 1,900 feet (580 Much of the park is open for hunting and the lake and creek are open for fishing, boating, and swimming. In winter it is a popular destination for cross-country skiing, and was home to a small downhill skiing area from 1967 to 1982. Picnics and camping are also popular, and the "Friends of Black Moshannon State Park" promotes the park and all of the recreational activities associated with it. The original facilities at Black Moshannon State Park were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps, from 1933 to 1937. The CCC created many jobs for unemployed industrial workers from Altoona, Bellefonte, and Tyrone. Black Moshannon State Park is the result of one of many projects undertaken by the CCC throughout central Black Moshannon State Park rose from the ashes of a depleted forest that was largely destroyed by wildfire in the years following the lumber era. The forests were rehabilitated by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many of the buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps stand in the park today and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places in three historic districts. Beaver Meadow CCC Camp S-71 was built in May 1933 near the abandoned village of Beaver Mills, and was one of the first to expand recreational facilities in Over 200 young men moved in and began the work of conserving soil, water, and timber in the area. They cut roads through the growing forest to aid in fighting wildfires, and planted many acres of Red Pines as part of the reforestation effort. Most of the CCC-built park facilities are still in use today, including log cabins, picnic pavilions, a food concession stand, and miles of trails. Early on, the CCC constructed a dam at Black Moshannon Lake, on the site of the former mill pond dam. CCC Camp S-71 closed in January 1937 and Black Moshannon State Park opened that same year. The Philadelphia–Erie Pike (present day PA Route 504) opened the Black Moshannon area to settlers by 1821. The first settlers opened the Antes Tavern along the Pike, trapped fur-bearing animals, and cleared land for farming. Continuing west on PA Route 504 outside of the park boundary, the Allegheny Front Trail crosses the road. Accessing the trail by foot to the south provides an opportunity for several spectacular views including: Julian Vista, Ralph’s Majestic View, Seven Mountains Vista, Sky Top Vista, Supply Road Vista, and Whetstone Run Vista. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---333999 Traveling east from Black Moshannon State Park, the Rattlesnake Pike winds down the mountain into the valley hub of Unionville, a designated historic district. The community boasts some charming homes, the Unionville Café’, the recently upgraded Unionville playground. Grandville Hollow Pottery a local artisan ship is located in the nearby village of Julian. The homes in the historic district comprise a concentration of simple plank constructed four-bay, vernacular Georgian style I-houses, dominating the oldest part of the village and correspond closely to the buildings and streets on a historic 1860 map of Unionville. An active rail line, formerly the Railroad, passes through the Borough, and tributaries from the surrounding ridges flow into the Bald Eagle Creek which is adjacent to the railroad. Continuing North on PA Route 220 will lead to the village of Wingate and the Borough of Milesburerg. This area offers recreational opportunities with the Bald Eagle Area Junior/Senior High Schools, the Bald Eagle Area Baseball Fields, and the Milesburg Community Center and the Community Park. Amenities are available in Wingate at the junction of PA Route 144/220. HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1) A resource survey and possible National Register nomination should be considered for the “Old Town” area of Milesburg, bordered by Mill, Water, Catherine and Limestone Streets. Its layout in a grid pattern, its combination of housing materials ranging from stone and log to brick and frame construction, its corresponding architectural styles, and its residential flavor provide a very good example of early Milesburg. 2) The Milesburg Cemetery, dating from 1804 on land donated by Samuel Miles, should be considered for inclusion with the “Old City” nomination and highlighted for its part in the history of Milesburg. 3) Support should be given to the Milesburg Historical Society, whose work since the Borough’s bicentennial celebration in 1993 has brought new focus on preserving and promoting the history of Milesburg. 4) The valuable work done by Jim Davy about company towns should be duplicated and expanded where appropriate throughout the County. 5) An oral history program should be put in place (Centre County Historical Society with local historians) to collect additional information about these company towns and their residents Municipal Specific Recommendations Ø Continuing efforts to restore the “Hanna Green House” in Milesburg should be supported. Ø Other sections of Milesburg, particularly Central City, should be reviewed for possible National Register consideration. Ø Located on PA Route 220 and at the Boggs/Union Township line, the “William Fisher House” has undergone a major and careful restoration over the last years. Built in 1812, this five-bay Georgian stone house is located at the edge of the Allegheny Front and looks out over Bald Eagle Valley. The Fisher family was associated with various political, commercial, and religious offices in for nearly 300 years. John Fisher came to the United States with William Penn in 1692. William Fisher was a prominent Centre Countian who helped establish the Bald Eagle Valley Society of Friends. Fisher descendants were important in founding Unionville and Herman GI Fisher founded Fisher-Price toys. Ø A National Register nomination is being developed for Advent Church (now a museum) located in Boggs Township on Moose Run Road. It will reflect the importance of this frontier church and its founder. Ø A survey of historic resources should be undertaken for Howard and the development of a National Register nomination for much of the Borough should be considered. Despite the impact of the Foster Joseph Sayers Dam, Howard still retains much of its historic ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---4440 00 and architectural character. Streetscapes are intact, lined with well-maintained properties that reflect a variety of nineteenth and early twentieth century styles – from mid-19th century two and three bay vernacular two story frame and plank, to more formal national styles of Gothic and Queen Anne, to early twentieth century four squares and bungalows. Small gardens are located behind or along side many of these houses. Several churches, a few commercial buildings, and a town hall offer stability and a unique setting to this community, bordered by Bald Eagle Mountain, Bald Eagle Creek and Sayers Dam, and Bald Eagle State Park. Continued support should be given for the museum that is being developed in town. Ø A resource survey should be undertaken for Monument and Orviston. Archeological resources should be located and identified. Ø Both Orviston and Monument should be considered as part of a possible thematic National Register nomination highlighting the brick company towns that were established in the Allegheny Plateau/Bald Eagle Regions of Centre County and their relationship to the area’s industrial heritage. Corridor –wide Physical Points of Interest The importance of the Eagle Iron Works and Curtin Village in the telling of the County’s ironmaking cannot be overstated. Support should be given to the Roland Curtin Foundation in its efforts to preserve and promote this site and its interpretation. The agricultural resources of this region are significant components in its history and should be encouraged and preserved. Century farms are of particular importance. Identification and signage in keeping with the style of the Lumber Heritage Region and the Wilds Design Guide should be considered for various locations as follows: • Iron furnace sites at Hannah, Martha, Julian, and Howard. • Expanded signage that links the Native American paths throughout these regions should be considered. • Remnants of the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Co. should be identified and described. Archaeological investigations should be undertaken for some of larger known industrial site locations. Community resources are important points of interest and should be given greater consideration. Simply-adorned country churches, particularly those located in the foothills and the hollows of the Allegheny Plateau, should be identified and preserved when possible. One-room schoolhouses should be identified and preserved. Two of those schools, at Yarnell and Runville, have developed new community uses. The continuing development of a Bald Eagle/Spring Creek Greenway is essential in highlighting the importance of this section of Centre County. Bald Eagle State Park provides an outstanding environmental resource to residents and visitors, particularly in the Lower Bald Eagle Valley Region. Village grounds at Eagle Iron Works/Curtin Village ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444111 Remnants of stone entrance at CCC camp S-121 near Monument Historical Markers 1) Bald Eagle’s Nest – Located on U.S. Route 220 and PA Route 144 in Milesburg – The text reads “Delaware Indian village named for a noted Munsee chief Woapalanne or "Bald Eagle." Located at union of Spring and Bald Eagle Creeks. From here raids on the frontier were made in Revolutionary days.” 2) Eagle Ironworks – Located on PA Route 150 (former Route 220) 2.8 miles NE of Milesburg – The text reads “At nearby Curtin, making iron was begun about 1810 by Roland Curtin. The last old-style furnace in the U.S. was in blast here and ceased operation in 1922.” 3) Great Shamokin Path – Located on PA Route 150, 4 miles NE of Howard – The text reads “The Indian highway from Shamokin, now Sunbury, to Kittanning, left the Bald Eagle Valley to follow Marsh Creek and Little Marsh Creek. It crossed the Allegheny.” 4) Warriors Path – Located on N Eagle Valley Rd. (PA 150) near Walnut St. (PA 26), 2.2 miles NE of Howard – The text reads “Paths from all parts of the Six Nations country converged at Great Island. Thence the Warriors Path ran up this valley to Bald Eagle’s Nest, now Milesburg; then on south toward the Carolinas.” 5) William F. Packer – Located at N Eagle Valley Rd. (PA 150) at Walnut St. (PA 26), Howard – The text reads “The newspaper editor and publisher, and Governor of the Commonwealth, 1858-61, was born April 2, 1807, in a house which stood nearby. He died, 1870, in Williamsport and is chiefly remembered for his interest in improved transportation facilities.” Historical Marker along Route 150 near Howard Howard Borough Building Advent Church – Boggs Township ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444222 LOWER BALD EAGLE VALLEY MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444333 MOUNTAINTOP REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS West Branch Susquehanna River Greenway (C18) – The West Branch forms the livelihood linking what is known as the Lumber Heritage Region of and The Wilds. Here, virgin timber was harvested throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries to supply lumber for shipbuilding, construction and coal mine props. Much of this lumber was rafted down the West Branch to markets on or near the Chesapeake Bay. Today, the West Branch flows through a northern hardwood forest of oak, cherry, maple and remnants of the great white pine and hemlock forests of early settlers' times. Boaters, campers, birders, and fisherman on the West Branch Water Trail can learn about the region's heritage and its connections to the rivers, towns, and the Chesapeake Bay through the West Branch Water Trail Map and Guide which is sold at many local outfitters near the West Branch and available online at http://www.lumberheritage.org/bookstore.htm. The map and guide includes sixteen full-color maps of the West Branch Susquehanna River from Cherry Tree, PA to Northumberland, PA. Each map contains detailed mileage posts and notes on points on interest found in that section of the river. The set of maps is held in an attractive folder and is printed on waterproof, tear-resistant stock. West Branch Susquehanna – Karthaus boat launch Draining nearly 7,000 square miles, the West Branch of the Susquehanna River is the largest of the Susquehanna River sub-basins. It contains more than 1.4 million acres of State Forest, more than 250,000 acres of State Game Lands, 29,000 acres of State Park land, and nearly 1,250 miles of exceptional value streams. The watershed is located in the heart of the Wilds region, whose name reflects its rustic, natural beauty. Forests dominate the land cover of the watershed, with very little area being used for agricultural purposes. Nearly all of entire elk herd resides within this watershed. Although the watershed contains some of the best forests and streams in the state, its overall potential is limited by water quality degradation, which impairs aquatic life throughout most of the system. One of the state’s most prevalent pollution problems abandoned mine drainage (AMD), is responsible for polluting 57 percent of the watershed. Of the watershed’s pollutants, 94 percent can be attributed to the legacy of coal mining in the region. There are nearly as many miles of dead or degraded streams affected by AMD as there are miles classified as exceptional value. The watershed also contains nearly 37,000 acres of unreclaimed abandoned mine land (AML) features. Beech Creek Corridor (C15) - Beech Creek originates at the confluence of the North and South Forks, upstream from the village of Kato, and flows for approximately 28 miles to join Bald Eagle Creek 1.8 miles of Beech Creek Borough. Historically the Beech Creek Railroad ran all the way from the mouth of the stream up to North Fork. The abandoned grade of the rail line can still be seen at this time, more specifically on Sproul State Forest land and near the villages of Monument and Orviston. The Beech Creek Greenway – “Brick Town Trail” Feasibility Study identified this as a potential trail corridor. The railroad grade passes through public land on Sproul State Forest but the rest of the right-of-way is on private land and landowners would need to be willing to work with a trail easement agreement for this linear trail to have a connection from Beech Creek Borough north to Orviston. West Branch Big Run and Two Rock Run, headwater tributaries of Beech Creek, are designated as EV streams. The corridor is adjacent to West Branch Run BDA in ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444444 Centre and Clinton Counties, Two Rock Run BDA and Hayes Run BDA all exceptional value watersheds. Remnants of a Civilian Conservation Corps Camp (PA-S-121 – Salt Lick Camp) and the rich history of the nearby brick towns provide an excellent opportunity for historical interpretation and preservation. Black Moshannon Creek Corridor (C19) - Black Moshannon Creek flows into Moshannon Creek at the northern most border of Snow Shoe Township and Cooper Township (Clearfield County). The headwaters for Black Moshannon Creek originate from clear springs and small streams which flow through the bogs that form Black Moshannon Lake located in Rush Township. The name Moshannon is said to be derived from the Native American "Moss-Hanne," meaning "moose stream." Historically, Black Moshannon Creek was also known as "Little Moshannon Creek." From the lake, the creek drops off the plateau and joins Moshannon Creek approximately 17 miles from the nearby village of Moshannon. The stream flows through Smayes Run BDA (a habitat for mountain fly honeysuckle, a Pa threatened species), Black Moshannon Wetlands BDA (supporting wetland plants of special concern), and Black Moshannon Forest LCA (a landscape containing diverse forest communities and serving as a buffer for Black Moshannon Creek). Mountain fly honeysuckle – wildflower Black Moshannon State Park and State Forest are considered Important Bird Areas (IBA’s). Hiking the Starmill Trail or Bog Trail within the Black Moshannon Park provides opportunities to explore the wetlands and the lake. Carnivorous plants, dragonflies, salamanders, and black bear all use the wetlands. Great Blue Heron, Wood Duck, beaver, and muskrat, are present much of the year around the lake. Spring and fall are great times to find migrating Common Loon, Tundra Swan, Mergansers, Scaup, Oldsquaw, Whistling Swans and Snow Geese. Black Moshannon Creek is determined by American Whitewater Association to be a class II-III section, and long enough for an overnight trip with area campgrounds nearby. American Whitewater has designated a 17.2 mile run with a put-in at Black Moshannon State Park and take-out before reaching Moshannon Creek. Moshannon Creek Corridor (C20) - Moshannon Creek Watershed (also commonly known as the Red Moshannon due to the reddish color from the acid mine drainage in the stream) is 288 square miles, and the 5th largest tributary to the West Branch of the Susquehanna located in 8 townships in Centre and Clearfield counties. The watershed is primarily forested with an extensive history of mining that began in the early 1800’s. Thus most of the entire length is polluted by Abandoned Mine Drainage (AMD) with the exception of the extreme headwaters. The non- polluted streams in the watershed include Black Bear Run (an EV stream located near the new Black Bear Trailhead for the Snow Shoe Rail Trail), Black Moshannon, Cold Stream, Mountain Branch, Sixmile Run, and the headwaters of Trout Run. Moshannon Creek Headwaters originate in the very south west corner of the county west of State Game Lands #60 and follow the Centre/Clearfield county border for approximately 30 stream miles until reaching the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The stream is adjacent to the former New York Central Rail Line from Philipsburg to the river. Moshannon Creek is a recreational link as a water trail for canoe and kayaking and wildlife viewing. One can put a kayak in at the Peale Bridge that crosses over Moshannon Creek (near Grassflat) and experience approximately 7.5 miles of water trail before taking out at the bridge on PA Route 53. Putting in at the bridge on PA Route 53 one can kayak/canoe approximately 5 miles to ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444555 the West Branch of the Susquehanna near Karthaus. American Whitewater Association has designated a 12.5 mile (Class I-II) run from the Peale Bridge near Moshannon to the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. Yost Run Conservation Corridor (C21) – The headwaters of this EV watershed originate in Sproul State Forest and the Yost Run BDA (a habitat for the federally endangered northeastern bulrush) northwest of the village of Panther in Burnside Township. The entire watershed is also located in the Southern Sproul State Forest Important Bird Area. This stream is a very important tributary to Beech Creek and should be recognized for its exceptional quality and opportunities for hiking and wildlife viewing. Panther Run Conservation Corridor (C22) – The headwaters of this EV watershed originate in Sproul State Forest and the Panther Run BDA in Burnside and Snow Shoe Township. This high- gradient clear water creek flows in a southeasterly direction where it joins Beech Creek near the village of Panther. As with Yost Run, this EV watershed should be protected from forest cover removal, which would alter the level of nutrients in the stream, and detrimentally impact the aquatic community. RECREATION CORRIDORS Snow Shoe Rail Trail Greenway (R17) - The trail is approximately 19 miles long and goes from Clarence to Black Bear Bridge (and about 1000 feet beyond the bridge) in Winburne. Headwaters Charitable Trust has owned the trail’s right-of-way since 1994. Headwaters Charitable Trust works in cooperation with Headwaters Resource Conservation and Development, the organization responsible (with local partnerships) for the creation of this trail. The non-profit Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association has been very involved in the maintenance and improvement of the trail since 1999. Contrary to popular belief the trail is open to the public for hiking, walking, cross-country skiing, and horseback riding; however, in order to ride an ATV on the trail a permit is required. The first year the association had 85 members and in 2007 had 2318 members. The trail is located in the Mountaintop Region and currently has two trailheads. The main trailhead is located at Gillentown with four to five acres of parking space. There is a kiosk in Clarence marking the trailhead. The Centre County Community Foundation awarded a $500.00 grant to the association to improve the entrance of the Gillentown Trailhead. The Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association used the money to plant Russian sage, hydrangeas, junipers and roses to accent the stone SSRTA lettering at the entrance. The Black Bear Trailhead is the second trailhead (Gillentown is the first) and officially opened on October 31st 2009. Leasing the property of Nathan Sadlak and Michael Rudella and then connecting it to the DCNR land as well as close proximity to Black Bear Bridge created this trailhead The trailhead will hold approximately 15 vehicles. The trail has many historical components and the Association is currently in the process of getting many of them registered, such as: The Peale Tunnel, the wrought iron viaduct bridge, plus many old structures that were part of the coal industry in the area. This trail has been compared to the Pine Creek Gorge in the Wellsboro area and has structures with historic sufficiency and wonderful scenic views. In 1884 a large railroad bridge was built over the Moshannon Creek and the location became known as Viaduct, Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension West Recreation Corridor (R18) - A specific recommendation from the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association and a recommendation of this plan is to extend the Snow Shoe Rail Trail in a southwest direction from where the trail currently ends in Winburne along the abandoned New York Central Railroad now currently referred to as the R.J. Corman Railroad. The railroad parallels Moshannon Creek (an impaired stream through the entire corridor from Acid Mine Drainage) and is bordered to the East by Centre County and to the West by Clearfield County. The landscape adjoining the rail line is surrounded by pockets of wetlands and is fairly wooded. Extending the trail for ATV and other users would allow potential access from the nearby villages of Casanova, Coaldale, Hawk Run, Munson, North Philipsburg and Presbyterian Village. The hub of Philipsburg has many amenities ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444666 to offer including: the historic district of Philipsburg and four National Register Sites, Cold Stream Park, Philips Park, Slab Town Park, Rush Township Municipal Park, and the open space in the vicinity of the Philipsburg Elementary School and High School. Extending this trail would also provide for connection to the Clearfield County villages of Hudson, Gearhartville, New Liberty, Pleasant Hill, and Victor. As an educational and historic/cultural link, Philipsburg not only known for the origin of the Philips Screw Factory, also had an iron furnace (Cold Stream Furnace). The Philipsburg Historical Foundation Museum is located on Front Street in the Moshannon Building. In 1821, Mr. Philips built a screw factory for the manufacture of blunt metal screws. This was the first screw mill in the United States. The mill was run by steam and waterpower; the fuel used was hardwood charcoal. The screws were made from wire, prepared by "rolling and wire drawing apparatus" from iron manufactured at the nearby forge. The screw mill was in operation until 1836, when the forge was destroyed by fire. The mill was destroyed by fire in the winter of 1859. Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension East Recreation Corridor (R15) - A specific recommendation from the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association would be to extend their current multi-use trail extended to the east toward Orviston and the Bloody Skillet ATV Trail. The Bloody Skillet ATV riding area, located in Centre County on Sproul State Forest land consists of 37 trail miles (Phase 1 & 2) and is accessed from SR 144 approximately 18 1/2 miles north of Snow Shoe. (Turn right onto DeHaas Road and travel 5 miles south to the Northern Terminus Trailhead, located northwest of Orviston.) The terminus of the current Snow Shoe Rail Trail is located at the Clarence trailhead. Extending the trail to connect to Orviston and near the Bloody Skillet would allow for use of approximately 16 more miles of multi-use trail. Though most of the former rail line lies on the Sproul State Forest’s right-of-way there is private ownership by landowners primarily east of Clarence a distance of about five miles and near the village of Orviston. To construct this trail extension would require easements from private landowners and partnership with DCNR Sproul State Forest and replacement of many of the bridges over Beech Creek along the former Penn Central Railroad. This potential trail would parallel Beech Creek and traverse between two Exceptional Value (EV) watersheds, Hayes Run BDA and Rock Run BDA. The hogback tunnel lies on the western end of the proposed trail extension and historically represents a step back in time when the railroad and past industries were thriving in this corridor. The hogback tunnel along with the other historical structures along the former rail bed located on the current Snow Shoe Rail Trail have all been recommended to the Historical and Museum Commission for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Chuck Keiper Trail Recreation Corridor (R16) – The Chuck Keiper Trail is a State Forest Trail located in northern Centre County and western Clinton County (south of Renovo). This orange paint blazed trail in the southern part of the Sproul State Forest is organized into two loops, east and west. The east loop is 36 KM long and suitable for a two day backpack. The west loop of 54 KM can be traversed in three days. The Chuck Keiper Trail traverses the Burns Run Wild Area, Fish Dam Wild Area, East Branch Swamp Natural Area and Cranberry Swamp Natural Area. A looped trail is located around the perimeter of Cranberry Swamp. This trail will be marked with blue paint blazes when time and manpower permits. The trail is named for Charles F. Keiper who was the District Wildlife Conservationist for Western Clinton County from 1951 until his death in 1973. Chuck Keiper was a dedicated conservationist and wildlife law enforcement officer. This trail is a tribute to his devotion to wildlife resource. There are many stream crossings without bridges so the trail should be hiked during low water. On May 31, 1985, a complex tornado ripped through much of North Central PA. Over 8,000 acres of forest land in the Sproul State Forest were flattened. Fish Dam Trail and Dennison Fork Trail in the Fish Dam Wild Area were particularly devastated. As a result, the trail in this area has been relocated. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444777 The Western Loop of the trail bisects the Two Rock Run Fire area. This wildfire was ignited by careless burning on April 18, 1990. Nine out of ten trees in the path of the wildfire died as a result of the burn. Timber salvage on a third of the 9600 acres burned has been completed. The wildfire cuts the Chuck Keiper in two places. These segments include Walker Trail and J. U. Branch Trail. Dead trees on both sides of the trail have been removed. Carsonite post trail markers have been used to mark the trail in some areas where all trees were harvested. Now, in the summer there is no shade on the burned segments of the trail. In cooperation with DCNR, sections of this trail are maintained, in part, by volunteers from the Keystone Trails Association. Ralph’s Majestic Vista Allegheny Front Recreation Corridor (R19) – The Allegheny Front Trail is approximately 40 miles in length, encircles Black Moshannon State Park, and lies within the Mountaintop and Moshannon Valley Planning Regions. This rugged trail includes 11 vistas and many mountain trout streams including Moshannon Creek. A seven mile connector trail traverses through the state park and most of the trail is blazed in orange with cross-country ski trails blazed in blue. This is one of the relatively newer trails in and a great connector trail through the public lands of Black Moshannon State Park. The numerous vistas make this a very unique trail system in the County. For example Ralph’s Majestic Vista looks directly across Bald Eagle Valley, with several foothills of the Allegheny Front visible in the foreground. A small sign on the shaded tree trunk to the right reminds passing hikers of the vista name, and one of the first people to envision a trail along this part of the Allegheny Plateau. Named after Allegheny Front Trail co-founder and enthusiast Ralph Seeley, the view encompasses not only the foothills of the front and the Bald Eagle Valley, but also Bald Eagle Ridge and Tussey Mountain beyond. TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS Elk Scenic Drive Greenway (T8) - In 2004 the Commonwealth created the Wilds program, an effort to promote tourism and natural appreciation in the heavily forested north central region, which is sparsely populated and economically disadvantaged. As part of this program, the Commonwealth designated Elk Scenic Drive, which follows a variety of state roads in a 127-mile loop through portions of Elk, Cameron, Clinton, Clearfield, and Centre Counties. Located directly off I-80, the Elk Scenic Drive can be accessed from the west at the Penfield Exit 111 at PA Route 153 or from the east at the Snow Shoe Exit 147 at PA Route 144. Although the Elk Scenic Drive will take you around a broader loop, you may see elk within the borders of Parker Dam State Park, which is a short distance from Exit 111 of I-80, or you may take SR 879 from Clearfield to Shawville, and see them as close by as Surveyor, about six miles north of Exit 120. Most of northern and western Clinton County is a part of the original elk range established by the Game Commission. Beyond the villages of Snow Shoe and Moshannon, an alternate scenic drive heads west on PA 879 through Karthaus and then on the paved Quehanna Highway to Medix Run. This route leads through the unique highland ecosystems of the Quehanna Plateau, featuring several dedicated elk viewing areas. Meanwhile, back on PA 144, the main route of Elk Scenic Drive leads north through an eerily depopulated plateau region that is practically devoid of human civilization other than rarely occupied hunting camps. This area features the long-distance ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444888 Chuck Keiper Trail, several unique natural areas, and the recovery zone of a 1990 forest fire. The route is named for the elk herd that is currently thriving in the region, after numerous reintroduction programs. While you are not guaranteed to see any elk from the road, the scenic route will take you through three state forests and two dozen state parks, natural areas, wild areas, wildlife viewing areas, overlooks, and long-distance hiking trails. On foot, all of these resources will increase your appreciation for wildlife and unsung ecological treasures. The first noticeable community on this northern trek is the small riverside towns of Renovo and South Renovo (Clinton County), which host a popular foliage festival every autumn. Elk Scenic Drive then heads west on the jaw-droppingly scenic PA 120, also known as the Bucktail Trail, through the very deep and steep canyon formed by the West Branch of the Susquehanna River and Sinnemahoning Creek. The village of Sinnemahoning (Cameron County) offers access to three different long-distance backpacking trails. At Driftwood, turn west on PA 555 into another scenic and even more remote canyon. On top of an imposing mountain just west of Driftwood is the highly enjoyable Fred Woods Trail. PA 555 leads to the famed town of Benezette (Elk County) – the center of the elk homeland. The nearby elk viewing areas at Winslow Hill and Dents Run feature the best possible use of reclaimed strip mine lands, which have been covered with new grass to create the wide-open meadows that our elk seem to adore. Benezette also serves as the terminus for the 16-mile Elk Trail. Just beyond Benezette at Medix Run is the outlet of the aforementioned Quehanna Highway alternate scenic route. At Weedville, Elk Scenic Drive turns south on PA 255, then a few miles later turns south on PA 153 at Penfield. This road leads to two more state parks, Parker Dam and S.B. Elliott, where elk have been spotted visiting the tourist features. The backcountry behind these two parks also features several small and very unique protected areas, including the unusual Wallace Sphagnum Bog. Elk Scenic Drive officially ends just south of S.B. Elliott at I-80, exit 111. The Elk Scenic Drive is well-marked with special brown road signs along its route. Other signs point to a plethora of natural points of interest on adjacent side roads. Elk Scenic Drive is also clearly highlighted on the official tourism map, published by the Department of Transportation. Key destinations along the Elk Scenic Drive include: o Wallace Sphagnum Bog o Parker Dam State Park o Marion Brooks Natural Area o Beaver Run Dam Wildfire o Hoover Farm Wildlife Viewing Area o Wykoff Run Natural Area o Gilbert Farm o Dents Run o Pine Tree Trail o Thunder Mountain Equestrian Trail o Hicks Run o Bucktail Path o Lower Jerry Run o Sinnemahoning State Park o Kettle Creek State Park o Cranberry Swamp o East Branch Swamp o Fish Dam Run o Two Rock Run o Fields Ridge Road Overlook o State Game Lands 100 o German Settlement Reclamation o Karthaus Canoe Launch PA Bicycle Route V (T3) - This East to West PA designated bike trail begins in Northampton County and terminates across the Commonwealth in Lawrence County encompassing 368 miles. Route V can be accessed in Centre County at the Centre/Union County border just outside of R. B. Winter State Park on State Route 192 and State Route 144 in Snow Shoe Township. Similar to Route G, this route provides the recreational user with an experience through many counties of the Commonwealth where there is diversity and a sense of place in each community along the way.Examples of towns and villages along the linear corridor include: Portland, Delaware Water Gap, Hickory Run, Lewisburg, Livonia, Bellefonte, Gillentown (providing an excellent connection to the Snow Shoe Rail Trail at the ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---444999 Gillentown Trailhead), Clearfield, Falls Creek, Clarion, Grove City, and New Castle. Proposed Driving Tour to Quehanna (T9) - This proposed driving tour has links to recreation, history, education, and conservation in the heart of the PA Wilds. From the population center of Snow Shoe on Route 144 the tour follows PA Route 144 west toward the village of Moshannon and continues on Route 144 to the Y intersection taking a left turn on PA Route 879 heading toward Karthaus and crossing the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. Continuing from Karthaus on PA Route 879 drive until reaching the Y intersection and take a right on the Quehanna Highway through Piper and up to the top of the mountain past the Quehanna Boot Camp now driving through Moshannon State Forest land. A few miles along this straight stretch of scenic highway will be a right turn with a sign for Wycoff Run Natural Area to the right, and Hoover Farm Wildlife Viewing area to the left. Wykoff Run Road, winds along a lovely small stream and through the steep-sided ravine of Wykoff Run up to the plateau in the most unpopulated area of the entire state. The Quehanna Wild Area is a 48,000-acre almost circular patch of small second- growth mixed hard wood forest. Wykoff Run Natural Area is a 1,215-acre patch within the Wild Area, at the headwaters of Wykoff Run, the stream which flows northeastward to Sinnemahoning Creek. One of the notable features of the natural area is a large stand of paper birch, giving the impression of a much more northerly forest. A reliable place to find snow for cross-country skiing is the Quehanna Cross-Country Ski Trail which goes through the heart of the natural area. There are also large open meadows which support exceptional wildflowers in spring and summer. Connection from Route 53 to PA Bike Route V Corridor (T10) - This bicycle route connection would provide access from the downtown hub of Philipsburg along the scenic PA Route 53 to existing PA Bicycle Route V. Bicyclist can access this route via Ninth Street in Philipsburg Borough and head north west to the junction of Troy Hawk Run (PA Route 53). Taking a right on Troy Hawk Run the on-route bike ride would be approximately 6.5 miles to the junction of PA Route 144 (Bicycle Route This bike route passes over tributaries to Moshannon Creek including Emigh Run and Hawk Run and would be recommended for the more experienced bicyclist. Wildlife viewing opportunities are exceptional along this gateway corridor into the PA Wilds. HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are offered to enhance the historical interpretation of the Mountaintop Region. They offer opportunities to increase community and public interest and awareness in the Region, in its planning, preservation, and promotion. Heritage tourism efforts, now in place for the northern portion of through the Lumber Heritage program and as part of the PA Wilds initiative, as well as proximity of access to Interstate 80, provide a means for the Mountaintop Region to reactivate its role as a tourist destination. 1) Locate and market “Lost” towns, industrial sites, and archaeological evidence to include: a. Identification and signage, in keeping with the style of the Lumber Heritage region and the PA Wilds Planning Guide, should be considered for “lost” towns, such as Kato (including former CCC Camp), Gorton, and Germania. b. Archaeological investigations should be undertaken for some of the larger known industrial site locations. c. Identification and signage should be considered for existing industrial heritage sites, identifying archeological remnants and what they represent. 2) Conduct additional research of the area’s historic components, such as: hunting camps, CCC at Kato, transportation routes (including waterways, early roads, and Indian paths), African American population, the Underground Railroad activity, and early engineering – i.e., work of the Collins Brothers in the building the New York Central through the Allegheny Plateau. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---5550 00 3) Develop a preservation approach for bridges, railroad bridges, and of special note, the double span truss bridge that crosses the Susquehanna River along the old Milesburg to Karthaus Road at the Centre/Clearfield line Municipal Specific Recommendations Ø While architectural breaks in the streetscape make a National Register district nomination somewhat questionable for Snow Shoe Borough, it might be possible to develop a thematic nomination that would reflect the town’s architectural history from its 1850’s beginnings, through the building period of local entrepreneurs and the Lehigh Valley Coal Company, and into the turn of the century prosperity reflected in early twentieth century housing styles A resource survey for Snow Shoe Borough should include: a. Washington Hotel, c. 1850 – and other properties built during that period b. J.S. Sommerville residence, c. 1860’s Second Empire – and other examples of late 19th century Victorian styles housing the regions’s developers c. Lehigh Valley Coal Co. tenant houses, c. 1880’s – exemplified by the Lions David House d. Early 20th century styles – 4-Square, Bungalow, Colonial Revival, reflecting the period of Snow Shoe’s evolution to Borough status e. Commercial buildings that help tell the story of the town’s development f. Churches Ø A resource survey should be undertaken for Clarence as part of a possible National Register thematic nomination for company towns in the northern half of Centre County. Ø Support and reuse for the Mountaintop Activity Center to support adaptive reuse of the former school which is located adjacent to the eastern terminus of the Snow Shoe Rail Trail. Ø Additional information should be gathered on Clarence’s early ethnic populations. An oral history program should be put in place (Centre County Historical Society with regional historians to collect information on industrial workers, including those who immigrated into the area; church and fraternal organization membership, cultural traditions, and relationships with industry management). Corridor –wide Physical Points of Interest Views from the Allegheny Plateau are spectacular and provide opportunity for historic interpretive signage and heritage tourism opportunities. Continued support should be given to Mountaintop historians and the Lion’s David House. Signage and printed public trail information would benefit the region economically and heighten the visitor experience for heritage tourists. Continued partnerships should be encouraged throughout the watershed in this region with the Conservation District, Sproul District Forest, PA Fish & Boat Commission, and U.S. Fish& Wildlife Service. Former Railroad station in Peale Historical Markers There are currently no historical markers in the Mountaintop Region and so a recommendation would be to pursue the opportunities for nominations for historical markers to the PHMC in this region. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555111 Each year the PHMC partners with quite a few local non-profit organizations to install markers which promote PA history. Historical markers are a registered trademark ® of PHMC. New markers are approved and placed along highways and city streets each year. Most markers are dedicated in public events featuring public officials, local historians, community representatives, and others. Each dedication presents opportunities for to celebrate and understand their heritage. Beautiful architecture in Snow Shoe Borough Barracks from former CCC Camp at Kato S-79 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555222 MOUNTAINTOP REGION MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555333 MOSHANNON VALLEY REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Black Moshannon Creek (C19) - The headwaters for Black Moshannon Creek originate from clear springs and small streams which flow through the bogs that form Black Moshannon Lake located in Rush Township. The name Moshannon is said to be derived from the Native American "Moss-Hanne," meaning "moose stream." Historically, Black Moshannon Creek was also known as "Little Moshannon Creek." From the lake, the creek drops off the plateau and joins Moshannon Creek approximately 17 miles from the nearby village of Moshannon. The stream flows through Smayes Run BDA (a habitat for mountain fly honeysuckle, a Pa threatened species), Black Moshannon Wetlands BDA (supporting wetland plants of special concern), and Black Moshannon Forest LCA (a landscape containing diverse forest communities and serving as a buffer for Black Moshannon Creek). Black Moshannon State Park and State Forest are considered Important Bird Areas (IBA’s). Hiking the Starmill Trail or Bog Trail within the Black Moshannon Park provides opportunities to explore the wetlands and the lake. Carnivorous plants, dragonflies, salamanders, and black bear all use the wetlands. Great Blue Heron, Wood Duck, beaver, and muskrat, are present much of the year around the lake. Spring and fall are great times to find migrating Common Loon, Tundra Swan, Mergansers, Scaup, Oldsquaw, Whistling Swans and Snow Geese. Black Moshannon Creek is determined by American Whitewater Association to be a class II-III section, and long enough for an overnight trip with area campgrounds nearby. American Whitewater has designated a 17.2 mile run with a put-in at Black Moshannon State Park and take-out before reaching Moshannon Creek. Moshannon Creek Corridor (C20) – The Moshannon Creek Watershed (also commonly known as the Red Moshannon due to the reddish color from the acid mine drainage in the stream) is 288 square miles, and the 5th largest tributary to the West Branch of the Susquehanna located in 8 townships in Centre and Clearfield counties. The watershed is primarily forested with an extensive history of mining that began in the early 1800’s. Thus most of the entire length is polluted by Abandoned Mine Drainage (AMD) with the exception of the extreme headwaters. The non- polluted streams in the watershed include Black Bear Run (an EV stream located near the new Black Bear Trailhead for the Snow Shoe Rail Trail), Black Moshannon, Cold Stream, Mountain Branch, Sixmile Run, and the headwaters of Trout Run. Moshannon Creek Headwaters originate in the very south west corner of the county west of State Game Lands #60 and follow the Centre/Clearfield county border for approximately 30 stream miles until reaching the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The stream is adjacent to the former New York Central Rail Line from Philipsburg to the river. Moshannon Creek is a recreational link as a water trail for canoe and kayaking and wildlife viewing. One can put a kayak in at the Peale Bridge that crosses over Moshannon Creek (near Grassflat) and experience approximately 7.5 miles of water trail before taking out at the bridge on PA Route 53. Putting in at the bridge on PA Route 53 one can kayak/canoe approximately 5 miles to the West Branch of the Susquehanna near Karthaus. American Whitewater Association has designated a 12.5 mile (Class I-II) run from the Peale Bridge near Moshannon to the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. Big Fill Run Conservation Corridor (C23) – The Headwaters of Big Fill Run originate within State Game Lands #60 Oak Barrens NHI site. This stream is important to note as its headwaters are located on one of the highest summits in the county. Due to the extreme hot and cold temperatures along with fires that have occurred in this area, it has developed very thick vegetation dominated by scrub oak that is rare within the state and the world. It is recommended that this area continue to be undisturbed because of its important and rare ecological system.. Quercus ilicifolia – dwarfed scrub oak –fairly rare in the state and the world ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555444 Black Bear Run Conservation Corridor (C24) – Designated an EV stream, Black Bear Run originates very near State Game Lands #33 in Rush Township. Black Bear Run flows in a northern direction to meet Moshannon Creek along the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Corridor at the newly constructed Black Bear Trailhead. From a significant ecological standpoint, the stream flows through the Hannah Furnace Road BDA, and passes through the Black Moshannon State Park and State Forest Important Bird Area. Cold Stream Conservation Corridor (C25) – Cold Stream and its headwater tributaries originate southeast of the village of Sandy Ridge within State Game Lands #33 in Rush Township. On behalf of the Woodduck Chapter of Trout Unlimited with funding provided by Growing Greener program, engineering firm of Skelly and Loy, Inc designed and supervised construction of an acid mine drainage treatment system on the lower half of Cold Stream which lies within bituminous coalfields. The purpose of this system was to improve water quality which had been negatively impacted due to a century of coal mining activities. As a result, the lower half of Cold Stream is listed as impaired by the Department of Environmental Protection, while the upper half of the watershed is a high quality cold water fishery. Cold Stream Dam is on Cold Stream in and is used for recreation purposes. Construction was completed in 1889. It has a normal surface area of 9 acres. It is owned by Borough of Philipsburg. AMD Treatment System for Cold Stream Watershed Chiller Seeps AMD Project – Cold Stream- Philipsburg Six-Mile Run Conservation Corridor (C26) – The headwaters of Six-Mile Run originate in Moshannon State Forest in Rush Township. Ecologically this stream is critical as it is designated as a High Quality CWF and lies within the Moshannon State Park and Forest Important Bird Area. The stream flows in a northern direction and intersects the Allegheny Front Trail and continues north before emptying into Moshannon Creek along the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Recreation Corridor. Six- Mile Run Vista offers a spectacular view of Moshannon Valley. RECREATION CORRIDORS Snow Shoe Rail Trail Greenway (R17) - The trail is approximately 19 miles long from Clarence to Black Bear Bridge (and some odd 1000 feet beyond the bridge) in Winburne. Headwaters Charitable Trust has owned the trail’s right-of-way since 1994. Headwaters Charitable Trust works in cooperation with Headwaters Resource Conservation and Development, the organization responsible (with local partnerships) for the creation of this trail. The non-profit Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association has been very involved in the maintenance and improvement of the trail since 1999. Contrary to popular belief the trail is open to the public for hiking, walking, cross-country skiing, and horseback riding; however, in order to ride an ATV on the trail a permit is required. The first year the association had 85 members and in 2007 had 2318 members. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555555 The main trailhead is located at Gillentown with four to five acres of parking space. There is a kiosk in Clarence marking the trailhead. The Centre County Community Foundation awarded a $500.00 grant to the association to improve the entrance of the Gillentown Trailhead. The Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association used the money to plant Russian sage, hydrangeas, junipers and roses to accent the stone SSRTA lettering at the entrance. The Black Bear Trailhead officially opened on October 31st 2009. Leasing the property of Nathan Sadlak and Michael Rudella and then connecting it to the DCNR land as well as close proximity to Black Bear Bridge created this trailhead The trailhead will hold approximately 15 vehicles. History of the village of Peale Coal is what originally brought the train tracks to the area that is now the Snowshoe Rail Trail. The Peale Tunnel was a big part of the rail track. The building of the tunnel began in 1883 and while it was barely under construction the town of Peale was being designed and George H. Platt of Clearfield Bituminous Coal Company was accepting bids. The bids were to include the building of five blocks of six tenements each, 25 blocks of two tenements each and 20 single tenements. These buildings would become the Village of Peale. The last train to operate through the Peale area was in the spring of 1990. The Village of Peale is no longer but in its existence but, it was a true company town. The coal company owned all the houses, the town store and the liquor store. The trail has many historical components and the Association is currently in the process of getting many of them registered, such as: The Peale Tunnel, the wrought iron viaduct bridge, plus many old structures that were part of the coal industry in the area. This trail has been compared to the Pine Creek Gorge in the Wellsboro area and has structures with historic sufficiency and wonderful scenic views. In 1884 a large railroad bridge was built over the Moshannon Creek and the location became known as Viaduct, This bridge removed a major obstacle in the construction of the railroad. Message from the SSRTA President – Trilby Mayes The Snow Shoe Rails to Trails Association is a group of concerned VOLUNTEERS formed to manage the abandoned 19-miles of railroad bed owned by Headwaters Charitable Trust. Assigned with the task of stewardship of this unique line, the SSRTA developed a plan of Rules and Regulations to make this trail a reality for the motorized users along with those who use the trail in a more traditional recreation: hiking, biking and horse back riding. As of this writing, the SSRTA has approximately 2,400 paying members of the trail and we are excited about its future and for the expansion of riding opportunities that we are working on. (The soon to be connection to Bloody Skillet via the Snow Shoe Township Roads. To insure the future of the trail the SSRTA has partnered with the Centre County Sheriff's Office. It is our mission to provide a safe, legal and enjoyable riding experience for the ATVist, especially for families, husbands, wives, and young children. The SSRTA is an excellent trail for family use and for the beginner. We do not want, nor encourage risky behavior such as hot dogging and high speeds-we leave those actions to the racetracks and parks that were built for such sports. Misuse of the trail and the designated township roads cannot be tolerated - we have too much to lose. We have been and are striving to be an even more positive force in the community - both economically and through education-environmentally. We have members who are certified trainers of ATV Safety Courses; we are dedicated to TREAD and have plans to expand in many areas in the future-both in economic development and in community awareness. Thank you to our membership who are helping to make our trail a success! Trilby Mayes – President of the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association. (www.ssrta.org) Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension West Recreation Corridor (R18) - A specific recommendation from the Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association and a recommendation of this plan is to extend the Snow Shoe Rail Trail in a southwest direction from where the trail currently ends in Winburne along the abandoned New York Central Railroad now currently referred to as the R.J. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555666 Corman Railroad. The railroad parallels Moshannon Creek (an impaired stream through the entire corridor from Acid Mine Drainage) and is bordered to the East by Centre County and to the West by Clearfield County. The landscape adjoining the rail line is surrounded by pockets of wetlands and is fairly wooded. Extending the trail for ATV and other users would allow potential access from the nearby villages of Casanova, Coaldale, Hawk Run, Munson, North Philipsburg and Presbyterian Village. The hub of Philipsburg has many amenities to offer including: the historic district of Philipsburg and four National Register Sites, Cold Stream Park, Philips Park, Slab Town Park, Rush Township Municipal Park, and the open space in the vicinity of the Philipsburg Elementary School and High School. Extending this trail would also provide for connection to the Clearfield County villages of Hudson, Gearhartville, New Liberty, Pleasant Hill, and Victor. As an educational and historic/cultural link, Philipsburg not only known for the origin of the Philips Screw Factory, also had an iron furnace (Cold Stream Furnace). The Philipsburg Historical Foundation Museum is located on Front Street in the Moshannon Building. In 1821, Mr. Philips built a screw factory for the manufacture of blunt metal screws. This was the first screw mill in the United States. The mill was run by steam and waterpower; the fuel used was hardwood charcoal. The screws were made from wire, prepared by "rolling and wire drawing apparatus" from iron manufactured at the nearby forge. The screw mill was in operation until 1836, when the forge was destroyed by fire. The mill was destroyed by fire in the winter of 1859. Allegheny Front Recreation Corridor (R19) – The Allegheny Front Trail is approximately 40 miles in length and encircles Black Moshannon State Park. This rugged trail includes 11 vistas and many mountain trout streams including Moshannon Creek. A seven mile connector trail traverses through the state park and most of the trail is blazed in orange with cross-country ski trails blazed in blue. This is one of the relatively newer trails in and a great connector trail through the public lands of Black Moshannon State Park. The numerous vistas make this a very unique trail system in the County. For example Ralph’s Majestic Vista looks directly across Bald Eagle Valley, with several foothills of the Allegheny Front visible in the foreground. A small sign on the shaded tree trunk to the right reminds passing hikers of the vista name, and one of the first people to envision a trail along this part of the Allegheny Plateau. Named after Allegheny Front Trail co-founder and enthusiast Ralph Seeley, the view encompasses not only the foothills of the front and the Bald Eagle Valley, but also Bald Eagle Ridge and Tussey Mountain beyond. Abandoned Rail line from Sandy Ridge to Osceola Mills (adjacent to PA Route 970) Corridor R(20) - This abandoned rail corridor is recommended as a connection from Osceola Mills to Sandy Ridge in Rush Township. The abandoned Clearfield Branch of the Railroad corridor is adjacent to PA Route 970. Lands to the east of the former rail line contain a magnitude of abandoned strip mines. There is a potential for this to be developed into a trail as much of the land within the railroad right-of- way is owned by a single entity. The land bordering most of the potential corridor is wooded, and directly north of Sandy Ridge is the Scha’s Restaurant Wetland Biodiversity Area, a large 490- acre wetland complex. The building housing the restaurant was destroyed by fire. This corridor if found feasible to develop into a rail trail, would be approximately 4 miles in length and a safe scenic connection between two Centre County communities and two counties. Winburne to Wallaceton Recreation Corridor - (R21) – This proposed recreation corridor would extend from the current terminus of the Snow Shoe Rail Trail west along the abandoned Beech Creek Branch of the New York Central Railroad. The proposed trail would wind around in a southerly direction near the village of Casanova and then head west into Clearfield County on the abandoned rail line for approximately 7 miles passing near the villages of Munson, Oak Grove, Morrisdale, and terminating at Wallaceton. The Countywide Greenway Plan for Clearfield County, currently in the process of development, will recommend a recreation corridor from Wallaceton to the hub of Clearfield. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555777 Draft map for Clearfield County Greenways Plan depicting the possible trail connection from Winburne to Wallaceton on abandoned railroad –Pashek Associates LLC- Consultant for the plan Osceola Mills to Houtzdale Recreation Corridor - (R22) – This trail corridor would be a connection from the border of Centre/Clearfield counties into Clearfield providing a link to the hub of Houtzdale. The recommended recreation trail would extend from the Borough of Osceola Mills (Clearfield County) west through Clearfield County along the abandoned rail line approximately 4 ½ miles to Houtzdale. The abandoned rail line runs parallel with Beaver Run, a stream as designated by DEP by impaired by Acid Mine Drainage and metals, that have negatively affected the aquatic life in the stream. Houtzdale Rail Trail – Smoke Run Parking Lot The rail line corridor is surrounded by mostly wooded area to the south and strip mined land to the north. The corridor is also proposed in the current draft phases of the Clearfield County Greenway Plan. The existing Houtzdale Rail Trail starts in Houtzdale and runs in a south western direction and is located near Houtzdale and Ramey Boroughs, Woodward, Gulich and Bigler Townships in Clearfield County. The trail is approximately 10.5 miles long and the surface consists of 7 miles of crushed stone and the remaining 3 miles on the end of trail are ballast, cinder, and sod. No motor vehicles are permitted on this trail which was designed a National Recreation Trail in 2003. Trail heads are located at Woodward Plaza, on streets in Houtzdale, on parallel streets west off SR 453 in Ramey, and Smoke Run at State Route 2002. Example of Trailhead sign for Bellefonte Central Rail Trail TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS Proposed Driving Tour from Black Moshannon to Wingate Corridor (T7) - This scenic driving tour is proposed from Black Moshannon State Park to the village of Wingate via PA Route 504 – the Rattlesnake Pike and PA Route 220. From a wildlife and ecological perspective, Black Moshannon State Park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state, such as carnivorous plants, orchids, and species normally found farther north. As home to the largest reconstituted bog/wetland complex in the park was chosen by the Bureau of Parks for its "Twenty Must- See State Parks" list. Black Moshannon State Park is open year-round for recreation and has an extensive network of trails which allow hiking, biking, and viewing the bog habitat at the Black Moshannon State Natural Area. The park is in Important Bird Area #33, where bird watchers have recorded 175 different species. It is also home to many rare and unusual plants and animals, due to its location atop the Allegheny Plateau; the lake is at an elevation of about 1,900 feet (580 Much of the park is open for hunting and the lake and creek are open for fishing, boating, and swimming. In winter it is a popular destination for cross-country skiing, and was home to a small downhill skiing area from 1967 to 1982. Picnics and camping are also popular, ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555888 and the "Friends of Black Moshannon State Park" promotes the park and all of the recreational activities associated with it. The original facilities at Black Moshannon State Park were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps, from 1933 to 1937. The CCC created many jobs for unemployed industrial workers from Altoona, Bellefonte, and Tyrone. Black Moshannon State Park is the result of one of many projects undertaken by the CCC throughout central Black Moshannon State Park rose from the ashes of a depleted forest that was largely destroyed by wildfire in the years following the lumber era. The forests were rehabilitated by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many of the buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps stand in the park today and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places in three historic districts. Beaver Meadow CCC Camp S-71 was built in May 1933 near the abandoned village of Beaver Mills, and was one of the first to expand recreational facilities in Over 200 young men moved in and began the work of conserving soil, water, and timber in the area. They cut roads through the growing forest to aid in fighting the wildfires that sprang up, and planted many acres of Red Pines as part of the reforestation effort. Most of the CCC-built park facilities are still in use today, including log cabins, picnic pavilions, a food concession stand, and miles of trails. Early on, the CCC constructed a dam at Black Moshannon Lake, on the site of the former mill pond dam. CCC Camp S-71 closed in January 1937 and Black Moshannon State Park opened that same year. Continuing west on PA Route 504 outside of the park boundary, the Allegheny Front Trail crosses the road. Accessing the trail by foot to the south provides an opportunity for several spectacular views including: Julian Vista, Ralph’s Majestic View, Seven Mountains Vista, Sky Top Vista, Supply Road Vista, and Whetstone Run Vista. Traveling east from Black Moshannon State Park, the Rattlesnake Pike winds down the mountain into the valley hub of Unionville, a designated historic district, boasts some charming homes, the Unionville Café’, the recently upgraded Unionville playground, and Grandville Hollow Pottery a local store in the nearby village of Julian. The homes in the historic district comprise a concentration of simple plank constructed four-bay, vernacular Georgian style I-houses, dominating the oldest part of the village and correspond closely to the buildings and streets on a historic 1860 map of Unionville. An active rail line, formerly the Railroad, passes through the Borough and tributaries from the surrounding ridges flow into the Bald Eagle Creek which is adjacent to the railroad. Continuing North on PA Route 220 will lead to the village of Wingate. Wingate offers recreational opportunities with the Bald Eagle Area Junior/Senior High Schools, the Bald Eagle Area Baseball Fields, and the Milesburg Community Park. Amenities are available in Wingate at the junction of PA Route 144/220. Allegheny Front Trail Marker Connection from Route 53 to PA Bike Route V(T10) - This recreation link would begin in the Borough of Philipsburg taking PA Route 53 North to connect to PA Bicycle Route V. Biking enthusiasts have all the necessary amenities in the hub of Philipsburg and a scenic ride to the north with views of wetland landscapes, passing the villages of Hawk Run and Munson before reaching the Kylertown Drifting Highway near Kylertown. PA Bicycle Route V at this point continues to the east and west in both directions. Amenities are available in Wingate at the junction of PA Route 144/220. Philipsburg Walking Tour (T11) - Take your own personal tour of Philipsburg's Front Street and the residential area featuring many old homes with unique architecture. Download the tour at www.philipsburgpa.com and chick on history link. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---555999 HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are offered as some ways in which to enhance the telling of the story of the Moshannon Region. They offer opportunities to increase community and public interest and awareness in the Region, and to aid in its planning, preservation, and promotion. Heritage tourism efforts, now in place for the northern portion of through the Lumber Heritage program and as part of Governor Rendell’s PA Wilds initiative, as well as proximity of access to Interstate 80, provide a means for the Moshannon Valley Region to play a significant role as a tourist destination Black Moshannon Park provides not only recreational opportunities, but a rich glimpse of the area’s past as a center for lumbering. Nearby remnants of the coal industry can still be seen on the landscape and should be interpreted. So should the refractory business located south of Philipsburg that was, according to John Blair Linn, “ the most extensive enterprise of the kind, perhaps in America.” 1) Locate and market “Lost” towns, industrial sites, and archaeological evidence to include: a. Identification and signage, in keeping with the style of the Lumber Heritage Region, the Lumber Heritage Region Interpretive Plan, and the PA Wilds Design Guide should be considered for “lost” towns such as Beaver Mills, Antes, and Glass City. b. Archaeological investigations should be undertaken for some of the larger known industrial heritage site locations. c. Identification and signage should be considered for existing industrial heritage sites, and to identify archaeological remnants and what they represent. Such information (similar to what is in place related to the Philips screw factory) would increase awareness over the significance of these sites and the roles they played in Moshannon Valley’s development. 2) Conduct additional research of the area’s historic components, such as: hunting camps, CCC at Moshannon State Park, transportation routes (including waterways, early roads, and Indian paths), African American population, Underground Railroad activity and AME Church. 3) Develop a preservation approach for bridges and railroad bridges. Municipal Specific Recommendations Ø In recent years, the Borough of Philipsburg has made great strides in historic preservation. A significant portion of the Borough’s residential and commercial districts are listed in the National Register of Historic Places (1999). In addition, the Philipsburg Revitalization Corporation was formed under the Borough’s Main Street Program and they are facilitating the development of an Elm Street Program for revitalization of the residential areas near the downtown. Annual “Preservation Week” activities have been held for the last few years, and walking tours and other activities have been developed to highlight the Borough’s historic architecture. A historic preservation plan for the borough will be completed in 2011 making recommendations for future goals and objectives. Ø Enhance and develop the historic “Chalet Property” in Rush Township, a 12-acre parcel bordering Walnut Street. This passive recreation park could include a walking trail, interpretive information about the historic property and a neighborhood display of green infrastructure. Because there are trees on this property from all around the world, tree plaques would provide a great educational opportunity. The property currently has a few picnic tables, charcoal grill, and minimal play equipment and could greatly be enhanced. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---6660 00 Former “Chalet Property” in Rush Township Ø Develop a historic “walking tour” brochure of downtown Philipsburg Ø Interpret the history of the screw factory in Philipsburg Ø Research and interpret the history of Glass City in Rush Township Ø Significant restoration and rehabilitation efforts have taken place on both residential and commercial properties. Outstanding examples include Simler log house, the Carlisle-Loraine House and the Rowland Theater. Ø Rerouting through-truck traffic away from the heart of downtown Philipsburg is an important consideration for continued revitalization. Ø The vacant and very visible downtown commercial lot created in the aftermath of a devastating fire in 2005 should be a focal point for in-fill construction. Replacing buildings of similar scale and façade is essential in maintaining the cohesiveness of the town’s historic character and streetscape. Ø A resource survey should be undertaken for Sandy Ridge as part of a possible National Register thematic nomination for company towns in the northern half of Centre County. Archeological resources should be located and identified. Ø An oral history program should be put in place (Centre County Historical Society with the Philipsburg Historical Foundation and other regional historians) to collect information on industrial workers, including those who immigrated into the area; church and fraternal organization memberships, cultural traditions, and relationships with industry management. Ø Containing three separate National Register Districts, Black Moshannon State Park serves as an excellent resource and example of the work of the Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) and the role they played in re-establishing the forest, controlling forest fires, building roads and trails, and constructing recreational buildings like those found at the park. Underwood Mills – Philipsburg Corridor –wide Physical Points of Interest Views from the Allegheny Plateau are spectacular, and provide opportunity for historic interpretive signage and heritage tourism opportunities. One- room schools throughout the region should be identified and documented. Road markers and fire towers are significant for interpreting the rich history of the Moshannon Valley. Continued support should be given to the Philipsburg Historical Foundation, and development of Moshannon Creek Watershed information will educate and address the AMD problem within the region (through partnerships with the Centre and Clearfield County Conservation Districts, Centre and Clearfield Planning, Department of Environmental Protection, and Fish & Boat Commission). ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666111 The following man-made structures should be preserved and identified, with signage: a. Peale Tunnel – is a classic example of how railroad civil engineers and construction crews successfully conquered the difficult topography of the Allegheny Plateau while building the Beech Creek Railroad. This 1,277 foot structure with cut stone portals and a concrete ceiling was constructed by manual labor, black powder dynamite, and animals to cut through and remove bedrock. Construction workers, working at both ends of the tunnel, beginning at the east end June 30, 1883 and the west end July 27, 1883, pierced the mountain about midnight on October 30, 1883. It is one of four railroad tunnels in Centre County. The others are Hogback (north of Orviston) and two in Penns Valley. b. Peale Station – was located in Centre County; the town of Peale, now a “lost town” was across the Moshannon Creek in Clearfield. c. Viaduct Bridge – (and other railroad bridges), described as the “Great Moshannon Viaduct built entirely of iron with the exception of the ties”, is an important example of early and significant railroad engineering. It is 779 feet long, 112 feet high, has fifteen spans and eight towers, and is visible from I-80. It opened in November 1884. d. Viaduct – nearby, was a steam locomotive service facility and yard that was located on the Clearfield County side of the Viaduct Bridge, and was the base for local train crews that handled Grassflat, Winburne, and Philipsburg branches. e. Road markers, fire towers, and one-room schoolhouses. f. Scenic vista signage should be researched and promoted, including watershed awareness for the Moshannon watershed and projects supported by the Philipsburg Historical Foundation. Historical Marker for Plumbe Forge Viaduct Bridge over Moshannon Creek ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666222 Historical Markers 1) Indian Paths – Located on PA Route 350 south of Philipsburg (Missing) – The text reads “The Warriors Mark Path intersected the Bald Eagle Path at about this point, then proceeded north to join the Great Shamokin Path, east of Chinklacamoose (Clearfield). The Warriors (Mark) Path came north from Cumberland, Maryland, and the Bald Eagle Path came west from Milesburg.” 2) Plumbe Forge – Located on PA Route 504, 6 miles east of Philipsburg – The text reads “About six-tenths mile north are the remains of the forge built by Dr. John Plumbe in 1828. Here, "blooms" were made from pig iron carried from the Bald Eagle Valley by mule. Costs of hauling products to the Canal caused the forge to close in 1842.” 3) Union Church – Located on Presqueisle St. (US 322) near N. 7th St., Philipsburg – The text reads “Built of logs in 1820 by Philipsburg pioneers to serve as school and place of worship for all faiths. Remodeled in 1842, church is outstanding example of simplified American Gothic architecture.” Historic Clay Tipple along Snow Shoe Rail Trail Halehurst – Philipsburg Marker for Old Plumbe Forge ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666333 MOSHANNON VALLEY MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666444 UPPER BALD EAGLE VALLEY REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Bald Eagle Creek Conservation Corridor (C14) - Bald Eagle Creek is a large tributary of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River flowing through Bald Eagle Valley at the foot of Bald Eagle Mountain ridge to the east to Lock Haven, Clinton County. In 2006 a group of local concerned residents came together to form the Bald Eagle Watershed Association. The mission of the Bald Eagle Watershed Association is to “protect the quality and the beauty of the Bald Eagle Creek, including its feeder streams”. The group has promised to promote actions that will “improve the quality of life within the watershed, including those which would help to prevent future flooding of the homes, businesses, and agricultural lands through storm water management in the watershed.” Communities along Bald Eagle Creek include Port Matilda, Julian, Unionville, Howard, Beech Creek, Mill Hall, and the city of Lock Haven. Many wetlands are adjacent to Bald Eagle Creek. Riparian buffers should be protected and/or enhanced and natural channel design work should be done where recommended. A good example is the work that was done in partnership with the Centre County Conservation District and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to correct damage from past flooding on Wallace Run, a tributary to Bald Eagle Creek. Bald Eagle Creek is navigable in sections for canoe and kayaking, and fishing and bird watching opportunities are plentiful. Historically the railroad ran through this corridor and is still active today Railroad - Bald Eagle Branch). Big Fill Run Conservation Corridor (C23) – The Headwaters of Big Fill Run originate within State Game Lands #60 Oak Barrens NHI site. This stream is important to note as its headwaters are located on one of the highest summits in the county; and due to the extreme hot and cold temperatures along with fires that have occurred in that area, it has developed a very thick vegetation dominated by scrub oak that is rare within the state and the world. It is recommended that this area continue to be undisturbed. Wallace Run Conservation Corridor (C17) – A Showcase Example of Watershed Restoration and Partnerships Wallace Run originates on the southern slope of the Allegheny Plateau, approximately ½ mile from the intersection of State Route 504and Governor’s Road, (a Township road that runs in between SR 504 and SR 144) in Union Township. It flows northeast for about eight miles to Gum Stump before heading southeast for another four miles until its confluence with Bald Eagle Creek near the town of Wingate. The stream is about 12.1 miles long, draining a 24 square mile watershed. For the first eight miles, the stream flows through a forested landscape with only a few cabins at the lower end. The watershed in this reach is almost entirely forested. For the last four miles, from the town of Gum Stump, it flows through a suburban landscape of homes and businesses constructed along the stream with some agricultural fields. Most of Wallace Run lies within the boundaries of Boggs Township. The underlying geology in a watershed influences the quality of a fishery and a stream’s water chemistry. For example, streams flowing through, and fed by limestone geology often maintain higher flows during drought conditions and are generally more productive in terms of aquatic life, while streams flowing through shale and sandstone are relatively infertile, and more affected by droughts. Wallace Run is classified as a low alkalinity, cold water, freestone stream. In the upper eight miles, it flows through gray conglomerate and sandstone, and red to brownish shale and sandstone. Wallace Run ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666555 In the past people have tried to control the stream by straightening it, and today the middle section appears straightened and lined with heavy rock throughout. This has created a sluice like effect, dramatically increasing the velocity of the water. The sinuosity of the stream, which serves to slow the water, has been removed. The proximity to Pa Route 144 and the now unused railroad line certainly have been factors in creating the current unfavorable characteristics of Wallace Run. From visual observation it appears that some landowners have carried out stream restoration efforts resulting in varying degrees of success. Above Peace Bridge there is evidence of large rip rap rock deposited on the stream banks. Levees have also been put in place to mitigate flooding on individual properties. Both of these remedies are short lived and helpful only to the immediate adjacent landowners. In fact “fixes” of this type can even be detrimental to neighbors. Many landowners and government agencies have made unsuccessful and expensive attempts at restoring streams with rip rap rock and levees. Many of these projects have failed when the first major storm occurs. Because of these issues stream restoration has changed in recent years. There is a growing movement to attempt to replicate nature instead of trying to control it. This movement is generally referred to as Natural Stream Design or the more technical term of fluvial geomorphology. It is an effort to restore the stream to a more natural condition. Wallace Run landowners need only to take a walk in the nearby Pa State Game Lands #103 in order to see what their section of the stream might look like in a more natural state. This approach to stream restoration can prove more beneficial to all landowners and to the stream itself. In the winter of 2008 PA Department of Environmental Protection’s (DEP) Department of Waterways and Engineering conducted a restoration project on a landowner’s property utilizing natural channel stream design techniques. Landowners had tried for years to obtain assistance to repair their property along Wallace Run. Nothing had seemed to work and by 2001 the stream encroachment was threatening their homes. DEP Department of Waterways and Engineering personnel visited the site and they were able to put this property on their project list. US Fish and Wildlife Service performed an emergency repair in June of 2007 that successfully prevented additional erosion before the complete restoration took place. Restoration included the installation of rock vanes and one root wad. The rock vanes consist of huge rocks that are placed in the stream that direct the energy of the water to the center of the stream instead of the streamside. This effectively protects the bank and prevents erosion. The root wad consists of a large tree that has been dug up and placed at the side of the bank with the roots facing upstream in the waterway. Sediment will catch on the roots, build up and result in added vegetation. The rock vanes produce the much needed pools of deeper water that fish like to have. Landowners planted hundreds of trees in the riparian area in order to stabilize their new bank and to cool the water. The end result is a stream that fish and people can enjoy. Wallace Run has become an asset for the landowner, not the enemy it had been for so many years. Funding for this project will come largely from the Centre County Environmental Initiative Grant. Nisource, parent company for Columbia Gas contributed to the project since continued erosion threatened to expose their pipeline. The Pa Fish and Boat Commission install fish habitat structures in streams throughout the Commonwealth. Local watershed groups, Trout Unlimited chapters and streamside landowners cooperate with the Commission by contributing labor and funds to do the work. Wallace Run fish habitat would benefit greatly from some of this important work. Members of the community of Runville and the Bald Eagle Watershed Association should work together to engage the Pa Fish and Boat Commission to improve this stream’s fish habitat. Some of the most beautiful properties in Centre County are located along our streams. Wallace Run residents are fortunate to own their streamside properties. Laurel Run Conservation Corridor (C27) – The Headwaters of Laurel Run originate in Black Moshannon State Forest in Huston Township. Ecologically important, this Exceptional Value stream runs directly between Black Moshannon State Forest and State Park Important Bird Area (IBA) and Bald Eagle Ridge IBA before joining Bald Eagle Creek near the village of Julian. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666666 RECREATION CORRIDORS Allegheny Front Recreation Corridor (R19) – The Allegheny Front Trail is approximately 40 miles in length and encircles Black Moshannon State Park. This rugged trail includes 11 vistas and many mountain trout streams including Moshannon Creek. A seven mile connector trail traverses through the state park and most of the trail is blazed in orange with cross-country ski trails blazed in blue. This is one of the relatively newer trails in and a great connector trail through the public lands of Black Moshannon State Park. The numerous vistas make this a very unique trail system in the County. For example Ralph’s Majestic Vista looks directly across Bald Eagle Valley, with several foothills of the Allegheny Front visible in the foreground. A small sign on the shaded tree trunk to the right reminds passing hikers of the vista name, and one of the first people to envision a trail along this part of the Allegheny Plateau. Named after Allegheny Front Trail co-founder and enthusiast Ralph Seeley, the view encompasses not only the foothills of the front and the Bald Eagle Valley, but also Bald Eagle Ridge and Tussey Mountain beyond. Big Fill Run/Abandoned Rail line Corridor (adjacent to PA Route 350) – (R23) The southern end of this proposed was recommended in the Southern Alleghenies Greenways and Open Space Network Plan as a proposed/planned trail corridor referred to as the “Little Juniata/Bald Eagle Creek/Big Fill Run Conservation Greenway Corridor” in Blair County from near the village of Bald Eagle and heading north into Centre County. This corridor would follow the abandoned rail grade that lies adjacent to PA Route 350 (the Tyrone Pike) north to Sandy Ridge. The corridor is adjacent to Big Fill Run on the southern end and Wolf Run along the northern portion, and the majority of the proposed trail corridor is located within State Game Lands #33. As noted in the greenway and open space plan for Blair County – “Bald Eagle Creek, in the northeastern corner of the County, supports an extensive area of wetlands. Big Fill Run flows into Bald Eagle Creek and is the only stream in the County that has been designated as an exceptional value stream by the Blair County Conservation District.” TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS Proposed Driving Tour From Philipsburg to Unionville via Rattlesnake Pike Corridor (T12) - This proposed approximate 20 mile scenic tour links the Borough of Philipsburg to the Borough of Unionville. From the hub of Philipsburg with all of its historic character and ongoing revitalization efforts, the tour travels east on the Rattlesnake Pike (PA Route 504) taking the traveler to beautiful Black Moshannon State Park. This park known for its historic Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) cabins and one-room schoolhouse on the property offers fishing, boating, hiking, environmental programs (including historical logging events) birding, and a chance to explore the magnificent bog habitat ecosystem. Continuing east outside of the park boundary the Allegheny Front Trail crosses the road. Accessing the trail by foot to the south provides an opportunity for several spectacular views including: Julian Vista, Ralph’s Majestic View, Seven Mountains Vista, Sky Top Vista, Supply Road Vista, and Whetstone Run Vista. Continuing east, the Rattlesnake Pike winds down the mountain into the valley hub destination of Unionville. Unionville, a designated historic district, boasts charming homes, the Unionville Café’, recently upgraded Unionville playground, and Grandville Hollow Pottery, a local store in the nearby village of Julian. The homes in the historic district represent a concentration of simple four-bay, vernacular Georgian style I-houses, built of plank construction. The oldest part of the village corresponds closely to the buildings and streets on a 1860 map of Unionville. An active rail line, the former Railroad, passes through the Borough, and tributaries from the surrounding ridges flow into the Bald Eagle Creek which is adjacent to the railroad. Historic photo of tree-lined street in Unionville ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666777 HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS Located partly in the rugged foothills of the Allegheny Plateau, Taylor Township formed in 1845 out of Halfmoon Township. Nineteenth century county historian John Blair Linn described the area as particularly attractive to hunters because, “At the time and for years after, deer, bear, wolves, panthers, and wild cats were numerous. On a foggy or cloudy day the wolves cold be heard howling for two hours before night.” The Taylor Township community of Hannah took its name from the iron furnace located there. Unionville is considered historically significant as well as a well preserved village in terms of its history and pattern of settlement. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, it continues to be well maintained, with a number of properties having undergone preservation/renovation efforts in the last 25 years. Municipal Specific Recommendations Ø The Nationally Registered Community of Unionville should continue to be supported in its preservation activities. If future plans for any changes in Route 220 are considered, they should be done carefully so that they do not negatively impact the community. Ø Support should be given to residents in and near Unionville in their efforts to preserve this important Bald Eagle Valley community. Ø New housing in Unionville should respect both the layout of the town and its architectural scale and character. Hannah Furnace Farm Historical Markers 1) Juniata Iron – Located on U.S. Route 220 and 1.3 miles SW of Unionville – The text reads “Along the streams of this region are ruins of many charcoal iron furnaces and forges built between 1790-1850. Juniata iron was the best in America. Its reign ended with the rise of coal and coke iron making.” 2) Juniata Iron – Located on US Route 220 near US Route 322, 1.8 miles NE of Port Matilda – The text reads “Along the streams of this region are ruins of many charcoal iron furnaces and forges built between 1790-1850. Juniata iron was the best in America. Its reign ended with the rise of coal and coke iron making.” Borough of Unionville Historic Juniata Iron Furnace and workers ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666888 UPPER BALD EAGLE VALLEY MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---666999 CENTRE REGION CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Spring Creek Conservation Corridor (C6) - In this corridor Spring Creek, now designated a HQ stream, is important as a conservation, education, recreation, and water quality link. It flows into the eastern border of Benner Township, traverses through a pristine area referred to as the Spring Creek Canyon, and continues where it joins with the confluence of Bald Eagle Creek in Milesburg. One of the best places to fish for trout in Centre County, it passes through the Benner Spring State Fish Hatchery and the Bellefonte State Fish Hatchery, and the stream corridor provides a important buffer for watercourse and floodplain control. In addition the corridor passes through the Spring Creek Valley BDA, a landscape that contains several species and communities that are rare within the state such as Ebony Sedge and Tufted buttercup (a native perennial wildflower Continuing from Bellefonte, Spring Creek flows through the Bellefonte Waterfront District and continues along Fish and Boat Commission lands to the Borough of Milesburg. Fishing, kayaking, and canoeing opportunities are available of Lamb Street in Bellefonte. Mach One Slalom Team operates a kayak course just of Lamb Street and the Krauss Park located across the street from the historic Gamble Mill, or further in the Sunnyside Paddling Park. McCoy Dam originally constructed for power generation and located just upstream of Milesburg was removed in 2007 opening this area as a “blueway” for kayaks/canoes to cross over the remnants of the spillway. Due to the dam removal, project restoration is continuing along the banks of Spring Creek where invasive species such as purple loosestrife where thriving. This location also is the site of Harmony Forge (the historic Milesburg Ironworks) and a partnership with the PA Fish & Boat Commission and ClearWater Conservancy to develop signage at this location making this section a heritage node for preservation and educational opportunities. Nearby schools include Bald Eagle and Bellefonte High Schools, and the Benner, Bellefonte, and Wingate Elementary Schools. Community Parks for linear connections include Fisherman’s Paradise, Spring Creek Nature Park, Talleyrand Park, and Krauss Park while nearby Neighborhood Parks (within walking distance and very close to developments and neighborhoods) include Burnham Estates and Masullo Park. A recommendation would be to provide for additional parking spaces for recreational users from Sunnyside Park to McCoy Dam (potentially two parking lots to allow for 25 spaces each). An additional recommendation would be for the “boat house” for Mach One Kayak Team to located on river right of Spring Creek decreasing the pedestrian traffic that is now crossing the active rail line near Sunnyside Paddling Park. Buffalo Run Conservation Corridor (C8) - Buffalo Run, a tributary to Spring Creek, is designated a HQ stream and is significant as a conservation, education, recreation, and water quality link. The headwaters to Buffalo Run originate in Patton Township and follow an easterly direction paralleling Route 550 and the historic Bellefonte Central Railroad corridor to its confluence with Spring Creek near Coleville. This corridor has been studied extensively with the recent completion of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail Feasibility Study. It is bordered by the Bald Eagle Ridge and offers excellent birding and fishing opportunities. The area is rich in cultural resources having remnants of the former iron industry, railroad, and agricultural operations. This HQ stream should be protected for maintenance of water quality and the aquatic habitats of the stream. A “Riparian Conservation Zone” established along the Buffalo Run Corridor would protect the existing wetlands and natural vegetation along the creek and could provide incentives to private landowners as well. There are special management assistance programs for landowners to aid in stream bank re-vegetation and stream buffer maintenance. The rural character of this corridor is aesthetically pleasing and can be preserved even if a trail opportunity is pursued along the historic Bellefonte Central Rail line. Spruce Creek Conservation Corridor (C28) - The headwaters of Spruce Creek originate within the Chime Cave BDA (a habitat for the Northern Long- Eared Bat, a species of special concern) and just outside the boundary of Commonwealth lands owned by the State University in Ferguson Township. The stream corridor flows in a westerly direction and then turns in a southern direction as it enters Huntingdon County. It is a ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---7770 00 tributary of the Little Juniata River. This entire reach of stream is impaired by DEP standards as a result of agriculture and siltation. It is recommended that agricultural best management practices be used adjacent to this stream and riparian buffers be implemented. Spruce creek though impaired in areas is still known for its popularity for the sport of fishing, another reason to help restore the stream habitat in impaired sections. Fishing excursions on Spruce Creek have been known to turn up trophy brown and rainbow trout. Northern Long-Eared Bat Slab Cabin Conservation Corridor (C29) - Slab Cabin’s headwaters originate in southern Centre County in Rothrock State Forest in Ferguson Township. The headwaters of the stream are designated HQ until the stream reaches the village of Pine Grove Mills. As with Galbraith Gap, and Roaring Run, this tributary of Spring Creek is also a key to the high quality of water provided to residents in and around State College. It is recommended that this stream should have a 300-foot buffer on either side, and that the stream be protected from logging practices, urbanization, and high-impact recreation. Halfmoon Wildlife Corridor Greenway (C30) - The Halfmoon Wildlife Corridor Project, approximately 106 acres, would secure a permanent connection between State Game Land 176 and Bald Eagle Mountain. Project partners include ClearWater Conservancy, Keystone Conservation Trust, Halfmoon Township (and landowners thereof), and the PA Game Commission. The Wildlife Corridor is a linear corridor that runs north south linking the Bald Eagle Ridge Important Bird Area to the pocket of ecological treasures found in the Scotia Barrens in the State Game Lands. This distinctive shrub-scrub habitat hosts several extremely rare species, including golden-winged warbler, Appalachian cottontail, barrens buckmoth, and northeastern bulrush and has been recognized as an Important Bird Area by Audubon, an Important Mammal Area by the National Wildlife Federation, and as a Biological Diversity Area by the Centre County Natural Heritage Inventory conducted by the Western Conservancy. The Barrens also provide a haven for rare insects, pool-dependent amphibians, and large numbers of neo-tropical songbirds. Halfmoon Wildlife Corridor Connection Musser Gap Conservation Greenway (C31) - ClearWater Conservancy and Penn State University are addressing the need for a safe connection to Musser Gap for pedestrians and bicyclists by creating a greenway between it and the neighborhoods across Whitehall Road and beyond to town and campus. Musser Gap is a gateway to Rothrock State Forest purchased by ClearWater in 2007 and turned over to the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Bureau of Forestry. Musser Gap is part of the Tussey Mountain Important Bird Area, as designated by the Audubon, is adjacent to the Rothrock State Forest and Stone Mountain Important Bird Area, and is also within the one-year zone of contribution of the State College Borough Water Authority's Harter and Thomas well fields, which supply drinking water to approximately 38,000 residents of the Centre Region. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777111 This project can serve as a viable model for other organizations and stakeholders on how to successfully acquire and protect land and more importantly how partnerships are essential to the success of any project. Financial contributions that made the land acquisition project possible came from DCNR; the State College Borough Water Authority; Centre County’s Ferguson, Harris, Patton, College, and Halfmoon townships; State College borough, the Huplits Foundation, and Omega Bank. For more information on the ClearWater Conservancy, visit www.clearwaterconservancy.org Roaring Run Conservation Corridor (C32) - This stream originates in Shingletown Gap BDA (a good example of a white pine forest community) within Rothrock State Forest land. This stream as well as Galbraith Gap and Slab Cabin Run all lie in the Rothrock State Forest and Stone Mountain IBA making all of these streams and the forest surrounding them a great birding destination. Shingletown Gap, where Roaring Run descends from Tussey Mountain into the valley is known for its beauty which draws recreational users to this location. Enhancing this forest gateway with a safe entry point, signage, and restrooms would make this a safer and more enjoyable experience for visitors. It is recommended that mountain biking be discouraged at this location as the mountain bikes are damaging the fragile slopes and threatening the valuable plant communities surrounding this stream corridor. Gailbraith Gap Conservation Corridor (C33) - Gailbraith Gap’s headwaters originate in southern Centre County in Rothrock State Forest in Harris Township. This HQ stream is an important tributary of Spring Creek providing high quality naturally filtered water to State College area residents via the deep, underground water supply. In addition these headwater streams of Spring Creek providing high quality naturally filtered water to State College area residents via the deep, underground water supply. In addition these headwater streams of Spring Creek contain native brook trout, and many species of reptiles and amphibians. A recommendation from the Spring Creek Rivers Conservation Plan is to create a conservation buffer (300 feet) on each side of the stream and a forest gateway at Galbraith Gap to enhance the entry to the abundant recreational and educational opportunities found in the Spring Creek Headwaters. The gaps at Galbraith and Shingletown are two of the most popular entry points to the Rothrock State Forest where one can enjoy snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, hunting, hiking, wildlife photography, and the gorgeous aesthetics of the forest and its vegetation. The stream also serves as a historical link with remnants of logging railroads and charcoal hearths along the trails in Galbraith and Shingletown Gap within the Rothrock State Forest. In an effort to interpret the story of the charcoal-making process, the Spring Creek Rivers Conservation Plan suggests that the old rail lines be marked with signage describing old logging practices and the charcoal hearths become a destination for campsites. RECREATION CORRIDORS Mid State Trail - (R1) - This existing trail corridor in Centre County passes Rothrock and Bald Eagle State Forests; Penn Roosevelt, Poe Valley, Poe Paddy State Parks; and Alan Seeger and Detweiler Run Natural Areas through Huntingdon, Centre, Mifflin, and Union Counties. It is located in Miles, Haines, Penn, Potter, Harris, and Ferguson Townships of Centre County. This corridor serves as an existing hiking trail with many destinations on public land along the way. The Mid State Trail extends from Green Ridge Trail in Maryland, to SR 2016 north of Sand Run Falls, in Tioga County. The general route of the Mid State Trail (as described in the 10th edition) is shown on Official Transportation and Tourism Map, 2005 edition. This map is available free at highway rest areas and municipal offices. Bellefonte Central Rail Trail Greenway (R10) - The proposed trail includes sections of Bellefonte and State College Boroughs, Benner, College, Ferguson, Patton, and Spring Townships. The corridor parallels PA Route 550 and the Buffalo Run stream corridor designated a HQ stream, and extends from the Bellefonte Waterfront District to the McKee Street Clinton Bikeway near Sunset Park in State College Borough. The State University has constructed the first 1.3 miles of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail, from the McKee Street / Clinton Avenue Bikeway, through the University’s ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777222 Arboretum property in Patton Township. The feasibility study recommends a phased approach to the rail trail project with the first phase to be from Coleville to Upper Gyp Road in Benner Township. This corridor provides an excellent opportunity for fishing, birdwatching, wildflower identification, and historic interpretation/education along the historic Bellefonte Central Railroad. There are numerous wetland communities along this corridor providing excellent habitat for flora and fauna and an opportunity for environmental education and outdoor classroom experiences. The corridor, if developed as a trail, would be a viable economic opportunity for the hubs of Bellefonte and State College. Patton Woods/Haugh Farm (R24) - This proposed corridor is the result of the great effort of the Coalition of Neighborhoods and Environmental and Recreation Groups to Preserve Natural Resource Lands in Ferguson and Patton Townships. This recreational and conservation corridor would connect parcels (through either an easement or by acquisition) of land to currently designated “green spaces” and provide connectivity for the neighborhoods of Chestnut Ridge, Greenbriar, Christopher Lane, and Chribaro Manor from State Game Lands 176 between Sleepy Hollow Drive northward to Circleville Road and then North to Scotia Road. This would include parcels in both Patton and Ferguson Townships. There currently is a strip of land between the eastern border of State Game Lands 176 and the neighborhoods which serves as a de facto greenway. The parcels include an almost square 73 acre protrusion from State Game Lands 176 adjacent to Greenbriar in Ferguson Township. That parcel connects to 63 acres in the Patton Woods Natural Recreation Area which then connects to the 466 acres Patton Township Haugh Family Farm Open Space. Collectively all of this green open space can provide these bedroom community neighborhoods of State College an opportunity to enjoy the beauty of the forested area, a place to walk their dog, to hunt (allowed now in certain areas and permitted times of the year), to hike, and to experience all other opportunities the beauty of nature brings. A Showcase Example of Community and Neighborhood Partnerships The Coalition of Neighborhoods and Environmental and Recreation Groups to Conserve Natural Resource Lands in Ferguson and Patton Townships is an informal coalition of fourteen neighborhoods and ten recreation groups formed in July 1998 to preserve natural resource lands in Ferguson and Patton Townships. The Coalition coordinates with the Federation of Sportsmen’s Clubs and the Game Commission for shared use of public lands in both townships. A quote from the organization states “We are a coalition without elected officers or paid executive directors, no dues nor advertising for us. We are an advocacy rather than an organization. We use neighborhood residents and members in user groups as our points of contact. We have worked quietly cleaning the woods and keeping trails open. We are about six hundred of your neighbors and we come together when needed. Representatives of the coalition do attend public meetings and read meeting reports.” The Coalition would like to recommend a greenway connection that is a strip of land between the eastern border of State Game Lands 176 and the neighborhoods of Chestnut Ridge, Christopher Lane, Chribaro Manor, and Greenbriar and now serves as a de facto greenway. It is a recommendation of this plan for the connections to be developed and protected within this area working in conjunction with elected officials, PA Game Commission, and other interested stakeholders to ensure the viability of this greenway and system of trails for future generations. Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad Greenway(R2) – This historical railroad corridor previously the Lewisburg, Centre, and Spruce Creek Railroad, was a subsidiary of the Railroad in Central This historic railroad never connected its namesake towns, but instead reached Lemont in 1885, and bent around the mountain and headed to Bellefonte. The railroad brought passenger service to Spring Mills in 1877 and Centre Hall in 1885. Of the many stations along the way there was a station called Rising Springs that is now formally the village of Spring Mills. Two other branches were built from this railroad and a spur laid ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777333 along Poe Creek to reach a sawmill at the village of Poe Mills. This “spur” corridor has potential to be a trail with a crushed limestone surface. Much of the former railroad bed has been removed and is developed over by residences, businesses, and farmland. It may be possible to secure easements where landowners are willing to agree to trail development. As the western end of the corridor is more developed, more specifically from Spring Mills to Centre Hall, it may be most feasible to focus development of the trail from the existing Mid State portion of the trail just outside of the Poe Paddy Tunnel and follow the Bald Eagle State Forest right-of-way to Weikert and Glen Iron in Union County with the intention of linking up with the Buffalo Valley Rail Trail from Mifflinburg to Lewisburg (Union County) to Montandon in Northumberland County. Arboretum Section of the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail (R25) - The trail follows the former Bellefonte Central Railroad bed for nearly a mile through University land that will become The Arboretum at Penn State. Hikers and bicyclists can now travel a safe alternative route to campus from residential developments such as Toftrees and Cedar Cliff in the north, and people of all ages can enjoy a scenic recreational corridor through Big Hollow, next to the University Park campus. The trail, which took five years to complete, follows the abandoned right-of- way for the Bellefonte Central Railroad for approximately a mile. The Bellefonte Central rail line followed a portion of the railroad built between 1884 and 1886. It carried passengers through 1946 and freight until 1975. Opening ceremonies for this trail were held in conjunction with Bike-to-Work day and server an example for other communities to follow with their ribbon cutting and trailhead opening. At the northwestern terminus of this trail would be the recommended corridor mentioned above (R1), which had a feasibility study completed August 2008. Sign at Bellefonte Central Rail Trail – Arboretum Section Musser Gap Greenway Connection (R26) - The proposed Musser Gap Greenway Project is part of the larger Musser Gap Forest Gateway initiative that began in 2002 when a private land developer submitted a land development plan for his property in Musser Gap, located in Ferguson Township, Centre County. To protect the critical drinking water resources and important wildlife habitat of Musser Gap, ClearWater Conservancy purchased the 423-acre Musser Gap property in 2006 with financial contributions from the State College Borough Water Authority and the six Centre Region municipalities. ClearWater Conservancy then transferred the property to the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) Bureau of Forestry in 2007 so that it could be incorporated into Rothrock State Forest and developed into a “Forest Gateway” into Rothrock State Forest, a recommendation of ClearWater’s Spring Creek Rivers Conservation Plan. ClearWater Conservancy is now working with DCNR and Penn State University (PSU) to create the Musser Gap Greenway. This greenway would ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777444 provide residents and visitors with a needed recreational connection to Rothrock State Forest through Musser Gap. The greenway would start at the new Musser Gap parking area, cross SR 45, continue through PSU property along an existing farm lane, connect to the new Whitehall Road Regional Park, and finally cross Whitehall Road where it will connect to a heavily populated area along Blue Course Drive Connect to GameLands 176 via Railroad Grade- (R27) - This proposed corridor lies on the former Railroad right-of-way, a spur off of the former Bellefonte Central Railroad (near what was called the horseshoe curve area of the Bellefonte Central) very near Stevenson Road in Patton Township. This spur parallels Buffalo Run (an Exceptional Value stream) for quite a distance and lies on the very exterior edge of the designated Bald Eagle Ridge Important Bird Area. The former railroad right-of-way would have to cross Atherton Street, I-99, Paul Joseph Drive, Meeks Lane, and Scotia Range Road to end at the destination of State Game Lands 176 – Scotia Barrens. The potential trail could connect many neighborhoods within the township as well encouraging the historic interpretation of the railroad and the Barrens. Connection to Whipple Dam State Park Corridor (R28) - The proposed connection to Whipple Dam State Park is from Shingletown Road in Rothrock State Forest, a forestry road that spurs off of the Mid-State Trail, south of the village of Shingletown and Boalsburg and in close proximity to this section of the Mid-State Trail. Whipple Dam State Park is located in Huntingdon County, has a 22-acre lake for swimming and boating, offers opportunities for wildlife watching including many species of waterfowl, osprey, muskrat, and beaver, and is also a remnant CCC Camp built by the Corps in 1935. In 1987, the 32-acre park day use area was designated the Whipple Dam National Historic District. This entry on the National Register of Historic Places recognizes, protects, and preserves the work site of one of the Depression Era's most important relief programs, the Civilian Conservation Corps. Connection to Detweiler Natural Area (R29) - The proposed corridor lies just south of Harris Township in Huntingdon County and provides and recreation and conservation link from the Whipple Dam Corridor to the Mid-State Trail Corridor and situated betweeen both is the Detweiler Run Natural Area. The 463-acre area in Detweiler Hollow is recognized for the virgin white pine and hemlock that grow there. The giant old-growth trees shade an under story of massive rhododendron that covers both sides of the Detweiler branch of Standing Stone Creek. Additional tree species in the area include red, scarlet and chestnut oaks and red maple. The area is situated on the northern outer slopes of Grass Mountain. The ridge is composed of very steep, talus-strewn slopes and a small area of open talus fields. The connection lies within the Rothrock State Forest and Stone Mountain Important Bird Area (IBA) and serves as a natural “gateway”into Rothrock State Forest, in Harris Township, Centre County. Whipple Dam Beach Area Mid-State Trail to Colyer Lake Corridor (R30) - The proposed spur off of the Mid-State Trail located within the Rothrock State Forest in Harris Township would be a connector trail to the public land owned by the Commonwealth of and operated by the PA Fish & Boat Commission at Colyer Lake. Colyer Lake is a 77-acre impoundment owned by the Commonwealth of and managed by the Fish and Boat Commission for public fishing and boating. The connector trail, if maintained and developed with signage by Rothrock State Forest, would be a north spur off of the Mid-State Trail on Shingle Path Trail, onto Treaster Kettle Road (a forestry road) encompassing approximately four miles of connecting trail to Colyer Lake. Colyer Lake has a hiking trail around the lake and offers opportunities for birding and fishing for bass and panfish species. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777555 TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS PA Bicycle Route G (T2) - This PA designated bicycle corridor runs a north- south route from Tioga County through the Commonwealth terminating in Bedford County. Route G can be accessed in Centre County in many locations along Pa Routes 445, 192, and 45 near Madisonburg, Centre Hall, Boalsburg and Pine Grove Mills. There are signs throughout the entire biking corridor (approximately every few miles) and an opportunity to experience the beauty, history, and cultural experience of many towns and villages along the way such as Tioga, Ansonia, Avis, Boalsburg, Pine Grove Mills, Spruce Creek, Alfarata, Williamsburg, Martinsburg, Bedford, and State Line. The towns of Alfarata and Williamsburg mentioned above are trailhead locations along the Lower Trail (located in Blair and Huntingdon Counties). The 16.5 mile multi-use Lower Trail is said to be “one of the best kept secrets in is a broader example of the many multiple connections of trail systems existing and proposed throughout the state. Bicycle Route G links to the Lower Trail constructed on an abandoned railroad right-of-way, and provides a multitude of trail experiences. Lower Trail offers numerous recreational opportunities including hiking, jogging, horseback riding, bird watching, cross-country skiing, and access to the river for fishing, kayaking, and canoeing – It is a perfect example to highlight the importance of “ribbons of green” greenway connections to offer many unique opportunities for many different user types. Scenic Farm along the Lower Trail about 1 ½ miles north of Williamsburg Art Thrives on 45 (T1) - This corridor originates in Montour County and heads west through Northumberland, Union, Centre, and Huntingdon Counties. Also known as the Purple Heart Highway, PA Route 45 has many destination points along the way such as: local potters, candle crafters, woodworkers, museums, glass and fiber arts; including but not limited to places to visit including Danville, Bucknell University, Vicksburg, Mifflinburg, Woodward, Aaronsburg, Penn State University, Pine Grove Mills and more. This corridor is not only pleasing to drive but aesthetically stunning for views of the landscape and a reminder of the rural character of the region. HISTORIC RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are offered to enhance the interpretation of the Centre Region Municipal Specific Recommendations State College Borough Summary & Recommendations Ø Given the uniqueness of State College’s early 20th century building stock and the recognition it enjoys as worthy of National Register listing, several recommendations are offered: Ø The properties and the flavor of the two National Register districts and three neighborhoods should be retained Ø Rehab and reuse should be the goal rather than demolition and replacement Ø If buildings are demolished, their replacements should be in a similar style and scale, and with a similar setback, to keep the neighborhood’s context intact Ø Special attention should be given to the West College Avenue neighborhood to preserve the borough’s largest collection of older buildings Ø Because of their outstanding architecture and their strong historic link with a college town, fraternity buildings deserve extra consideration Ø Principal buildings such as the State College Hotel should receive local landmark status ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777666 Ø Existing historic districts should be expanded where relevant to encompass the several more contemporary style architect- designed houses of the 1950s and 60s Ø Programs and activities that highlight the borough’s rich architectural resources should be encouraged. College Township Summary & Recommendations College Township has a wealth of historic, cultural, and natural resources. Historic sites within the township include these National Register listings: Centre Furnace, the Lemont and Oak Hall Historic Districts, the Felix Dale and General John Thompson houses. The cultural resources feature some of State University’s highlights including the Arboretum; parks and open spaces such as Millbrook Marsh Nature Center, Spring Creek, Slab Cabin, and a part of Walnut Springs Park and Thompson Woods; and the natural resources of Thompson Run and the Duck Pond, Bathgate Spring, Slab Cabin Run, and Spring Creek. Towering above it all is Mount Nittany. Ø With so many attributes, College Township is an ideal place to link these historical, cultural, and natural resources through a ‘ribbon of green’ – the continuing development of a greenways of hiking and biking paths. Ø Resurrect the possibility of creating a boulevard along East College Avenue from Lemont and the Mt. Nittany Expressway to University Drive and the eastern edge of State College. Ø Create a walking path that connects Millbrook Marsh Nature Center, Centre Furnace, and the eastern edge of the Penn State campus, and another that connects them to Walnut Springs and Lederer Park and Thompson Woods. Ø Make more accessible the meadow at Thompson Springs, and enhance the area around the Duck Pond. Ø Support the efforts of the Lemont Village Assn. in maintaining the character of the village through support for the Granary project and for the retention and continuing use of the Lemont School. Ø Protect the Oak Hall National Register Historic District from further highway encroachment. Ø Consider a National Register nomination for the village of Houserville. Ø Halfmoon Township Summary & Recommendations Halfmoon Township is rich in historic and cultural resources in a beautiful natural setting. The importance of Centre County’s farmland, highlighted by the county’s Agricultural and Land Preservation Board, are particularly relevant to Halfmoon: “Farmland gives the community an open, pastoral character. This helps preserve the identity of individual towns and villages by buffering one community from neighboring settlements. Farmland contributes to the scenic views characteristic of Centre County. Farms provide both habitat and corridors for fish and wildlife. Air quality is enhanced by the dynamics of farmland. Taken together, these factors are important to the public's perception of the quality of life in Centre County. . . “When quality of life and economic factors are totaled, it is clear that the preservation of farmland is something that should be of interest to people who live in the built-up areas of Centre County as well as those whose livelihoods are linked to the agricultural economy.” Agricultural resources are growingly threatened by urban development in Halfmoon Township. In addition to farm subdivisions and a rapidly increasing population, in all likelihood the need for improved traffic movement along Route 550 will put pressure on the historic properties that are located at the current road’s edge. Given the quality of the historic resources in Halfmoon Valley, developing nominations for National Register properties, as well as a possible rural historic district would be an additional way in which to protect and promote this area’s agricultural and architectural heritage. Possible National Register sites/districts: Ø John Thompson House ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777777 Ø Jacob Love House Ø Yoder/Beck Farm & Cemetery Ø George Gensemore Farm Ø Robert and Hannah Way Farm – eligible for inclusion, 1999 Ø Rural historic district nomination for area west of Centennial Additional Research on the Area’s Historic Components, such as: Ø Transportation routes particularly associated with iron industry Ø Tow Hill, including archaeological investigation Ø African American population – UGRR activity § John Thompson, a sheriff and abolitionist and the Quaker community near § Centennial all have been referenced as part of UGRR activities in Half Moon § Township Harris Township Summary & Recommendations Harris Township enjoys a uniquely rural setting, with Tussey and Nittany Mountains forming two of its boundaries. Three small villages, of which two – Boalsburg and Linden Hall have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places, are indications of how the township has preserved its historic identify while meeting additional growth needs. The continuation of careful zoning decisions within the villages and throughout the township, along with the continuation in the encouragement of farming and the maintaining of open space have helped to preserve these rural qualities and flavor. Ø Potential highway projects could be a threat to Harris Township’s rural landscape. Community involvement and context sensitive design solutions are essential as projects are considered in order to protect and respect the township’s preservation efforts. Ø Federally funded projects impacting Boalsburg or Linden Hall should meet federal historic preservation requirements for environmental impact studies. Ø A portion of Harris Township is included in the Penns/Brush Valley pending National Register district. Federally funded projects involving properties within this pending nomination also should meet environment impact statement requirements. Ø As new developments occur adjacent to Boalsburg and Linden Hall, they should reflect the scale and architectural flavor of these early villages. Ø Harris Township is rich in museums – the Boalsburg Museum, the Boal Museum and Columbus Chapel, and the Military Museum, and the newly restored Rock Hill (Linden Hall) School will soon be added to the collection. Of equal importance is the museum quality of the villages themselves, excellent examples of rural 19th century vernacular architecture. These are important township assets and should be protected and promoted accordingly. Ø Shingletown not only provides a gateway to Tussey Mountain but an historic link with the Centre Region’s early industrial history. Its name, ‘shingletown’, and its proximity to timber stands and charcoal flats offer links to the past. Ø Harris Township has excellent access to Rothrock State Forest at nearby Bear Meadows, and now potentially through ClearWater Conservancy’s initiative at Galbraith Gap. These projects deserve area- wide support. Harris Township listings in the National Register of Historic Places: Ø Boalsburg Historic District - 1977 Ø Linden Hall Historic District - 1990 Ø Hill House, Boalsburg - 1977 Ø Boal Mansion and Columbus Chapel - 1978 ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777888 Patton Township Summary & Recommendations Patton, one of the earliest townships to be formed in Centre County, has undergone many changes over the years, but underlying its past is the significant role it played in the county’s early industrial history. Ore outcroppings initially brought 18th century surveyors and entrepreneurs in search of excellent quality iron, central ‘gold’. They found what they were looking for, they stayed, and they established iron furnaces and forges along Spring Creek and its tributaries throughout the Spring Creek Watershed. A century later, one of most active industrialists, Andrew Carnegie, bought township land from an earlier entrepreneur to establish the model iron mining town of Scotia, Little Scotland. First trails, then roads, and then railroads were built to transport iron and iron products from and through Centre County to Huntingdon County and beyond and to Pittsburgh and beyond. Timber stands provided the wood, first hardwoods and later pine, to fire the furnaces, but the timber stands also provided ample supplies to be used for other building and industrial purposes. Most 21st century landscapes do not have such a large part of their history available for the ‘reading’ through the opportunity to investigate above-ground archaeology that is provided especially at Scotia. It offers three centuries of history: 1) the iron ore that brought the initial ironmasters to the area to build charcoal fired furnaces in the late 1700s; 2) the continuing abundance of iron that introduced iron mining and accompanying communities as envisioned by Carnegie in the late 1800s; 3) and more modern methods for extracting and treating iron in the early 1900s. Most importantly, a National Register nomination should be prepared for Scotia identifying it as a highly significant industrial site. This would include: Ø Continuing research efforts should be encouraged to learn more about the various eras of Scotia’s history, including the significant role ore washers played in iron mining and in Centre County’s industrial past. Ø Archaeological investigations should be encouraged to determine what artifacts remain related to each of Scotia’s historic time periods. Remnants of the region’s iron furnace era, such as ore pits, can be found elsewhere in Patton Township and should be included in the industrial story. Ø Oral histories should be gathered while there are still people who remember Scotia. Ø One-room schools were built by Moses Thompson, Centre Furnace ironmaster and valley landholder, for children of his tenant farmers. The restored Boogersburg School offers an excellent example and should be nominated for a National Register listing. Ø Some of Centre County’s black history has been linked to Patton Township and to the iron industry. It should be investigated and recorded. Ø Old roads and railroad routes need further investigation and recording. Ø ClearWater Conservancy’s efforts to preserve the rich environmental resources of the Barrens and to link them with the Bald Eagle Wildlife Corridor should be strongly supported. ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---777999 Historical Markers 1) 28th Division Shrine – Located on business U.S. 322 at Pa. Military Museum, Boalsburg – The text reads “Dedicated to heroic dead of famed 28th in two world wars. The Division was created Sept. 1917. Shrine was founded by Col. Theodore Boal and made a State memorial in 1932.” 2) Centre Furnace – Porter Road, 150 feet north of East College Avenue (Pa. 26), State College – The text reads “Here Cols. John Patton and Samuel Miles operated the first charcoal iron furnace in the region, 1792-1809. Present stack used 1825-1858. In this era Centre County led in the making of Juniata Iron.” 3) Centre Furnace (Plaque) – Centre Furnace Mansion, 1001 E. College Ave. (PA 26), State College – The text reads “This stack is part of the plant of the Centre Iron Company which was erected in 1792 by Colonel John Patton and Colonel Samuel Miles, officers in the War of the American Revolution. The product of this furnace was the first iron melted in Centre County. 4) John I. Thompson Grain Elevator and Coal Sheds – 137 Mt. Nittany Rd., Lemont, across from grain elevator – The text reads “Erected in 1885 for his son John by Lemont founder Moses Thompson, this complex was a hub of trade for Centre County. Grain was exported and coal imported on the Bellefonte, Nittany, & Lemont Railroad, later part of the Railroad, contributing to the regional economy. These buildings are rare surviving examples of wooden structures of their kind. Moses Thompson was also a founder of Farmer's High School, now Penn State University. 5) State University – Atherton St. (Bus. US 322) between Curtin Rd. & W Park Ave., State College – The text reads “Chartered as an agricultural college in 1855. Located on land donated by James Irvin, the school admitted its first class in 1859 to study the application of science to farming. Designated the state's only land-grant institution in 1863, Penn State was one of the earliest participants in this federally supported system of higher education, which promoted an innovative and diverse curriculum of "liberal and practical education." 6) Phillip Benner – E College Ave. (Route 26), at Shiloh Rd., NE of State College (near Dale Summit) – The text reads “The ironmaster's home was at Rock. Here also were the first forge, 1794, and a nail and slitting mill. A founder of Bellefonte; leader in Centre County affairs until his death in 1832." 7) Phillip Benner – Buffalo Run Rd. (Route 550) at Rock Rd., at Buffalo Run Church, just S of Bellefonte – The text reads “The ironmaster's home was at Rock. Here also were the first forge, 1794, and a nail and slitting mill. A founder of Bellefonte; leader in Centre County affairs until his death in 1832." 8) Scotia – Located off the Gray's Woods exit of US 220/322, on Gray's Woods Blvd. / Scotia Rd., NW of State College in Patton Twp.– The text reads “Two miles southwest of here, an iron center called Scotia was established by Andrew Carnegie in 1881. Here houses were erected, a railroad built, and machinery set up. Some physical traces of the center have remained." Farmers High School – now Penn State University General James Irvin Barn – Oak Hall ---PAGE BREAK--- A Asssseem tthhee G Grreeeennwwaayy N Neettwwoorrkk CChhaapptteerr 33 & G wwaaayyy 333---8880 00 CENTRE REGION CORRIDOR MAP ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 1 MAKING THE VISION A REALITY Vision Statememt Centre County is a model of resource conservation and outdoor recreation in Central The abundant natural and cultural resources, rural landscape, access to public lands, municipal parks, and an interconnected system of greenway and trails serve as the foundation for improved quality of life for the people who live, work, and visit Centre County. The heritage tourism dollars derived from these opportunities contribute to a vibrant economy. Goals of the Recreation & Greenway Plan Through public participation by municipal and citizen surveys, public and steering committee meetings and combining gained outcomes with detailed mapping the following goals have been developed for plan. 1) Utilize information and tools from the Greenway Plan for recreation planning to link communities, parks, schools, natural areas, and historic sites 2) Establish links to future Greenway networks and facilities in surrounding counties. 3) Identify specific locations for wildlife viewing, scenic views and viewsheds, and areas of historic significance 4) Guide feasibility studies and implementation that may develop out of recommendations of the Greenway plan 5) Ensure consistency with the Centre County Comprehensive Plan and Future Growth Management Plan Greenways are a public resource. Like public rights- of-way and other infrastructure they require ongoing monitoring, management and funding for both development and operations. Having identified potential greenway corridors, Centre County can now target the steps necessary to make the greenways a reality. While the maps in the Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan depict interconnected corridors land and water-based, this process includes more detailed planning, This section of the plan will recommend a framework for implementation and recommendations to include strategies to be undertaken by the County, municipalities, public agencies, non-profit organizations and the private sector to create the greenway network. Chapter four will include: management organization, implementation strategies, design guidelines and land conservation tools, and model ordinances and agreements, and prioritization of greenway and trail corridors. The future of recreation and greenways in Centre County is envisioned as a system of outdoor spaces that function as healthy, protected ecosystems. The plan does not view these greenways as solely passive recreation, but rather fulfilling multiple objectives such as floodplain management, wildlife habitat, steam improvement, and improved quality of life. The proposed greenways/blueways located along natural and man-made linear corridors also contribute to alternative modes of transportation and natural resource conservation efforts. MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION Establishing a sound management entity or organization are key to successful implementation of this plan and furthering development of the greenway network in Centre County. There is not one “best” practice for management structure but many options that can be considered by the County and others implementing recommendations. Each management structure option has and weaknesses, and choosing an option takes thorough planning. The most practical options include: a) Multi-County Greenway Coordinator b) County Planning Office c) County Greenway Advisory Board d) County Greenway Trail Authority e) County Park and/or Greenway Department f) Greenways and Trails Organization/Associations Tunnelview Historic Site – “Indiana County Parks and Trails” ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 2 Weaknesses Cost of position is split with at least one other Requires funding for the County-paid position Funding available for this type of position Demands coordination and guidance from the County Planning Office The County(s) oversee this position May require securing grant funding to continue the position in the future This paid position results in more reliable staff person Coordinates directly with the local municipalities and non- profits to assist with the work load and volunteer efforts Assume conformity with the County(s) Greenway Plans Weaknesses The Planning Office sets the guidelines for greenway development Requires funding for the County-paid position Planning Office is able to apply for state and federal grants Demands coordination and guidance from the County Planning Office Paid staff are most likely to be more reliable employees Coordinates directly with the local municipalities and non- profits to assist with the work load and volunteer efforts Assures conformity to the adopted County Recreation & Greenway Plan The County is able to prioritize work to be completed Weaknesses The County is able to apply for grants as the applicant Advisory Board cannot apply for grants A good balance between paid staff and volunteers Counting on volunteers to accomplish all work tasks Coordinated directly with the County Often times, certain board members do the majority of the work - not balanced Comprised of volunteers who are dedicated and have interest in greenways and trails Fundraising may account for a lot of the time of the volunteer Multi-County Greenway Coordinator Under this structure 2 or more counties would enter into a agreement to create and fund a Greenway Coordinator position. This individual would be responsible for implementing the recommendations of the participating counties’ adopted open space, greenways, trails, and parks plans. Examples of this management option include: The Community Development Coordinator for North Central Regional Planning & Development Commission, Beaver/Lawrence Counties Joint Greenways Coordinator, and Oil Region Alliance Joint Greenways Coordinator. Centre County Planning & Community Development Office The County Planning or Planning and Community Development Office would manage the planning and implementation of trails and greenways by coordinating directly with the local municipalities and non-profit organizations and associations. For the county to successfully manage this position a full-time position would need to be dedicated to trails and greenway planning and may require potential support staffing and GIS. Examples of this management option include: Cumberland County’s – Greenway and Open Space Coordinator, and Pike County County Greenway Advisory Board This management option would consist of a volunteer recreation and greenways board to be appointed by the County Commissioners. The responsibilities and purpose of the board would be determined by the County Commissioners. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 3 Weaknesses Ability to apply for state grants Board of Commissioners has little control over the actions of the Authority Authority takes care of quality of work and accountability Rely on paid staff to accomplish work tasks Can operate independently of County Government Not able to apply for grants only available to non-profits Typically have long term goals and work plan Limited ability for revenue production Weaknesses Ability to apply for state and federal grants Volunteers usually play a limited role The county sets the priorities for all aspects of the greenway planning The County Department funds all aspects of the planning, development, implementation, operations and maintenance of the greenway planning efforts The county takes care of quality control issues Not able to apply for grants that are only available to non-profits organizations Paid county staff are usually more reliable than volunteers Staff may have other duties meaning time is shared between trails and greenways and other projects Examples of this type of management structure include: Somerset County Recreation Board manages the Allegheny Passage Trail within the County. County Greenway Trail Authority This management option would consist of an Authority created by the County Commissioners with the sole purpose of greenway planning, development, operations and maintenance, and management. St. Marys Street Park – Lewisburg Area Recreation Authority Examples of this type of management option include: Cambria County Conservation and Recreation Authority, Centre Region Park and Recreation, Clearfield County Recreation and Tourism Authority, Cameron County Recreation Authority, Lewisburg Area Recreation Authority, Montour County Recreation Authority, and Tri-County Recreation Authority. County Park and/or Greenway Department This management option suggests the County have an individual department responsible for all aspects of planning, implementation, management, and maintenance of greenways. Volunteers or non- profits may be able to assist on specific projects. Examples of the management option include: Indiana County Parks and Trails, York County Parks Department, and Westmoreland County. Greenway and Trails Organizations This management option consists of a non-profit organization created solely for the purpose of creating, developing, implementing, operating and maintaining trails and/or greenways. This organization is not directly affiliated with government entities but works to enhance greenway planning efforts within the municipalities/County. Snow Shoe Rail Trail Association (SSRTA) and Grand Opening of new Black Bear Trailhead ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 4 By considering greenways as an ingrained part of routine government planning both County and local governments can address greenways in comprehensive, recreation, and open space planning. Government entities can identify ways to create and enhance greenways through ordinances, easements, regulations, acquisition, and rights-of-way by making land use decisions that focus on: corridors and connections that protect and preserve critical resources throughout the County tools for acquiring land and setting land aside ownership of greenways trail development to include: water trails, multi-use trails, motorized, shared pathways, and sidewalks connections to destinations within the confines of the County and as well as into the adjoining six counties educating the importance of greenways for future generations greenways as improving the quality of life of people who live, work, and visit Centre County Smart Growth and Greenways Greenways coincide with Smart Growth Policies (as noted in “Trails & Greenways: Advancing the Smart Growth Agenda – 2002”) and especially in Centre County where sprawl continues to be a considerable factor. Smart growth concepts through regulatory policies such as zoning and growth boundaries, fiscal policies such as tax incentives, transferable development rights, regional tax sharing and public investment in “open space”, and alternative transportation systems are aim to: creating walkable close-knit neighborhoods providing transportation choices preserving open spaces ensuring a range of housing options using existing community assets and encouraging citizen/stakeholder participation in development decisions Smart Growth Initiatives result in neighborhood livability, better access and less traffic, thriving towns and villages, shared benefits, lower costs and lower taxes, and maintenance of open space. Local Greenway Planning The local municipalities need to have a leading role in recreation and greenway planning, especially for those greenways within their jurisdiction. Greenway planning can be done as a single municipal effort though the County and by multi-municipal cooperation which is highly recommended by grantors such as the PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. State and Federal agencies with grant monies strongly encourage multi- municipal greenway planning efforts and those that are a part of a larger municipal comprehensive plan, feasibility study, or a parks and recreation plan. Both the Nittany Valley Region and Penns Valley Region within Centre County have worked collaboratively to create multi-municipal regional Comprehensive Plans and Peer-to-Peer Recreational Studies as well. In addition to general greenway planning, feasibility studies and master plans may need to be developed for individual greenways. Planning through partnerships No single entity or organization in Centre County has the ability and experience to undertake Centre County’s Recreation & Greenway plan of this scale single-handedly. A partnership structure is recommended with the Centre County Office of Planning & Community Development playing a lead role in the implementation of the plan and managing partnerships with municipal entities, organizations, and associations. This structure would allow the County to continue to have an active role in greenway planning as well as draw upon the expertise and resources of other local, county, state, and non-profit organizations to implement and develop recommendations from the plan. A walkway system can be a showcase of how existing features in a landscape – an abandoned railroad right-of-way, utility corridors, city sidewalks, a canal towpath, a city dock - can be thoughtfully adapted to form a unified and useful outdoor space. It creates a public environment where people want to gather, explore, and learn. That promotes conservation at its most basic level - knowing our World. —CRAIG EVANS, President, WalkWays Center in Washington, DC, 1989 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 5 Centre County Role With Centre County already playing a crucial role in the development of the Recreation & Greenway Plan, the County can choose to continue to assist with greenway planning efforts to make the vision a reality by accomplishing the goals set forth by: • Providing the framework for greenway planning countywide • Providing technical support and assistance to municipalities and organizations working to establish greenways • Leading efforts for regional greenway planning • Providing financial assistance, in-kind services, or guidance with grant funding • Providing oversight for monitoring greenways Centre County may require additional staff, or current staff duties to be evaluated and shifted to accommodate a full-time staff person dedicated to greenway planning (a Greenway Coordinator). Staff duties would include but not be limited to: countywide greenway planning, master site plan oversight, working with technical and resource professionals, assisting local municipalities, and developing outreach and education efforts with various partners. Municipal Roles The recommendations of this plan in many cases will pass across many municipal jurisdictions. Though the County encourages multi-municipal recreational and greenway planning, there may be cases where a small projects lies within one municipality such as a link trail, building of a boat launch, restoration of a historic site, and/or interpretative signage to name a few. With this said, municipal involvement in planning and management is critical. Municipalities may become part of a regional or County Greenway that navigates through several neighborhoods and communities. Municipal greenway responsibility may include: close coordination with Centre County on common greenway issues and projects adoptions of resolutions supporting the Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan implementation and development of local greenway plans participation with other municipalities or outside of the county on regional greenway efforts public education and outreach within their communities acquisition of land for greenways securing funding sources for greenways Former Jail in Julian – Recommended for restoration Conservancy/Non-Profit Roles A local conservancy, such as ClearWater Conservancy and non-profit organizations such as Bald Eagle Creek Watershed Association, Beech Creek Watershed Association, Moshannon Creek Watershed Coalition, and Penns Valley Conservation Association, Snow Shoe Rails to Trails Association, The Lumber Heritage Region of and Headwaters Charitable Trust can serve as resources and offer expertise as well as be the recipient of Federal and State grant funding for the development of greenway projects. These organizations through partnerships can also support county staff in greenway-related efforts such as landowner education and outreach. Volunteers and Private Organizations Volunteers can be an important asset to greenway planning efforts. As the County moves forward with greenway implementation these volunteers can offer various skills, expertise, and dedication of time to fundraising, WEB design, maintenance of greenways, and education and outreach. Many greenways across the Commonwealth and elsewhere would not be successful without the help of dedicated volunteers some of which form a “Friends of” organization, sponsor cleanups, “adopt a foot/or section of trail” incentives and programs and in some cases help with user surveys and volunteer cleanup events for particular trails. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 6 DCNR - State Agency Role The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) provides cabinet-level status for conservation and recreation programs dealing with local recreation, heritage parks, rivers conservation, greenways, trails, and open spaces. A key priority of this agency is to bring its programs into towns and cities across and to provide leadership linking agency resources with local conservation efforts. Whether its developing a trail that connects a sub-division to a borough’s downtown business district, rehabilitating a community athletic field, building a safer playground, preparing a watershed or greenways plan, protecting a critical natural or open space area or constructing a snowmobile or ATV Trail, DCNR’s Bureau of Recreation & Conservation's Community Conservation Partnerships Program (C2P2) can provide communities, land conservancies and nonprofit organizations with the technical assistance or grant funding to undertake these and other types of recreation and conservation projects. DCNR partnerships involve greenways, open spaces, community parks, rail trails, river corridors, natural areas, indoor and outdoor recreation, heritage areas and environmental education. Agency programs are linked with other State agency efforts to conserve historic resources, protect water quality, enhance tourism, and foster community development. One possible funding source through DCNR is their circuit rider program which is a four-year grant program to hire a full-time recreation and/or park director to share services through an intergovernmental cooperative effort created by two or more municipalities. Available grant funding for the circuit rider's salary decreases from 100 percent the first year to 75 percent the second, 50 percent the third and 25 percent the fourth year. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES The Implementation Strategies will lay out the sequence of events needed to take the Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan from the Vision expressed in the Plan, to completion of conservation, recreation, and transportation corridors. The table will break down the steps into key objectives, how to achieve and complete them, and the parties responsible for the task. The responsible parties will have to seek funding through grants or other sources such as donations and cost reimbursements. “The Planning and Implementation Partners Diagram Chart” (page 8) explicitly depicts the potential partnerships that could make this vision a reality for Centre County. The diagram chart is broken down into State, County, Municipal, and Private/Non-Profit Partners. It would be impossible to list all of the last category on the chart but examples include: all the local Watershed Organizations, ClearWater Conservancy, Penns Valley Conservation Association, Trout Unlimited, Susquehanna Greenway Partnership, Sierra Club, Pa Native Plant Society, and local Audubon Chapters. Once Centre County adopts the Recreation & Greenway Plan, the greenway corridors as prioritized will serve as the basis for related planning efforts. Further extensive greenway planning would be undertaken by municipalities and non-profit organizations/associations addressing recreation initiatives and greenways within their jurisdictions. Municipalities are encouraged to work regionally to plan for interconnected greenway networks as detailed by the plan. The coordination of these efforts can be based on the implementation of these steps: 1) Seek County Adoption of The Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan – The county will pass a resolution to formally adopt The Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan 2) Establish a “Greenway Coordinator” Position. – Redefine the work responsibilities of one senior planner staff position within the Centre County Planning & Community Development Office. The role of this planner would be expanded to focus on all recommendations of The Centre County Recreation and Greenway Plan. Job duties could include: Develop and Provide a “Greenway Toolkit” for Local Municipalities – Information should be provided to the municipalities and other entities embarking on greenway planning ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 7 related to preserving open space, land conservation tools, and acquisition tools, and tax incentives (examples included at the end of this chapter) Create Incentives to Encourage Greenway Planning Efforts – The County in collaboration with other entities should develop incentives for multi-municipal greenway planning to include: grant writing, matching funds, and other technical assistance. Meet with Municipal Officials to Discuss the Goals of the Centre County Recreation & Greenway Plan – This coordination with the local governments would work to advance the greenway planning efforts by incorporating the planning into local comprehensive plans, greenway feasibility studies, municipal ordinances, etc. Coordinate with Municipalities, Watershed Organizations, Land Trusts, School Districts, Civic Organizations, Landowners – This would include public education programs to convey the many benefits of greenways development (economic, environmental, health, transportation, etc.) to assist in building and strengthening the inter- connected greenway network. Work with Local Municipalities to Incorporate Greenway Corridors Identified within the Plan into their Respective Comprehensive Plans and/or Greenway Plans – The County will coordinate with local officials, staff, and recreation boards to incorporate the greenway corridors from the County plan into municipal comprehensive plans, feasibility studies, and other recommendations 3) Recommend a Pilot Demonstration Project – The county will recommend a demonstration project for immediate implementation to continue the momentum of the recreation and greenway planning efforts and to continue to make the plan a live document. 4) Develop Local/Regional Plans – Municipalities work together in their recreation and greenway planning initiatives to facilitate broader thinking in greenway planning to provide continuity and connections outside of their municipal jurisdiction and neighboring counties 5) Develop a Marketing Plan Component – The County will work with the PA Wilds Planning Team and Marketing Corporation, The Lumber Heritage Region of Pa, Headwaters Resource Conservation and Development, and other agencies and non- profits to promote the many attractions of the greenway network (heritage tourism, ecotourism, cultural, historical, ecological, recreation, scenic, etc.) 6) Identify Opportunities for Purchase of Conservation Easements – The County should work with municipal officials, land trusts, and local stakeholders to identify opportunities for purchase of easements in priority corridor areas and negotiate agreements 7) Limit Development in Sensitive and Critical Environmental Areas – The municipal officials should work in coordination with the County to ensure development is limited in sensitive environments through zoning and/or subdivision and land development tools and ordinances along with developer incentives (examples discussed at the end of this chapter) 8) Establish Environmental Advisory Councils at the municipal and multi- municipal level – Municipal officials with assistance and guidance from the County, Environmental Council, and the local watershed organizations should ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 8 create Environmental Advisory Council’s to advise local appointed and elected officials about greenway and conservation priorities and assist in conservation initiatives CCC Cabin – Black Moshannon State Park Miles Township Gramley School Successful greenways grow out of the grassroots. They depend on local enthusiasm, local money, local leaders, local priorities, local agreements and local governments. They depend on highly motivated volunteers including individuals, groups and businesses. They are dependent, in short, on a strong sense of community responsibility and on the willingness of each community to link its destiny to that of its neighbors. —DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, 1996 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 9 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 10 PRIORITIZATION OF CORRIDORS Chapter 2 provided a detailed analysis of the County’s natural resources and Chapter 3 included all the recommended recreation and greenway corridors in detail by planning region. CONSERVATION CORRIDORS Analysis of the conservation corridors lead to a ranking of the corridors as to their priority for conservation, recreation, and preservation efforts. In the Conservation Corridor Ranking Chart 1, GIS software was used to determine which natural features each of the Conservation Corridors passed through using an intersect function. If a corridor intersected with any of the natural ranking characteristics in the table, the corridor earned point for each intersect. A maximum total of 14 points could be earned for each Conservation Corridor. A black dot indicates a ‘yes’ if the corridor intersects the natural feature labeled at the top of the column. The last column is the total summation of all natural features which intersect the Conservation Corridor. In the Conservation Corridor Ranking Chart 2, GIS software was used again but this time to examine both the spatial proximity of the corridor to features listed in the table and if the corridor could be described using other weighted factors. The Conservation Corridor earned point for each of the following spatial criteria: location near or within a state park connected to another trail and/or trailhead location within quarter-mile of a population hub adjacent to a residential subdivision contained historical and/or cultural features and linked to an adjacent county. The corridor earned point for each of the following weighted criteria: is a water trail is navigable 6 months out of the year is recognized at the state-level as being important has already been part of an existing feasibility study and has access needs for canoe and/or kayak. A maximum total of 11 points could be earned for each Conservation Corridor in Chart 2. A black dot indicates ‘yes’ if the corridor is either in proximity to the listed features or can be described by any of the weighted factors. The last column is the total summation of all the factors in the second ranking chart. The total sums from Ranking Charts 1 and 2 were added together which resulted in a final score for each of the Conservation Corridors (Conservation Corridor Final Ranking Chart). A maximum total of 25 points could be earned for each corridor. Those corridors that scored 16 and above (over a 60% match of all criteria) ranked exceptional. Those corridors that scored between 50% and 60% of all matching criteria (at least 12 points) are ranked significant. Corridors that scored between 40% and 50% of all matching criteria (between 10 and 12 points) ranked high. Finally, the remainder of the corridors which scored less than 10 points (under 40% of criteria matched) were ranked as medium or moderate importance. Footbridge over Penns Creek in Spring Mills Six-Mile Run – Rush Township ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 11 Conservation Corridors Ranking Chart 1 Kayak along Spring Creek – Mach One Slalom Course Paddy Tunnel – Near Mid-State Trail and Penns Creek – Poe Paddy State Park Remains of Martha Furnace and historical marker along Rt. 220 and Bald Eagle Creek ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 12 Conservation Corridors Ranking Chart 2 Kayak along Moshannon Creek commonly referred to as the “Red Mo” Beech Creek Boat launch access near Karthaus along West Branch Susquehanna River Elk Creek – Upstream from historic Toll House and site of Toll Bridge in Millheim Narrows ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 13 Priority Ranking Corridor Name Score Description 1 Spring Creek 20 2 Penns Creek 19 3 Bald Eagle Creek 17 EXCEPTIONAL 4 Beech Creek 16 Looking at 25 different factors, these corridors scored the highest based on their natural state and proximity to other features. 5 Pine Creek 15 6 Black Moshannon Creek 14 7 Little Fishing Creek 14 8 West Branch Susquehanna 14 9 Lick Run 13 10 Slab Cabin Run 13 11 Elk Creek 12 12 Roaring Run (Centre Region) 12 13 Wallace Run 12 SIGNIFICANT 14 Buffalo Run 12 Looking at 25 different factors, these corridors scored moderately in both natural features and spatial proximity to other features. Only 1 corridor here is a designated water trail with navigability along the entire corridor. 15 Gailbraith Gap Run 11 16 Logan Branch 11 17 Moshannon Creek 11 18 Panther Run 11 19 Roaring Run (Penns Valley) 11 20 Sinking Creek 11 21 Cold Stream 10 22 Spruce Creek 10 HIGH 23 Yost Run 10 Looking at 25 different factors, these corridors scored fair in both natural features and spatial proximity to other features. A few corridors have been previously studied but currently no plans for corridor enhancement exist. 24 Big Fill Run 9 25 Black Bear Run 9 26 Laurel Run 9 27 Marsh Creek 9 28 Musser Gap 9 29 Nittany Creek 9 30 Six Mile Run 8 MEDIUM 31 Cedar Run 6 Looking at 25 different factors, these corridors scored fair in natural features but scored lower in proximity to other features and weighted factors. Only a few corridors cross public lands whereas the majority cross private lands. Conservation Corridor Final Ranking Chart Interpretive signage at Spring Creek Nature Park Brown Trout from hatchery at Fisherman’s Paradise – along Spring Creek ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 14 Chapter 3 described the Conservation Corridors in detail, with recommendations for protection of sensitive corridors, stream restoration and water quality improvement, cultural and historical education, interpretation and opportunities, abundant resources such as Natural Heritage Inventory sites, High Quality and Exceptional Values stream, Class Trout streams, birding opportunities, water- based trails, and other key features. The prioritization of the Conservation Corridors is put forward as a guide for the County and municipalities to assist in directing efforts towards establishing greenways. Establishing greenways can also be interpreted as streams that should be protected, enhanced through natural channel design, riparian buffers, removing invasive species, flood prevention/restoration techniques, and interpretive signage efforts. Though the prioritization was recommends greenway development and/or conservation based initiatives begin with the “exceptional priority corridors”, if an opportunity were to arise in corridors not listed as highest priority, there should be no hesitation to seize the opportunity to implement the recommendations of the specific corridor. Based on the final ranking chart, implementation of the Chapter 3 recommendations for the Conservation Corridors is as follows: Exceptional Priority Corridors: 1 to 3 years § Spring Creek § Penns Creek § Bald Eagle Creek § Beech Creek Significant Priority Corridors: 3 to 5 years § Pine Creek § Black Moshannon Creek § Little Fishing Creek § West Branch Susquehanna § Lick Run § Slab Cabin Run § Elk Creek § Roaring Run (Centre Region) § Wallace Run § Buffalo Run High Priority Corridors: 5 to 7 years § Galbraith Gap Run § Logan Branch § Moshannon Creek § Panther Run § Roaring Run (Penns Valley) § Sinking Creek § Cold Stream § Spruce Creek § Yost Run Medium Priority Corridors: 7 to 10 years § Big Fill Run § Black Bear Run § Laurel Run § Marsh Creek § Musser Gap § Nittany Creek § Six Mile Run § Cedar Run Potential Partner Stream Projects 2010- on The Centre County Conservation District has identified potential stream restoration projects that involve partnering with other agencies, landowners, conservation and watershed groups, and other interested stakeholders. These projects have proven to be very successful within the county and serve as a great example for others to follow. Many of the projects listed below fall within the identified Exceptional and Significant Priority Conservation Corridors identified within this plan. The potential list includes: PA Fish & Boat Commission Project Partners • Penns Creek • Elk Creek • Cold Stream – multiple sites • Little Fishing Creek • Logan Branch • Marsh Creek U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Project Partners • Penns Creek – multiple sites • Spring Creek – multiple sites • Bald Eagle Creek • Beech Creek • Wallace Run • Sinking Creek ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 15 RECREATION CORRIDORS Existing and potential greenway recreation corridors were inventoried, analyzed, and described in detail in Chapter 3 – “Assembling the Greenway Network”. This process included a detailed documentation of each existing and/or proposed corridor along with recommendations for further expanding and development of the proposed recreation corridors. The proposed configuration of recreation corridors provides alternative, environmentally friendly transportation options for residents and visitors. The recreation corridors include shared use paths and foot paths (pedestrian only connections). TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS The transportation corridors identify on-road bike lanes and share the road opportunities, as well as suggested scenic driving tours throughout Centre County and extending to our six neighboring counties. The transportation corridors were not ranked and prioritized as the conservation and recreation corridors but merely noted in detail in Chapter 3 – Assembling the Network. Though a few of the identified transportation corridors are driving tours, the plan is not encouraging this type of travel but merely pointing out these scenic roads and their attributes and nearby amenities for those individuals that chose such type of recreational travel. Of importance to mention are the two Bicycle Pa Routes that traverse throughout the county – Bicycle Pa Route G and Bicycle Pa Route V. The Elk Scenic Drive is also becoming more popular for leisurely drives because of the expansion of the elk herd and the exceptionally picturesque route the drive follows. Mid State Trail – Section at Poe Paddy State Park Historic Iron Furnace on St. Route 26 South of Howard Historic schoolhouse – Black Moshannon State Park PA Wilds sign for Elk Scenic Drive – Snow Shoe Borough ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 16 Recreational Corridors Miles Description Mid-State Trail 95.6 From Franklinville in Huntingdon County, the section examined in the plan passes through Centre, Mifflin, Union, Lycoming, and connects to Ravensburg State Park in Clinton County. Chuck Keiper Trail 46.3 This entire loop-system trail crosses the boundary between Centre and Clinton counties within the Sproul State Forest. The trail is close to both Hyner View and Hyner Run State Parks and Bucktail State Park Natural Area. Allegheny Front Trail 36.8 This entire loop-system trail encircles Black Moshannon State Park and is entirely within the Moshannon State Forest. This trail also features many vistas and connects to state park system trails. Snow Shoe Rail Trail 30.9 This recreational corridor is currently the only one which allows ATV use. There are trailheads outside Casanova and Clarence. This plan evaluated the existing segment only, not the proposed extensions. Bellefonte to Lock Haven Navigational Canal 27.7 This conceptual corridor would parallel the historic Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation Canal Corridor Glen Iron to McCall Dam 27.5 Connects the Mid-State Trail near Cherry Run in Union County to McCall Dam State Park in Centre County passing through Glen Iron, Laurelton, and R.B. Winter State Park. Penns Valley Rail Trail – Lewisburg to Tyrone Railroad 26.3 This conceptual corridor parallels the former grade of the Lewisburg-Tyrone Railroad which would connect the village of Lemont with Poe Paddy State Park, passing through Centre Hall, Spring Mills, and Coburn. Brick Town Trail (Beech Creek Greenway) 23.9 This planned trail will connect historic brick industry communities and extends from Orviston and Monument to Beech Creek Borough and continues through Bald Eagle State Park, Howard Borough, Curtin, and eventually is planned to connect into Milesburg Borough. Railroad Spur from Sandy Ridge to Osceola Mills 16 A possible connection into Huntingdon and Clearfield counties, this spur parallels route 970 through Rush Township. Houtzdale Line Rail Trail 13.6 A connection at the western edge of Centre County near New Town and Earnestville, this existing rail trail passes through Osceola Mills to Houtzdale and ends in Madera. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 17 Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension into Philipsburg 12.9 A proposed connection from the existing Snow Shoe Rail Trail ending at Winburne extending south to the Borough of Philipsburg. Recreational Corridors Miles Description Bellefonte Central Rail Trail 12.8 A feasibility study for this segment of the former Bellefonte Central Rail Line between Bellefonte and State College is completed. The segment parallels much of Buffalo Run and Route 550 through Benner Township. Spring Mills to Krislund Camp 12.1 A proposed connection between the village of Spring Mills and Krislund Camp in Gregg Township along township roads. Penn Roosevelt State Park to Greenwood Furnace State Park 10.2 A possible connection of the Mid-State Trail in Penn Roosevelt State Park (Centre County) to Greenwood Furnace State Park (Huntingdon County) passing through Alan Seeger Picnic Area along state forest trails and roads. Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension to Wallaceton 7.6 West of the existing Black Bear Trail Head on the Snow Shoe Rail Trail, a proposed connection along the inactive rail line of R.J. Corman into Wallaceton, Clearfield County. Whipple Dam Link to Mid-State Trail 7 A possible connection of the Mid-State Trail west of Laurel Run Road following state forest roads into Whipple Dam State Park. Snow Shoe Rail Trail Extension to the Bloody Skillet ATV Area 6.6 This proposed connection would provide a north linkage of the existing Snow Shoe Rail Trail from the east edge of Snow Shoe Township along the Kato- Orviston Road to DeHass Road in Curtin Township through Sproul State Forest land. Orviston to Romola 6.5 A proposed connection suitable for hiking or mountain biking along the Orviston Mountain Road connecting Orviston with the village of Romola. Scotia Barrens Link 6 Conceptual link from the Bellefonte Central Rail Trail on the inactive line of the Railroad into Scotia Barrens through Grays Woods. Blue Ball Gap to Route 192 5.9 Proposed link from Mingoville following Blue Ball Gap Road to Route 192. Steep terrain over Mount Nittany flattens out into Sugar Valley. Connects Nittany Valley Region to Penns Valley Region. Mid-State Trail to Colyer Lake 4.4 From the Mid-State Trail on Thickhead Mountain, this link follows the Shingle Path Trail across the pipeline to Treaster Kettle Road which connects directly to Colyer Lake. Beaverdam to Penns Valley School District 3.2 An alternative bike-walk route from the village of Beaverdam below Spring Mills connecting to the Penns Valley Junior-Senior High School along Immel and Heckman Cemetery roads. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 18 Recreation Corridors: Length Comparison in miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Detweiler/Patton Woods M usser Link/M id-State to Woodward BCRT to Arboretum/Zerby to Zerby Gap Salt Lick Trail/PV School Link M id-State to Colyer Lake Blue Ball Gap/Scotia Link Orviston to Romola/SSRT to Bloody Skillet M id-State to Whipple Dam SSRT Ext/Wallaceton M id-State to Greenwood Spring M ills/Krislund Camp BCRT/SSRT Phililpsburg Houtzdale Line Rail Trail Sandy Ridge Railroad Spur Brick Town Trail/Beech Creek Penns Valley Rail Trail Glen Iron toM cCalls Dam/Canal Tour Snow Shoe Rail Trail Allegheny Front Trail Chuck Keiper Trail M id-State Trail Recreation Corridors: Length Comparison in miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Detweiler/Patton Woods M usser Link/M id-State to Woodward BCRT to Arboretum/Zerby to Zerby Gap Salt Lick Trail/PV School Link M id-State to Colyer Lake Blue Ball Gap/Scotia Link Orviston to Romola/SSRT to Bloody Skillet M id-State to Whipple Dam SSRT Ext/Wallaceton M id-State to Greenwood Spring M ills/Krislund Camp BCRT/SSRT Phililpsburg Houtzdale Line Rail Trail Sandy Ridge Railroad Spur Brick Town Trail/Beech Creek Penns Valley Rail Trail Glen Iron toM cCalls Dam/Canal Tour Snow Shoe Rail Trail Allegheny Front Trail Chuck Keiper Trail M id-State Trail Recreational Corridors Miles Description Salt Lick Trail 2.8 An already existing trail that would provide a link between the Brick Town Trail/Beech Creek Corridor at the former site of the Salt Lick CCC camp – Pa S-121 Zerby to Zerby Gap 2.7 A conceptual link between the village of Zerby to the top of Zerby Gap following an existing jeep trail that connects to Zerby Gap Road. Bellefonte Central Rail Trail to Penn State Arboretum 2.2 Part of the overall BCRT feasibility study, this link connects below Toftrees, parallels route I-99/220 before going under the highway and crossing Penn State land north of the Penn State Arboretum site. Mid-State Trail to Woodward 1.7 A proposed off-shoot from the Mid-State Trail, this link would connect the village of Woodward via Woodward Gap Road to Rock Knob Trail. A challenging hike on a steep grade. Link to Musser Gap 1.3 Links Blue Course Drive to Shingletown Road across Penn State lands into Musser Gap Conservation Corridor. Detweiler Run Link 0.6 A small link connecting Mid-State Trail with the Long Mountain Trail which corresponds with the proposed connection to Greenwood Furnace State Park. Patton Woods to Haugh Farm 0.6 A conceptual connection between the Patton Woods/State Game Land 176 to the Ferguson Township neighborhoods bordering Haugh Farm. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 19 Using an average cost range for trail construction of between $50 and $100 per lineal foot for trail construction, the following table formats a potential budget for the anticipated costs of constructing the recreational trails identified in the plan. The estimated costs for trail construction are based upon the following assumptions: Costs for property acquisition and/or easements have not been incorporated into the projected cost Costs do not include in-kind, volunteer, or donated services Construction projects are typically publicly bid projects following PA DCNR, PennDOT, PA Department of Labor & Industry, and respective Municipal/County code/ordinance requirements Projected costs may reflect completing the project with PennDOT funding and their requirements Costs do not include major structures such as a bridge to be installed and/or repaired or restored (structures typically >100’feet in length) Cost projections should be confirmed upon completion of preliminary design Costs are based on 2008 construction figures and should be amortized by 4.5% per year for price escalation The projects costs though very high for many of the potential trail projects can be significantly reduced through grants, donations, volunteer services, in- kind services, fundraising, and creative implementation and funding strategies. Volunteer and in-kind services can often be applied toward matching grant monies resulting in reducing the costs of trail construction. If applying for grant funding to assist with construction costs the amount of local match will depend on the funding source. Boardwalk along Moss-Hanne Trail - located within Black Moshannon State Park bog area Many of the proposed greenways and trails will pass through public lands such as State Forests, State Parks, State Game Lands, Fish & Boat Commission Lands, and municipal parks however, other proposed trails interconnect and/or pass through privately- owned lands. Each of the municipalities in Centre County may or may not have certain land use controls to guide the implementation and future of greenways and trails in their respective communities. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 20 Proposed Recreation Trail Miles Cost @ $50/LF Cost @ $100/LF Bellefonte to Lock Haven Navigational Canal 27.7 $7,312,800 $14,625,600 Glen Iron to McCall Dam 27.5 $7,260,000 $14,520,000 Penn Valley Rail Trail 26.3 $6,943,200 $13,886,400 Brick Town Trail (Beech Creek Greenway) 23.9 $6,309,600 $12,619,200 Railroad spur from Sandy Ridge to Osceola Mills 16 $4,224,000 $8,448,000 Houtzdale Line Rail Trail 13.6 $3,590,400 $7,180,800 Snow Shoe Trail extension into Philipsburg 12.9 $3,405,600 $6,811,200 Bellefonte Central Rail Trail 12.8 $3,379,200 $6,758,400 Spring Mills to Krislund Camp 12.1 $3,194,400 $6,388,800 Snow Shoe Rail Trail extension to Wallaceton 7.6 $2,006,400 $4,012,800 Snow Shoe Rail Trail extension to the Bloody Skillet ATV area 6.6 $1,742,400 $3,484,800 Orviston to Romola 6.5 $1,716,000 $3,432,000 Scotia Barrens Link 6 $1,584,000 $3,168,000 Blue Ball Gap Rd. to Rt. 192 5.9 $1,557,600 $3,115,200 Beaverdam to Penns Valley School District 3.2 $844,800 $1,689,600 Zerby to Zerby Gap 2.7 $712,800 $1,425,600 Bellefonte Central Rail Trail to Penn State Arboretum 2.2 $580,800 $1,161,600 Link to Musser Gap 1.3 $343,200 $686,400 Patton Woods to Haugh Farm 0.6 $158,400 $316,800 Footbridge over Penns Creek – Spring Mills Historic well – Curtin Village – Eagle Iron Works ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 21 TRAIL TOWN OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIES One opportunity for Centre County to explore is the concept of “trail towns”. A trail town is simply a destination along a long-distance trail. The trail whether it be a water trail, towpath, hiking trail, bike trail, or rail trail allows users to venture off the trail to enjoy the scenery, services, and heritage of the nearby communities. The trail town provides both residents and trail users a place to find the goods and services they need and easy access to both the trail and the town by vehicle, foot, or bicycle. It would be encouraged that the Centre County Planning & Community Development Office work with the municipalities to educate and coordinate the planning and development of trail towns to those municipalities that have an interest in pursuing this venue. In 2005, the Allegheny Trail Alliance published “Trail Towns – Capturing Trail Based Tourism, a Guide for Communities”. This excellent guide provides step by step guidance in preparing a blueprint to provide goods and services required by trail users and how to promote trail friendly towns. The guide states that trail towns: Entice trail users to get off the trail and into your town Welcome trail users to your town by making information about the community readily available at the trail Make a strong and safe connection between your town and the trail Educate local businesses on the economic benefits of meeting the needs of trail tourists Recruit new businesses or expands existing ones to fill gaps in the goods or services that trail users need Promote the “trail friendly” character of the town Work with neighboring communities to promote the entire trail corridor as a tourist destination A trail whether it is long or short or land or water- based can be a significant asset to a community. A trail offers free recreational opportunities for individuals of all ages along with opportunities to explore nature and learn about local history. The initiative to become a “trail town” has to come from within the community itself. Towns, villages, and other destinations will thrive in a new way because of a nearby trail town. The more trail towns along a recreational corridor the better as offering hospitality and services is more attractive for tourists within the region. A great way to organize local community efforts is to start with one of the most well-known and successful revitalization programs – The National Main Street Center’s “Four Point” or “Main Street Approach”. This approach offers a complete outline for downtown revitalization that has been successful in more than 1,700 towns throughout the United States. As a unique economic development tool, the Main Street Four-Point Approach is the foundation for local initiatives to revitalize their districts by leveraging local assets— from cultural or architectural heritage to local enterprises and community pride. More information about this approach can be found at http://www.preservationnation.org/main- street/about-main-street/the-approach/ A great example locally of a successful trail town program is recognized by the success of The Great Allegheny Passage, a 132-mile rail-turned trail that has become a main thoroughfare for cyclists seeking wild rivers, peaks and valley, and heritage towns. The Passage generated over $40 million in direct spending in 2008 for towns such Confluence, Connellsville, Meyersdale, Ohiopyle, Rockwood, and West Newton. These towns are reaping the economic benefits of trail-based tourism. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 22 OPEN SPACE PROTECTION & LAND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES The rural landscape, scenic views and vistas, mountain streams, agricultural lands, natural areas and parks, are just a few of the unique aspects that residents love about Centre County, all attributes that can be associated with open space. These characteristics all impact the quality of life offered to residents, and the open land, and in cases protected lands, provide a sense of open space that residents and visitors value. Residents recognize that Centre County is experiencing growth that is affecting the landscape and impacting the character of our communities. Open space can be preserved and protected so that growth can be directed to the appropriate areas. Tools and strategies such as public education, easements, ordinance provisions, acquisition, and partnerships can assist landowners, developers, and ultimately the residents of Centre County to enhance, preserve, and protect the County’s open space for generations to come. Open space can be defined as private or public lands and/or waters that typically support the: 1) conservation/preservation of historic and cultural resources 2) agricultural land preservation 3) access to streams and natural areas 4) protection of buffers in proximity to developed areas 5) conservation of forested lands and wildlife habitat 6) requirements for parks and trails 7) access to scenic corridors and vistas STRATEGIES THROUGH ACQUISITION Fee Simple Acquisition This practice involves the acquisition of land for the purpose of greenways, open space, and natural areas. The purchase of the land is usually done by a non- profit land trust organization or governmental or public agency. Acquiring land outright is one of the most effective methods of land protection and a fee simple title or deed provides a more permanent long- term protection of open space and natural areas than other methods such as municipal zoning and subdivision. A fee simple purchase of land requires that a deed be recorded with the County Recorder of Deeds. Donations or Gifts This conservation option provides permanent protection without public expenses and could also provide tax benefits to the donor. Public education on donations and/or gifts is important so that residents in the County are aware that they can consider the option of donation when making estate decisions if interested in protecting open space and greenway corridors. Purchase of Development Rights This approach will provide the landowner the monetary difference between the values of the land when fully developed with certain uses permitted by right versus the value of the same tract of land remaining undeveloped. The end result will be lower taxes on the land for the property owner with the cost of purchasing the development rights being higher. Bargain Sale A bargain sale would indicate the purchase of a tract of land for less than its appraised market value with the difference in the purchase and fair market value considered a charitable gift for tax purposes. Public education and explanations of benefits of this option are important for the landowner who may want to choose this option. Option to buy This option is an agreement with the property owner to purchase or have the “right of first refusal” to purchase land. This type of agreement secures the rights of any future purchase but does not indicate the price or specify when the property would be sold. Purchase and Resale/Deed Restrictions or Covenants This strategy involves the purchase of land by an interested party wanting to restrict its future use with the stipulation that the when the property is resold it is only done so under condition or restrictive deed conditions. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 23 DEED RESTRICTION A deed restriction is a restriction cited in a deed that limits in some way the specific use of a property. Examples may include: maintaining a buffer, restricting the removal of vegetation, maintaining a portion of the tract of land undeveloped, etc. The features then designated are protected in perpetuity. STRATEGIES THROUGH NON- ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES CONSERVATION EASEMENT A conservation easement is a legally enforceable agreement between the landowner and an agency or non-profit organization where as restrictions are placed on the land use activities or building alterations. With this option and for conservation of open space, the landowner voluntarily agrees to sell the rights to develop his/her land by granting an easement to a separate entity, such as a land trust (ClearWater Conservancy is one example of a land trust that can fulfill this role in Centre County). The landowner would then retain the title to the land and continue to pay taxes on the property. Acquisition of conservation easements provide long-term protection of open space and greenway corridors and are less costly than fee simple acquisition in that the purchaser receives less than full title to the land, and there is little burden on local government involvement. AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION EASEMENTS Agricultural conservation easements are a subset of conservation easements described above. This type of easement permanently protects farms and agricultural lands from development. A landowner voluntarily sells the rights to develop the land to a land trust, conservation association, and/or government entity. The landowner will be paid the difference between the value of the land for its agricultural use and the value of the land for what would be called its “highest value and best use”, which is usually residential or commercial development. This type of easement permanently protects the land and preserves the land for agricultural use. Not only does this type of easement provide a fiscal benefit to farmers but it can also protect and enhance critical wildlife habitat and may lead to riparian buffer and streambank restoration projects. Another added benefit of this type of easement is that real estate taxes on land that is subject to conservation easements are lower. In most cases the County Agricultural Land Preservation Board has the primary responsibility of initiating the application and working with the landowner throughout the easement process. CLEAN AND GREEN PROGRAM Act 319, also known commonly as Clean and Green, provides real estate tax benefit to owners of agricultural or forested land by taxing that land on the basis of its “use value”, rather than the market value or the land. The land shall be defined as being in Agricultural Use – Land used for producing an agricultural commodity or devoted to payments or other compensation under a soil conservation program, with an official agreement from a Federal government agency or an Agricultural Reserve – A non-commercial open space used for outdoor recreation or enjoyment of scenic or natural beauty, offering public use without fee or charge. Agricultural reserve land is the only use under the Clean and Green Program that requires landowner to permit nondiscriminatory pubic access. This use is generally requested by landowners that wish to maintain their land in a natural state – free of farming, timbering, or any other activities. PURCHASE/TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS Transfer of Development Rights often just referred to as TDR’s, is a tool that allows development and conservation initiatives to coexist within a municipality or joint municipal entities where there may be joint municipal zoning. If conservation is desired, the TDR will permit the landowner to transfer some or all of the development rights associated with their land to locations where growth is desired at densities in excess of that currently allowed by zoning regulations (areas targeted for development). The landowner keeps the title to the land as well as the right to use the land, but relinquishes the right to develop the land for other purposes. Open space is preserved by deed restrictions on properties that no longer carry development rights. TDR’s are an equitable option for conserving open space and agricultural land ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 24 because they compensate the landowner, while directing and channeling development through the provision of increased density where suitable infrastructure can sustain it. Purchase of Development Rights or PDR’s, are similar in that an entity acquires the right to develop the land from the landowner. The landowner maintains the use of the land and receives tax benefits. As in cases in other counties across the Commonwealth, a municipality can pass a bond issue to buy the rights and bank them. An interested developer could then purchase the development rights from the municipal entity when ready to develop and area of high density. The municipal bond will be paid off over the years with the purchase of the development rights, as development occurs. CONSERVATION BY DESIGN Conservation through local subdivision and zoning ordinances, Growing Greener, Conservation by Design, is a tool that communities can use to conserve their special open spaces, greenways, and natural areas. This effort is a collaboration of efforts by the PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Natural Lands Trust, and the Governor’s Center for Local Government Services. These agencies can offer guidance and technical support with this initiative and there are many examples of success stories throughout the Commonwealth. Conservation design techniques rearrange the development on a parcel as it is being planned so that half (or more) of the build able land is set aside as open space. The purpose of this technique is to preserve a larger portion of the land for conservation while at the same time allowing for full density development. This option preserves large open spaces while allowing for the development, and the open space in each new subdivision could ultimately join together to form an interconnected system of conservation lands. One of the 1st steps of Conservation by Design is identifying the land to be permanently protected such as wetlands, floodprone areas, and steep slopes. Secondary features not included under current regulations can then be located such as mature woodlands, greenways and trails, stream corridors, prime farmland, hedgerows and tree groups, wildlife habitats, travel corridors, historic sites and structures, scenic viewsheds and vistas, etc.. Next, identification of soils best suited for sanitary and stormwater management facilities are identified. Locations for individual houses are then selected within the potential development area around the identified green conservation areas. The number of houses is a function of the density permitted within the zoning district. The last steps include “connecting the dots” with streets and informal trails and drawing in the lot lines around the parcels. By setting higher standards for conservation design, and requiring 50-70% open space as a precondition for achieving full density, municipal officials can effectively encourage Conservation Subdivision Design. Gowning Greener, Conservation by Design can be implemented through a municipal zoning ordinance where the number of dwelling units permitted is based upon the net acreage of build able land and the underlying density in the zoning district. An easement is then placed in the openspace/greenway area to make certain that no future development or subdivisions will occur. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 25 FOREST LAND CONSERVATION EASEMENTS This type of easement can be utilized to protect forests by preserving wildlife habitat, protecting and enhancing streams and watersheds, providing recreation opportunities, all of which will protect the forest and provide some economic stimulus. Because timber is important to economy, and its continued availability is dependent upon the subsistence and preservation of forests and open spaces, this type of easement provides a benefit and lower property taxes to the landowner. BUFFER ZONES Municipal entities can enact regulations that require buffers of a particular width be established between incompatible uses or adjacent to resources such as wells, drinking water sources, and streams. Large linear corridors of valuable resources such as streams and river banks can be protected in this manner. Requirements for buffers are enacted as part of the subdivision and land development or zoning ordinance. Buffer restrictions should be wide enough to protect the intended resource and/or shelter the less severe use. OVERLAY ZONING DISTRICTS Land use regulations may designate a zone that is overlaid on an existing zone that adds regulation governing the use of a property. This type of technique is typically used to protect floodplains, riparian areas, woodlands, ridgetops, and steep slopes. Overlay zones can be designated for specific resources or areas to provide additional environmental protection. This strategy requires enforcement by local government entities and provides targeted protection of natural resources. View east along Allegheny Front Trail Excerpt from Township of Ferguson, Centre County – Code of Ordinances The Ridge Overlay District requirements are intended to provide land use and land use development controls along specified ridge corridors in the Township as an overlay that is supplemental to the underlying Rural Residential Zoning District regulations. If a conflict exists between the regulations of this Section and the underlying Rural Residential Zoning District regulations, the more restrictive requirements shall apply: A. Intent. Many of the soils present in the overlay zone, including some of those identified as Colluvial, are rated by the Soil Survey of Centre County as having severe limitations for uses such as septic tank absorption fields, dwellings with basements, and local roads and streets. The Soil Survey, prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, indicates that a rating of severe means . . soil properties are so unfavorable and so difficult to correct or overcome as to require major soil reclamation, special designs, or intensive maintenance." The limitations associated with the Colluvial soils include a seasonal high water table, fragipan, soil stability, steep slopes, slow permeability, large stones, and frost action. It is the intent of the Ridge Overlay District requirements set forth hereinafter to restrict the intensity of development on areas containing a predominance of Colluvial soils with severe limitations, and; to identify the location of the most severe soil areas where development is not appropriate; to minimize the potential for damage from erosion, sedimentation and flooding; to protect the property of the Township and future homeowners from adverse conditions; and to protect and retain natural resources, especially surface water and ground water resources within the Township. RURAL AND VILLAGE ZONING DISTRICT A municipality may decide to have specific requirements within their zoning such as a rural and/or village zoning district. This strategy permits development restriction within traditional villages to guarantee that new development is consistent in character and design with the current existing character of the village. A local example, the village of Spring Mills in Gregg Township, Centre County has adopted “Village District Regulations” and the stated purpose is as follows: ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 26 The Village of Spring Mills is centrally located to the Township of Gregg and is situated south of State Route 45. Settled in the early 1790’s, the village provides a range of uses serving the residents of the municipality and beyond. In order to preserve the uniqueness of the Village of Spring Mills to the Township of Gregg, this district is established. The Village District regulations are intended to strengthen the viability of the village by promoting a mix of residential, commercial, and industrial uses that are compatible in scale and use. In addition, the historic character of the village is to be preserved by 1) maintaining lot sizes and building setbacks that are in keeping with the traditional streetscape of Spring Mills, 2) promoting adaptive reuse of older buildings, and 3) encouraging the preservation of the historical features of the village. SCENIC ROUTE AND/OR INTERCHANGE OVERLAY This type of overlay allows parcels within a scenic overlay zone to be regulated with regard to design guidelines, setbacks, signage, and buffer requirements. It has been found and is certainly the case in Centre County with its abundance of breathtaking vistas and scenic rural roads that motorists sometimes drive for the inherent pleasure of driving. Driving a scenic road should be a pleasurable recreation experience. When a road passes through an attractive landscape, a considerable portion of a motorist’s perceptual activity is focused on the roadside environment. The visual character of a road depends on a number of factors, some of which cannot be significantly modified topography), while others such as land use are more readily subject to change. An ordinance with a road or interchange overlay would have the intent to protect the views from the road to natural conditions, archaeological sites and other features with historic quality. The ordinance would also be intended to regulate land uses so that they will complement rather than detract from a scenic experience. It can also be intended to provide tree canopies and to preserve rural character. CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Residential Cluster Development or conservation development is the grouping of residential properties on a proposed development site in order to use the extra land as open space, recreation or agriculture. It is increasingly becoming popular in subdivision development for its low impact and sustainability appeal. A cluster subdivision generally sites houses on smaller parcels of land, while the additional land that would have been allocated to individual lots is converted to common shared open space for the subdivision residents. Typically, road frontage, lot size, setbacks, and other traditional subdivision regulations are redefined to permit the developer to preserve ecologically sensitive areas, historical sites, or other unique characteristics of the land being subdivided. MANDATORY DEDICATION Elected officials can require developers to dedicate a portion of the undeveloped land on a development parcel for open space preservation purposes. The amount of land dedicated is often a result of the intensity and type of development to occur on the said land. This method ensures that a certain percentage of open space will automatically be preserved/protected as the municipality develops. When planned correctly and creatively the areas of open space can be aligned to create green corridors or “ribbons of green” throughout the county. FEE-IN-LIEU ORDINANCES An alternative to land dedication, a developer may pay a fee to a municipality’s mandatory dedication account. This fee-in-lieu is utilized as a substitute for a dedication of land, and calculated in dollars per lot. These funds can then be applied by the municipality to purchase new park and/or recreation land. Its been shown that municipalities prefer payment by fee-in-lieu compared to mandatory dedication because a municipal entity can collect funds from multiple developments and then purchase a larger adjoining tracts of conservation/recreation land, maximizing the fee-in-lieu funds and the amount of recreation land within their municipality. Centre County should encourage its municipalities that do not have mandatory dedication or a fee-in- lieu ordinance to do so as a means of protecting open space, providing greenways and trails, facilitating trail connections and providing parkland for their residents. Many municipalities in Centre County are actively pursuing this option have it has proven to be very successful for the municipality the resident. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 27 PARTNERSHIP WITH A LAND TRUST ORGANIZATION Land trusts are non-profit organizations focused on working cooperatively with landowners and organizing land acquisition projects that will benefit both the landowner and the community. has over 100 land trusts, some of which are private charitable organizations, or in other cases may be a government agency, and each organization may vary greatly in staff, resources, and conservation priorities. Many of the focuses of land trust organizations include: Not owning the property but holding a conservation easement for the protection of the land’s natural resources Acquiring land that is to be turned over to a government entity for public parks or recreational needs such as State Game Lands or State Forest Lands Protection of water resources Preserving scenic vistas and overlooks Protecting wildlife habitat Operating nature preserves Promoting the preservation of productive farmland, hunting grounds, and forested land Encouraging smart land use planning activities Focus on environmental education Trail development and advocacy PA GAME COMMISSION COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS As hunting is a way of life for many residents and visitors to Centre County, it is encouraged that landowners in rural areas make their land available for public hunting via the Cooperative Farm-Game Program and Cooperative Safety Zone Program, administered by the Game Commission (PAGC). This type of partnership benefits both the hunter and the landowner. Participation in the program provides more accessible hunting lands and also supports the implementation of sound land use practices associated with specific game species habitats, fostering a mutual respect between the landowner and the hunter. Cooperating property owners enrolled in the Safety Zone Program execute and agreement with the PAGC. Landowners in the Farm-Game Program execute and agreement giving the Commission hunting rights to the property for a minimum of five years. As of 2004, over 21,000 agreements were in place throughout the Commonwealth keeping 2.5 million acres open to public hunting. More information on this program can be found at the PAGC website at www.pgc.state.pa.us. THE OFFICIAL MAP A municipality may decide to map existing and proposed features that would include easements, parks, trails, and greenway protecting these features as public land through the official map dedication. This may also include land for roads and other infrastructure that may benefit recreation needs within the community. The official map strategy reserves the right to purchase land. Each municipality should develop an official map that identifies the greenway corridors listed within this recreation and greenway plan as well as other local greenway connections that provide functional connections to defined corridors. If lands are to be reserved in an official map designation, the municipality should have a promising prospect of obtaining the funds needed to purchase the interest, meaning if the municipal entity does not have the financial capacity to complete the transaction they wish to acquire the property should not then be designated on the official map. The Official Map does not result in the taking of land, but simply gives the municipality right of first refusal to purchase the land or obtain an easement. The municipality has one year to make an offer to the landowner, should the property be made available for sale. After one year, the land owner can sell the property to any other interested buyer. ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 28 RECREATION CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad Corridor – Penns Valley Rail Trail As mentioned in Chapter 3, “Assembling the Network”, one of Recreation Corridors identified was the approximate 26.3 mile abandoned Lewisburg to Tyrone Railroad Corridor. The trail is proposed to connect the village of Lemont (College Township) east through Penns Valley to Ingleby, Haines Township or alternatively, the village of Ingleby west to the village of Lemont and hub of State College. KEY POINTS OF INTEREST Parks • Mountainside Park • Lemont Elementary School • Nittany Orchard Park • Oak Hall Parkland • Slab Cabin Park • Nittany View Park • Tri-Municipal Park • Centre Hall Potter Elementary School • Grange Fairgrounds • Old Fort Ball Fields • Spring Mills Ball Field • Old Gregg School Community & Family Recreation Center • Coburn Park • Poe Valley State Park • Poe Paddy State Park Schools • Houserville Elementary School • Centre Hall Potter Elementary School • Penns Valley Elementary and High School Streams • Spring Creek • Sinking Creek • Penns Creek • Muddy Creek • Kettle Creek • Stillhouse Hollow • High Valley Run • Lick Hollow • Old Mingle Valley Run Natural Heritage Inventory Sites • Sinking Creek Prairie BDA • Penns Creek Conservation Area LCA • Penns Creek Hardwoods BDA Views and Summits • Stillhouse Knob Summit • Penns View • Tunnel Mountain View • Penns Creek Vista • Slide Mountain Summit • Sawmill Knob • Ravens Knob • Sawmill Mountain Summit Village Hubs • Lemont • Oak Hall • Linden Hall • Centre Hall • Old Fort • Spring Mills • Zerby Gap • Coburn • Ingleby • Weikert Cemeteries • Dale Cemetery • Rock Hill Cemetery • Stanford Family Cemetery • Indian Lane Cemetery • Paradise Cemetery Boat Launches • Coburn Boat Launch • Ingleby Boat Launch Public Lands • PA Fish & Boat Commission • PA Bureau of State Parks • Bald Eagle State Forest Transportation Corridors • PA Bicycle Route G • “Art Thrives on 45” ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 29 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 30 The long term goal for this corridor would be to have a multi-use trail throughout the entire 26.3 miles offering residents and visitors a wealth of recreational experiences throughout the corridor and connections to nearby towns and villages. A more specific look at the recreation corridor will focus near the village of Spring Mills in Gregg Township, where a group of local officials have been proactively obtaining easements along this abandoned rail alignment for the purposes of future trail development. The landscape varies greatly throughout the entire corridor. This chapter will describe the land use, landscape, and natural features, and property ownership in each of the seven townships the corridor passes through. By utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS), staff was able to look at the entire corridor parcel-by-parcel. The County updated the GIS land use layer in 2009 and this layer served to identify the land use along the entire 26.3 mile corridor. Typically, it was found that the railroad corridor right-of-way throughout the entire corridor was approximately 60ft wide. Utilizing GIS, a 35ft buffer was created from the center line of the abandoned rail line. This yielded a polygon 70 ft wide by 26.3 miles long that contains all of the land use categories within the abandoned corridor and the surrounding parcels. COLLEGE TOWNSHIP The corridor begins in College Township on a large parcel that is owned by the Bellefonte Historical Railroad and adjacent to this property the Lemont Village Association (LVA) owns the right-of-way where the Granary is still located. If in the future there is a possibility to establish a trail along portions of the former railroad right-of-way, it would be advisable to work the Bellefonte Historical Railroad and the LVA to coordinate such an effort. Granary and coal sheds in Lemont The John I. Thompson Grain Elevator and Coal Sheds (The Granary) is a Centre County, historic landmark. Built in 1885 by Moses Thompson, the Granary helped distribute locally grown agricultural products by way of the railroad. The grain elevator was used to store grain that was sold to local residents or shipped by railroad cars to surrounding areas, while the railroad building was used as a place for trains to deposit coal. The Granary is available as a venue for special events on a limited basis and according to the guidelines adopted by the Lemont Village Association (LVA). The land use in the beginning of the corridor is a mix of forested, public and semi-public, commercial, transportation, residential, and vacant and unused land. This section of the proposed trail lies within the Lemont Historic District and is fairly residential and in close proximity to neighborhood parks and the Houserville Elementary School. Houserville Elementary School The abandoned rail line leaves the village and continues south paralleling Spring Creek (designated an Exceptional Value Stream) in a few sections before reaching the Hanson Quarry. The land use in this area is predominately forested, water, mined, ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 31 2009 Land Use - College Township Corridor Parcels 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Agriculture Commercial Forests Mined Land Public or Semi-Public Residential Transportation Utility Vacant and Unused Land Water Category Acres Agriculture Commercial Forests Mined Land Public or Semi-Public Residential Transportation Utility Vacant and Unused Land Water and vacant and unused land. The corridor then enters the Oak Hall Historic District and is categorized as mostly forested, vacant and unused land, and water. The corridor heads east and enters the Penns Valley and Brush Valley Rural Historic District (a nomination pending at Historical and Museum Commission). The land use in this section by far largely forested and water as the former rail bed lied in close proximity to Cedar Run, a tributary to Spring Creek and close to Linden Hall Road, designated PA Bicycle Route G. The owner ship through much of the entire corridor with the exception of a few larger land holders is largely private in ownership requiring a substantial amount of donated or purchased trail easements. HARRIS TOWNSHIP In Harris Township the abandoned rail corridor parallels or lies to the north of Linden Hall Road and follows Cedar Run, a tributary of Spring Creek before reaching the Historic District of Linden Hall. The corridor parallels and intersects Pa Bicycle Route G. Continuing east the corridor enters the Linden Hall Park Biological Diversity Area (BDA), a habitat for the handsome sedge, the only known population in Carex formosa – Handsome Sedge The land use in the above mentioned section is largely forested and agricultural along with a few parcels designated commercial. Ownership along this section is predominately private property. The corridor then parallels Bicycle Route G (Brush Valley Road) to the south until reaching Potter Township. A century farm is located very near the municipal boarder and throughout the rail corridor thus far there have been a good number of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Agriculture COLLEGE TWP 0.58 Commercial COLLEGE TWP 0.35 Forests COLLEGE TWP 11.27 Mined Land COLLEGE TWP 0.75 Public or Semi-Public COLLEGE TWP 0.52 Residential COLLEGE TWP 0.83 Transportation COLLEGE TWP 3.40 Utility COLLEGE TWP 0.18 Vacant and Unused Land COLLEGE TWP 3.80 Water COLLEGE TWP 1.72 TOTAL 23.40 CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Agriculture HARRIS TWP 1.86 Forests HARRIS TWP 18.16 Residential HARRIS TWP 0.17 Vacant and Unused Land HARRIS TWP 0.51 Water HARRIS TWP 0.41 TOTAL 21.11 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 32 2009 Land Use - Harris Township Corridor Parcels 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 Agriculture Forests Residential Vacant and Unused Land Water Category Acres Agriculture Forests Residential Vacant and Unused Land Water 2009 Land Use - Potter Township Corridor 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Agriculture Commercial Forests Industrial Public or Semi-Public Residential Transportation Utility Vacant and Unused Land Category Acres Agriculture Commercial Forests Industrial Public or Semi-Public Residential Transportation Utility Vacant and Unused Land POTTER TOWNSHIP The abandoned rail corridor through this section of Potter Township travels east through private ownership and is categorized a perfect balance of forested and agriculture until reaching the Centre Hall Borough boundary where parcel is owned by the Centre County Ponoma Grange and categorized public and semi-public. The railroad right-of-way borders the 163 acre Tri-Municipal Park in this section. After leaving the Centre Hall Borough boundary again the corridor curves through the intersection of Old Fort and continues east paralleling the Penns Valley Pike (PA Route 45) to the south. PA Route 45 is also designated a Transportation Corridor in this section, officially called “Art Thrives on 45”. The land use is predominately agriculture and forested along with a small portion of industrial (near the Hanover Brands Inc. and Hanover Foods Corporation) and vacant and unused land. This section of the corridor is largely in private land ownership. 4-H activities at Centre County Grange Fair Old Fort Ball field CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Agriculture POTTER TWP 19.21 Commercial POTTER TWP 0.24 Forests POTTER TWP 30.32 Industrial POTTER TWP 0.99 Public or Semi-Public POTTER TWP 1.79 Residential POTTER TWP 0.24 Transportation POTTER TWP 0.20 Utility POTTER TWP 0.01 Vacant and Unused Land POTTER TWP 5.14 TOTAL 58.15 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 33 2009 Land Use - Gregg Township Corridor Parcels 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Agriculture Commercial Forests Industrial Public or Semi-Public Residential Transportation Vacant Structure Vacant and Unused Land Water Category Acres Agriculture Commercial Forests Industrial Public or Semi-Public Residential Transportation Vacant Structure Vacant and Unused Land Water 2009 Land Use - Centre Hall Corridor Parcels 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 Commercial Public or Semi-Public Transportation Category Acres Commercial Public or Semi-Public Transportation CENTRE HALL BOROUGH This section of the former rail line traverses through the Centre County Ponoma Grange Fair grounds and is entirely categorized as public and semi- public, transportation, and commercial. If the proposed trail were to be successful in the future to the east or west of the Borough, it would be advisable to work closely with the Centre County Grange Fair Committee and officers for access through their property. GREGG TOWNSHIP This section of the former rail line enters Gregg Township into the Sinking Creek Prairie Biological Diversity Area (BDA), a side-oats grama grassland community that hosts several plant species of special concern in The former rail bed then continues south a bit and then east again to parallel Sinking Creek Road. The railroad right-of-way crosses Sinking Creek, identified as a Conservation Corridor in the plan before reaching the village of Spring Mills. Traveling east south of the village the corridor lies near the Spring Mills Ball Fields and then travels through the residential section of the village and then winds around almost a 90 degree angle to then follow Penns Creek Road and Penns Creek. The right-of-way continues to follow the creek and is surrounded by a large floodplain area and some wetlands in this section. Continuing on, the right-of-way passes some identified sites on the National Register of Historic Places through the village of Zerby which is in Penn Township. The land use throughout the corridor is mostly forested with some pockets of agriculture, until the village where there is residential, commercial, public and semi-public, water, and vacant and unused land. Leaving the village of Spring Mills the land use is generally residential and forested with a bit of vacant and unused land all the land of which is in private land ownership. Former Railroad right-of-way – Gregg Township CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Commercial CENTRE HALL 1.37 Public or Semi-Public CENTRE HALL 2.30 Transportation CENTRE HALL 0.12 TOTAL 3.79 CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Agriculture GREGG TWP 3.51 Commercial GREGG TWP 0.54 Forests GREGG TWP 32.77 Industrial GREGG TWP 0.12 Public or Semi-Public GREGG TWP 0.35 Residential GREGG TWP 4.84 Transportation GREGG TWP 0.94 Vacant Structure GREGG TWP 0.18 Vacant and Unused Land GREGG TWP 6.19 Water GREGG TWP 0.57 TOTAL 50.02 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 34 2009 Land Use - Penn Township Corridor 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Agriculture Forests Residential Transportation Vacant and Unused Land Water Category Acres Agriculture Forests Residential Transportation Vacant and Unused Land Water PENN TOWNSHIP This section of the former rail line enters Penn Township in the village of Zerby and follows floodplains, wetlands, and Penns Creek until the destination of Coburn and the Penns Creek Conservation Area Landscape Conservation Area (LCA). This LCA if one of the most intact natural landscapes surrounding Penns Creek in Centre County, and habitat for several rare animal species. The abandoned rail line lies within PA Fish & Boat Commission property just south of Coburn along Tunnel Road. The village of Coburn is worth a visit just to see the beautiful architecture and the village is a designated historic district. There is a community park within the village, a site where CrickFest, an annual event sponsored by the Penns Valley Conservation Association is held every fall. This event provides entertainment; activities, locally prepared food and fun, and all proceeds go to the Penns Valley Area School District’s Environmental Education Program. There is a boat launch in Coburn maintained by the Pa Fish & Boat Commission. Outside of Coburn, the abandoned railroad parallels Penns Creek very closely and winds and turns with the Creek passing a very popular place for fisherman and hikers, the Coburn tunnel. There is a bridge/footbridge over Penns Creek at this location and the view of the bridge and stream from Penns View (on Bald Eagle State Forest land and a popular viewshed destination) above is spectacular. Poe Valley State Park is only a few miles from Coburn. Poe Valley’s hiking trail system connects to the extensive trail network of Bald Eagle State Forest. The hiking trails vary from easy hiking to very rugged, steep trails. The 189-mile Mid State Trail passes through Poe Valley and is popular with backpackers and day hikers. The land use within Penn Township is a majority of forested and agriculture with pockets of residential (more so in Coburn), vacant and unused land, and water. Most of the abandoned railroad is in private ownership except for the section just south of the village of Coburn owned by the PA Fish & Boat Commission. Coburn Community Park Coburn Boat Access – PA Fish & Boat Commission CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Agriculture PENN TWP 2.50 Forests PENN TWP 27.63 Residential PENN TWP 4.62 Transportation PENN TWP 1.53 Vacant and Unused Land PENN TWP 4.64 Water PENN TWP 2.00 TOTAL 42.92 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 35 2009 Land Use - Haines Township Corridor Parcels 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Forests Residential Transportation Vacant and Unused Land Water Category Acres Forests Residential Transportation Vacant and Unused Land Water Coburn Tunnel HAINES TOWNSHIP This abandoned railroad continues to follow along with Penns Creek bordering Bald Eagle State Forest for a section and then winding and curving into the village of Ingleby. Ingleby, a ghost town, lies between the two tunnels (Coburn and Poe Paddy) and was founded in the late 1880’s and was a pretty successful logging town. Ingleby was once a flag station on the railroad and lumber products were carried out of the mountains and railroad passenger service provided access to this scenic high valley. Dr. Frank Barker erected a large house near the tracks, two miles east of hunting and fishing cottages, and the spot quickly became a popular resort known as Ingleby. Today the railroad is long- gone, and the only way to remote Ingleby is by an unpaved mountain road. An old weather rock (where Weather Rock Road and Ingleby Road intersect) draws people to make the drive or hike to see this unique monument though not much is known about its origin. Poe Valley and Poe Paddy State Parks are not far from Ingleby and there are many summits, scenic views, and trail heads within Bald Eagle State Forest. The land use in this township is almost completely forested except for residential in Ingleby and some vacant and unused land. The Commonwealth of Pa, Bureau of Forestry owns most of the land within the right-of-way to the south of the railroad and a significant amount of land to the north of the line lies within a single landowner with a large land holding. Weather rock in Ingleby Railroad between Coburn tunnel and Ingleby CATEGORY MUNICIPALITY ACRES Forests HAINES TWP 22.36 Residential HAINES TWP 0.73 Transportation HAINES TWP 0.03 Vacant and Unused Land HAINES TWP 0.77 Water HAINES TWP 0.18 TOTAL 24.07 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 36 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 37 SPRING MILLS CORRIDOR – Penns Valley Planning Region Demonstration Project This section will analyze in more detail a specific section of the abandoned railroad within Gregg Township. The corridor would begin approximately where Sinking Creek crosses the abandoned railroad, continues east through the village of Spring Mills, winds out of Spring Mills to where the abandoned railroad would have crossed Penns Creek. The proposed section is approximately 8,500 feet in length, just less than two miles. This corridor was chosen because: There has been an interest in Greenways and Trail planning in the township for many years. The township has had Centre County Planning & Community Development Office staff talk to Gregg Township Planning Commission about greenways and work on preliminary mapping for trails. Gregg Township has been progressively educating and asking landowners if they would be willing to give an easement for the abandoned right-of-way. Gregg Township has been successful in obtaining several easements from landowners to date. The municipality visualizes the benefits of greenways and trails for Penns Valley, other residents, and tourists. Gregg Township could become a “Trail Town” destination. The municipality has been communicating with bordering municipalities, counties, the Penns Valley Area School District, the Penns Valley Conservation Association, The Penns Valley Business Association, and other stakeholders to obtain letters of support for a rail trail project and a larger feasibility study for the entire Penns Valley Region. Abandoned rail corridor in Gregg Township The Lewisburg to Tyrone Railroad is considered a priority land based trail with advocates and an opportunity for economic development for Gregg Township and the Penns Valley Region. Development of this trail will require the proper planning to build support and consensus for the proposed trail. The steps include but are not limited too: a) Research the legal ownership of the parcels in question and obtain legal opinion to verify what was discovered. A good place to start is the County Recorder of Deeds Office. There are specific attorneys that specialize in trail ownership and rail road right-of-ways. b) Where the property ownership is in question, look into the feasibility of acquiring the right-of-way for public access through the corridor or investigate alternative trail alignments. c) Meet with each property owner within the proposed corridor. d) Determine the level of demand and use for the trail. e) If there is landowner opposition to the proposed trail, take good note on what the concerns so that they may be addressed in the future. f) Develop a conceptual plan and a master plan for the proposed trail and discuss these with adjacent landowners. g) Decide if there is substantial support for the development of the demonstration segment of the trail. h) Estimate the cost of developing the trail. i) Estimate the cost of a maintenance and operations plan for the trail. j) Determine if it is reasonable to begin implementation of the demonstration trail project. Given that the trail is entirely on private property, the property rights need to be secured from each property owner to allow access to cross their property. As noted in the bullets earlier on this page, several of the property owners have already verbally made a commitment to allow access on their property and a few of the property owners by working with Gregg Township and the township’s solicitor have signed a trail easement to allow access on their property. The ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 38 property owner where the trail would begin has already indicated support for signing a trail easement for that particular section of the right-of-way. All of the trail easements and agreements should be secured before further planning, design, and trail development take place. When working with the easement the grantor (typically the landowner) and the grantee need to be specifically defined so the management of the trail is clear. The grantee can be the Township, The Penns Valley Conservation Association, Centre County – through the Office of Planning & Community Development, or a non-profit organization. This significance of this trail is vividly apparent as the trail will not only serve Gregg Township but the surrounding municipalities and visitors to area. Spring Mills could benefit as a “trail town” and heritage tourism could bring a lot of economic benefits to area. The trail would also be aesthetically pleasing considering the beautiful landscape it follows as well as Sinking Creek and Spring Creek allowing for increased recreational fishing as well. The trail is close to the Spring Mills Ball Fields, the Old Gregg School Community & Family Center, and the wetlands at the Cooke Tavern Environmental Education Center that are used for environmental education purposes by area schools and universities. The architecture through Spring Mills is quite picturesque and there are many opportunities for cultural and historical interpretation along the trail. Playground equipment at Old Gregg School Community & Family Center By utilizing the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) staff was able to select the parcels in the demonstration project area that were adjacent to the railroad right-of-way. Twenty-two parcels bordered the abandoned railroad within the demonstration area. The land uses vary and include: forested, agriculture, commercial, residential, industrial, public and semi-public, vacant and unused land, transportation, and water. Staff determined that for a multi-use trail the right-of-way would be 20 feet wide throughout the demonstration area. Utilizing the GIS a twenty (20) foot right-of-way buffer was created, ten (10) foot on either side of the abandoned railroad center line. This enabled the GIS to then calculate the acreage that would be desirable for an easement on a particular parcel to allow access through the right-of-way on a landowner’s property. The proposed demonstration project is being suggested as mentioned above as a 20 foot shared use path (multi-use) trail. This trail is not recommending motorized vehicles or ATV’s. The shared use path can have many different uses such as walkers, joggers, bicyclists, birdwatchers and other nature watching, fisherman, cross country skiing, and horseback riding. Parcel Number Total Acreas Easement Acres 21-006-,044A,0000- 19.00 0.010 21-006-,024-,0000- 33.40 0.402 21-006-,023-,0000- 14.32 0.077 21-009A,001-,0000- 0.37 0.023 21-009A,062-,0000- 1.00 0.445 21-009A,061-,0000- 1.00 0.359 21-009A,054-,0000- 2.00 0.068 21-009A,055-,0000- 2.40 0.092 21-010-,001A,0000- 0.25 0.031 21-010-,001-,0000- 0.23 0.029 21-010-,002-,0000- 0.53 0.053 21-010-,003-,0000- 0.52 0.068 21-010-,003A,0000- 0.22 0.023 21-010-,004-,0000- 1.06 0.051 21-010-,102-,0000- 0.13 0.038 21-010-,103-,0000- 0.54 0.072 21-010-,005D,0000- 0.55 0.084 21-010-,005C,0000- 0.51 0.058 21-006-,021B,0000- 118.92 0.192 21-005-,040-,0000- 128.25 0.589 21-006-,045-,0000- 64.00 0.099 21-006-,111-,0000- 4.01 0.968 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 39 ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 40 A successful project is critical to show the residents of Gregg Township and Centre County how the implementation of greenway projects can provide benefits to the community related to recreation needs, improved overall health, interpretation and preservation of cultural resources, protection and enhancement of water resources, and economic vitality. . Playground at Old Gregg School Community & Family Recreation Center Property Acquisition Acquisition of the right-of-way within the demonstration project area can occur in a variety of ways as mentioned on pages 22 through 27 of this chapter. The favored methods of acquiring property for trail development are either by a trail easement or fee simple purchase. More typically the trail easement is preferred because the fee simple acquisition may require the landowner to subdivide and sell a portion of the property to conform to the local municipalities or the county’s subdivision and land development ordinance (SALDO). Therefore easements are generally the easiest way to acquire property for a right-of-way easement. The Land Trust Association (PALTA) has developed a very good Model Trail Easement which will be included in the appendices. The model easement by PALTA is a good document to talk with the landowner (the grantor) about when they are willing to talk about a trail easement on their property. There are several legal tools that can be utilized to transfer ownership of property. They may be temporary or have very specific termination clauses, such as a lease or access agreement, or they might confer permanent right to the land, as a conservation easement and purchase of title would do. The most important mechanisms are easements, titles, access and use agreements, and leases. A landowner (grantor) who allows and opens his/her land for recreational uses without charging a fee is fully protected from liability by the Recreational Use of Land and Water Act of 1994 and supporting case law. A landowner may also be indemnified under a trail or greenway organization’s insurance program. Development of the Trail/Greenway When the acquisition of the corridor is complete and the funds for development have been raised or secured by grants the development and improvements of the trail can formally begin. For a trail, improvements can include trailhead parking, rest and comfort stations, and signage, all of which will have to be constructed as specified in the master plan for the trail. Before development and construction work can begin a professional such as an engineer will prepare specific construction plans with guidance from the master plan. The engineering drawings can include a parking lot specs, bridge crossings, and foot path and trail design specifications. A good guide for specifications and standards is “A Guide for Development of Bicycle Facilities”, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). This guide provides standards for width, clearance, and friction values for different surfacing materials. Foot path design specifications can be found by looking at the Appalachian Mountain Club’s “Field Guide to Trail Building and Maintenance. The PA Fish & Boat Commission has engineers that can assist with boat access and Penn DOT and municipalities should be contacted for specific designs for roads and bridges. The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and Penn DOT require that their agencies review construction plans for those projects they are funding. Cost of Developing a Trail The professionals and/or consultants involved in the trail planning process will provide cost estimates for the trail. This can be done by averaging the actual ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 41 cost of recently completed trail/greenway projects of a similar nature within the region and state. This cost will vary depending on labor, machinery, and the required materials. A good source of labor is in- kind labor such as from; scout groups, civic organizations, and watershed groups. Another source of labor can be arranged working with local officials to utilize prisoners on work release and individuals in the Conservation Corps. Spring Mills Ball Field Managing a Trail Once the trail/greenway is established within a community it will have to be managed accordingly. Trail management options were discussed in the beginning of this chapter on pages 1 through 3. Management of the trail also includes: Planning future work Raising funds Organizing and supervising volunteers Advocating the trail Public education Routine maintenance Routine Maintenance can include some of the items listed in the chart below. Long-term maintenance that was identified in the master plan should be planned for and included in an annual operating budget. Such items can include: Replacing signs Resurfacing a trail Inspecting bridges and tunnels Repainting blazes Replacing picnic tables or trash receptacles Another important factor to consider once the trail or greenway is established and well known throughout the community and region is too conduct a user survey of the trail. This survey will indicate any other needs that may exist, as well as provide a wealth of information such as economic figures when individual are purchasing soft and hard goods for use on the trail. Examples of successful user surveys have been completed for the Heritage Rail Trail (York County), http://ycwebserver.york- county.org/Parks/PDF/2007%20Rail%20Trail%20User% 20Survey%20Report%20VERSION%204.11.pdf and the Pine Creek Rail (Lycoming and Tioga County), http://www.railstotrails.org/resources/documents/resource _docs/RTC_PineCreekGuide_web.pdf TASK TO BE COMPLETED BY RESPONSIBLE PARTY Security Daily Muncipality/Agency/Organization Trash Removal Weekly Volunteers/Municipality Vegetation Control Weekly Volunteers Snow and Debris Removal As Necessary Volunteers/Municipality Minor Repairs As Necessary Muncipality/Agency/Organization Inspect for Maintenance Issues Muncipality/Agency/Organization Clean Comfort Areas Daily Volunteers/Municipality Manage Trailhead Weekly Volunteers/Municipality Clean Culverts Fall and After Storms Volunteers/Municipality ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TASKS ---PAGE BREAK--- IIM MEEN NTTA ATTIIO ON N ATTEEG GIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 44 & G wwaaayyy 444--- 42 This page is intentionally blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111 POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES Development of a greenway and trails network can be costly and may require long-term implementation strategies that tap into a variety of Federal, State, local, and other various sources. Funding programs and sources are commonly designed to conserve natural resources, develop recreational and passive trails, create alternative modes of transportation and transportation improvements, interpret and/or restore and protect historic and cultural resources, protect environmentally sensitive species and restore and enhance opportunties for green infrastructure. The tables on the following pages in this chapter list many current funding opportunities that are available to assist in funding: trails and greenways/blueways, historic and cultural resouce projects, and projects to develop, enhance and protect the County’s green infrastructure. Many of these potential funding sources require that matching funds be allocated toward the project. This chapter will provide information on potential sources of funding, but with that said, when seeking grant programs and funding assistance, this information should be verified as programs are constantly changing and/or other new programs may have initiated. Keep in mind when searching for funding souces foundation and corporate giving opportunities are generally only available to a 501.c3 non-profit organization and not governmental agencies. Before applying or accepting any potential funding it is critical to thoroughly research and understand the type and focus of a potential funders grant requirements and conditions before applying for funding. It is critical that any funding strategy, one which of course works best for all parties involved , should try to leverage some local resources as well. Non- profit and private foundations within communities and regionally are important sources of funding that should not be disregarded when pulling together funding strategies. Private-public partnerships as well as in-kind and cash contributions from local businesses and stakeholders within the community is highely recommended. Most grants are looked upon much more favorable and scored higher with a greater chance of being awared the funds when there are multiple partners involved. Prescious Spotlight on Centre County Funding Opportunities and Designation Philipsburg, Centre County is designated as a “Preserve America Community”. Preserve America recognizes and designated communities, including municipalities, counties, neighborhoods in large cities, and tribal communities, that protect and celebrate their heritage. Preserve America is a federal initiative that offers funding through the National Park Service that encourages and supports community efforts to preserve and enjoy our priceless cultural and natural heritage. The goals of the program include a greater shared knowledge about the nation’s past, strengthened regional identities and local pride, increased local participation in preserving the country’s cultural and natural heritage assets, and support for the economic vitality of our communities. Since the program’s inception in 2003, the First Lady of the United States has served as the Honorary Chair of Preserve America. Detailed information on all aspects of this initiative can be found at www.preserveamerica.gov. Philipsburg (developed around lumber history and later on coal mining) offers historic downtown and residential walking tours. Two of the town’s landmarks are the Union “Old Mud” Church, completed in 1842 and so-called because of an exterior stucco layer, and the Simler House, the oldest known structure in Philipsburg. The Rowland Theatre, listesd on the National Register of Historic Places, is a 1917 vaudeville/movie place. Philipsburg/Moshannon Valley Region prove to be an excellent example of what other communities entities can do to create success stories and develop a better quality of life for residents and visitors whether it is to enhance recreation, historic and cultural resources, and green infrastructure. Information on the “Preserve America” funding and other opportunities are found in the following tables. Interior of the historic Rowland Theatre ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---222 STATE AND FEDERAL SOURCES ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---333 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---444 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---555 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---666 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---777 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---888 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---999 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---1110 00 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111111 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111222 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111333 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111444 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111555 ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111666 ASSOCIATIONS, FOUNDATIONS & CORPORATION SOURCES National Foundations American Conservation Association – land conservatin, river protection, and wildlife – 1200 New York Ave. N.W., Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 American Express Philanthropic Program – histoirc and natural assets – http://home3.americanexpress.com/corp/csr.asp Andrew W. Mellon Foundation – conservation – www.mellon.org BankAmerica Foundation – land conservatin, parks, fisheries, marine mammals, recycling, horticulture, and youth and public education – www.bankofamerica.com/foundation Caterpillar Foundation – history and environment – www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=39201&x=7 Corporatin Foundation – health and community affairs – Coca-Cola Foundation – community developments and high visibility projects – www.thecoca- colacompany.com/citizenship/foundation_coke.h tml Compton Foundation –conservation – www.comptonfoundation.org/ Exxon Foundation – health and community affairs – http://hoe.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/communit y.aspx Ford Motor Company Foundation – community development – www.ford.com/our-values/ford- fund-community-service Gannett Foundation – www.gannettfoundation.org General Mills Foundations – history, historic preservation, and environment – www.generalmills.com/corporate/commitment/f oundation.aspx General Motors Foundation – www.gm.com/corporate/responsibility/communit y/ Harry C. Trexler Trust – 33 South 7th Street, Room 2 Allentown, PA 18101, [PHONE REDACTED] J.C. Penney – www.jcpenney.net/company/commrel/index.htm John S. and James L. Knight Foundation – www.knightfoundation.org W.K. Kellogg Foundation – community development, volunteerism promotion – www.wkkf.org Kresge Foundation – Challenge grants for capital improvements – www.kresge.org L.L. Bean, Inc – www.llbean.com/customerService/aboutLLBean /charitable_giving.html Lowe’s Charitable and Educational Foundation - http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=pg&p= AboutLowes/Community John D. and Catherine MacArthur Foundation – www.macfound.org National Fish & Wildlife Foundation – New-Land Foundation – environment – 1114 Avenue of the Americas, 46th Floor, New NY, 10036, [PHONE REDACTED] Norcross Wildlife Foundation – land and habitat conservation - http://www.norcrossws.org/Foundmain.html Pepsico Foundation – www.pepsico.com/PEP_Citizenship/Contributio ns/GrantGuidelines/index.cfm Recreational Euipment, Inc. – www.rei.com/reigives Robert Wood Johnson Foundation –health and physical activity – www.rwjf.org Rockefeller Family Fund – environmental issues – www.rffund.org/ Sony Corporation of America Foundation – wwwsony.com/SCA/philanthropy/guidelines.ht ml Surdna Foundation – www.surdna.org Texaco Foundation – the environment – www.chevron.com/globalissues/economiccomm unitydevelopment/ The Davis and Lucille Packard Foundation – www.packard.org The Nathan Cummings Foundation – conservation – www.nathan cummings.org/ The Proctor and Gamble Fund – www.pg.com/company/our_commitment/commu nity.html Turner Foundation – watershed protection and national projects – www.turnerfoundation.org Wallace Reader’s Digest Funds – education and national impact projects – www.wallacefoundation.org Walmart Foundation – history, historic preservation, environmental affairs, recreation and athletics, and volunteerism – www.walmartstores.com/community William Penn Foundation – environmental protection – ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111777 Foundations Alcoa Foundation – economic development and quality of life – www.alcoa.com/globalen/community/foundation /overview.asp Aristech Foundation Ashland Oil Foundaiton – www.ashland.com/commitments/contributions.a sp Babcock Charitable Trust Bayer Foundation – www.bayer.com/enbayer- foundations.aspx Bozzone Family Foundation – quality of life – Bozzone Family Fouundation, 311 Hillcrest Drive , New Kensington, PA 15068 Bridge Builders Foundation – www.bridgebuildersfoundation.org/aboutus/inde x.html Buncher Family Foundation Centre County Community Foundation – arts education, environment, and social and health concerns – Deluxe Corporation – www.deluxe.com/dlxab/deluxe-foundationlasp Dominion Foundation – environment and economic development – www.dom.com/about/community/foundation/ind ex.asp Douglas and Janet Fanforth Foundation Eichleay Foundation Equitable Gas Ganassi Foundation Geisinger Health System Foundation – health and wellness – www.geisinger.org/professionals/foundation/ Giant Eagle Foundation – 101 Kappa Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 Heinz Endowments – environment and quality of life – www.heinz.org H.J. Heinz Foundation – www.heinz.com/Foundation.aspx Highmark Foundation – www.haighmark.com/hmk2/community/hmfoun Hillman Foundation – quality of life – www.hillmanfdn.org H.M. Bitner Charitable Trust Hopwood Charitable Trust Hunt Foundation – focus on good of the region – www.hillmanfdn.org Juliet Lea Hillman Simonds Foundation Inc. – 330 Grant Street, Suite 2000, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 Katherine Mabis McKenna Foundation – environmental interests – Katherine Mabis McKenna Foundation Inc., p.O. Box 185, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 Massey Charitable Trust – Massey Charitable Trust, 1370 Washington Pike, Ste 306, Bridgeville, PA 15017 McCune Foundation – economic and community development – http://www.mccune.org Milton G. Hulme Charitable Trust – 1146 Old Freeport Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15238 Mine SafetyAppliances Company Charitable Trust – www.msanorthamerica.com/communityrelations .html The Bank of New York Mellon Foundation – The Bank of New York Mellon, One Mellon Center, Room 1830, Pittsburgh, PA 15258 National City Bank Foundation – www.national city.com/about-us/community/community- relations/pages/charitable-giving.asp Pew Charitable Trusts – environment and community development – www.pewtrusts.org Pittsburgh Foundation – www.pittsburghfoundation.org PNC Bank Foundation PPG Industries Foundation – http://corporateportal.ppg/com/PPG/PPGIndustri esFoundation/ Richard King Mellon Foundation – environmental interests – http://foundationcenter.org/grantmaker/rkmellon/ Rockwell International Corporation Trust Foundation – www.rockwellautomation.com/about_usneighbo r/giving.html Snee-Reinhardt Charitable Foundation – education and the environment – www.snee- reinhardt.org Stackpole-Hall Foundation – The Stackpole-Hall Foundation, 44 S. Saint Mary’s Street, St. Mary’s, PA 15857, [PHONE REDACTED] United States Steel Foundation – www.uss.com/corp/ussfoundation/ W. Dale Brougher Foundation – community arts, historical, conservation, and ecology – W. Dale Brougher Foundation , 1200 Country Club Road, York, PA 17403 Washington Federal Charitable Foundation – www.washfed.com/charity.htm Westinghouse Foundation – quality of life – www.westinghouse.com/charitablegiving/giving/ htm ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111888 Fund Raising and other Opportunities Successful greenway and trails activists encourage creativity as it is one of the best ways to discover funding opportunities and stragegies. Finding funding for trails and conservation/preservation projects can be a truly rewarding experience for anyone involved in the process and throughout the course of development. Below are good some examples of trail and greenway funding opportunities from across the nation that have been successful. For more ideas and further details visit the resource and funding toolbars at www.americantrails.org. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy received $20 per plate from a special North Carolia license plate to support affiliated clubs with in the state with training, tools, volunteer support, and other trail management. Payroll deductions in the workplace allow employees to donate to charitable organizations, conservation, and environmetal organizations. Ski resort opening event sponsoring a benefit day where all proceeds will go to the community for trails for hiking, biking, horseback riding, and making trails accessible for all people from children to seniors. “Planet Bike” markets bicycle products and believes in the “potential of the bicycle to help improve the world and the lives of the people in it”, and pledged monies in support of the Alliance for Biking & Walking in 2006. The “All-Aboard for the Boardwalk” fundraising campaign for Millbrook Marsh Nature Centre (Centre County) initiated to fund boardwark and trail system development where individuals were invided to purchace one or more boards. Trips for Kids Metro DC offers rides for kids in DC’s Fort Dupont Park as well as bike training and health program and restaurants, pubs, and general stores nearby donated 20% of the proceeds from customers who mentioned “Trips for Kids”. Bill Bliss, a well known bicycle activist and one of the founders of the San Francisco Bay Trail has a memorial donations account set up in honor and memory of his life. Koobi, a Colorado Springs maker of bicycle saddles, gave 24,000 to International Mountain Bicycling Association’s National Mountain Bike Leadership Fund. The two-year commitment will award $500 cash grants to 16 local clubs to preserve trail opportunities. A brewing company hosted the 1st ever annual craft lager beer festival featuring beers from over 25 breweries from New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming and the profits went to the Trails and Open Space Coalition of Colorado. The $15 donation brought unlimited beer tasting plus a commermorative glass.. Ninety-five equestrians participated in the annual 30/50 Napa Valley Endurance Ride on scenic trails of the San Francisco Bay area. Over the years the ride has raised $16,000 for Skyline Park and the Bay Area Ridge Trail. The New England Mountain Bike Association is sponsoring a fundraising raffle for it Land Preservation Fund to help purchase fabled riding area in Massachusetts. Grand Prise is a six-day mountain bike camping tour through Bryce Canyon and Sion National Parks for two with Escape Adventures. The South Carolina Department of Transportation has launched an initiative to find funding sources to supplement Transportation Enhancements dollars. One local effort underway began when the Beaufort County Council earmarked $1.6 million for trails as part of a $63 million list of road projects that could be funded through a proposed one percent local option sales tax. Emily Gegor, an active traili supporter for many years, bequeathed part of her estate to The American Hiking Society, which plans to put the funds into the AHS Endowment so that her gift can keep providing income for trail projects in perpetuity. The Hub Bike Shop of Aspen, Colorado, gives people an incentive to volunteer on projects. Each day a person ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---111999 volunteers on a Roaring Fork Outdoor Volunteers project, their name goes into a jar for a drawing to win a mountain bike at the end of the season. The First Annual Denver Duck Derby was a benefit for the Platte River Greenway Preservation Trust. It is part of the Riverfest Festival which includes a trail relay race using different travel modes. Prizes included a year’s use of a VW, airline tickets, shopping sprees, and resort weekends. Trails4All of Orange County, CA, has a new “Trails4Chairs” wheelchair accessibility program, which identifies and assesses trails that could be suitable for all-terrain wheelchairs. Financial support has come from Bank of America, San Diego Gas & Electric, and The California Trails & Greenways Foundation. In Durango, Colorado, the Animas River Trail is being supported by part of a ½ cent sales tax increase. City voters approved the tax to fund a new recreation center as well as the trail and greenway rehabilitation along the river A new fiber optic cable on national forest land in Utah will help restore a historic path into the Ogden Valley. US West (now Qwest) is laying the cable along the historic trail and will provide funds and an new gentler route for the North ogden Divide Trial. The existing trail is four miles of rocky, 20-30 percent grades. The Utah Back Country Horsemen are working on the project with the company. HIKE FOR HOPE raises money to fund a cure for women’s cancers. The Desert Women’s Council sponsors the annual event at Indian Canyons, Palm Springs, CA. Information – www.hike4hope.com Weiser River Trail Board member Dick Pugh said, “We have long needed a permanent income source to supplement memberships and grants. I was very excited when a trail member offered to initiatie this fund with a gift of $20,000.” The new fund has been established with the Idaho Community Foundation, which handles administration and investment of the donations, and makes the 5% annual distribution. If ownership of the trail is ever transferred to another charity or agency, the distributions will go to the new group. Coffee lovers can support “Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado” simply by visiting their local Starbucks Coffee Shop. Starbucks has created a limited- edition “enjoy Colorado” coffee tumbler and will donater a ortion of the proceeds to Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado. The Continental Divide Trail Alliance received $1,500 from Mountains & Rivers, an outdoor retail store in Albuquerque, from the proceeds of the Banff Mountain Film Festival. The CDTA also received a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundatin after meeting a challenge of raising $1 milllion for trail work in Colorado. Gates awarded the funds on the basis of CDTA’s Ten Year Strategic Plan to complete over 50 trail projects. More than a thousand volunteer trailworkers will receive free heavy-duty work gloves thanks to a new alliance between ebay and the International Mountain Bicycling Association. eBay, the world’s online marketplace, has joined IMBA as a corporate member and paid for a shipment of custom work gloves to help support and reward volunteer trailworkers. The Access Fund uses membership dollars to fund projects that preserve or enhance climbing opportunities and conserve the climbing environment. Grants are approved and organized by local clmbing organizations, public agencies, and land trusts. In one year the Access Fund provided project funding for 20 projects totaling $70,250.00. The Carolina Heartlands Rail Trail has received help from the North Carolina Corrections Department. Between 20 and 90 inmates a day have worked on clearing trees, brush, and trash from the right-of-way. The young crews, mostly ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---2220 00 first-time offenders in a boot-camp style program, have tackled the 12.5 miles between Wadesboro and McFarlan. Over $17,000 were raised for Portland Trails by the group’s First Annual Giveaway/Getaway. The Portland (Maine) Marriott ballroom was the setting for food and prizes. Over 300 supporters joined elected officials and the media. North Carolina Rail Trails and the San Hills Area Land Trust are working to acquire six miles of the Aberdeen & Rockfish Railroad in Harnett County. The railroad has agreed to work with the land trust for a conservation tax credit in return for donating the railroad property. The annual KFRX Easy Pickin’s Bicycle Tour in Lincoln, NE, raises funds for area trail projects. The Corporate Challenge honors the greatest participation by companies, organizations, and clubs. Several hundred riders pay $12 for the event. The Stroudwater Trail Project in Portland, ME, benefitted from a conservation service day that placed 20 tons of crushed rock. Most of the 200- person volunteer force was made up of L.L. Bean employees. The Michigan Mountain Biking Association reports that auto maker Subaru became the official sponsor of the group for 1999, providing cash and the use of a vehicle to support trail maintenance and improvements. Brewers contributed their good spirits and cash to trail projects. In Michigan, the smooth, dark Big Ring Ale comes from the Michigan Brewing Company of Webberville. The company noted that they “had opened another much needed source of funding.” The Walkabout Comfort Shoe Store held a fundraiser for Portland Trails. For every pair of Dansko clogs, shoes, or sandals sold, Walkabout gave $3 and Dansko donated Another local retailer, L.L. Bean, gave a $500 gift certificate to be given to a Portland Trails member in a random drawing. The Poudre River Trail near Windsor, Colorado, received help from over 200 volunters from the Church of Latter Day Saints. Trail preparation, tree pruning, fence building, mowing, and debris removal were some of the work day accomplishments. Volunteers were treated to root beer floats at the end of the day. Trails4All in Orange County, CA, has started a program to raise funds to support volunteer trail projects. Stores sell the “EnviroDollar Coupons” and some stores also match donations. Participating stores are listed in the Trails4All newsletter and their employees can win raffle items for supporting the program. Trails4All also helps stores set up a “Trails Advocacy Dept.” with trail maps, sign samples, rules-of-the-trail, etc.. The state of Montana received 12 miles of trail easements on 2,415 acres along the Missouri River north of the Great Falls, donated by Montana Power Co. This is a major contribution to the River’s Edge Trail which extends from the city of Great Falls along the scenic route of the “Lewis and Clark expedition.” The Lilly Enkowment provided a $4.2 million grant for the Monon Rail Trail and a trail along the Water Company in Indianapolis. The philanthropy, which is based in the city, noted that “much of the Lilly Endowment’s work in this community is dedicated to providing pleasant and agreeable public spaces for recreation.” The state of Illinois hs a funding program derived from motor vehicle title transfer fee revenues. This provides over $5 million each year for local and state projects, primarily trails and bike paths. A dinner and auction by Trails 2000, an advocacy group in Durango, Colorado, raised $30,000. The remarkable sum did not come from selling water bottles but creative donations such as paintings, photographs, airline tickets, locally made chocolates, and a romantic get away in a bed and breakfast. ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---222111 The examples mentioend above are meant to spark some creativity and to demonstate that there are many avenues to consider when it comes to greenway and trail funding. Those mentioned were only a few of the many types of opportunites that have been compiled, and as such, are a great resource to other communities, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties. ---PAGE BREAK--- FFU UN NDDIIN NG G O OPPPPO ORRTTU UN NIITTIIEESS CCH HA APPTTEERR 55 & G wwaaayyy 555---222222 This page is intentionally blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX A A M MO ODDEELL TTRRA AIILL EEA ASSEEM MEEN NTT ---PAGE BREAK--- - 1 - TRAIL EASEMENT AGREEMENT THIS TRAIL EASEMENT AGREEMENT (“this Agreement”) dated as of (the “Agreement Date”) is by and between (“the undersigned Owner or Owners”) and (the “Holder”). Article I. Background 1.01 Property The undersigned Owner or Owners are the sole owners in fee simple of the property identified below and more fully described in Exhibit (the “Property”). Street Address: Municipality: County: Parcel Identifier: State: 1.02 Easement Area The portion of the Property that is subject to this Agreement (the “Easement Area”) is shown on the plan attached as Exhibit (the “Easement Plan”). 1.03 Purposes The purposes of this Agreement are to set forth the terms under which the Trail Facilities described in Article II can be established and maintained for activities and uses by the general public described in Article III. 1.04 Consideration The undersigned Owner or Owners acknowledge receipt of the sum of $1.00 in consideration of the grant of easement to Holder under this Agreement. Article II. Grant of Easement for Trail Facilities 2.01 Grant The undersigned Owner or Owners, intending to be legally bound, grant and convey to Holder the perpetual right to create the Trail identified below; to enter the Easement Area at any time to construct, install, maintain and repair any one or more of the items (collectively, with the Trail, the “Trail Facilities”) described in paragraph of this section; and, subject to the prior written consent of Owners, those described in paragraph of this section. Trail Facilities A trail not to exceed approximately feet in width together with steps, railings, and other surface structures which, as to wet areas, may include bridges and culverts (collectively, the “Trail”). (ii) Signs to mark the Trail, to provide information related to the Trail and for interpretive purposes. (iii) Fencing, gates, and barriers to control access. Trail Facilities Requiring Prior Written Consent of Owners Benches, picnic tables, wastebaskets, and bicycle racks. 2.02 Exercise of Rights Creation of the Trail and other construction, installation, maintenance and repair of the Trail Facilities may include installation of signage; mowing, cutting or removal of soil, rock or vegetation; application of gravel, crushed stone, wood chips or paving; or other means of creating the Trail surface (if any) and/or identifying the Trail’s path. These activities may include vehicular use. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 2 - Article III. Grant of Easement for Public Access 3.01 Grant of Easement The undersigned Owner or Owners, intending to be legally bound, grant to Holder the right to make available to the public a perpetual easement and right-of-way over the Trail and the right to use Trail Facilities for the purposes (“Permitted Trail Uses”) described in paragraph and, subject to the prior written consent of Owners, those described in paragraph of this section: Permitted Trail Uses Use of the Trail as a right-of-way for walking, hiking, jogging, bicycling, horseback riding, bird watching, nature study; (ii) wheelchair use by persons who need to use wheelchairs; and (iii) emergency vehicles in the case of emergency within the Easement Area. Uses Requiring Prior Written Consent of Owners Recreational vehicular use such as snowmobiling; events such as “runs” or competitive races; programmatic use by schools, clubs or other groups; or any use of Trail for purposes other than as a right-of-way for passage over the Property such as picnicking or other stationary activities. 3.02 No Charge for Access No Person is permitted to charge a fee for access to the Trail or use of the Trail Facilities. Article IV. Rights of Owners 4.01 Owner Improvements Owners must not construct, install or maintain any facility or improvement within the Easement Area except the following (collectively, “Owner Improvements”): items existing within the Easement Area as of the Easement Date and listed in the schedule (if any) attached to this document entitled “Existing Owner Improvements”; (ii) items listed in the schedule (if any) attached to this document entitled “Permitted Owner Improvements”; (iii) fencing along the boundary of the Easement Area not impeding access to the Easement Area for the purposes described in Articles II and III; and (iv) items to which Holder, without any obligation to do so, gives its consent in writing. 4.02 Owner Uses and Activities Owners have the rights accorded to the general public to use the Trail Facilities as well to exercise any one or more of the following rights with such notice to Holder as is reasonable under the circumstances: Mitigating Risk Cut trees or otherwise disturb resources to the extent reasonably prudent to remove or mitigate against an unreasonable risk of harm to Persons on or about the Easement Area. Hunting; Forestry Close access to the Easement Area for public safety reasons from the Monday after Thanksgiving through the month of December so as to accommodate hunting by or under control of Owners; and (ii) for up to seven days per every two calendar year(s) to accommodate forestry activities. Resource Management Mow, cut or remove vegetation, or plant vegetation, within the Easement Area but only in accordance with guidelines set forth in the schedule (if any) attached to this document entitled “Permitted Resource Management” and any additions to or modifications of that schedule requested by Owners and approved by Holder in writing, or in the absence of a schedule, in accordance with guidelines approved by Holder in writing. Grants to Others Grant leases, licenses, easements and rights-of-way affecting the Easement Area to Persons other than Holder but only for permitted Owner Improvements; (ii) activities and uses that Owners are permitted to engage in under this Agreement; or (iii) other items that Holder, without any obligation to do so, approves after review. Enforcement Rights Remove or exclude from the Property any Persons who are in locations other than the Trail or other Trail Facilities or (ii) not engaged in Permitted Trail Uses. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 3 - Article V. Enforcement; Liability Issues 5.01 Enforcement Holder may, in addition to other remedies available at law or in equity, compel Owners to make the Easement Area available for the purposes set forth in Article II and Article III by exercising any one or more of the following remedies: Injunctive Relief Seek injunctive relief to specifically enforce the terms of this Agreement; to restrain present or future violations of this Agreement; and/or to compel restoration of Trail Facilities or other resources destroyed or altered as a result of the violation. Self Help Enter the Property to remove any barrier to the access provided under this Agreement and do such other things as are reasonably necessary to protect and preserve the rights of Holder under this Agreement. 5.02 Warranty The undersigned Owner or Owners warrant to Holder that: Liens and Subordination The Easement Area is, as of the Agreement Date, free and clear of all Liens or, if it is not, that Owners have obtained and attached to this Agreement as an exhibit the legally binding subordination of any mortgage, lien, or other encumbrance affecting the Easement Area as of the Agreement Date. Existing Agreements No one has the legally enforceable right (for example, under a lease, easement or right-of-way agreement in existence as of the Agreement Date) to prevent the installation of Trail Facilities or the use of Trail Facilities for Permitted Trail Uses. Hazardous Materials To the best of Owner’s knowledge, the Easement Area is not contaminated with materials identified as hazardous or toxic under applicable law (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) and no Hazardous Materials have been stored or generated within the Easement Area. 5.03 Immunity under Applicable Law Nothing in this Agreement limits the ability of Owners and Holder to avail themselves of the protections offered by any applicable law affording immunity to Owners and Holder including, to the extent applicable, the Recreational Use of Land and Water Act, Act of February 2, 1966, P.L. (1965) 1860, No. 586, as amended, 68 P.S. §477-1 et seq. (as may be amended from time to time). 5.04 Public Enters at Own Risk Use of any portion of the Easement Area by members of the general public is at their own risk. Neither Holder nor Owners by entering into this Agreement assume any duty to or for the benefit of the general public for defects in the location, design, installation, maintenance or repair of the Trail Facilities; for any unsafe conditions within the Easement Area; or for the failure to inspect for or warn against possibly unsafe conditions; or to close the Trail Facilities to public access when unsafe conditions may be present. Holder will endeavor to repair damaged Trail Facilities but has no duty to do so unless and until Holder receives actual notice given in accordance with Article VI of this Agreement of the need to repair an unreasonably dangerous condition. 5.05 Costs and Expenses All costs and expenses associated with Trail Facilities are to be borne by Holder except for items included in Owner Responsibility Claims (defined below in this Article). 5.06 Responsibility for Losses and Litigation Expenses Public Access Claims; Owner Responsibility Claims If a claim for any Loss for personal injury or property damage occurring within the Easement Area after the Agreement Date (a “Public Access Claim”) is asserted against either Owners or Holder, or both, it is anticipated that they will assert such defenses (including immunity under the Recreational Use of Land and Water Act) as are available to them under applicable law. The phrase “Public Access Claim” excludes all claims (collectively, “Owner Responsibility Claims”) for Losses and Litigation Expenses arising from, relating to or associated with personal injury or property damage occurring prior to the ---PAGE BREAK--- - 4 - Agreement Date; (ii) activities or uses engaged in by Owners, their family members, contractors, agents, employees, tenants and invitees or anyone else entering the Property by, through or under the express or implied invitation of any of the foregoing; or (iii) structures, facilities and improvements within the Easement Area (other than improvements installed by Holder). Indemnity If immunity from any Public Access Claim is for any reason unavailable to Owners, Holder agrees to indemnify, defend and hold Owners harmless from any Loss or Litigation Expense if and to the extent arising from a Public Access Claim. Owners agree to indemnify, defend and hold the Holder harmless from any Loss or Litigation Expense if and to the extent arising from an Owner Responsibility Claim. Loss; Litigation Expense The term “Loss” means any liability, loss, claim, settlement payment, cost and expense, interest, award, judgment, damages (including punitive damages), diminution in value, fines, fees and penalties or other charge other than a Litigation Expense. (ii) The term “Litigation Expense” means any court filing fee, court cost, arbitration fee or cost, witness fee and each other fee and cost of investigating and defending or asserting any claim of violation or for indemnification under this Agreement including in each case, attorneys’ fees, other professionals’ fees and disbursements. Article VI. Miscellaneous 6.01 Beneficiaries and Agents The rights of Holder under this Agreement may be exercised by Holder, any Person identified by Holder as a beneficiary of this Agreement and who accepts this designation by recordation in the Public Records of a joinder to this Agreement (a “Beneficiary”), or any of the contractors, agents, and employees of Holder or Beneficiary. 6.02 Binding Agreement This Agreement is a servitude running with the land binding upon the undersigned Owner or Owners and, upon recordation in the Public Records, all subsequent Owners of the Easement Area or any portion of the Easement Area are bound by its terms whether or not the Owners had actual notice of this Agreement and whether or not the deed of transfer specifically referred to the transfer being under and subject to this Agreement. Subject to such limitations (if any) on Holder's right to assign as may be set forth in this Agreement, this Agreement binds and benefits Owners and Holder and their respective personal representatives, successors and assigns. 6.03 Governing Law The laws of the Commonwealth of govern this Agreement. 6.04 Definition and Interpretation of Capitalized and Other Terms The following terms, whenever used in this Agreement, are to be interpreted as follows: “Owners” means the undersigned Owner or Owners and all Persons after them who hold any interest in the Easement Area. (ii) “Person” means an individual, organization, trust, or other entity. (iii) “Public Records” means the public records of the office for the recording of deeds in and for the county in which the Easement Area is located. (iv) “Including” means “including, without limitation”. “May” is permissive and implies no obligation; “must” is obligatory. 6.05 Incorporation by Reference Each exhibit or schedule referred to in this Agreement is incorporated into this Agreement by this reference. 6.06 Amendments; Waivers No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement or consent to any departure by Owners from the terms of this Agreement is effective unless the amendment, waiver or consent is in writing and signed by an authorized signatory for Holder. A waiver or consent is effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose given. An amendment must be recorded in the Public Records. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 5 - 6.07 Severability If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this Agreement remain valid, binding, and enforceable. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the parties waive any provision of applicable law that renders any provision of this Agreement invalid, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect. 6.08 Counterparts This Agreement may be signed in multiple counterparts, each of which constitutes an original, and all of which, collectively, constitute only one agreement. 6.09 Entire Agreement This is the entire agreement of Owners, Holder and any Beneficiary pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement. The terms of this Agreement supersede in full all statements and writings between Owners, Holder, and others pertaining to the transaction set forth in this Agreement. 6.10 Notices Notice to Holder under this Agreement must be in writing and given by one of the following methods: personal delivery; (ii) certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid; or (iii) nationally recognized overnight courier, with all fees prepaid. In an emergency, notice may be given by phone or electronic communication followed by one of the methods in the preceding sentence. INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND, the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder, by their respective duly authorized representatives, have signed and delivered this Agreement as of the Agreement Date. Witness/Attest: Owner’s Name: Owner’s Name: [NAME OF HOLDER] By: Name of signatory: Title of signatory: This document is based on the model Trail Easement Agreement (9/11/2008 edition) provided by the Land Trust Association. The model on which this document is based should not be construed or relied upon as legal advice or legal opinion on any specific facts or circumstances. It should be revised to reflect specific circumstances under the guidance of legal counsel. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 6 - COMMONWEALTH OF COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared known to me (or satisfactorily proven) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the within instrument, and acknowledged that he/she/they executed the same for the purposes therein contained. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: COMMONWEALTH OF : SS COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared who acknowledged him/herself to be the of a non-profit corporation, and that he/she as such officer, being authorized to do so, executed the foregoing instrument for the purposes therein contained by signing the name of the corporation by her/himself as such officer. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX BB M MO ODDEELL CCO ON NSSEERRVVA ATTIIO ON N EEA ASSEEM MEEN NTT ---PAGE BREAK--- - 1 - CONSERVATION EASEMENT THIS CONSERVATION EASEMENT dated as of (the “Easement Date”) is by and between (“the undersigned Owner or Owners”) and (the “Holder”). Article I. Background 1.01 Property The undersigned Owner or Owners are the sole owners in fee simple of the Property described in Exhibit (the “Property”). The Property is also described as: Street Address: Municipality: County: State: Parcel Identifier: Acreage: 1.02 Conservation Plan Attached as Exhibit is a survey or other graphic depiction of the Property (the “Conservation Plan”) showing, among other details, the location of one or more of the following areas – the Highest Protection Area, the Standard Protection Area and the Minimal Protection Area. 1.03 Conservation Objectives This Conservation Easement provides different levels of protection for the areas shown on the Conservation Plan so as to achieve the goals and resource protection objectives (collectively, the “Conservation Objectives”) for the Property set forth below: Resource Protection Objectives Water Resources. This Conservation Easement seeks to protect the quality of water resources within or in the vicinity of the Property by implementing measures that help protect water resources from sediment and non-point pollution and promote the infiltration, detention and natural filtration of storm water. Protecting water resources also helps preserve habitat for Native Species dependent on water resources. (ii) Forest and Woodland Resources. This Conservation Easement seeks to promote biological diversity and to perpetuate and foster the growth of a healthy and unfragmented forest or woodland. Features to be protected include Native Species; continuous canopy with multi-tiered understory of trees, shrubs, wildflowers and grasses; natural habitat, breeding sites and corridors for the migration of birds and wildlife. Species other than Native Species often negatively affect the survival of Native Species and disrupt the functioning of ecosystems. Trees store carbon, offsetting the harmful by-products of burning fossil fuels and trap air pollution particulates, cleaning air. (iii) Wildlife Resources. This Conservation Easement seeks to protect large intact areas of wildlife habitat and connect patches of wildlife habitat. Large habitat patches typically support greater biodiversity and can maintain more ecosystem processes than small patches. Large intact habitats allow larger, healthier populations of a species to persist; thus, increasing the chance of survival over time. Fragmentation of large habitats often decreases the connectivity of systems, negatively affecting the movement of species necessary for fulfilling nutritional or reproductive requirements. (iv) Scenic Resources. This Conservation Easement seeks to preserve the relationship of scenic resources within the Property to natural and scenic resources in its surrounds and to protect scenic vistas visible from public rights-of-way and other public access points in the vicinity of the Property. Sustainable Land Uses. This Conservation Easement seeks to ensure that Agriculture, Forestry, and other uses, to the extent that they are permitted, are conducted in a manner that will neither diminish the biological integrity of the Property nor deplete natural resources over time nor lead to an irreversible disruption of ecosystems and associated processes. Agricultural and Forestry activities are regulated so as to protect soils of high productivity; to ensure future availability for Sustainable ---PAGE BREAK--- - 2 - uses; and to minimize adverse effects of Agricultural and Forestry uses on water resources described in the Conservation Objectives. (vi) Compatible Land Use and Development. Certain areas have been sited within the Property to accommodate existing and future development taking into account the entirety of the natural potential of the Property as well as its scenic resources. Goals Highest Protection Area. This Conservation Easement seeks to protect natural resources within the Highest Protection Area so as to keep them in an undisturbed state except as required to promote and maintain a diverse community of predominantly Native Species. (ii) Standard Protection Area. This Conservation Easement seeks to promote good stewardship of the Standard Protection Area so that its soil and other natural resources will always be able to support Sustainable Agriculture or Sustainable Forestry. (iii) Minimal Protection Area. This Conservation Easement seeks to promote compatible land use and development within the Minimal Protection Area so that it will be available for a wide variety of activities, uses and Additional Improvements subject to the minimal constraints necessary to achieve Conservation Objectives outside the Minimal Protection Area. 1.04 Baseline Documentation As of the Easement Date, the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder have signed for identification purposes the report (the “Baseline Documentation”), to be kept on file at the principal office of Holder, that contains an original, full-size version of the Conservation Plan and other information sufficient to identify on the ground the protection areas identified in this Article; that describes Existing Improvements; that identifies the conservation resources of the Property described in the Conservation Objectives; and that includes, among other information, photographs depicting existing conditions of the Property as of the Easement Date. 1.05 Structure of Conservation Easement This Conservation Easement is divided into eight Articles. Articles II, III and IV contain the restrictive covenants imposed by the undersigned Owner or Owners on the Property. In Article V the undersigned Owner or Owners grant to Holder and Beneficiaries (if any) certain rights to enforce the restrictive covenants in perpetuity against all Owners of the Property (“Enforcement Rights”). Article V also contains the procedure for Review applicable to those items permitted subject to Review under Articles II, III and IV. Article VI details the procedures for exercise of Enforcement Rights. Article VII contains provisions generally applicable to both Owners and Holder. The last Article entitled “Glossary” contains definitions of capitalized terms used in this Conservation Easement and not defined in this Article I. 1.06 Federal Tax Items Qualified Conservation Contribution The rights granted to Holder under this Conservation Easement have been donated in whole or in part by the undersigned Owner or Owners. This Conservation Easement is intended to qualify as a charitable donation of a partial interest in real estate (as defined under §170(f)(3)(B)(iii) of the Code) to a qualified organization (a “Qualified Organization”) as defined in §1.170(A-14(c)(1) of the Regulations. Public Benefit The undersigned Owner or Owners have entered into this Conservation Easement to provide a significant public benefit (as defined in §1.170A-14(d)(2)(i) of the Regulations). In addition to the public benefits described in the Conservation Objectives, the Baseline Documentation identifies public policy statements and other factual information supporting the significant public benefit of this Conservation Easement. Mineral Interests No Person has retained a qualified mineral interest in the Property of a nature that would disqualify the Conservation Easement for purposes of §1.170A-14(g)(4) of the Regulations. From and after the Easement Date, the grant of any such interest is prohibited and Holder has the right to prohibit the exercise of any such right or interest if granted in violation of this provision. Notice Required under Regulations To the extent required for compliance with §1.170A-14(g)(5)(ii) of the Regulations, and only to the extent such activity is not otherwise subject to Review under this Conservation Easement, Owners agree ---PAGE BREAK--- - 3 - to notify Holder before exercising any reserved right that may have an adverse impact on the conservation interests associated with the Property. Property Right In accordance with §1.170A-14(g)(6) of the Regulations, the undersigned Owner or Owners agree that the grant of this Conservation Easement gives rise to a property right, immediately vested in the Holder, that entitles the Holder to compensation upon extinguishment of the easement. The fair market value of the property right is to be determined in accordance with the Regulations; i.e., it is at least equal to the proportionate value that this Conservation Easement as of the Easement Date bears to the value of the Property as a whole as of the Easement Date (the “Proportionate Value”). If the Proportionate Value exceeds the compensation otherwise payable to Holder under Article VI, Holder is entitled to payment of the Proportionate Value. Holder must use any funds received on account of the Proportionate Value for conservation purposes (as that phrase is defined in the Regulations). Qualification under §2031(c) of the Code To the extent required to qualify for exemption from federal estate tax under §2031(c) of the Code, and only to the extent such activity is not otherwise prohibited or limited under this Conservation Easement, Owners agree that commercial recreational uses are not permitted within the Property. Acknowledgment of Donation Except for such monetary consideration (if any) as is set forth in this Article, Holder acknowledges that no goods or services were received in consideration of the grant of this Conservation Easement. No Representation of Tax Benefits The undersigned Owner or Owners represent, warrant and covenant to Holder that: The undersigned Owner or Owners have not relied upon any information or analyses furnished by Holder with respect to either the availability, amount or effect of any deduction, credit or other benefit to Owners under the Code, the Regulations or other Applicable Law; or the value of this Conservation Easement or the Property. (ii) The undersigned Owner or Owners have relied solely upon their own judgment and/or professional advice furnished by the appraiser and legal, financial and accounting professionals engaged by the undersigned Owner or Owners. If any Person providing services in connection with this Conservation Easement or the Property was recommended by Holder, the undersigned Owner or Owners acknowledge that Holder is not responsible in any way for the performance of services by these Persons. (iii) The donation of this Conservation Easement is not conditioned upon the availability or amount of any deduction, credit or other benefit under the Code, Regulations or other Applicable Law. 1.07 Beneficiaries As of the Easement Date, no Beneficiaries of this Conservation Easement have been identified by the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder. 1.08 Consideration The undersigned Owner or Owners acknowledge receipt of the sum of $1.00 in consideration of the grant of this Conservation Easement to Holder. The consideration has been paid in full to the undersigned Owner or Owners as of the Easement Date. Article II. Subdivision 2.01 Prohibition No Subdivision of the Property is permitted except as set forth below. 2.02 Permitted Subdivision The following Subdivisions are permitted: Lot Line Change Subdivision to merge two Existing Lots into one or to adjust a boundary line between two Existing Lots within the Property and, subject to Review, an adjustment of the boundary line between an Existing Lot ---PAGE BREAK--- - 4 - and another Lot outside the Property if, as a result of the adjustment, there is no material decrease in the acreage of the Property. Transfer to Qualified Organization Subdivision to permit the transfer of a portion of the Property to a Qualified Organization for use by the Qualified Organization for park, nature preserve, public trail or other conservation purposes consistent with and in furtherance of Conservation Objectives. Lease Subject to Review, transfer of possession (but not ownership) of one or more portions of the Property by lease for purposes permitted under, and subject to compliance with, the terms of this Conservation Easement. 2.03 Subdivision Requirements Establishment of Lots; Allocations. Prior to transfer of a Lot following a Subdivision, Owners must furnish Holder with the plan of Subdivision approved under Applicable Law and legal description of the each Lot created or reconfigured by the Subdivision; (ii) mark the boundaries of each Lot with permanent markers; and (iii) allocate in the deed of transfer of a Lot created by the Subdivision those limitations applicable to more than one Lot under this Conservation Easement. This information will become part of the Baseline Documentation incorporated into this Conservation Easement. Amendment Holder may require Owners to execute an Amendment of this Conservation Easement to reflect any change to the description of the Property set forth in Exhibit or any other changes and allocations resulting from Subdivision that are not established to the reasonable satisfaction of Holder by recordation in the Public Records of the plan of Subdivision approved under Applicable Law. Article III. Improvements 3.01 Prohibition Improvements within the Property are prohibited except as permitted below in this Article. 3.02 Permitted Within Highest Protection Area The following Improvements are permitted within the Highest Protection Area: Existing Improvements Any Existing Improvement may be maintained, repaired and replaced in its existing location. Existing Improvements may be expanded or relocated if the expanded or relocated Improvement complies with requirements applicable to Additional Improvements of the same type. Existing Agreements Improvements that Owners are required to allow under Existing Agreements are permitted. Additional Improvements The following Additional Improvements are permitted: Fences, walls and gates, not to exceed four feet in Height or such greater Height as is approved by Holder after Review. (ii) Regulatory Signs. (iii) Habitat enhancement devices such as birdhouses and bat houses. (iv) Trails covered (if at all) by wood chips, gravel, or other highly porous surface. Subject to Review, footbridges, stream crossing structures and stream access structures. (vi) Subject to Review, Access Drives and Utility Improvements to service Improvements within the Property but only if there is no other reasonably feasible means to provide access and utility services to the Property. (vii) Subject to Review, Extraction Improvements and Improvements for Renewable Energy but only if located wholly beneath the surface at a depth at which there can be no impairment of water or other ---PAGE BREAK--- - 5 - resources described in the Conservation Objectives. No Access Drives to service any such Improvements are permitted. 3.03 Permitted Within Standard Protection Area The following Improvements are permitted within the Standard Protection Area: Permitted under Preceding Sections Any Improvement permitted under a preceding section of this Article is permitted. Additional Improvements The following Additional Improvements are permitted: Agricultural Improvements. (ii) Utility Improvements and Site Improvements reasonably required for activities and uses permitted within the Standard Protection Area. (iii) Subject to Review, Utility Improvements and Site Improvements servicing other areas of the Property, if not reasonably feasible to install entirely within Minimal Protection Area. (iv) Subject to Review, Improvements for generating and transmitting Renewable Energy that Holder, without any obligation to do so, determines are consistent with maintenance or attainment of Conservation Objectives. Limitations on Additional Improvements Additional Improvements permitted within the Standard Protection Area are further limited as follows: The Height of Improvements must not exceed thirty-five (35) feet except for Improvements for generating Renewable Energy approved by the Holder after Review. (ii) Fences remain limited as in the Highest Protection Area. (iii) Impervious Coverage must not exceed a limit of 500 square feet per roofed Improvement. Impervious Coverage must not exceed a limit of 1500 square feet in the aggregate for all Improvements within the Standard Protection Area. The limitation on aggregate Impervious Coverage excludes Impervious Coverage associated with ponds and Access Drives. (iv) Access Drives and farm lanes are limited to a driving surface not to exceed fourteen (14) feet in width and are further limited, in the aggregate, to 500 feet in length. Ponds are limited, in the aggregate, to 1500 square feet of Impervious Coverage. (vi) In addition to Regulatory Signs, signs are limited to a maximum of eight square feet per sign and twenty-four (24) square feet in the aggregate for all signs within the Property. (vii) Utility Improvements must be underground or, subject to Review, may be aboveground where not reasonably feasible to be installed underground. (viii) The following Improvements are not permitted unless Holder, without any obligation to do so, approves after Review: exterior storage tanks for petroleum or other hazardous or toxic substances (other than reasonable amounts of fuel for activities and uses within the Property permitted under this Conservation Easement); and Utility Improvements servicing Improvements not within the Property. (ix) Improvements in connection with recreational and open-space activities and uses are limited to Site Improvements not exceeding nine feet in Height and 500 square feet of Impervious Coverage in the aggregate. 3.04 Permitted Within Minimal Protection Area The following Improvements are permitted within Minimal Protection Area: Permitted under Preceding Sections Any Improvement permitted under a preceding section of this Article is permitted. Additional Improvements The following Additional Improvements are permitted: Residential Improvements. (ii) Utility Improvements and Site Improvements servicing activities, uses or Improvements permitted within the Property. Signs, fences, storage tanks and Utility Improvements remain limited as set forth for the Standard Protection Area. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 6 - Limitations Additional Improvements permitted within the Minimal Protection Area are further limited as follows: Not more than one Improvement (whether an Existing Improvement or Additional Improvement) may contain Dwelling Units (if any) permitted under Article IV. (ii) Additional Improvements are subject to a Height limitation of thirty-five (35) feet. Subject to Review, Improvements for generating Renewable Energy may exceed this Height limitation. Article IV. Activities; Uses; Disturbance of Resources 4.01 Prohibition Activities and uses are limited to those permitted below in this Article and provided in any case that the intensity or frequency of the activity or use does not materially and adversely affect maintenance or attainment of Conservation Objectives. 4.02 Density Issues under Applicable Law Promoting Development outside the Property Neither the Property nor the grant of this Conservation Easement may be used under Applicable Law to increase density or intensity of use or otherwise promote the development of other lands outside the Property. Transferable Development Rights Owners may not transfer for use outside the Property (whether or not for compensation) any development rights allocated to the Property under Applicable Law. 4.03 Permitted Within Highest Protection Area The following activities and uses are permitted within the Highest Protection Area: Existing Agreements Activities, uses and Construction that Owners are required to allow under Existing Agreements. Disturbance of Resources Cutting trees, Construction or other disturbance of resources, including removal of Invasive Species, to the extent reasonably prudent to remove, mitigate or warn against an unreasonable risk of harm to Persons, property or health of Native Species on or about the Property. Owners must take such steps as are reasonable under the circumstances to consult with Holder prior to taking actions that, but for this provision, would not be permitted or would be permitted only after Review. (ii) Planting a diversity of Native Species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plant materials in accordance with Best Management Practices. (iii) Removal and disturbance of soil, rock and vegetative resources to the extent reasonably necessary to accommodate Construction of Improvements within the Highest Protection Area with restoration as soon as reasonably feasible by replanting with a diversity of Native Species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plant materials in accordance with Best Management Practices. (iv) Vehicular use in the case of emergency and, subject to applicable limitations (if any), in connection with activities or uses permitted within the Highest Protection Area. Except within Wet Areas, cutting trees for use on the Property not to exceed two cords per year. (vi) Subject to Review, removal of vegetation to accommodate replanting with a diversity of Native Species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plant materials. (vii) Subject to Review, extraction of natural gas or oil, and injection or release of water and other substances to facilitate such extraction, but only at subterranean levels at a depth at which there can be no impairment of water or other resources described in the Conservation Objectives. No surface activities or uses, including Construction activities, incident to such extraction are permitted. (viii) Generation of Renewable Energy and transmission of such energy if and to the extent Improvements for that purpose are permitted under Article III. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 7 - (ix) Other resource management activities that Holder, without any obligation to do so, determines are consistent with maintenance or attainment of Conservation Objectives and are conducted in accordance with the Resource Management Plan approved for that activity after Review. Release and Disposal Application of substances (other than manure) to promote health and growth of vegetation in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and Applicable Law. Within Wet Areas only substances approved for aquatic use are permitted. (ii) Piling of brush and other vegetation to the extent reasonably necessary to accommodate activities or uses permitted within the Highest Protection Area. Other Activities Activities that do not require Improvements other than trails and do not materially and adversely affect maintenance or attainment of Conservation Objectives such as the following: walking, horseback riding on trails, cross-country skiing, bird watching, nature study, fishing and hunting; and (ii) educational or scientific activities consistent with and in furtherance of the Conservation Objectives. Vehicular use is not permitted in connection with the activities permitted under this subsection, unless Holder, without any obligation to do so, approves the use after Review. 4.04 Permitted Within Standard Protection Area The following activities and uses are permitted within the Standard Protection Area so long as no Invasive Species are introduced: Permitted under Preceding Sections Activities and uses permitted under preceding sections of this Article are permitted within the Standard Protection Area. Agricultural Uses Sustainable Agricultural uses and activities that maintain continuous vegetative cover and, if conducted in accordance with a Soil Conservation Plan furnished to Holder, Sustainable Agricultural uses that do not maintain continuous vegetative cover. In either case, the limitations set forth below apply: Within Wet Areas, grazing is permitted only if Holder approves after Review. (ii) Within Steep Slope Areas, the Soil Conservation Plan is subject to Review by Holder to determine that measures have been included to minimize adverse effects on natural resources such as a conservation tillage system, contour farming or cross slope farming. (iii) Agricultural uses that involve removal of soil from the Property (such as sod farming and ball-and- burlap nursery uses) are permitted only if conducted in accordance with a Resource Management Plan approved by Holder after Review that provides for, among other features, a soil replenishment program that will qualify the activity as a Sustainable Agricultural use. (iv) Woodland Areas may not be used for or converted to Agricultural uses unless Holder, without any obligation to do so, approves after Review. Forestry Uses Sustainable Forestry in accordance with a Resource Management Plan approved after Review. Other Disturbance of Resources Subject to Review, removal or impoundment of water for activities and uses permitted within the Property but not for sale or transfer outside the Property. (ii) Removal of vegetation and other Construction activities reasonably required to accommodate Improvements permitted within the Standard Protection Area. (iii) Mowing, planting and maintenance of lawn, garden and landscaped areas. Release and Disposal Piling and composting of biodegradable materials originating from the Property in furtherance of Agricultural Uses within the Property permitted under this Article. Manure piles must be located so as not to create run-off into Wet Areas. (ii) Subject to Review, disposal of sanitary sewage effluent from Improvements permitted within the Property if not reasonably feasible to confine such disposal to Minimal Protection Area. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 8 - Other Activities Recreational and open-space activities and uses that do not require Improvements other than those permitted within the Standard Protection Area; (ii) do not materially and adversely affect scenic views and other values described in the Conservation Objectives; and (iii) do not require motorized vehicular use other than for resource management purposes. 4.05 Permitted Within Minimal Protection Area The following activities and uses are permitted within the Minimal Protection Area: Permitted under Preceding Sections Activities and uses permitted under preceding sections of this Article are permitted within the Minimal Protection Area. Disturbance of Resources Disturbance of resources within the Minimal Protection Area is permitted for purposes reasonably related to activities or uses permitted within the Minimal Protection Area. Introduction of Invasive Species remains prohibited. Release and Disposal Disposal of sanitary sewage effluent from Improvements permitted within the Property. (ii) Other piling of materials and non-containerized disposal of substances and materials but only if such disposal is permitted under Applicable Law; does not directly or indirectly create run-off or leaching outside the Minimal Protection Area; and does not adversely affect Conservation Objectives applicable to the Minimal Protection Area including those pertaining to scenic views. Residential and Other Uses Residential use is permitted but limited to not more than one Dwelling Unit. (ii) Any occupation, activity or use is permitted if wholly contained within an enclosed Residential or Agricultural Improvement. The phrase “wholly contained” means that neither the primary activity or use or any accessory uses such as parking or signage, are visible or discernable outside the Improvement; however, subject to Review, exterior vehicular parking and signage accessory to such uses may be permitted by Holder. Article V. Rights and Duties of Holder and Beneficiaries 5.01 Grant to Holder Grant in Perpetuity By signing this Conservation Easement and unconditionally delivering it to Holder, the undersigned Owner or Owners, intending to be legally bound, grant and convey to Holder a conservation servitude over the Property in perpetuity for the purpose of administering and enforcing the restrictions and limitations set forth in Articles II, III, and IV in furtherance of the Conservation Objectives. Superior to all Liens The undersigned Owner or Owners warrant to Holder that the Property is, as of the Easement Date, free and clear of all Liens or, if it is not, that Owners have obtained and attached to this Conservation Easement as an Exhibit the legally binding subordination of any Liens affecting the Property as of the Easement Date. 5.02 Rights and Duties of Holder The grant to Holder under the preceding section gives Holder the right and duty to perform the following tasks: Enforcement To enforce the terms of this Conservation Easement in accordance with the provisions of Article VI including, in addition to other remedies, the right to enter the Property to investigate a suspected, alleged or threatened violation. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 9 - Inspection To enter and inspect the Property for compliance with the requirements of this Conservation Easement upon reasonable notice, in a reasonable manner and at reasonable times. Review To exercise rights of Review in accordance with the requirements of this Article as and when required under applicable provisions of this Conservation Easement. Interpretation To interpret the terms of this Conservation Easement, apply the terms of this Conservation Easement to factual conditions on or about the Property, respond to requests for information from Persons having an interest in this Conservation Easement or the Property (such as requests for a certification of compliance), and apply the terms of this Conservation Easement to changes occurring or proposed within the Property. 5.03 Other Rights of Holder The grant to Holder under this Article also permits Holder, without any obligation to do so, to exercise the following rights: Amendment To enter into an Amendment with Owners if Holder determines that the Amendment is consistent with and in furtherance of the Conservation Objectives; will not result in any private benefit prohibited under the Code; and otherwise conforms to Holder’s policy with respect to Amendments. Signs To install one or more signs within the Property identifying the interest of Holder or one or more Beneficiaries in this Conservation Easement. Any signs installed by Holder do not reduce the number or size of signs permitted to Owners under Article III. Signs are to be of the customary size installed by Holder or Beneficiary, as the case may be, and must be installed in locations readable from the public right-of-way and otherwise reasonably acceptable to Owners. 5.04 Review The following provisions are incorporated into any provision of this Conservation Easement that is subject to Review: Notice to Holder At least thirty (30) days before Owners begin or allow any Construction, activity or use that is subject to Review, Owners must notify Holder of the change including with the notice such information as is reasonably sufficient to comply with Review Requirements and otherwise describe the change and its potential impact on natural resources within the Property. Notice to Owners Within thirty (30) days after receipt of Owners’ notice, Holder must notify Owners of Holder’s determination to accept Owners’ proposal in whole or in part; (ii) reject Owners’ proposal in whole or in part; (iii) accept Owners’ proposal conditioned upon compliance with conditions imposed by Holder; or (iv) reject Owners’ notice for insufficiency of information on which to base a determination. If Holder gives conditional acceptance under clause (iii), commencement of the proposed Improvement, activity, use or Construction constitutes acceptance by Owners of all conditions set forth in Holder’s notice. Failure to Notify If Holder fails to notify Owners as required in the preceding subsection, the proposal set forth in Owners’ notice is deemed approved. Standard of Review The phrase “unless Holder, without any obligation to do so,” in relation to an approval or determination by Holder, means that, in that particular case, Holder's approval is wholly discretionary and may be given or withheld for any reason or no reason. (ii) In all other cases, Holder's approval is not to be unreasonably withheld. It is not unreasonable for Holder to disapprove a proposal that may adversely affect natural resources described in the Conservation Objectives or that is otherwise inconsistent with maintenance or attainment of Conservation Objectives. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 10 - 5.05 Reimbursement Owners must reimburse Holder for the costs and expenses of Holder reasonably incurred in the course of performing its duties with respect to this Conservation Easement other than monitoring in the ordinary course. These costs and expenses include the allocated costs of employees of Holder. Article VI. Violation; Remedies 6.01 Breach of Duty Failure to Enforce If Holder fails to enforce this Conservation Easement, or ceases to qualify as a Qualified Organization, then the rights and duties of Holder under this Conservation Easement may be exercised by a Beneficiary or a Qualified Organization designated by a Beneficiary; and/or (ii) transferred to another Qualified Organization by a court of competent jurisdiction. Transferee The transferee must be a Qualified Organization and must commit to hold this Conservation Easement exclusively for conservation purposes as defined in the Code. 6.02 Violation of Conservation Easement If Holder determines that this Conservation Easement is being or has been violated or that a violation is threatened or imminent then the provisions of this Section will apply: Notice Holder must notify Owners of the violation. Holder’s notice may include its recommendations of measures to be taken by Owners to cure the violation and restore features of the Property damaged or altered as a result of the violation. Opportunity to Cure Owners’ cure period expires thirty (30) days after the date of Holder’s notice to Owners subject to extension for the time reasonably necessary to cure but only if all of the following conditions are satisfied: Owners cease the activity constituting the violation upon receipt of Holder’s notice; (ii) Owners and Holder agree, within the initial thirty (30) day period, upon the measures Owners will take to cure the violation; (iii) Owners commence to cure within the initial thirty (30) day period; and (iv) Owners continue thereafter to use best efforts and due diligence to complete the agreed upon cure. Imminent Harm No notice or cure period is required if circumstances require prompt action to prevent or mitigate irreparable harm or alteration to any natural resource or other feature of the Property described in the Conservation Objectives. 6.03 Remedies Upon expiration of the cure period (if any) described in the preceding Section, Holder may do any one or more of the following: Injunctive Relief Seek injunctive relief to specifically enforce the terms of this Conservation Easement; to restrain present or future violations of this Conservation Easement; and/or to compel restoration of resources destroyed or altered as a result of the violation. Civil Action Recover from Owners or other Persons responsible for the violation all sums owing to Holder under applicable provisions of this Conservation Easement together with interest thereon from the date due at the Default Rate. These monetary obligations include, among others, Losses and Litigation Expenses. Self-Help Enter the Property to prevent or mitigate further damage to or alteration of natural resources of the Property identified in the Conservation Objectives. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 11 - 6.04 Modification or Termination If this Conservation Easement is or is about to be modified or terminated by exercise of the power of eminent domain (condemnation) or adjudication of a court of competent jurisdiction sought by a Person other than Holder the following provisions apply: Compensatory Damages Holder is entitled to collect from the Person seeking the modification or termination, compensatory damages in an amount equal to the increase in Market Value of the Property resulting from the modification or termination plus reimbursement of Litigation Expenses as if a violation had occurred. Restitution Holder or any Beneficiary is entitled to recover from the Person seeking the modification or termination, restitution of amounts paid for this Conservation Easement (if any) and any other sums invested in the Property for the benefit of the public as a result of rights granted under this Conservation Easement plus (ii) reimbursement of Litigation Expenses as if a violation had occurred. 6.05 Remedies Cumulative The description of Holder’s remedies in this Article does not preclude Holder from exercising any other right or remedy that may at any time be available to Holder under this Article or Applicable Law. If Holder chooses to exercise one remedy, Holder may nevertheless choose to exercise any one or more of the other rights or remedies available to Holder at the same time or at any other time. 6.06 No Waiver If Holder does not exercise any or all of its Enforcement Rights upon the occurrence of an event constituting a violation of this Conservation Easement, that is not to be interpreted as an agreement to postpone or, absent a Waiver, to forebear the exercise its Enforcement Rights with respect to that occurrence or a future occurrence.. 6.07 No Fault of Owners Holder will waive its right to reimbursement under this Article as to Owners (but not other Persons who may be responsible for the violation) if Holder is reasonably satisfied that the violation was not the fault of Owners and could not have been anticipated or prevented by Owners by reasonable means. 6.08 Multiple Owners; Multiple Lots If different Owners own Lots within the Property, only the Owners of the Lot in violation will be held responsible for the violation. 6.09 Multiple Owners; Single Lot If more than one Owner owns the Lot in violation of this Conservation Easement, the Owners of the Lot in violation are jointly and severally liable for the violation regardless of the form of ownership. 6.10 Continuing Liability If a Lot subject to this Conservation Easement is transferred while a violation remains uncured, the Owners who transferred the Lot remain liable for the violation jointly and severally with the Owners to whom the Lot was transferred. This provision does not apply if Holder has issued a certificate of compliance evidencing no violations within thirty (30) days prior to the transfer. It is the responsibility of the Owners owning the Lot prior to the transfer to request a certificate of compliance to verify whether violations exist as of the date of transfer. Article VII. Miscellaneous 7.01 Notices Requirements Each Person giving any notice pursuant to this Conservation Easement must give the notice in writing and must use one of the following methods of delivery: personal delivery; (ii) certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid; or (iii) nationally recognized overnight courier, with all fees prepaid. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 12 - Address for Notices Each Person giving a notice must address the notice to the appropriate Person at the receiving party at the address listed below or to another address designated by that Person by notice to the other Person: If to Owners: If to Holder: 7.02 Governing Law The laws of the Commonwealth of govern this Conservation Easement. 7.03 Assignment and Transfer Neither Owners nor Holder may assign or otherwise transfer any of their respective rights or duties under this Conservation Easement voluntarily or involuntarily, whether by merger, consolidation, dissolution, operation of law or any other manner except as permitted below. Any purported assignment or transfer in violation of this Section is void. By Holder Holder may assign its rights and duties under this Conservation Easement, either in whole or in part, but only to a Qualified Organization that executes and records in the Public Records a written agreement assuming the obligations of Holder under this Conservation Easement. The assigning Holder must deliver the Baseline Documentation to the assignee Holder as of the date of the assignment. Holder must assign its rights and duties under this Conservation Easement to another Qualified Organization if Holder becomes the Owner of the Property. By Owners This Conservation Easement is a servitude running with the land binding upon the undersigned Owners and, upon recordation in the Public Records, all subsequent Owners of the Property or any portion of the Property are bound by its terms whether or not the Owners had actual notice of this Conservation Easement and whether or not the deed of transfer specifically referred to the transfer being under and subject to this Conservation Easement. 7.04 Binding Agreement Subject to the restrictions on assignment and transfer set forth in the preceding Section, this Conservation Easement binds and benefits Owners and Holder and their respective personal representatives, successors and assigns. 7.05 No Other Beneficiaries This Conservation Easement does not confer any Enforcement Rights or other remedies upon any Person other than Owners, Holder and the Beneficiaries (if any) specifically named in this Conservation Easement. Owners of Lots within or adjoining the Property are not beneficiaries of this Conservation Easement and, accordingly, have no right of approval or joinder in any Amendment other than an Amendment applicable to the Lot owned by such Owners. This provision does not preclude Owners or other Persons having an interest in this Conservation Easement from petitioning a court of competent jurisdiction to exercise remedies available under this Conservation Easement for breach of duty by Holder. 7.06 Amendments; Waivers No change in any term or provision of this Conservation Easement and no consent to any departure by Owners from strict compliance with this Conservation Easement is effective unless the Amendment or Waiver, as the case may be, is in writing and signed by an authorized signatory for Holder. The grant of an Amendment or Waiver in any instance does not imply that an Amendment or Waiver will be granted in any other instance. 7.07 Severability If any provision of this Conservation Easement is determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this Conservation Easement remain valid, binding and enforceable. To the extent permitted by Applicable Law, the parties waive any provision of Applicable Law that renders any provision of this Conservation Easement invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 13 - 7.08 Counterparts This Conservation Easement may be signed in multiple counterparts, each of which constitutes an original, and all of which, collectively, constitute only one agreement. 7.09 Indemnity Owners must indemnify and defend the Indemnified Parties against all Losses and Litigation Expenses arising out of or relating to any breach or violation of this Conservation Easement or Applicable Law; and damage to property or personal injury (including death) occurring on or about the Property if and to the extent not caused by the negligent or wrongful acts or omissions of an Indemnified Party. 7.10 Guides to Interpretation Captions Except for the identification of defined terms in the Glossary, the descriptive headings of the articles, sections and subsections of this Conservation Easement are for convenience only and do not constitute a part of this Conservation Easement. Glossary If any term defined in the Glossary is not used in this Conservation Easement, the defined term is to be disregarded as surplus material. Other Terms The word “including” means “including but not limited to”. (ii) The word “must” is obligatory; the word “may” is permissive and does not imply any obligation. Conservation and Preservation Easements Act This Conservation Easement is intended to be interpreted so as to convey to Holder all of the rights and privileges of a holder of a conservation easement under the Conservation Easements Act. Restatement of Servitudes This Conservation Easement is intended to be interpreted so as to convey to Holder all of the rights and privileges of a holder of a conservation servitude under the Restatement (Third) of Servitudes. 7.11 Entire Agreement This is the entire agreement of Owners, Holder and Beneficiaries (if any) pertaining to the subject matter of this Conservation Easement. The terms of this Conservation Easement supersede in full all statements and writings between Owners, Holder and others pertaining to the transaction set forth in this Conservation Easement. 7.12 Incorporation by Reference Each Exhibit attached to this Conservation Easement is incorporated into this Conservation Easement by this reference. The Baseline Documentation (whether or not attached to this Conservation Easement) is incorporated into this Conservation Easement by this reference. 7.13 Coal Rights Notice The following notice is given to Owners solely for the purpose of compliance with the requirements of the Conservation Easements Act: NOTICE: This Conservation Easement may impair the development of coal interests including workable coal seams or coal interests which have been severed from the Property. Article VIII. Glossary 8.01 Access Drive(s) Roads or drives providing access to and from Improvements or Minimal Protection Areas and public rights- of-way. 8.02 Additional Improvements All buildings, structures, facilities and other improvements within the Property other than Existing Improvements. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 14 - 8.03 Agricultural Improvements Improvements used or usable in furtherance of Agricultural uses such as barn, stable, silo, spring house, green house, hoop house, riding arena (whether indoor or outdoor), horse walker, manure storage pit, storage buildings, feeding and irrigation facilities. 8.04 Agricultural or Agriculture Any one or more of the following and the leasing of land for any of these purposes: Farming Production of vegetables, fruits, seeds, mushrooms, nuts and nursery crops (including trees) for sale. (ii) Production of poultry, livestock and their products for sale. (iii) Production of field crops, hay or pasture. (iv) Production of sod to be removed and planted elsewhere. Equestrian Boarding, stabling, raising, feeding, grazing, exercising, riding and training horses and instructing riders. 8.05 Amendment An amendment, modification or supplement to this Conservation Easement signed by Owners and Holder and recorded in the Public Records. 8.06 Applicable Law Any federal, state or local laws, statutes, codes, ordinances, standards and regulations applicable to the Property or this Conservation Easement as amended through the applicable date of reference. 8.07 Beneficiary Any governmental entity or Qualified Organization that is specifically named as a Beneficiary of this Conservation Easement under Article I. 8.08 Best Management Practices A series of guidelines or minimum standards (sometimes referred to as BMP’s) recommended by federal, state and/or county resource management agencies for proper application of farming and forestry operations, non-point pollution of water resources and other disturbances of soil, water and vegetative resources and to protect wildlife habitats. Examples of resource management agencies issuing pertinent BMP’s as of the Easement Date are: the Natural Resource Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (with respect to soil resources); the Department of Environmental Protection (with respect to soil erosion, sedimentation and water resources) and the following sources of BMP’s with respect to forest and woodland management: the Forest Stewardship Council principles and criteria, Sustainable Forestry Initiative standards, Forest Stewardship Plan requirements, American Tree Farm standards and Best Management Practices for Forests. 8.09 Code The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended through the applicable date of reference. 8.10 Conservation Easements Act The Conservation and Preservation Easements Act, the act of June 22, 2001 (P.L. 390, No. 29) (32 P.S. §§5051-5059) as amended through the applicable date of reference. 8.11 Construction Any demolition, construction, reconstruction, expansion, exterior alteration, installation or erection of temporary or permanent Improvements; and, whether or not in connection with any of the foregoing, any excavation, dredging, mining, filling or removal of gravel, soil, rock, sand, coal, petroleum or other minerals. 8.12 Default Rate An annual rate of interest equal at all times to two percent above the “prime rate” announced from time to time in The Wall Street Journal. 8.13 Dwelling Unit Use or intended use of an Improvement or portion of an Improvement for human habitation by one or more Persons (whether or not related). Existence of a separate kitchen accompanied by sleeping quarters is considered to constitute a separate Dwelling Unit. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 15 - 8.14 Existing Agreements Easements and other servitudes affecting the Property prior to the Easement Date and running to the benefit of utility service providers and other Persons that constitute legally binding servitudes prior in right to this Conservation Easement. 8.15 Existing Improvements Improvements located on, above or under the Property as of the Easement Date as identified in the Baseline Documentation. 8.16 Existing Lots Lots existing under Applicable Law as of the Easement Date. 8.17 Extraction Improvements Wells, casements, impoundments and other Improvements for the exploration, extraction, collection, containment, transport and removal (but not processing or refining) of oil or natural gas from substrata beneath the surface of the Property. The term "Extraction Improvements" includes any Access Drive required for the Construction or operation of Extraction Improvements or the removal of oil or natural gas from the Property. Extraction Improvements (whether or not providing sources of power for the Property) are not included in the defined term "Utility Improvements". 8.18 Forestry Planting, growing, nurturing, managing and harvesting trees whether for timber and other useful products or for water quality, wildlife habitat and other Conservation Objectives. 8.19 Height The vertical elevation of an Improvement measured from the average exterior ground elevation of the Improvement to a point, if the Improvement is roofed, midway between the highest and lowest points of the roof excluding chimneys, cupolas, ventilation shafts, weathervanes and similar protrusions or, if the Improvement is unroofed, the top of the Improvement. 8.20 Impervious Coverage The aggregate area of all surfaces that are not capable of supporting vegetation within the applicable area of reference. Included in Impervious Coverage are the footprints (including roofs, decks, stairs and other extensions) of Improvements; paved or artificially covered surfaces such as crushed stone, gravel, concrete and asphalt; impounded water (such as a man-made pond); and compacted earth (such as an unpaved roadbed). Excluded from Impervious Coverage are running or non-impounded standing water (such as a naturally occurring lake); bedrock and naturally occurring stone and gravel; and earth (whether covered with vegetation or not) so long as it has not been compacted by non-naturally occurring forces. 8.21 Improvement Any Existing Improvement or Additional Improvement. 8.22 Indemnified Parties Holder, each Beneficiary (if any) and their respective members, directors, officers, employees and agents and the heirs, personal representatives, successors and assigns of each of them. 8.23 Invasive Species A plant species that is non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration; and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. In cases of uncertainty, publications such as “Plant Invaders of the Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas”, by the National Park Service National Capital Region, Center for Urban Ecology and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office are to be used to identify Invasive Species. 8.24 Lien Any mortgage, lien or other encumbrance securing the payment of money. 8.25 Litigation Expense Any court filing fee, court cost, arbitration fee or cost, witness fee and each other fee and cost of investigating and defending or asserting any claim of violation or for indemnification under this Conservation Easement including in each case, attorneys’ fees, other professionals’ fees and disbursements. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 16 - 8.26 Losses Any liability, loss, claim, settlement payment, cost and expense, interest, award, judgment, damages (including punitive damages), diminution in value, fines, fees and penalties or other charge other than a Litigation Expense. 8.27 Lot A unit, lot or parcel of real property separated or transferable for separate ownership or lease under Applicable Law. 8.28 Market Value The fair value that a willing buyer, under no compulsion to buy, would pay to a willing seller, under no compulsion to sell as established by appraisal in accordance with the then-current edition of Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice issued by the Appraisal Foundation or, if applicable, a qualified appraisal in conformity with §1.170A-13 of the Regulations. 8.29 Native Species A plant or animal indigenous to the locality under consideration. In cases of uncertainty, published atlases, particularly The Vascular Flora of Annotated Checklist and Atlas by Rhoads and Klein and Atlas of United States Trees, vols. 1 & 4 by Little are to be used to establish whether or not a species is native. 8.30 Owners The undersigned Owner or Owners and all Persons after them who hold an interest in the Property. 8.31 Person An individual, organization, trust or other entity. 8.32 Public Records The public records of the office for the recording of deeds in and for the county in which the Property is located. 8.33 Qualified Organization A governmental or non-profit entity that has a perpetual existence; is established as a public charity for the purpose of preserving and conserving natural resources, natural habitats, environmentally sensitive areas and other charitable, scientific and educational purposes; meets the criteria of a Qualified Organization under the Regulations; and is duly authorized to acquire and hold conservation easements under Applicable Law. 8.34 Regulations The provisions of C.F.R. §1.170A-14 as amended through the applicable date of reference. 8.35 Regulatory Signs Signs (not exceeding one square foot each) to control access to the Property or for informational, directional or interpretive purposes. 8.36 Renewable Energy Energy that can be used without depleting its source such as solar, wind, geothermal and movement of water (hydroelectric and tidal). 8.37 Residential Improvements Dwellings and Improvements accessory to residential uses such as garage, swimming pool, pool house, tennis court and children’s play facilities. 8.38 Resource Management Plan A record of the decisions and intentions of Owners prepared by a qualified resource management professional for the purpose of protecting natural resources described in the Conservation Objectives during certain operations potentially affecting natural resources protected under this Conservation Easement. The Resource Management Plan (sometimes referred to as the “RMP”) includes a resource assessment, identifies appropriate performance standards (based upon Best Management Practices where available and appropriate) and projects a multi-year description of planned activities for identified operations to be conducted in accordance with the plan. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 17 - 8.39 Review Review and approval of Holder under the procedure described in Article V. 8.40 Review Requirements Collectively, any plans, specifications or information required for approval of the Subdivision, activity, use or Construction under Applicable Law (if any) plus the information required under the Review Requirements incorporated into this Conservation Easement either as an Exhibit or as part of the Baseline Documentation or if the information described in clause is inapplicable, unavailable or insufficient under the circumstances, the guidelines for Review of submissions established by Holder as of the applicable date of reference. 8.41 Site Improvements Unenclosed Improvements such as driveways, walkways, boardwalks, storm water management facilities, bridges, parking areas and other pavements, lighting fixtures, signs, fences, walls, gates, man-made ponds, berms and landscaping treatments. 8.42 Soil Conservation Plan A plan for soil conservation and/or sedimentation and erosion control that meets the requirements of Applicable Law. 8.43 Steep Slope Areas Areas greater than one acre having a slope greater than 15%. 8.44 Subdivision Any transfer of an Existing Lot into separate ownership; any change in the boundary of the Property or any Lot within the Property; and any creation of a unit, lot or parcel of real property for separate use or ownership by any means including by lease or by implementing the condominium form of ownership. 8.45 Sustainable Land management practices that provide goods and services from an ecosystem without degradation of biodiversity and resource values at the site and without a decline in the yield of goods and services over time. 8.46 Utility Improvements Improvements for the reception, storage or transmission of water, sewage, electricity, gas and telecommunications or other sources of power. 8.47 Waiver A written commitment by which Holder, without any obligation to do so, agrees to refrain from exercising Enforcement Rights for a specific period of time with respect to a specific set of circumstances if Holder is satisfied that the accommodation will have no material effect on Conservation Objectives. 8.48 Wet Areas Watercourses, springs, wetlands and non-impounded standing water and areas within 100-feet of their edge. 8.49 Woodland Areas Area(s) within the Property described as “wooded” or “forested” in the Baseline Documentation or identified as such on the Conservation Plan, or if not wooded or forested as of the Easement Date, are designated as successional woodland areas on the Conservation Plan. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 18 - INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND, the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder, by their respective duly authorized representatives, have signed and delivered this Conservation Easement as of the Easement Date. Witness/Attest: Owner’s Name: Owner’s Name: [NAME OF HOLDER] By: Name: Title: This document is based on the model Conservation Easement (9/11/2008 edition) provided by the Land Trust Association. The model on which this document is based should not be construed or relied upon as legal advice or legal opinion on any specific facts or circumstances. It should be revised to reflect specific circumstances under the guidance of legal counsel. COMMONWEALTH OF COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared known to me (or satisfactorily proven) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the within instrument, and acknowledged that he/she/they executed the same for the purposes therein contained. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: ---PAGE BREAK--- - 19 - COMMONWEALTH OF : SS COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared who acknowledged him/herself to be the of a non-profit corporation, and that he/she as such officer, being authorized to do so, executed the foregoing instrument for the purposes therein contained by signing the name of the corporation by her/himself as such officer. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: ---PAGE BREAK--- - 20 - This page is intentionally blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX CC M MO ODDEELL RRIIPPA ARRIIA AN N FFO ORREESSTT BBU UFFFFEERR EEA ASSEEM MEEN NTT ---PAGE BREAK--- - 1 - RIPARIAN FOREST BUFFER PROTECTION AGREEMENT THIS RIPARIAN FOREST BUFFER PROTECTION AGREEMENT (this “Protection Agreement”) dated as of (the “Agreement Date”) is by and between (the “undersigned Owner or Owners”) and (the “Holder”). Article I. Background 1.01 Property The undersigned Owner or Owners are the sole owners in fee simple of the Property described in Exhibit (the “Property”). The Property is also described as: Street Address: Municipality: County: Parcel Identifier: 1.02 Purpose Conservation Objectives The undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder are entering into this Protection Agreement to establish a riparian forest buffer (the “Riparian Buffer”) along Creek (the “Creek”) for the following purposes (collectively, the “Conservation Objectives”): to maintain and improve the quality of water resources associated with the Creek; to perpetuate and foster the growth of healthy forest; to preserve habitat for Native Species dependent on water resources or forest; and to ensure that activities and uses in the Riparian Buffer are sustainable, i.e., they neither diminish the biological integrity of the Riparian Buffer nor deplete the soil, forest and other natural resources within the Riparian Buffer over time. Riparian Buffer Area The Riparian Buffer consists of the strips of land stretching feet landward from the Top of the Banks of the Creek, together with the banks and bed of the Creek, to the extent that the strips, banks and bed are contained within the Property. Baseline Documentation The report (the “Baseline Documentation”), to be kept on file at the principal office of Holder, describes the conservation values of the Riparian Buffer identified in the Conservation Objectives, describes existing conditions of the Riparian Buffer including Existing Improvements as of the Agreement Date, and includes, among other information, photographs depicting the Riparian Buffer. 1.03 Owners’ Control Owners reserve all rights and responsibilities pertaining to their ownership of the Property but for the rights specifically granted to Holder in this Protection Agreement. No public access is granted by virtue of this Protection Agreement. 1.04 Defined Terms Initially capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined in this Article I are defined in the last Article of this Protection Agreement (the “Glossary”). Article II. Restrictive Covenants: Improvements No Improvements are permitted within the Riparian Buffer except as set forth in this Article II. 2.01 Existing Improvements Any Existing Improvement may be maintained, repaired and replaced in its existing location. An Existing Improvement may be expanded or relocated if the expanded or relocated Improvement complies with requirements applicable to an Additional Improvement of the same type set forth in this Article. 2.02 Additional Improvements Only the following Additional Improvements are permitted within the Riparian Buffer: ---PAGE BREAK--- - 2 - Existing Agreements Improvements that Owners are required to allow under Existing Agreements. Other Additional Improvements Fences, walls and gates along the perimeter of the Riparian Buffer; signs not exceeding one square foot each; and habitat improvement devices such as birdhouses and bat houses. (ii) Trails of highly porous surface and footbridges for non-motorized use. (iii) Subject to Review, fish passage, fish habitat improvement and stream bank stabilization structures. (iv) Subject to Review, irrigation facilities accessory to agricultural use of the Property. Subject to Review, stream crossing and access structures and associated access corridor for the purpose of allowing passage across the Riparian Buffer by livestock, horses and agricultural equipment to cross the Creek or access water in the Creek in a specified location. It is Owners’ responsibility to install fencing whenever necessary to prevent grazing within or other unrestricted access to the Riparian Buffer by horses or livestock. (vi) Subject to Review, access drives and utility lines but only if there is no other reasonably feasible means to provide access and utility services to the Property except via the Riparian Buffer. Article III. Restrictive Covenants: Activities; Uses; Disturbance of Resources No activities, uses or disturbances of resources are permitted within the Riparian Buffer except as set forth in this Article III. 3.01 Existing Agreements Activities, uses and Construction that Owners are required to allow under Existing Agreements are permitted. 3.02 Other Activities and Uses Except as provided in the preceding section, activities and uses within the Riparian Buffer are limited to those permitted below and provided in any case that the intensity or frequency of the activity or use does not have the potential to materially and adversely impair maintenance or attainment of Conservation Objectives. Disturbance of Resources Cutting trees, Construction or other disturbance of resources, including removal of Invasive Species, to the extent reasonably prudent to remove, mitigate or warn against an unreasonable risk of harm to Persons, property or health of Native Species on or about the Riparian Buffer. Owners must take such steps as are reasonable under the circumstances to consult with Holder prior to taking actions that, but for this provision, would not be permitted or would be permitted only after Review. (ii) Planting Native Species but no monoculture. (iii) Removal of Invasive Species to accommodate replanting with Native Species. (iv) Sustainable forestry in accordance with a Resource Management Plan approved for that activity after Review but not within fifty (50) feet of the top of the bank of the Creek. Agricultural use is limited to passage of horses, livestock and equipment via a corridor (if any) permitted under Article II to access water at a specified location or stream crossing structures (if any) permitted under Article II. (vi) Subject to Review, stream bank stabilization, dam removal and other habitat improvement activities. (vii) Other resource management activities consistent with Conservation Objectives and conducted in accordance with the Resource Management Plan approved for that activity after Review. (viii) Subject to Review, removal and disturbance of soil, rock and vegetative resources to the extent reasonably necessary to accommodate Construction of and maintain access to Improvements within the Riparian Buffer with restoration as soon as reasonably feasible by replanting with Native Species. (ix) Vehicular use (including motorized vehicular use) in connection with an activity permitted within the Riparian Buffer or otherwise in the case of emergency. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 3 - Recreational and Educational Uses Activities that do not require Improvements other than those permitted within the Riparian Buffer and do not have the potential to materially and adversely affect Conservation Objectives such as walking, nature study, bird watching, fishing and hunting; and (ii) other educational or scientific activities consistent with maintenance or attainment of the Conservation Objectives. Article IV. Rights and Duties of Holder and Beneficiaries 4.01 Grant to Holder By signing this Protection Agreement and unconditionally delivering it to Holder, the undersigned Owner or Owners, intending to be legally bound, grant and convey to Holder a conservation servitude over the Riparian Buffer in perpetuity for the purpose of administering and enforcing the restrictions and limitations set forth in this Protection Agreement. The undersigned Owner or Owners warrant to Holder that the Riparian Buffer is, as of the Agreement Date, free and clear of all Liens or, if it is not, that Owners have obtained and attached to this Protection Agreement as an exhibit the legally binding subordination of any Liens affecting the Riparian Buffer as of the Agreement Date. 4.02 Rights and Duties of Holder The grant to Holder under the preceding section gives Holder the right and duty to perform the following tasks: Enforcement To enforce the terms of this Protection Agreement in accordance with applicable provisions of this Protection Agreement including, in addition to other remedies, the right to enter the Property to investigate a suspected, alleged or threatened violation. Inspection To enter the Property and inspect the Riparian Buffer for compliance with the requirements of this Protection Agreement upon reasonable notice, in a reasonable manner and at reasonable times. Review To exercise rights of Review in accordance with the requirements of this Article as and when required under applicable provisions of this Protection Agreement. Interpretation To interpret the terms of this Protection Agreement, apply the terms of this Protection Agreement to factual conditions on or about the Riparian Buffer, respond to requests for information from Persons having an interest in this Protection Agreement or the Riparian Buffer (such as requests for a certification of compliance), and apply the terms of this Protection Agreement to changes occurring or proposed within the Riparian Buffer. 4.03 Other Rights of Holder The grant to Holder under this Article also permits Holder, without any obligation to do so, to exercise the following rights: Amendment To enter into an amendment of this Protection Agreement with Owners if Holder determines that the amendment is consistent with and in furtherance of the Conservation Objectives; will not result in any private benefit prohibited under the Internal Revenue Code; and otherwise conforms to Holder’s policy with respect to amendments of conservation servitudes. Signs To install one or more signs identifying the protected status of the Riparian Buffer which may be located within the Riparian Buffer or (ii) in another location within the Property readable from the public right of way and otherwise reasonably acceptable to Owners. 4.04 Review The following provisions are incorporated into any provision of this Protection Agreement that is subject to Review: ---PAGE BREAK--- - 4 - Notice to Holder At least thirty (30) days before Owners begin or allow any Construction, activity or use that is subject to Review, Owners must notify Holder of the change including with the notice such information as is reasonably sufficient to comply with Review Requirements and otherwise describe the change and its potential impact on natural resources within the Riparian Buffer. Notice to Owners Within thirty (30) days after receipt of Owners’ notice, Holder must notify Owners of Holder’s determination to accept Owners’ proposal in whole or in part; (ii) reject Owners’ proposal in whole or in part; (iii) accept Owners’ proposal conditioned upon compliance with conditions imposed by Holder; or (iv) reject Owners’ notice for insufficiency of information on which to base a determination. If Holder gives conditional acceptance under clause (iii), commencement of the proposed Improvement, activity, use or Construction constitutes acceptance by Owners of all conditions set forth in Holder’s notice. Failure to Notify If Holder fails to notify Owners as required in the preceding subsection, the proposal set forth in Owners’ notice is deemed approved. Standard of Reasonableness Holder’s approval will not be unreasonably withheld; however, it is not unreasonable for Holder to disapprove a proposal that may adversely affect Conservation Objectives. 4.05 Beneficiaries Owners and Holder grant and convey to any of the Persons identified below (collectively, the “Beneficiaries”) the right to exercise Holder’s rights and duties under this Protection Agreement should Holder fail to uphold and enforce in perpetuity the restrictions under this Protection Agreement. • The conservation district of the county in which the Property is located. • The Commonwealth of acting through the Department of Environmental Protection. Article V. Violation; Remedies 5.01 Breach of Duty If Holder fails to enforce this Protection Agreement, or ceases to qualify as a Qualified Organization, then the rights and duties of Holder under this Protection Agreement may be exercised by a Beneficiary or a Qualified Organization designated by a Beneficiary; and/or (ii) transferred to another Qualified Organization by a court of competent jurisdiction. 5.02 Violation of Protection Agreement If Holder determines that this Protection Agreement is being or has been violated or that a violation is threatened or imminent then the provisions of this Section will apply: Notice Holder must notify Owners of the violation. Holder’s notice may include its recommendations of measures to be taken by Owners to cure the violation and restore features of the Riparian Buffer damaged or altered as a result of the violation. Opportunity to Cure Owners’ cure period expires thirty (30) days after the date of Holder’s notice to Owners subject to extension for the time reasonably necessary to cure but only if all of the following conditions are satisfied: Owners cease the activity constituting the violation upon receipt of Holder’s notice; (ii) Owners and Holder agree, within the initial thirty (30) day period, upon the measures Owners will take to cure the violation; (iii) Owners commence to cure within the initial thirty (30) day period; and (iv) Owners continue thereafter to use best efforts and due diligence to complete the agreed upon cure. Imminent Harm No notice or cure period is required if circumstances require prompt action to prevent or mitigate irreparable harm to natural resource within the Riparian Buffer described in the Conservation Objectives in clear violation of the terms of this Protection Agreement. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 5 - 5.03 Remedies Upon expiration of the cure period (if any) described in the preceding Section, Holder may do any one or more of the following: Coercive Relief Seek coercive relief to specifically enforce the terms of this Protection Agreement; to restrain present or future violations of this Protection Agreement; and/or to compel restoration of natural resources destroyed or altered as a result of the violation. Civil Action Recover from Owners or other Persons responsible for the violation all sums owing to Holder under applicable provisions of this Protection Agreement together with interest thereon from the date due at an annual rate of interest equal at all times to two percent above the “prime rate” announced from time to time in The Wall Street Journal. These monetary obligations include, among others, Losses and Litigation Expenses. Self-Help Enter the Property to prevent or mitigate irreparable harm to natural resources within the Riparian Buffer identified in the Conservation Objectives in clear violation of the terms of this Protection Agreement. Restitution Seek restitution of any amounts paid for this Protection Agreement if the Riparian Buffer is the subject of a taking in eminent domain or other civil action seeking modification or termination of this Protection Agreement or release of the Riparian Buffer from this Protection Agreement. 5.04 Remedies Cumulative The description of Holder’s remedies in this Article does not preclude Holder from exercising any other right or remedy that may at any time be available to Holder under this Article or otherwise under Applicable Law. If Holder chooses to exercise one remedy, Holder may nevertheless choose to exercise any one or more of the other remedies available to Holder at the same time or at any other time. 5.05 No Waiver If Holder does not exercise any right or remedy when it is available to Holder, that is not to be interpreted as a waiver of any non-compliance with this Protection Agreement or a waiver of Holder’s rights to exercise its rights or remedies at another time. 5.06 No Fault of Owners Holder will waive its right to reimbursement under this Article as to Owners (but not other Persons who may be responsible for the violation) if Holder is reasonably satisfied that the violation was not the fault of Owners and could not have been anticipated or prevented by Owners by reasonable means. 5.07 Continuing Liability If the Riparian Buffer is transferred while a violation remains uncured, the transferor Owners remain liable for the violation jointly and severally with the transferee Owners. This provision does not apply if Owners notify Holder of the names and address for notices of the transferees and, if less than the entirety of the Property is transferred, furnish Holder with a survey and legal description of the portion of the Property transferred; and Holder has issued a certificate of compliance evidencing no violations within thirty (30) days prior to the transfer. It is the responsibility of the Owners to notify Holder of the transfer and request a certificate of compliance to verify whether violations exist as of the date of transfer. Article VI. Miscellaneous 6.01 Notices Requirements Each Person giving any notice pursuant to this Protection Agreement must give the notice in writing and must use one of the following methods of delivery: personal delivery; (ii) certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid; or (iii) nationally recognized overnight courier, with all fees prepaid. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 6 - Address for Notices Each Person giving a notice must address the notice to the appropriate Person at the receiving party at the address listed below or to another address designated by that Person by notice to the other Person: If to Owners: If to Holder: 6.02 Governing Law The internal laws of the Commonwealth of govern this Protection Agreement. 6.03 Binding Agreement This Protection Agreement binds and benefits Owners and Holder and their respective personal representatives, successors and assigns. 6.04 Amendments, Waivers No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Protection Agreement or consent to any departure by Owners from the terms of this Protection Agreement is effective unless the amendment, waiver or consent is in writing and signed by an authorized signatory for Holder. A waiver or consent is effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose given. 6.05 Severability If any provision of this Protection Agreement is determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this Protection Agreement remain valid, binding and enforceable. To the extent permitted by Applicable Law, the parties waive any provision of Applicable Law that renders any provision of this Protection Agreement invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect. 6.06 Counterparts This Protection Agreement may be signed in multiple counterparts, each of which constitutes an original, and all of which, collectively, constitute only one agreement. 6.07 Indemnity Owners must indemnify and defend the Indemnified Parties against all Losses and Litigation Expenses arising out of or relating to: any breach or violation of this Protection Agreement or Applicable Law; damage to property or personal injury (including death) occurring on or about the Riparian Buffer if and to the extent not caused by the negligent or wrongful acts or omissions of an Indemnified Party. 6.08 Guides to Interpretation Captions Except for the identification of defined terms in the Glossary, the descriptive headings of the articles, sections and subsections of this Protection Agreement are for convenience only and do not constitute a part of this Protection Agreement. Terms The word “including” means “including but not limited to”. The word “must” is obligatory; the word “may” is permissive and does not imply any obligation. Conservation and Preservation Easements Act This Protection Agreement is intended to be interpreted so as to convey to Holder all of the rights and privileges of a holder of a conservation easement under the Conservation and Preservation Easements Act, Act 29 of 2001, Pub. L. 390. Restatement of Servitudes This Protection Agreement is intended to be interpreted so as to convey to Holder all of the rights and privileges of a holder of a conservation servitude under the Restatement (Third) of Servitudes. 6.09 Entire Agreement This is the entire agreement of Owners, Holder and Beneficiaries (if any) pertaining to the subject matter of this Protection Agreement. The terms of this Protection Agreement supersede in full all statements and ---PAGE BREAK--- - 7 - writings between Owners, Holder and others pertaining to the transaction set forth in this Protection Agreement. 6.10 Incorporation by Reference The following items are incorporated into this Protection Agreement by means of this reference: • The Baseline Documentation • The legal description of the Property attached as Exhibit 6.11 Coal Rights Notice The following notice is given to Owners solely for the purpose of compliance with the requirements of the Conservation and Preservation Easements Act, Act 29 of 2001, Pub. L. 390: NOTICE: This Protection Agreement may impair the development of coal interests including workable coal seams or coal interests which have been severed from the Riparian Buffer. Article VII. Glossary 7.01 Additional Improvements All buildings, structures, facilities and other improvements within the Riparian Buffer other than Existing Improvements. 7.02 Applicable Law Any federal, state or local laws, statutes, codes, ordinances, standards and regulations applicable to the Riparian Buffer or this Protection Agreement as amended through the applicable date of reference. 7.03 Beneficiary or Beneficiaries The Persons (if any) designated as a Beneficiary under Article IV. 7.04 Construction Any demolition, construction, reconstruction, expansion, exterior alteration, installation or erection of temporary or permanent Improvements; and, whether or not in connection with any of the foregoing, any excavation, dredging, mining, filling or removal of gravel, soil, rock, sand, coal, petroleum or other minerals. 7.05 Existing Agreements Easements and other servitudes affecting the Riparian Buffer prior to the Agreement Date and running to the benefit of utility service providers and other Persons that constitute legally binding servitudes prior in right to this Protection Agreement. 7.06 Existing Improvements Improvements located on, above or under the Riparian Buffer as of the Agreement Date as identified in the Baseline Documentation. 7.07 Improvement Any Existing Improvement or Additional Improvement. 7.08 Indemnified Parties Holder, each Beneficiary (if any) and their respective members, directors, officers, employees and agents and the heirs, personal representatives, successors and assigns of each of them. 7.09 Invasive Species A plant species that is non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration; and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. In cases of uncertainty, publications such as “Plant Invaders of the Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas”, by the National Park Service National Capital Region, Center for Urban Ecology and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office are to be used to identify Invasive Species. 7.10 Lien Any mortgage, lien or other encumbrance securing the payment of money. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 8 - 7.11 Litigation Expense Any court filing fee, court cost, arbitration fee or cost, witness fee and each other fee and cost of investigating and defending or asserting any claim of violation or for indemnification under this Protection Agreement including in each case, attorneys’ fees, other professionals’ fees and disbursements. 7.12 Losses Any liability, loss, claim, settlement payment, cost and expense, interest, award, judgment, damages (including punitive damages), diminution in value, fines, fees and penalties or other charge other than a Litigation Expense. 7.13 Native Species A plant indigenous to the locality under consideration. In cases of uncertainty, published atlases, particularly The Vascular Flora of Annotated Checklist and Atlas by Rhoads and Klein and Atlas of United States Trees, vols. 1 & 4 by Little are to be used to establish whether or not a species is Native. 7.14 Owners The undersigned Owner or Owners and all Persons after them who hold any interest in all or any part of the Riparian Buffer. 7.15 Person An individual, organization, trust or other entity. 7.16 Resource Management Plan A record of the decisions and intentions of Owners prepared by a qualified resource management professional for the purpose of protecting natural resources described in the Conservation Objectives during certain operations potentially affecting natural resources protected under this Protection Agreement. The Resource Management Plan includes a resource assessment, identifies appropriate performance standards and projects a multi-year description of planned activities for identified operations to be conducted in accordance with the plan. 7.17 Review Review and approval of Holder under the procedure described in Article IV. 7.18 Review Requirements Collectively, any plans, specifications or information required for approval of an activity, use or Construction under Applicable Law (if any) plus the information required under the Review Requirements incorporated into this Protection Agreement either as an exhibit or as part of the Baseline Documentation or if the information described in clause is inapplicable, unavailable or insufficient under the circumstances, the guidelines for Review of submissions established by Holder as of the applicable date of reference. 7.19 Top of the Bank The elevation at which rising waters begin to inundate the floodplain. In case of ambiguous, indefinite or nonexistent floodplain or question regarding location, the Top of the Bank shall be the bankfull water elevation as delineated by a person trained in fluvial geomorphology and utilizing the most recent edition of Applied River Morphology by Dave Rosgen or reference book of greater stature. [REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK] ---PAGE BREAK--- - 9 - INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND, the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder, by their respective duly authorized representatives, have signed and delivered this Protection Agreement as of the Agreement Date. Witness/Attest: Name: By: Name: Title: COMMONWEALTH OF COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared known to me (or satisfactorily proven) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the within instrument, and acknowledged that he/she/they executed the same for the purposes therein contained. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: COMMONWEALTH OF : SS COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared who acknowledged him/herself to be the of a non-profit corporation, and that he/she as such officer, being authorized to do so, executed the foregoing instrument for the purposes therein contained by signing the name of the corporation by her/himself as such officer. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: ---PAGE BREAK--- - 10 - This page is intentionally blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX DD M MO ODDEELL FFIISSH HIIN NGG A ACCCCEESSSS EEA ASSEEM MEEN NTT ---PAGE BREAK--- - 1 - FISHING ACCESS AGREEMENT THIS FISHING ACCESS AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) dated as of (the “Agreement Date”) is by and between (the “undersigned Owner or Owners”) and (the “Holder”). Article I. Background 1.01 Property The undersigned Owner or Owners are the sole owners in fee simple of the Property described in Exhibit (the “Property”). The Property is also described as: Street Address: Municipality: County: Parcel Identifier: State: 1.02 Easement Objectives The purpose of this Agreement is to establish an Easement Area (defined below) within the Property for the purposes set forth below (collectively, the “Easement Objectives”): • To provide public access to (with all of its branches, the “Waterway”) and its banks for recreational fishing and boating. • To preserve vegetative cover in a riparian buffer so as to protect water quality and riparian habitat. • To provide sites for fishery and habitat management, research and educational programs. 1.03 Easement Area; Easement Plan The portions of the Property that are the subject of this Agreement (collectively, the “Easement Area”) consist of the following areas shown on the plan attached as Exhibit (the “Easement Plan”): Riparian Corridor The bed and banks of the Waterway and areas within thirty-five feet of the top of the banks of the Waterway (collectively, the “Riparian Corridor”). If a width greater or lesser than this is set forth on the Easement Plan for all or any portion of the Riparian Corridor, the greater or lesser width will apply for that portion. If the location or shape of the Waterway changes, the Riparian Corridor will likewise change location or shape in accordance with the description set forth above. In any event, the Riparian Corridor is limited to the Property. Outside Riparian Corridor Sites for construction, installation and use of Accessory Facilities outside the Riparian Corridor in the locations (if any) shown on the Easement Plan. 1.04 Consideration The undersigned Owner or Owners acknowledge receipt of the sum of $1.00 in consideration of the grant of easement to Holder under this Agreement. Article II. Grant of Easement 2.01 Rights of Holder By signing this Agreement and unconditionally delivering it to Holder, the undersigned Owner or Owners, intending to be legally bound, grant and convey to Holder a perpetual easement and right-of-way over the Easement Area for the purposes described in the Easement Objectives. The easement granted to Holder includes the rights described below in this Section. Public Access Subject to Access Restrictions, public use of the Riparian Corridor for recreational fishing and boating together with use in connection with these activities of any Accessory Facilities (defined below in this ---PAGE BREAK--- - 2 - Section) identified for public use by the Holder. The term “Access Restrictions” means the rules, regulations and/or limitations established by Holder to regulate fishing and boating activities. Management Activities Use of the Easement Area by or under the auspices of the Holder for stocking fish, improving stream habitat, stabilizing stream banks and other educational, scientific and resource management activities in furtherance of Easement Objectives. Accessory Facilities Installation, construction, maintenance, repair and replacement of Accessory Facilities either within the Riparian Corridor or, if outside the Riparian Corridor, in the locations identified on the Easement Plan or such other locations as are mutually agreeable to Owners and Holder. The phrase “Accessory Facilities” means temporary or permanent structures and improvements used or usable in connection with Easement Objectives; for example, a driveway, trail, footpath, boardwalk or other access way connecting the Riparian Corridor with the public right-of-way; parking area; dock, boat launch, structures that enhance fishing opportunities or fish habitat, and signage to mark the Easement Area and provide information regarding applicable time, place and manner restrictions. Access Reasonable means of access (both vehicular and pedestrian) to and from the public right-of-way for the purposes described in and above. As to the public use described in above, access to the Riparian Corridor is via the Waterway unless and to the extent the Riparian Corridor is accessible directly from the public right-of-way; or (ii) an area has been identified by Holder on the Easement Plan as a means of access for public use purposes. 2.02 Rights of Owners Consistent with Easement Objectives The easement granted to Holder in this Article is non-exclusive. Owners are permitted to continue to use the Easement Area so long as Owners’ use is and remains consistent with Easement Objectives, does not prevent or impair access to the Riparian Corridor or use of Accessory Facilities and otherwise does not violate any specific limitation set forth in this Agreement. Owners may request from Holder clarification of activities and uses that conform to the standard set forth in this Section. Any such clarifications of conforming activities or uses that, prior to the Agreement Date, have been agreed upon by the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder are listed in an Exhibit entitled “Permitted Uses” attached to this Agreement. Not Consistent with Easement Objectives Owners’ reserved rights to use the Easement Area are subject to the following limitations unless specifically listed as a “Permitted Use” or Holder (without any obligation to do so) notifies Owners of its approval: No removal, impoundment or diversion of water from the Waterway or other change of natural flow of the Waterway is permitted. (ii) No change in topography or removal or disturbance of soil, rock or vegetative resources that, individually or in the aggregate, results in the impairment of Easement Objectives is permitted within the Riparian Corridor; however, Owners may cut trees or otherwise disturb resources to the extent reasonably prudent to remove or mitigate against an unreasonable risk of harm to persons or property on or about the Easement Area. By exercising such right Owners do not assume any responsibility to inspect the Easement Area or otherwise take responsibility for the safety of any persons entering the Easement Area. (iii) No permanent structures or improvements are permitted within the Easement Area other than improvements existing on the Agreement Date in their existing locations as shown on the Easement Plan. (iv) No agricultural use of the Riparian Corridor is permitted. Any such uses within other portions of the Easement Area are conducted at Owners’ risk; i.e., Holder is not responsible for loss or damage to crops or livestock occasioned by exercise of its rights under this Agreement. No timber harvest in the Riparian Corridor is permitted except for harvests carried out in accordance with a forest management plan that supports the Easement Objectives, conforms to Holder’s requirements with respect to forest management plans and is approved by Holder. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 3 - (vi) No dumping or placement of ashes, trash, garbage, sewage, manure or other offensive material is permitted within the Easement Area. Owners’ Enforcement Rights Owners reserve the right to take any action permitted under law to remove from the Property persons entering the Easement Area for purposes other than set forth in the grant of public access under this Article. 2.03 Rights of Beneficiaries The Persons identified below are beneficiaries of this Agreement (each, a “Beneficiary”) and have the right to exercise the same rights, powers and privileges as are vested in the Holder under this Agreement: • As of the Agreement Date, there are no Beneficiaries of this Agreement. Article III. Other Legal Matters 3.01 Enforcement If Holder determines that this Agreement is being or has been violated then Holder may, in addition to other remedies available at law or in equity, do any one or more of the following: Injunctive Relief Seek injunctive relief to specifically enforce the terms of this Agreement; to restrain present or future violations of this Agreement; and/or to compel restoration of resources and Accessory Facilities destroyed or altered as a result of the violation. Self Help Enter the Property to remove any barrier to the access provided under this Agreement and do such other things as are reasonably necessary to protect and preserve the rights of Holder under this Agreement. 3.02 Warranty The undersigned Owner or Owners warrant to Holder that: Subordination of Liens The Property is, as of the Agreement Date, free and clear of all mortgages, liens and other encumbrances (collectively, “Liens”) or, if it is not, that Owners have obtained and attached to this Agreement as an exhibit the legally binding subordination of any Liens affecting the Property as of the Agreement Date. Existing Agreements No one has the legally enforceable right (for example, under a lease, easement or right-of-way agreement in existence as of the Agreement Date) to use the Easement Area for purposes inconsistent with Easement Objectives or to prevent Holder from exercising any one or more of its rights under this Agreement. Hazardous Materials The Easement Area is not contaminated with materials identified as hazardous or toxic under applicable law (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) and no Hazardous Materials have been stored or generated within the Easement Area. 3.03 Repair of Accessory Facilities; No Duty to Inspect If any Accessory Facilities are constructed by or on behalf of Holder, Holder is responsible for providing such repairs (other than repairs necessitated by misuse by Owners) as are reasonably required to eliminate or mitigate dangerous or unsafe conditions of which Holder has been notified. Holder disclaims any duty to inspect the Easement Area for dangerous or unsafe conditions; accordingly, Holder’s obligation to repair under this Section commences in each case upon receipt of notice of the dangerous or unsafe condition requiring repair. 3.04 No Charge for Access No Person is permitted to charge a fee for access to or use of the Easement Area. 3.05 Immunity under Applicable Law Nothing in this Agreement limits the ability of Owners, Holder or any Beneficiary to avail itself of the protections offered by any applicable law affording immunity to Owners, Holder or any Beneficiary ---PAGE BREAK--- - 4 - including, to the extent applicable, the Recreational Use of Land and Water Act, Act of February 2, 1966, P.L. (1965) 1860, No. 586, as amended, 68 P.S. §477-1 et seq. (as may be amended from time to time). Article IV. Miscellaneous 4.01 Notices Requirements Each Person giving any notice pursuant to this Agreement must give the notice in writing and must use one of the following methods of delivery: personal delivery; (ii) certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid; or (iii) nationally recognized overnight courier, with all fees prepaid. Address for Notices Each Person giving a notice must address the notice to the appropriate Person at the receiving party at the address listed below or to another address designated by that Person by notice to the other Person: If to Owners: If to Holder: With a copy to each Beneficiary: 4.02 Governing Law The laws of the Commonwealth of govern this Agreement. 4.03 Binding Agreement This Agreement is a servitude running with the land binding upon the undersigned Owner or Owners and, upon recordation in the Public Records, all subsequent Owners of the Easement Area or any portion of the Easement Area are bound by its terms whether or not the Owners had actual notice of this Agreement and whether or not the deed of transfer specifically referred to the transfer being under and subject to this Agreement. Subject to such limitations (if any) on Holder's right to assign as may be set forth in this Agreement, this Agreement binds and benefits Owners and Holder and their respective personal representatives, successors and assigns. 4.04 Guides to Interpretation Conservation and Preservation Easements Act This Agreement is intended to be interpreted so as to convey to Holder all of the rights and privileges of a holder of a conservation easement under the Conservation and Preservation Easements Act, the act of June 22, 2001, P. L. 390, No. 29 (the “Conservation Easements Act”). Each Beneficiary identified in Article II (if any) has a third-party right of enforcement as defined in the Conservation Easements Act. The following notice is given to Owners solely for the purpose of compliance with the requirements of the Conservation Easements Act: NOTICE: This Conservation Easement may impair the development of coal interests including workable coal seams or coal interests which have been severed from the Property. Restatement of Servitudes This Agreement is intended to be interpreted so as to convey to Holder all of the rights and privileges of a holder of a conservation servitude under the Restatement of the Law of Property, Third, Servitudes (Susan F. French, Reporter) St. Paul, MN: The American Law Institute (2000). Certain Terms The following terms, whenever used in this Agreement, are to be interpreted as follows: “Owners” means the undersigned Owner or Owners and all Persons after them who hold any interest in the Easement Area. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 5 - (ii) “Person” means an individual, organization, trust or other entity. (iii) “Public Records” means the public records of the office for the recording of deeds in and for the county in which the Easement Area is located. (iv) “Including” means “including, without limitation”. “May” is permissive and implies no obligation; “must” is obligatory. Incorporation by Reference Each exhibit referred to in this Agreement is incorporated into this Agreement by this reference. 4.05 Amendments; Waivers No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement or consent to any departure by Owners from the terms of this Agreement is effective unless the amendment, waiver or consent is in writing and signed by an authorized signatory for Holder. A waiver or consent is effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose given. An amendment must be recorded in the Public Records. 4.06 Severability If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this Agreement remain valid, binding and enforceable. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the parties waive any provision of applicable law that renders any provision of this Agreement invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect. 4.07 Counterparts This Agreement may be signed in multiple counterparts, each of which constitutes an original, and all of which, collectively, constitute only one agreement. 4.08 Entire Agreement This is the entire agreement of Owners, Holder and Beneficiaries (if any) pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement. The terms of this Agreement supersede in full all statements and writings between Owners, Holder and others pertaining to the transaction set forth in this Agreement. INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND, the undersigned Owner or Owners and Holder, by their respective duly authorized representatives, have signed and delivered this Agreement as of the Agreement Date. Witness/Attest: Owner’s Name: Witness/Attest: Owner’s Name: [NAME OF HOLDER] By: Name: Title: Acceptance by Beneficiary: [NAME OF BENEFICIARY] ---PAGE BREAK--- - 6 - By: Name: Title: This document is based on the model Fishing Access Agreement (9/26/2007 edition) provided by the Land Trust Association. The model on which this document is based should not be construed or relied upon as legal advice or legal opinion on any specific facts or circumstances. It should be revised to reflect specific circumstances under the guidance of legal counsel. COMMONWEALTH OF COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared known to me (or satisfactorily proven) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the within instrument, and acknowledged that he/she/they executed the same for the purposes therein contained. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: COMMONWEALTH OF : SS COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared who acknowledged him/herself to be the of a and that he/she as such authorized official, being authorized to do so, executed the foregoing instrument for the purposes therein contained by signing the name of the Holder by her/himself as such authorized official. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX EE M MO ODDEELL W WA ATTEERR Q QU UA ALLIITTYY IIM OVVEEM MEEN NTT EEA ASSEEM MEEN NTT ---PAGE BREAK--- - 1 - WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT EASEMENT THIS WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT EASEMENT (this “Easement”) dated as of (the “Easement Date”) is by and between (the “undersigned Owners”) and (the “Holder”). ARTICLE I. BACKGROUND 1.01 Property The undersigned Owners are the sole owners in fee simple of the Property described in Exhibit (the “Property”). The Property is also described as: Street Address: Municipality: County: Parcel Identifier: 1.02 Project The undersigned Owners desire Holder to undertake a project (the “Project”) to remediate effects of abandoned mine drainage to improve the quality of water passing through or discharging from the Property. The Project is more fully described in Exhibit The facilities to be installed by Holder in connection with the Project are also described in Exhibit (the “Facilities”). 1.03 Plan Attached as Exhibit is a survey or other graphic depiction of the Property (the “Plan”) showing the location of an area (“the Treatment Area”) within which Holder intends to undertake the Project. The Plan may also show one or more of the following areas: an area (the “Temporary Construction Area”) to be used as a staging area during construction of Facilities; an area (the “Access Corridor”) to provide ingress and egress to and from the Treatment Area and the public right of way; and an area (the “Utility Corridor”) to provide power or other utility services to service Facilities. ARTICLE II. GRANT OF EASEMENTS 2.01 Grant of Easement: Treatment Area The undersigned Owners grant to Holder an easement over the Treatment Area for the purpose of installation, construction and replacement (collectively, “Construction”) of the Facilities; maintenance and repair of the Facilities, monitoring water quality, and other activities in furtherance of the goals of the Project. This easement may be exercised at any time and from time to time by Holder. Except as otherwise provided in this Easement with respect to notice prior to commencement of the Construction of the Facilities, no notice to Owners is required prior to entry onto the Property pursuant to the rights granted under this Article. Access Corridor This grant of easement over the Treatment Area includes an easement for pedestrian (and, if reasonably necessary for Project activities, vehicular) access to and from the public right-of-way over the Access Corridor designated on the Plan (if any) or, if no Access Corridor is designated on the Plan, then over a path to be designated in a location reasonably satisfactory to Owners and Holder. Educational Purposes Holder is permitted to invite other Persons, accompanied by an authorized representative of Holder, to enter the Property via the Access Corridor and view the Treatment Area and Facilities within the Treatment Area for scientific and educational purposes related to the Project. Holder is permitted to install signage identifying the Project and/or the interest of Holder and Beneficiaries with respect to the Project within the Treatment Area and/or Access Corridor. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 2 - 2.02 Grant of Easement: Temporary Construction Area If a Temporary Construction Area is designated on the Plan, the undersigned Owners grant to Holder an easement over the Temporary Construction Area for the purpose of parking vehicles, storage of materials and equipment and other staging activities related to Construction of Facilities permitted under this Article. Upon termination of use of the Temporary Construction Area, Holder must restore and replant the Temporary Construction Area as nearly as possible to its condition prior to entry. 2.03 Grant of Easement: Utility Corridor If a Utility Corridor is designated on the Plan, the undersigned Owners grant to holder an easement over the Utility Corridor for the purpose of Construction of power lines or other utility facilities reasonably required in connection with the Project. 2.04 Term The term of the easements granted in this Article is perpetual provided, however, that Holder may terminate Holder’s rights to enter the Property under the grant of this Easement at any time following notice to Owners. Upon notice of termination, Owners and Holder must sign and record in the Public Records a release of this Easement and, upon such recordation, neither Owners nor Holder have any further rights or obligations under this Easement. Unless otherwise agreed in writing by Owners and Holder, Holder has no obligation to remove Facilities at the end of the term of this Easement. 2.05 Beneficiaries Should Holder fail to complete the Project, the rights of Holder under this Easement may be exercised by Holder, any of the Persons identified below (collectively, the “Beneficiaries”) and the respective employees, agents, contractors, successors and assigns of each of them. • County in which the Property is located • County conservation district in the county in which the Property is located • Department of Environmental Protection ARTICLE III. OBLIGATIONS 3.01 No Interference Owners must not interfere or allow any tenant or other person to interfere in any way with the Project or with the exercise of Holder’s rights with respect to the easements granted under Article II. The undersigned Owners grant to Holder a right of inspection over the entire Property to determine compliance with the provisions of this Section. Prohibited Activities Without limiting the breadth of the prohibition under this Section, listed below are examples of activities prohibited to the Owners unless the prior written approval of Holder is first obtained: Planting or removing vegetation within the Treatment Area. (ii) Construction of any kind within the Treatment Area, Access Corridor, Temporary Construction Area or Utility Corridor, if any. (iii) Any activity on or about the Property that changes or redirects water resources within or flowing through the Treatment Area such as channelization of a stream or installation or expansion of a well or pond. Permitted Activities The Owners are permitted to engage in the following activities: Walking, bird watching and hunting. (ii) Planting and harvesting crops and other agricultural activities outside the Treatment Area; provided, however, that Holder is not responsible for any damage to such crops by exercise of Holder’s rights under this Easement. 3.02 Construction Holder agrees that, prior to commencement of Construction of the Facilities: Notice Holder must notify Owners not less than 30-days prior to commencement of Construction of the Facilities. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 3 - Waivers of Liens Holder must obtain legally binding waivers of mechanics liens from all Persons furnishing labor or materials in connection with Construction of the Facilities. Insurance Holder must obtain certificates evidencing liability insurance coverage with respect to Holder and all Persons entering the Property for the purpose of Construction of the Facilities. Permits Holder must obtain, at Holder’s cost and expense, all permits and approvals required for the Construction of the Facilities. Costs Holder must pay as and when due all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Construction of the Facilities. 3.03 Indemnity Scope of Indemnity Holder must indemnify and defend the Owners against all Losses and Litigation Expenses arising out of or relating to: Any breach or violation of this Easement by Holder or other Beneficiary, as the case may be. (ii) Damage to property or personal injury (including death) occurring on or about the Property if and to the extent such damage results from the negligent or wrongful acts or omissions of Holder, any Beneficiary or any other Person entering the Property under the grant of easements set forth in Article II. Defined Terms The term “Losses” means any liability, loss, claim, settlement payment, cost and expense, interest, award, judgment, damages (including punitive damages), diminution in value, fines, fees and penalties or other charge other than a Litigation Expense. (ii) The term “Litigation Expenses” means any court filing fee, court cost, arbitration fee or cost, witness fee and each other fee and cost of investigating and defending or asserting any claim of violation or for indemnification under this Easement including in each case, attorneys’ fees, other professionals’ fees and disbursements. 3.04 Title The undersigned Owners represent and warrant to Holder that they are the sole owners in fee simple of the Property and that the Property is unencumbered by any mortgage or other lien securing the payment of money or, if it is, Owners have obtained and delivered to Holder prior to the Easement Date the subordination of any such mortgage or other lien to this Easement. ARTICLE IV. MISCELLANEOUS 4.01 Notices Requirements Each Person giving any notice pursuant to this Agreement must give the notice in writing and must use one of the following methods of delivery: Personal delivery. (ii) Certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid. (iii) Nationally recognized overnight courier, with all fees prepaid. Address for Notices Each Person giving a notice must address the notice to the appropriate Person at the receiving party at the address listed below or to another address designated by that Person by notice to the other Person: ---PAGE BREAK--- - 4 - If to Owners: If to Holder: 4.02 Governing Law The internal laws of the Commonwealth of govern this Easement. 4.03 Successors and Assigns Holder may not assign its rights under this Easement except to a non-profit organization or governmental entity that assumes the liabilities and obligations of Holder under this Easement. The rights of any Beneficiary of this Easement are not assignable. Subject to the preceding restrictions, this Easement is binding upon Owners, Holder and their respective successors and assigns. 4.04 Severability If any provision of this Easement is determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this Easement remain valid, binding and enforceable. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the parties waive any provision of applicable law that renders any provision of this Easement invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect. 4.05 Counterparts This Easement may be signed in multiple counterparts, each of which constitutes an original, and all of which, collectively, constitute only one agreement. 4.06 Guides to Interpretation Captions The descriptive headings of the articles, sections and subsections of this Easement are for convenience only and do not constitute a part of this Easement. Other Terms The word “including” means “including but not limited to”. (ii) The word “must” is obligatory; the word “may” is permissive and does not imply an obligation. (iii) The word “Owners” means the undersigned Owners and all Persons after them who hold any interest in all or any part of the Property. (iv) The word “Person” means individual, corporation, partnership, trust or other legally recognized entity. The term “Public Records” means the office for the recording of deeds in and for the county in which the Property is located. 4.07 Entire Agreement This is the entire agreement of Owners and Holder pertaining to the subject matter of this Easement. The terms of this Easement supersede in full all statements and writings between the Owners and Holder pertaining to the transaction set forth in this Agreement. 4.08 Incorporation by Reference The following items are incorporated into this Agreement by means of this reference: • The legal description of the Property attached as Exhibit • The description of the Project attached as Exhibit • The Plan attached as Exhibit 4.09 Public Records This Easement is intended to be recorded in the Public Records at the expense of Holder as a servitude running with the land identified as the Property. This Easement is binding upon Owners and their successors and assigns as owner of the Property whether or not such Owners had actual notice of the terms of this Easement. based on model v. 7/15/2005 ---PAGE BREAK--- - 5 - INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND, the undersigned Owners and Holder have signed and delivered this Easement as of the Easement Date. Witness/Attest: Print Name: By: Name: Title: This document is based on the model Water Quality Improvement Easement (7/15/05 edition) provided by the Land Trust Association. This model should not be construed or relied upon as legal advice or legal opinion on any specific facts or circumstances. The document must be revised to reflect specific circumstances under the guidance of legal counsel. The remainder of this page is intentionally blank. ---PAGE BREAK--- - 6 - COMMONWEALTH OF COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared known to me (or satisfactorily proven) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the within instrument, and acknowledged that he/she/they executed the same for the purposes therein contained. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: COMMONWEALTH OF : SS COUNTY OF : ON THIS DAY before me, the undersigned officer, personally appeared who acknowledged him/herself to be the of a non-profit corporation, and that he/she as such officer, being authorized to do so, executed the foregoing instrument for the purposes therein contained by signing the name of the corporation by her/himself as such officer. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and official seal. Notary Public Print Name: ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX FF PPA A EEN NDDA AN NGGEERREEDD A AN NDD TTH HRREEA ATTEEN NEEDD SSPPEECCIIEESS ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX FF PPA A EEN NDDA AN NGGEERREEDD A AN NDD TTH HRREEA ATTEEN NEEDD SSPPEECCIIEESS ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX FF PPA A EEN NDDA AN NGGEERREEDD A AN NDD TTH HRREEA ATTEEN NEEDD SSPPEECCIIEESS ---PAGE BREAK--- ENANGERED THREATENED SPECIES SPECIES BIRDS & MAMMALS American Bittern Bald Eagle Barn Owl Blackpoll Warbler Black Tern Delmarva Fox Squirrel Dickcissel Allegheny Woodrat Great Egret Indiana Bat American Bittern King Rail Least Bittern Least Shrew Loggerhead Shrike Osprey Peregrine Falcon Pied-billed grebe Northern Goshawk Northern Harrier Northern Nyotis Small-footed Myotis Northern Water Shrew Sedge Wren Short-Eared Owl Small-Footed Myotis Swainsons Thrush Upland Sandpiper West Virginia Water Shrew Yellow-Bellied Flycatcher Yellow Crowned Night Heron Short-eared owl FISH, REPTILES, & AMPHIBIANS Alewife Atlantic Sturgeon Banded Sunfish Black Banded Sunfish Bluebreast Darter Banded Sunfish Bog Turtle Bowfin Bridle Shiner Brook Sticklback Burbot Channel Darter Checkered Sculpin Coastel Plain Leopard Frog Coastel Plain Leopard Frog Eastern Massasauga Eastern Mudminnow Eastern Mud Salamander Eastern Sand Darter Gilt Darter Gravel Chub Eastern Massasauga Green Salamander Hornyhead Chub Kirtland's Snake Lake Sturgeon Least Brook Lamprey Longear Sunfish Mountain Brook Lamprey Songhead Darter Longnose Sucker Mountain Brook Lamprey Mountain Madtom Mud Sunfish New Jersey Chorus Frog Northern Brook Lamprey Northern Madtom Red-Bellied Turtle ---PAGE BREAK--- ENANGERED THREATENED SPECIES Northern Redbelly Dase Ohio Lamprey Pirate Perch Red-Bellied Turtle Rough Green Snake Shortnose Sturgeon Southern Redbelly Dace Spotted Darter Timber Rattlesnake (Black phase) Swamp Darter Tadpole Madtom Threespine Stickleback Timber Rattlesnake Tippecanoe Darter INVERTEBRATES Bog Copper Brook Floater Creek Heelsplitter Cylindrical Papershell Dion Skipper Bog Copper Eastern Floater Eastern Lampmussel Elfin Skimmer Elktoe Giant Swallowtail Green Floater Juniper Hairstreak Mottled Darner Mustached Clubtail Northern Riffelshell Rainbow Mussel Regal Fritillary Giant Swallowtail Roger's Clubtail Sky-tailed Emerald Triangle Floater Yellow Lampmussel PLANTS Appalachian beardtongue Applachian blue violet Blackseed needlegrass Black oatgrass Box sedge Box huckleberry Brown sedge Box Huckleberry Buttonbush dodder Canada buffaloberry Canby's Mountain-lover Cattail sedge Carey's sedge Collin's sedge Common juniper Common shooting star Creeping snowberry Downy lettuce Common Juniper Dwarf spirea Eared false-foxglove Ebony sedge Ellisia waterpod Fall dropseed muhly grass False gromewell False hop sedge Fraser's sedge Glade spurge Goldenclub Glade Spurge Golden Corydalis Great -spurred violet Selkirk's violet Grooved Yellow flax Harbinger-of-Spring Hard-stemmed bulrush ---PAGE BREAK--- ENANGERED THREATENED SPECIES Hispid gromwell Hoary puccoon Horned bladderwort Jacob's ladder Jeweled shooting-star Grooved Yellow flax Labrador tea Large-flowered marshillia Leaf-cup Long-beaked sedge Maryland Hawkweed Meadow willow Mitchell's sedge Mountain bellwort Mountain bugbane Mountain starwort Netted chain fern Northeastern bulrush Oblique milkvine Mountain Bugbane Pineland pimpernel Purple bedstraw Purple bedstraw Purple fringless orchid Puttyroot Queen of the praire River oats Rock skullcap Roundleaf serviceberry Serpentine aster Shale-barren evening primrose Shellbark Hickory Shellbark hickory Short hair sedge Short's sedge Shortleaf pine Showy Lady's slipper Shumard's oak Sida, Virgina mallow Small Whorled pogonia Snow trillium Spotted Pondweek Spreading globeflower Showy Lady's Slipper Swamp currant Swamp pink Tall Grama Tall larkspur Tennesssee goldenrod Thick-leafed meadowrue Variable sedge White fringed orchid White monkshood White fringed orchid White trout lily White twisted stalk Wild pea Wild senna Yellow-water crowfoot Yellow leaf-cup Yellow passionflower Yellow-water crowfoot ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX GG PPA A N NA ATTIIVVEE PPLLA AN ---PAGE BREAK--- NATIVE PLANTS PLANT SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMENTS PERENNIALS Doll's eyes Actaea pachypoda Intersting berries, very poisonous Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis Commonly cultivated, spreads by seeds, hummingbirds prefer Jake-in-the-pulpit Arisaema Unusual flower, bright red berries Wild ginger Asarum canadense Edible and herbal uses Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata Butterfly plant, needs wet moist soils Common milkweed Asclepias syrica Butterfly plant, interesting seed pods Butterfly-weed Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly plant, tolerated dry conditions, taproot New England aster Aster novae-angliae Showy and frequently cultivated Turtlehead Chelone glabra Tolerates wet, strong grower, herbal uses, hummingbirds prefer Joe-Pye weed Eupatorium fistulosum Good for insects in the garden, herbal uses White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum Tough plant, can grow in dry shade Gaura Gaura biennis Attractive flowers Wood geranium Geranium maculatum Adaptable plant, long bloom time, spreader, herbal uses Common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale Tolerates wet areas, showy flowers, herbal uses Sunflowers Helianthus sp. Perennials, often aggressive, showy flowers, good for birds Oxeye sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides Long bloom time, butterfly plant Alum-root Heuchera americana Long bloom time, many cultivars and hybrids Cardinal Flower Lobelia carkinalis Long bloom time, butterfly and hummingbirds prefer Great blue lobelia Lobelia siphilitca Long bloom time, white cultivars, hummingbirds prefer Monkey-flower Mimulus ringens Gows in moist places, interesting flowers Partridge-berry Mitchella repens Evergreen, ground cover, berry edible and showy Bee-balm Monarda didyma Showy flowers, aromatic, butterfly plant, herbal uses Bee-balm Monarda fistulosa Aromatic, tolerates dry soils, herbal uses Sundrops Oenothera fruticosa Bright flowers, long bloom time Sundrops Oenothera perennis Bright flowers, long bloom time Beard-toungue Penstemon digitalis Colored cultivars, hummingbirds prefer Phlox Phlox divaricata Aromatic, butterfly plant Phlox Phlox maculata Aromatic, showy flowers, butterfly plant Phlox Phlox paniculata Aromatic, showy flowers, butterfly plant May-apple petatum Ground cover, edible fruit, mottled foilage Jacob's ladder Polemonium reptans Attractive flowers, herbal uses Solomon's seal Polygonatum pubescens Not fussy, blue berries, herbal and edible uses Black-eyed Susan Rudbechia hirta Bright daisy-like flowers, long bloom time, many cultivars Cutleaf coneflower Rudeckia lacianata Tall daisy, tolerates wet soil, herbal Bloodroot Sanguinara canadensis Red juice, herbal uses Golden ragwort Senecio aureus Wetland plant, long bloom time, early daisy-like flowers False Solomon's seal Smilacina racemosa Plume like flowe, red berries, herbal uses Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod Solidago rugosa Aggressie tough plant, attracts butterflies Nodding ladies-tresses Spiranthes cernua Likes moist acidic soils, orchid flowers, herbal uses Tall meadow-rue Thalictrum pubescens Wet to moist soils, tall plant, delicate flowers Foamflower Tiarella cordifolia Attractive, long blooming flower, many cultivars Trillium Trilliuim grandiflorum Showy flowers, common in western PA Blue vervain Verbena hastata Wet-moist soils, bright flowers, herbal uses New York ironweed Veronica noveboracensis Tall plant of wet -moist soils, brilliant flowers American dog violet Viola conspersa Delicate plant and flower, edible Common blue violet Viola sororia Delicate plant and flower, edible Golden -Alexanders Zizia aurea Not fussy, attracts good insects GRASSES Big bluestem Andropogon gorardii Clump forming, attractive Lurid sedge Carex lurida Wetland plant, interesting seeds Bottlebrush grass Elymus Grass which grows in shade Riverbank wild-rye Elymus riparius Good for streambank conditions ---PAGE BREAK--- NATIVE PLANTS Virginia wild-rye Elymus virginicus Grass which tolerates a wide range of conditions Switch grass Panicum virgatum Clump grass, can help control erosion Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Clum grass, tolersates poor soil Indian grass Sorghastrum nutans Clump grass, tall with beautiful flowers FERNS Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum Grows in clumps, delicate texture, herbal uses Evergreen shield fern Dryipteris marginalis Evergreen, clump-former, attractive Interrupted fern Osmunda claytoniana Grows in clumps, distictive fronds Christam fern Polystichum achrostichoides Evergreen, grows in clumps TREES & SHRUBS Smooth alder Alnus serrulata Yellow catkins, mult-stemmed, needs wet soil Serviceberry Amelanchier arborea White flowers in spring, edible berries, fall color Black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa White flowers, multi-stemmed, berries, fall color New Jersey tea Ceanothus americanus White flowers, multi-stemmed, tough, fixes nitrogen Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis White flowers, milti-stemmed, interesting fruit Redbud Cercis canadensis Purple flowers in spring, fixes nitrogen Alternate-leaved dogwood Cornus alternifolia White flowers in early summer, blue berries Silky dogwood Cornus amomum White flowers in summer, blue berries, multi-stemmed Flowering dogwood Cornus florida White brachts in spring, red berries, diseases Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana Yellow flowers, multi-stemmed, fragrant, medicinal Wild hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens White blooms in mid-summer, multi-stemmed Winterberry Ilex verticillata Showy berries in winter, multi-stemmed Mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia White flowers, evergreen, multi-stemmed, PA state flower Spicebush Lindera benzoin Berries and foliage in fall, multi-stemmed, herbal uses Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius Pink flowers, papery bark, multi-stemmed Wild plum Prunus americana White flowers, edible fruit, multi-stemmed Rosebay Rhododendron maximum Rose flowers, evergreen, multi-stemmed Pinxter-flower Rhodedendron periclymenoides White-pink flowers, multi-stemmed Black willow Salix nigra Catkins in spring, needs wet to moist soil Silky willow Salix sericea Catkins, needs wet conditions, mulit-stemmed Elderberry Sambucus canadensis White flowers, multi-stemmed, edible berries and flowers Lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolum White flowers, edible berries Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum White flowers, multi-stemmed, edible berries, fall color Maple-leaved viburnum Viburnum acerifolium White flowers, multi-stemmed, edible berries, fall color Arrow-wood Viburnum recognition White flowers in late spring, multi -stemmed Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Fall color, berries important for wildlife, considered a vine ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX H H PPA A IIN NVVA ASSIIVVEE SSPPEECCIIEESS ---PAGE BREAK--- PA INVASIVE PLANTS PLANT SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMENTS FLOWERS Goutweed Aegopodium podagraria Commonly planted in the past, spread rapidly by roots Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata Spreading aggressively in woodlands by seed Musk thistle Carduus nutans PA Noxious Weed Canada thistle Cirsium arvense PA Noxious Weed Bull thistle Cirsium volgare PA Noxious Weed Jimsonweed Datura stramonium Spreads by seed, PA Noxious Weed Goatsrue Galega officinalis PA and Federal Noxious Weed Giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum PA and Federal Noxious Weed, sap may cause burning blisters Dame's rocket Hesperis matronalis Planted in gardens; escaped and naturalized along roads, spreads by seed Purple loosestrife salicaria Garden escape and PA Noxious Weed Eurasian water-milfoil spicatum Invasive in many states, Aquatic Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogallum nutans Common garden plant which has widely escaped Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa Found along roadsides, widespread, spreads by seed Beefsteak plant Perilla frutescens Garden escape, widespread along roadsides, spreads by seed Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum Invasive in many states, difficult to control, spreads by roots and seed Lesser celandine Ranunculus ficaria Spreads by shoots and roots, can by aggressive in wetland areas Water chestnut Rapa natans Wetland plant, will escape if introduced and spread and naturalize GRASS Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum Annual grass, very invasive, spreads by seed Japanese stilt grass Microstegium vimineum Annual grass, invasive in many states, spreading through woodlands by seed Maiden grass Miscanthus sinesis Commonly planted ornamental grass which can escape and spread by seed Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea Aggressive wetland grass, widespread and abundant Common reed Phragmites australis Native and introduced strans, wetland grass that can form huge colonies Shattercrane Sorghum bicolor Grass and PA Noxious Weed Johnson grass Sorghum halepense Grass, PA Noxious Weed, spreads by roots and seed SHRUB Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii Escaped by cultivation and spreads by birds European barberry Berberis vulgaris Escaped by cultivation and spreads by birds Russian olive Elaegnus angustifolia Escaped from plantings in many states and spreads by birds Autumn olive Elaegnus umbellata Escaped from plantings in many states and spreads by birds Winged Euonymus Euonymus alatus Escaped from plantings, invasive in moist forested areas Border privet Ligustrum obtusifolium Escaped from cultivation, seeds spread by birds Common privet Ligustrum vulgare Planted commonly in past, escaped and invasive in many states Amur honeysuckle Lonicera maackii Escaped from plantings in many states and spreads by birds Morrow's honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii Escaped from plantings in many states and spreads by birds Bell's honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii x tatarica Escaped from cultivation Standish honeysuckle Lonicera standishii Escaped from plantings, seeds spread by birds Tartarian honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica Escaped from plantings, seeds spread by birds Common buckthorn Rhamnus catharticus Becoming a problem in Glossy buckthorn Rhamnus frangula Becoming a problem in Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora Invasive in many states, spread by birds, PA Noxious Weed Wineberry Rubus phonenicolasius Common bramble, not cultivated, spreads by seed Japanese spiraea Spiraea japonica Frequently planted and escaped in some areas Guelder rose Viburnum opulus var. opulus Resembles native Viburnum trilobum which it replaces, both cultivated TREES Norway maple Acer platanoides Commonly planted and escaped, wind spreads prolific seeds Sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus Escaped from cultivation and wind spreads prolific seeds Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima Invasive in many states, wind spreads prolific seeds Empress tree Paulownia tomentosa Prolific seeds fall to start new seedlings Callery pear Pyrus calleryana Commonly planted street tree, becoming a problem as an escape Siberian elm Ulmus pumila Escaped from cultivation ---PAGE BREAK--- PA INVASIVE PLANTS VINE Fiveleaf akebia Akebia quinata Escaped from cultivation and becoming and problem in Philadelphia area Porcelain-berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Escaped from cultivation and spread by birds Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Escaped from cultivation and spreading rapidly by birds Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera Japonica Invasive in many states Mile-a-minute vine Polygonum perfoliatum Range expanding, PA Noxious Weed Kudzu Pueraria lobata Invasive in many states, PA Noxious Weed ---PAGE BREAK--- A APPPPEEN NDDIIXX II H HIISSTTO ORRIICCA ALL M MA ARRKKEERR N NO OM MIIN NA ATTIIO ON N FFO ORRM M ---PAGE BREAK--- CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL OF STATE HISTORICAL MARKERS Adopted by Resolution of the Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) [June 19, 2008] 1. The nomination is clear and organized and includes thorough documentation (with selected photocopies and bibliographies from primary and secondary sources) and verification of the facts claimed. 2. The person, place, or event to be marked had a significant impact on its times. 3. The person, place, or event to be marked is of statewide or national historical significance rather than that of local or regional interest. 4. The place, or event to be marked is historic and dated to at least ten years prior to the nomination. It is not contemporary. 5. The person to be marked has been deceased for at least ten years. 6. Nominations for geographical, topographical, or natural features are to be referred to the appropriate federal, state, or local agency. 7. People, places, and events already marked with existing monuments or markers receive less favorable consideration for a PHMC historical marker. 8. People, places, and events nominated, reviewed, and disapproved by the Commission three times in succession are not eligible for review panel consideration for a period of three years. 9. Governors of are approved as the subject of a historical marker upon nomination (subject to Criteria 10. Historic sites or properties owned by the Historical and Museum Commission are approved as the subject of a historical marker upon nomination. 11. Places listed on the National Register of Historic Places and/or recognized as National Historic Landmarks or United Nations World Heritage Sites receive consideration by the review panel. Such places will not be summarily approved, but will receive equal consideration. 12. Cemeteries and burial places are generally not approved unless the nomination demonstrates that the cemetery meets criterion 2, 3, or 11. ---PAGE BREAK--- 2 Historical Marker Nomination Form Guidelines for Preparing a State Historical Marker Nomination Nominations are evaluated every year by a five-member panel with varying areas of expertise in the field of history. They receive submitted nominations following the annual deadline and attend the Historical Marker Review Panel meeting where the nominations are discussed and voted upon. The panel's recommendations are presented to the Historical and Museum Commission and the Commission votes on the recommendations. It is very important that the Criteria for Approval provided with the nomination form be carefully read and thoroughly understood. The marker panel makes an informed decision using these criteria, and will also evaluate the nomination for historical accuracy, inclusion of interpretation and analysis of the subject of the nomination, demonstration of an understanding of historical context, and appropriateness of the documentation provided. • When determining historical significance, consider what innovations an individual being nominated has made, and whether his or her impact has been statewide, national, or international in scope. • If nominating a place, consider what changes in policy or practice were begun there. • If nominating an event, consider how the event fits into the context of a larger movement or philosophy. • When preparing the nomination, take into account the following questions: What was the cause and effect? What changes or consequences occurred and why? How did the subject influence the course of events? What and how widespread was the impact? How was the person, place, or event of statewide or national historical significance? What was the subject’s lasting influence in history? What role did the subject play in their area of significance? What factors contributed to the subject's development? A nomination that suggests a subject solely due to sensationalism, durability or longevity, or philanthropy or beneficence does not conform with the intention of the State Historical Marker Program. Also discouraged are nominations that advocate an individual with little or no connection to For example, a significant person who was simply born in but lived the majority of his or her life and made their impact elsewhere, would not be considered as favorably by the panel. Individuals who spent their formative years in the Commonwealth, and subsequently went on to achieve national recognition may be considered favorably by the panel, but the association with should be substantial. Generally, burial sites are not considered historically significant; persons should be commemorated where their actions made an impact. The State Historical Marker Program discourages nominations that appear to have a commercial motivation, even if educational or benevolent in nature. The nomination must be accurate, and supported with documentation provided. Panelists consider many nominations and may be unable to consult sources listed in the nomination, so it is imperative to include pertinent photocopied excerpts from valid primary and secondary sources, along with citations. Limit material to about 20 pages and choose wisely the information which relates most directly to the focus of your nomination. ---PAGE BREAK--- 3 Historical Marker Nomination Form PROCEDURES 1. Any individual or group may nominate a subject for historical marker commemoration. Submissions must be postmarked by January 5 each year. All nominations are reviewed by an independent panel of historical experts for compliance with PHMC criteria. A commissioner appointed by the PHMC Chairman chairs the panel. PHMC commissioners act in the spring upon panel recommendations. The commissioner who chairs the panel or the PHMC Executive Director sign and send a notification letter to approved nominators. PHMC staff notify others of Commission decisions. 2. If a nomination is not approved, the nominator may submit revised nominations for the same subject in three years in succession. PHMC staff is available to work with nominators to revise or strengthen their proposals or to provide technical assistance to nominators who choose to manufacture and install a local—or unofficial—marker. All local markers must be in compliance with Title 37 Pa. Consolidated Statutes (the State History Code). Any nomination that is rejected three years in succession may not be submitted again for another three years. 3. If the Commission recommends that a nomination be resubmitted in the same year, nominators will work with PHMC staff to provide additional information or documentation. 4. The nominator receives several forms accompanying an approval letter. One form is a Funding Commitment form on which a sponsoring individual or sponsoring organization is identified to cover the cost of marker fabrication, and it must be completed and returned to PHMC before a marker can be ordered. It is strongly recommended that commitment to funding the marker is obtained by the nominator. One individual or organization must agree to receive the invoice and be responsible for payment of it, although multiple sponsoring individuals or organizations may be involved in the fundraising efforts. In some instances the nominator is affiliated with a sponsoring organization, but that is not always the case. Should several individuals be involved with a marker, the group and PHMC staff will determine the most effective means of communication to all. PHMC maintains ultimate authority over administration of the program. 5. Marker contact people should work with PHMC staff to identify a dedication date several months in advance. Normally, it takes a minimum of ten weeks to prepare a text, plan a ceremony, manufacture a marker, and install it. 6. PHMC staff work with marker contacts to write a text that is agreeable to both parties. PHMC is ultimately responsible for determining the accuracy of a text, whether it complies with established space and style guidelines, and making final edits. If a sponsor elects to have PHMC take responsibility for ordering with the contracted vendor, PHMC staff will communicate with the manufacturer, and place the order for the marker. Marker texts are not to be released to the press or published in any source prior to the dedication ceremony. Markers are delivered to a shipping point specified by sponsors. ---PAGE BREAK--- 4 7. PHMC staff and sponsors work together to identify a mutually agreeable location for the marker’s placement. The most appropriate location would be where the person made an impact, where the event took place, or at the site being marked. While most locations are straight-forward, some require negotiation and discussion to determine the optimal site. Upon agreement, the sponsor is responsible for obtaining all necessary permissions from local, state, and/or federal authorities and from any affected private parties. Proof of authorization and permissions must be provided in writing to the Historical Marker Program before a marker is ordered for manufacture. The sponsor is responsible for all costs and making all arrangements associated with installation of the marker. 8. Sponsors are responsible for arranging dedication ceremonies. PHMC staff can provide guidance. Multiple nominators and/or sponsors may be involved in organizing the public dedication ceremony, although those identified as primary organizers will be the points of contact for PHMC staff. PHMC will provide written guidelines regarding invitations and programs to sponsors several weeks in advance of a dedication ceremony. If possible, a PHMC Commissioner, staff member, or associated designee will represent the Commission at the event. If not, a brief written statement will be provided to be read at the ceremony. 9. Upon installation, PHMC assumes ownership of the marker and responsibilities for maintaining it. PHMC historical markers and marker text are trademarked, copyrighted and the exclusive physical and intellectual property of the PHMC. 10. If a marker is not manufactured and installed within two years of its approval by the Commission, PHMC may choose to identify another individual or organization to take over the marker process or withdraw its approval of the nomination. Subject to the procedures outlined here, PHMC may work with a new individual or group to install the marker. If the approval is withdrawn, the subject must be nominated again and go through the standard annual review process. ---PAGE BREAK--- 5 HISTORICAL MARKER NOMINATION FORM This form is available for downloading online at www.phmc.state.pa.us. Review Policies for Approval, and then complete this form. Please type or print, using font size no smaller than 10 point. 1. Subject of Marker / Marker Title State name of person (include birth and death dates), event, or site to be commemorated. 2. Please use the space below to provide a historical overview and specify fully the historical significance of the person, event, or site. Be sure to explain why this marker will have meaning for people from the whole state or country, not just from your own community. If of broader significance, be sure to describe the subject's connection. Be concise. Do not exceed the space provided. ---PAGE BREAK--- 6 Historical Marker Nomination Form 3. Please provide a draft of the text for the marker. (Note: A final text will be written in collaboration with PHMC staff.) 4. Are you requesting a city type marker (27” x 41½”, approx. 40 words, approx. cost $1350.00) or a roadside type marker (45¼” x 45 approx. 70 words, approx. cost $1800.00)?
Roadside type
City type 5. Bibliographical data — From what publications can further information be secured to understand the historical background, to evaluate historical significance, and to prepare a proper marker text? If you wish to provide additional sources of information, feel free to attach a list, utilizing the format below for referencing them. If completing this form as a Word document, you may delete the underlines or type over them using the “insert” key on your computer keyboard. Author: Title: Date & Publisher: Author: Title: Date & Publisher: If the source of further information is an individual person, please furnish his or her name and address. Name: Address: Phone number: Supporting Documentation - Attach copies of excerpts from essential published or unpublished primary or secondary source material. This material should support the overview you have written, and verify your claims. ---PAGE BREAK--- 7 Historical Marker Nomination Form 6. Describe the suggested marker site. Are there any surviving features, built or topographical, that relate to the proposed commemoration? (While survival of such features is not a determining factor in the approval of markers, a suggested marker should be close enough to the site described to take advantage of any features that do survive. It should also be located so as to maximize visibility and accessibility to the public.) If possible, please attach a photograph. The final location will be subject to PHMC approval. 7. Provide information on suggested marker site: If completing this form as a Word document, you may delete the underlines or type over them using the “insert” key on your computer keyboard. County: Street address or intersection (town or city location): (“325 Main St.” or “southwest corner of Main and Oak Streets”) Highway route number (for locations other than city streets): (“PA 322”) Nearest town and distance in miles: miles east of Centerville”) If not a highway, identify closest highway route and give approximate distance from it: miles south of Pa. If the marker is suggested for placement inside a park, specify exact location within the park: (“Adjacent to gazebo in Memorial Park; along Main Street side of park”) ---PAGE BREAK--- 8 Zip + four code Historical Marker Nomination Form 8. Please provide information on yourself as preparer of this form: Name: Address: City: State: Zip: Telephone: ( ) Fax Number: ( E-mail address: If you are writing on behalf of an organization, please indicate your title and the name of the organization (“President, Eastern Historical Society”). While an individual may prepare a nomination, a non-profit organization, local government, or educational institution must be identified as sponsoring organization to receive a matching grant. Your signature: Submission Please submit your nomination (pages 5 to 8 only) without using cover, page protectors, bindings, and other “presentation” materials. Return twelve (12) copies of your completed nomination form including any additional supporting material, collated into twelve (12) complete packets for distribution to evaluators, to: Historical Marker Program Historical and Museum Commission Bureau for Historic Preservation 400 North Street, 2nd Floor Harrisburg, PA 17120-0093 If you have any questions about completing this form, please contact Karen Galle at (717) 705-4266, or via email at: [EMAIL REDACTED]. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired and wish to contact a hearing person via Text Telephone, you may use the PA Relay Center at 1-[PHONE REDACTED].