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Ryan - 1 Owasco Lake Water Quality - 1 Finger Lakes Institute, Hobart & William Smith Colleges WATER QUALITY OF THE OWASCO LAKE, NY, WATERSHED James M. Ryan Department of Biology & Environmental Studies Program Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Finger Lakes Institute Geneva, NY 14456 [EMAIL REDACTED] Revised 1/15/2008 Introduction Owasco Lake provides Class AA drinking water for the City of Auburn, Town of Owasco and lakeshore residents. Detailed descriptions of the lake and watershed are provided by Halfman et al., 2008 and others in this report and are not repeated here. However, it is important to remember that Owasco Lake has a relatively small volume relative to the surface area of its watershed (watershed surface area to lake volume ratio is 17:1; Bloomfield, 1978; Anonymous 2000). Consequently, Owasco Lake is strongly influenced by runoff events following storms and during spring snowmelts. Likewise, the lake is particularly vulnerable to both point source and non-point source pollutants in the surrounding watershed. The Owasco Lake watershed is primarily rural, except at the northern end of the lake. Approximately 52% of the watershed is agricultural land intermixed with an additional 39% of forested lands (Fig. This land use pattern suggests that the primary route for pollutants is via non-point source runoff of pesticides and herbicides from agricultural land. A likely secondary ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -2 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report route is via point source release from septic systems and/or inefficient municipal wastewater treatment facilities. In addition to the route of entry, pollutants are also classified by chemical composition. Typically these include inorganic ions, inorganic metals, and a wide variety of organic compounds. including many herbicides and pesticides (Newman and Unger, 2003). This study was undertaken to determine the potential contribution and extent of non- point source and point source pollutants. Such pollutants include an array of herbicides and pesticides applied in both agricultural and suburban settings, a suite of trihalomethanes, and several toxic metals. In addition, several inorganic ions and physical parameters were also assayed over a four-month period in the spring and summer of 2007. Methods Stream Sites: Stream sites were selected to provide spatial coverage and to isolate potential pollutant sources to the lake (Table 1; Fig. Nine sampling sites, distributed along the north- south axis of Owasco Lake, were chosen based on their watershed size, land use activities, and their potential to deliver non-point source and point source pollutants to the lake. For example, watershed dominated by agricultural land tend to deliver more nitrates, phosphates, soil, as well as herbicides and pesticides (Walker et al., 2006). The northern most sample site was Sucker Creek, which drains a small, urban and suburban watershed. It enters the lake after passing through a golf course on the northeastern side of Owasco Lake. Dutch Hollow Creek, the 2nd largest tributary to the Lake, drains an agriculturally-rich watershed along the eastern margin of the lake (Fig. The major contributor of water to Owasco Lake is Owasco inlet at the southern end of the lake. Owasco Inlet drains a mixture of agricultural (46%) and forested land. ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -3 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Several sites were chosen along Owasco Inlet in an effort to bracket local waste water treatment facilities (Figs. 1-2). Two tributaries to Owasco Inlet, Mill Creek (which enters between the Moravia and Locke sites) and Hemlock Creek (between the Locke and Groton sites), were also sampled upstream of each tributary's confluence with Owasco Inlet. As mention in preceding chapters, the distribution of sites along Owasco Inlet enabled a stream segment analysis, and the potential to identify pollution sources to the Inlet. For example, the sites chosen in this study bracketed the two municipal wastewater treatment facilities in Groton and Moravia. There were no significant feeder streams located along the western shoreline except Veness Creek at the northern end of the lake. Veness Creek was not sampled because it ran alongside the road as a ditch for much of its length before mixing with lake water near its mouth. It therefore did not represent a natural stream source and its watershed was very small. Table 1. Stream sampling site locations and elevations. Site Name Latitude Longitude Elevation Sucker Creek 42 o 54’09.90” N 76 o 31’31.07” W 224 m Dutch Hollow 42 o 51’52.78” N 76 o 30’21.37” W 222 m Owasco Inlet - Moravia 42 o 42’55.89” N 76 o 25’59.63” W 220 m Mill Creek 42 o 42’39.36” N 76 o 25’32.52” W 220 m Filmore Glen 42 o 42’05.67” N 76 o 25’11.29” W 231 m Owasco Inlet - Locke 42 o 40’09.24” N 76 o 25’34.80” W 266 m Hemlock Creek 42 o 39’15.50” N 76 o 25’52.78” W 266 m Owasco Inlet - County Line 42 o 37’06.67” N 76 o 23’08.10” W 277 m Owasco Inlet - Groton 42 o 35’02.33” N 76 o 21’58.73” W 304 m ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -4 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Laboratory Analyses: All sites containing flowing water were sampled every two to three weeks from June through September, 2007. Sample dates and precipitation totals for nearby Ithaca, NY are provided in Fig. 3. Sampling consisted of collecting stream water into a sterile one liter glass bottle. Samples were labeled and transported back to the lab on ice. In the lab, each sample was vacuum filtered using a Welch 2511 dry vacuum pump and Whatman paper filters to remove suspended sediment. June and early July sub-samples were first tested for toxicity using the AbraTox Kit (Abraxis, LLC). This screen is used to detect general toxicity in water samples based on the use of luminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri. The principle of the assay is that these bacterial cultures will be inhibited, and produce less light, if they are exposed to toxic compounds in the water source. This method provides a rapid, cost effective screen for water samples. Samples with decreased luminescence compared with controls in the AbraTox screen were transferred to sterile sample bottles and overnight shipped to National Testing Laboratories in Ypsilanti, MI for more detailed analysis. Because virtually all of the June and early July samples tested positive using the AbraTox screen, this screening step was removed and all remaining samples were filtered and sent out for analysis. Samples were assayed for bacteria, selected inorganic compounds, metals, trihalomethanes, and a suite of pesticides and herbicides at the National Testing Laboratories. Maximum contaminant levels (MCL) and assay detection levels are provided in Table 2. ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -5 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Table 2. Maximum contaminant levels, assay detection levels, and standard methods for stream water samples tested by National Testing Laboratories. Analysis MCL (mg/l) Detection Level Method Bacteria Total coliform Present/Absent 9223B Inorganics Arsenic 0.01 0.005 200.8 Calcium NA 2.0 200.7 Iron 0.3 0.02 200.7 Lead 0.015 0.002 200.8 Mercury 0.002 0.001 200.8 Sodium NA 1.0 200.7 Alkalinity NA 20 2320B Chloride 250 5.0 300.0 Hardness 100 (suggested) 10 2340B Nitrate (as N) 10 0.5 300.0 Sulfate 250 5.0 300.0 Total dissolved solids 500 20 calc Trihalomethanes Bromo-di-chloro-methane NA 0.002 524.2 Bromoform NA 0.004 524.2 Chloroform NA 0.002 524.2 Dibromochloromethane NA 0.004 524.2 Total THMs 0.08 0.002 524.2 Organics Alachlor 0.002 0.001 508.1 Atrazine 0.003 0.002 508.1 Chlodane 0.002 0.001 505 Dieldrin NA 0.001 505 Lindane 0.0002 0.0002 505 0.04 0.002 505 PCBs 0.0005 0.0005 505 Simazine 0.004 0.002 508.1 The analyses in Table 2 were performed based on approved USEPA methods or variations of these methods. Information and sources for these standard test methods can be found at the Environmental Protection Agency’s website (www.epa.gov/epahome/index/). Individual methods are briefly summarized below. Bacteria: Presence or absence of total coliform and E. coli bacteria were determined using EPA Test Method 9223B (Colilert). This test is preformed by adding reagents to a water sample. The sample is then transferred to a nutrient culture dish and incubated for 24 hours. Bacteria form ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -6 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report colonies during incubation, and these colonies are counted under natural and fluorescent light. If the number of colonies is greater than a standard comparator, then the presence of total coliforms and/or E. coli is confirmed. Bacterial water analysis ensures that the concentration of potentially pathogenic bacteria in drinking water is sufficiently low for the water to be potable. The presence of coliforms (and especially E. coli) suggests fecal matter contamination of a water sample. Physical Factors: Water hardness was determined by EPA method #2340B, which uses EDTA titration. Method 2320B was used to determine Alkalinity (CaCO3). Turbidity was measured electronically using a turbidity meter following method #180.1. Total dissolved solids (TDS) was calculated by dry-weight filtration. Inorganic ions and metals: EPA approved method # 300.0 was used to quantify chloride, nitrate, and sulfate levels. This method uses an ion chromatograph to measure anion concentration in water samples. Calcium, iron, and sodium concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry according to method #200.7. Briefly, a sample is injected into the instrument, aerosolized, and passed to a plasma torch. A characteristic emission spectra is produced and measured by optical spectrometry. Metals such as arsenic, lead, and mercury were subjected to Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry according to method # 200.8. The sample is nebulized into plasma and the ions are extracted from the plasma and separated on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio by a quadruple mass spectrometer. Trihalomethanes: The concentration of the trihalomethanes, Bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, and dibromochloromethane, along with total trihalomethanes, was determined using method # 524.2. This method uses an inert gas to purge volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a water sample. The purged VOCss are trapped in a sorbent tube, ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -7 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report which is then heated and backflushed with helium to release the trapped VOCs into a capillary gas chromatography (GC) column. The VOC concentrations are measured using a capillary gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer. Pesticides/Herbicides: Methods 508.1 and 505 were used to quantify a series of pesticides and herbicides in water samples. Method 508.1 detects chlorinated pesticides and herbicides using liquid-solid extraction and electron capture gas chromatography. The remaining pesticides and biphenyls (PCBs) in the water samples were analyzed by microextraction gas chromatography according to method # 505. Results and Discussion Stream physical parameters, such as pH, TDS, turbidity, discharge, and the like have been described by Halfman et al., in this report, and will not be repeated here. Tables 3-9 provide a summary of the data collected for each of the nine streams over the course of the 4 months in 2007. Two of the nine streams, Sucker Creek and Filmore Glen, are ephemeral streams that periodically dried up. Thus, these two streams were incompletely sampled. Sucker Creek, at the north end of the lake was sampled on June 4th, June 18th, and July 21st. Sucker Creek lacked flowing water during he remaining sample dates at the sampling site adjacent to the golf course on Oakridge Road. It should be noted that, on those dates, there was water in Sucker Creek as it passed under the bridge on Route 38A near the Owasco Lake shore, but this site was not suitable for sampling because the water from Sucker Creek was mixed with lake water at this location, and did not provide a clear picture of the contribution from Sucker Creek. A second ephemeral stream, Filmore Glen, drains a largely forested region in the south western portion of the watershed. Filmore Glen was completely dry for all sampling periods after ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -8 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report June 4th. This stream occasionally held running water for brief periods after rainfall events, but dried again after a day or two. The remaining streams held water all summer long as constitute the bulk of the water samples discussed below. Bacteria: Coliform bacteria are abundant in the feces of warm-blooded animals. Runoff from agricultural lands, where animals are concentrated, may also result in measurable levels of fecal coliforms in the aquatic environment (APHA, 1992; USEPA, 1986). It is important to understand that fecal coliforms themselves rarely cause illness, but they do indicate the presence of fecal material that may contain other pathogenic organisms including viruses, parasites, or protozoa. Escherichia coli coli), a coliform bacteria, is exclusively of fecal origin and their presence provides confirmation of fecal contamination. Generally, positive tests for fecal coliforms and E. coli indicate that the water has been contaminated with the fecal material from human or other animal sources (APHA, 1992; USEPA, 1986). Fecal coliform bacteria can enter streams and rivers through 1) direct discharge of feces from mammals (and birds), 2) from agricultural and storm runoff, and 3) from untreated human sewage from leaking sewage systems or overburdened or inefficient municipal waste water treatment facilites (Newman and Unger, 2003;Walker et al., 2006). All nine stream sites on all sample dates tested positive for the presence of coliform bacteria and for E. coli, in particular (Tables 3-9). The widespread occurrence of coliform bacteria makes it difficult to determine specific input sources. It is likely that contamination occurs through several sources including, agricultural runoff and municipal sources. Inorganics: Inorganic chemicals were divided into two categories; metals and other inorganics. The non-metal inorganic chemicals tested included chloride, hardness, nitrate as N, sulfate and total dissolved solids (TDS). The EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) for chloride is 250 ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -9 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report mg/l. Chloride levels in Owasco Lake streams ranged from 19 to 73 mg/l, well below MCLs recommended by the EPA. Owasco Inlet at the county line sampling site had consistently higher levels of chloride than the other sites (Tables 3-9). Water hardness is a measure of the mineral content in the water. The minerals typically include calcium, magnesium cations, along with other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulfates (WHO, 1996). The EPA does not set MCLs for water hardness because the ions involved are non-toxic. Instead, water is classified by general category: 0 to 60 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium carbonate is classified as soft; 61 to 120 mg/L as moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/L as hard; and more than 180 mg/L as very hard. Water hardness levels in this study ranged from a low of 100 mg/l at Filmore Glen on June 4th, 2007 to a high of 280mg/l at Sucker Creek on June 18th and July 21st. Thus, all the streams, with the possible exception of Filmore Glen (based on a single sampling) are classified as containing hard to very hard water (Tables 3- Nitrate Nitrogen is a common form of nitrogen in water. In freshwater lakes, nitrate can reach high levels and potentially harm fish and other aquatic organisms (Rabalals, 2002). Nitrates enter aquatic environments through surface runoff of fertilizers from agricultural or suburban land. Nitrates may also enter via groundwater as a byproduct of aerobic decomposition from septic systems. Although less toxic than ammonia or nitrite, high nitrate levels (over 30 ppm) can stress fish and create algae blooms (Rabalals, 2002 and references therein). Nitrate concentrations in non-polluted waters are less than 10 mg/l (MCL). The stream samples for Owasco Lake all had nitrate nitrogen levels below 3.0 mg/l (well below the MCL; Tables Sulfate occurs naturally in drinking water, and has a secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 250 mg/l. This is a non-enforced standard based on taste and odor rather than ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -10 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report toxicity. All of the streams sampled contain sulfates (6-41 mg/l), but all levels were well below the 250 mg/l suggested maximum set by the EPA (Tables 3-9). Heavy metals: Streams that contain heavy metals suggests that residential and/or industrial wastes are being discharged into the stream. Such point-source pollution can present significant public health hazards, so it is vital to identify the source of these pollutants (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984). This study sampled stream waters for the presence of arsenic, iron, lead, and mercury. Arsenic is an odorless, tasteless, semi-metal element that enters water supplies from both natural geologic deposits or from agricultural and industrial sources (Hutchinson and Meema, 1988). The MCL for arsenic is 0.01 mg/l (ppm) or 10 parts ber billion. The detection level of the assay used in this study was 0.005 mg/l. No arsenic was detected at any of the stream sites on any sampling dates (Tables 3-9). Iron is a generally non-toxic metal commonly found in drinking water sources. Although it rarely presents a health concern, in high concentrations it produces an unpleasant taste and creates rust stains on plumbing fixtures. While MCLs are established by the EPA for chemicals of health concern, a set of secondary standards are used for chemicals that cause aesthetic concerns (e.g. odor, taste, staining). The EPA set the secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for iron in drinking water at 0.3 mg/l. All of the stream sites had iron levels well below the SMCL. Owasco Inlet at Groton had the highest iron levels of between 0.11 - 0.19 mg/l (Tables 3-9). Lead is found in natural geologic formations as well as in some household plumbing lines (as lead pipes or solder). Drinking water contaminated with lead can result in significant negative health effects in children and adults. Even more modern plumbing fixtures, such as brass or ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -11 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report chrome-plated fixtures, may leach lead into the drinking water. Consequently, the EPA set MCLs for lead in drinking water at 0.015 mg/l (or 15 parts per billion). The detection level used in this study was 0.002 mg/l or 2 parts per billion. No lead was detected at any of the stream sampling sites on any of the sample dates (Tables 3-9). Mercury is typically released as a byproduct of burning fossil fuels, or from other industrial manufacturing processes (e.g. metal smelting, cement manufacturing, etc.). Mercury is unique in that when it enters the environment it can either evaporate or it can enter the food chain via microbial conversion of inorganic mercury to organic compounds that then are stored in the tissues of aquatic organisms (Newman and Unger, 2003). Because mercury is highly-toxic, the EPA set MCLs at 0.002 mg/l (2 parts per billion). Detection limits in this study were 1 part per billion in water samples. Mercury was not detected at any site on any date during this study (Tables 3-9). Organics: Trihalomethanes: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are used in industry as solvents, disinfectants, or refrigerants, and are considered environmental pollutants (Cotruvo, 1981). Many THMs are also thought (or known) to cause cancer. Trihalomethanes enter water supplies as a byproduct of water disinfection (when chlorine or bromine are added as disinfection agents). The EPA sets MCLs for the combined total of four THMs (chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane) at 0.08 mg/l (80 parts per billion) in treated drinking water. This number is more commonly reported as "total trihalomethanes" (TTHM). Detection limits used in this study ranged between 0.002 and 0.004 mg/l. No THMs were detected at any of the stream sites in this study (Tables 3-9). ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -12 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Herbicides and Pesticides; A variety of herbicides and pesticides are applied in residential and agricultural settings throughout the Finger Lakes region each year. Because it is difficult to determine exactly which compound or mixtures are applied over what time frame, eight herbicides, pesticides, and PCBs were selected for study. They include Alachlor, Atrazine, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Lindane, Simazine, and PCBs. For example, Simazine, Alachlor and Atrazine are used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds growing among economically important crops, such as corn and soybeans (Walker et al., 2006). Others, such as Chlordane and Dieldrin, are pesticides that were developed to replace DDT, and are used primarily to control insect pest on crops. Byphenyls (PCBs) are a large group of organic compounds with up to 10 chlorine atoms attached to two benzene rings. PCBs were originally used as coolants, insulating fluids, stabilizing additives in the PVC coatings of electrical wiring, pesticide extenders, flame retardants, adhesives, and in carbonless copy paper (Newman and Unger, 2003; Walker et al., 2006). Later PCBs were discovered to be highly toxic and they were subsequently banned in the 1970s (although they persist in the environment for long periods of time). EPA established MCLs and the detection limits used in this study are listed for each compound in Tables 2-9. No pesticides, herbicides, or PCBs were detected at any of the stream sites on any date during the study period. Conclusions The results of this study are encouraging. No toxic metals, trihalomethanes, PCBs, pesticides, or herbicides were detected in any of the streams draining the major subwatersheds that contribute water to Owasco Lake. However, caution should be used when interpreting these results because rainfall and subsequent runoff levels were exceedingly low during ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -13 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report the summer of 2007 (Fig. Stream discharge increases rapidly following rainfall events because excess water (approximately 50% of the precipitation) runs off the surface into the stream. The remainder of the precipitation soaks into the soil and enters the groundwater system, or is absorbed by vegetation and used for As the runoff enters the stream it carries with it nitrates, suspended sediments, herbicides, pesticides, and other compounds applied to the landscape (Smith et al., 1993). Thus, storms with high rainfall increase both the stream discharge and the concentration of surface runoff pollutants. Periods of low rainfall, such as occurred during the summer of 2007, would be expected to yield lower concentrations of surface runoff pollutants. Consequently, continued monitoring of aquatic systems for non-point source pollutants before and after high rainfall events is required before potential contamination from terrestrial pollutants can be scientifically assessed. Acknowledgements The research was supported by grants from the Fred L. Emerson Foundation, John Ben Snow Foundation, Hobart & William Smith Colleges, New York State, and the Andrew Mellon Foundation. I am grateful to Senator Mike Nozzolio, for his support of this project. Additional thanks are extended to Judy Miller and Ann Warner for their assistance. References Anonymous, 2000. State of the Owasco Lake Watershed, Report produced by Owasco Lake Management Plan Steering Committee. 122pgs. APHA. 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -14 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Bloomfield, Jay 1978. Lakes of New York State, Volume 1, Ecology of the Finger Lakes. Academic Press, New York City. Cotruvo, J.A., 1981. THMs in drinking water.Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 15:268-274 Hutchinson, T.C. and K.M. Meema, (eds) 1988. Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, and Arsenic in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Moore, J.W. and S. Ramamoorthy, 1984. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters: Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment. Spring Series on Environmental Management, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Newman, M.C. and M.A. Unger, 2003. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, 2nd edition, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. Rabalals, N.N., 2002. Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Ambio, 31(2): 102-112. Smith, S.J., A.N. Sharpley, and L.R. Ahuja. 1993. Agricultural chemical discharge in surface water runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 22:474-480. USEPA. 1986. Bacteriological ambient water quality criteria for marine and fresh recreational waters. EPA 440/5-84-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. Walker, C.H., S.P. Hopkin, R.M. Sibly, and D.B. Peakall, 2006. Principles of Ecotoxicology, 3rd Edition, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. WHO, 1996. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva. ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -15 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Figure 1. Land use map of the Owasco Lake watershed (Courtesy of John Halfman). ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -16 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Figure 2. Location of the stream sampling sites described in this report. (Courtesy of John Halfman). ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -17 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Figure 3. Precipitation totals for Ithaca, NY and stream sampling dates for 2007. ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -18 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report Figure 4. Stream Discharge for Owasco Lake tributaries during the summer of 2007. (Courtesy of John Halfman). ---PAGE BREAK--- Ryan -19 Ryan - Owasco Lake Watershed Stream Pollutants Report ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 3. Data collected for Owasco Lake wateshed streams for June 4, 2007. Analysis June 4 , 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet Filmore Glen mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 70 62 54 47 54 64 54 41 32 Iron 0.092 0.07 0.032 0.035 0.038 ND 0.081 0.19 ND Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 16 16 18 12 23 10 28 19 4 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3 260 210 140 120 180 200 150 150 96 Chloride 33 30 34 21 42 20 48 36 ND Hardness 260 210 180 150 180 220 180 150 100 Nitrate ND 0.5 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.9 1.4 0.6 0.6 Sulfate 7 15 16 13 18 17 17 11 14 TDS 300 260 220 170 260 250 250 210 110 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 4. Data collected for Owasco Lake watershed streams on June 18, 2007. Analysis June 18 , 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 77 73 64 62 65 64 67 52 Iron 0.072 0.043 0.03 ND 0.056 ND 0.086 0.14 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 18 14 19 14 22 10 35 20 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3) 280 220 180 180 190 200 190 160 Chloride 41 30 38 28 43 20 58 42 Hardness 280 250 210 200 220 220 220 180 Nitrate ND ND 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.9 2 ND Sulfate 6 17 18 15 19 17 21 12 TDS 330 280 260 240 280 250 310 240 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 5. Data collected for Owasco Lake watershed streams on July 2, 2007. Analysis July 2 , 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 64 65 62 63 66 66 50 Iron 0.032 0.024 ND 0.023 ND 0.046 0.12 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 16 20 16 24 12 40 21 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3) 220 180 170 190 200 180 160 Chloride 32 42 33 46 22 66 42 Hardness 220 210 200 220 230 230 180 Nitrate ND ND 1.5 ND 2.9 2.6 ND Sulfate 17 18 16 20 18 22 13 TDS 280 260 240 280 260 320 240 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 6. Data collected for Owasco Lake watershed streams on July 21, 2007. Analysis July 21 , 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 78 61 57 58 60 62 62 49 Iron 0.098 0.033 0.035 ND 0.05 ND 0.1 0.17 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 17 16 22 18 26 12 40 24 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3) 240 210 190 160 190 190 170 160 Chloride 34 35 44 38 47 26 68 46 Hardness 280 220 190 190 210 220 210 180 Nitrate ND ND 1 1.4 1.5 2.8 2.5 ND Sulfate 41 21 19 17 21 19 23 14 TDS 330 280 270 240 280 250 310 240 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 7. Data collected for Owasco Lake watershed streams on August 6, 2007. Analysis AUG 06, 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 57 59 61 62 66 67 50 Iron 0.033 0.046 ND 0.038 ND 0.092 0.11 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 16 25 21 30 13 46 22 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3) 200 160 160 180 190 170 160 Chloride 30 43 39 46 23 73 40 Hardness 210 200 200 220 230 230 170 Nitrate ND 0.7 1.3 0.8 2.4 2.8 ND Sulfate 16 18 16 19 17 22 11 TDS 260 250 240 280 250 330 230 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 8. Data collected for Owasco Lake watershed streams on August 28, 2007. Analysis AUG 28 , 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 60 52 64 49 57 48 42 Iron 0.032 0.085 ND 0.12 0.026 0.15 0.18 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 18 21 22 20 12 22 18 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3) 190 150 180 140 160 120 110 Chloride 26 32 36 31 19 36 27 Hardness 220 170 200 160 190 160 140 Nitrate ND 0.7 1 0.6 1.3 0.6 ND Sulfate 17 16 16 16 14 16 14 TDS 250 220 260 210 210 200 180 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ---PAGE BREAK--- Table 9. Data collected for Owasco Lake watershed streams on September 10, 2007. Analysis Sept 10 , 2007 Sucker Creek Dutch Hollow Moravia, Inlet Mill Creek Locke, Inlet Hemlock Creek County Line, Inlet Groton, Inlet mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Total Coliform Present Present Present Present Present Present Present E. coli Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Arsenic ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Calcium 56 50 48 52 64 54 50 Iron 0.03 0.11 0.066 0.13 ND 0.11 0.13 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Mercury ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sodium 14 21 14 22 13 24 19 Alkalinity (Total as CaCO3) 210 160 130 170 190 160 150 Chloride 22 37 28 39 22 41 36 Hardness 200 160 150 180 220 180 170 Nitrate ND 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.9 0.6 ND Sulfate 17 19 17 17 18 17 16 TDS 250 230 190 240 250 240 220 TRIHALOMETHANES Bromo-di-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Bromoform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chloroform ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Di-bromo-chloro-methane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total THMs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Alachlor ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Atrazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Chlordane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dieldrin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lindane ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PCBs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Simazine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND