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5. Environmental Analysis Anaheim General Plan/Zoning Code Update EIR City of Anaheim • Page 5-49 5.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES 5.4.1 Methodology Historic research included map research, data compiled from previous studies, information provided through the California State University Fullerton-South Central Coast Information Center (SCCIC), and data from the City of Anaheim Planning Department. This information was used to describe the cultural context for the preliminary evaluation of any resources that may be located within the City and its Sphere-of-Influence. 5.4.2 Environmental Setting Prehistory Archaeological data and correlations with ethnographic data have resulted in the determination of the following chronology for Southern California prehistoric times: • Early Man Horizon: This period, pre-dating 6,000 B.C., is characterized by the presence of large projectile points and scrapers, suggesting reliance on hunting rather than gathering. • Milling Stone Horizon: This period, from 6,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C., is characterized by the presence of hand stones, milling stones, choppers and scraper planes; tools associated with seed gathering and shell fish processing with limited hunting activities; and evidence of a major shift in the exploitation of natural resources. • Intermediate Horizon: This period, from 1,000 B.C. to A.D. 750, reflects the transitional period between the Milling Stone and Late Prehistoric Horizons. Little is known of this time period, but evidence suggests interactions with outside groups and a shift in material culture reflecting this contact. • Late Prehistoric Period: This period, from A.D. 750 to European contact, is characterized by the presence of small projectile points; use of the bow and arrow; steatite containers and trade items; asphaltum; cremations; grave goods; mortars and pestles; and bedrock mortars. History – Southern California The earliest known records of European contact with Southern California Native Americans date to the mid-1500s, representing the early explorations of the Spanish. These explorations included the identification of populations from ships, but did not include direct contact. Personal contact was not made until the 1770s, when Father Garces traversed the Mojave Desert and entered coastal Southern California through the Cajon Pass. In 1771, the Mission San Gabriel Archangel was founded. It soon became one of the richest missions controlling all of the property in Orange County north of Aliso Creek and a large portion of Los Angeles County. The Gabrielino Indians are named after the mission. In the late 18th Century, Felipe de Neve, Spanish Governor of California, saw the opportunity to establish a pueblo along the River Los Angeles north of the San Gabriel Mission. The primary purpose of the pueblo was to reaffirm Spain’s claim over the territory in the face of encroachments by Russia in the north and Britain from the sea. The pueblo would also help to keep Spain’s California military garrisons supplied and fed. ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Page 5-50 • The Planning Center May 2004 In August 1781, Governor de Neve, the settlers (11 men, 11 women, and 22 children), soldiers, mission priests, and a few Native Americans arrived at the new pueblo alongside the Los Angeles River. Governor de Neve recorded the date of September 4, 1781 as the official date of establishment of El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles Americans first arrived in Los Angeles by way of nearby San Pedro, then an unimproved port. Beginning in 1805, U.S. vessels kept up an intermittent trade with the area’s farmers, and in 1818 a crewmember, Joseph Chapman, helped construct the town’s first church. In 1826, Jedidiah Smith, a fur trapper, became the first white man to reach Los Angeles by traveling overland from the Missouri frontier. Los Angeles was little affected by the revolution that replaced Spanish rule with that of an independent Mexican government in 1821. Mexico’s Congress declared Los Angeles the capital of California in 1835, but the provincial governor refused to move south from San Francisco. Therefore, the City’s relative isolation and the local authority of farmers and ranchers remained unthreatened. By the 1840s, Los Angeles had become the largest settlement in Southern California. Historic Resources –City of Anaheim Historic resources are defined as buildings, structures, objects, sites and districts of significance in history, archaeology, architecture and culture. These resources are preserved because they provide a link to a region’s past as well as a frame of reference for a community. Often these sites are a source of pride for a City. The historic period in Orange County began when Don Gaspar de Portola led 62 men from San Diego north towards San Francisco. On the night of July 29, 1769, the men camped at the mouth of Brea Canyon. Along on the expedition were two Franciscan missionaries, Fathers Crespi and Gomez. Anaheim was founded in 1857 as a colony of German farmers and vintners. George Hansen, a founding member, identified the original 1,165 acres. The City's name is a composition of "Ana" from the nearby Santa Ana River and "heim," German for home. Those early pioneers considered this location their "home by the river." The early settlers constructed walls and fences made from willow poles to mark the boundaries of their settlement and to keep out herds of wild cattle. Some of these fence poles took root and became gates into the Colony. These first settlers were farmers, and also writers, artists and musicians. The first public buildings were not administrative facilities, but a school and an opera house. The North Gate is still preserved today at 775 N. Anaheim Boulevard and has been designated as a California State Landmark. Today this area comprises the City’s downtown area and surrounding historic neighborhoods bound by North, South, East and West Streets. Among the crops cultivated for the first few decades were grapes grown for wine. A plague in the 1870's wiped out the vineyards and in their place, groves of citrus trees were planted. The first commercially grown oranges in Orange County were grown in Anaheim, where the growers attributed their success to the local hills which protected the fruit against the cold winds coming down from the mountains. Other crops included walnuts and chili peppers. The City was incorporated in 1876 with a population of 881. The community grew slowly, but steadily for the next several decades. By 1920, the population was 5,526, and had become a tight-knit agricultural community. In 1887, the construction of the Santa Fe depot linked Anaheim's citrus growers with the eastern United States, providing vital markets for their golden crops. The beginning of a local tradition began in 1924 with the first Anaheim Halloween Parade. Billed as the "Greatest Night Pageant West of Mardi Gras," the annual event drew some 150,000 spectators at the height of its popularity. Visitors lined the downtown streets and thousands more viewed the pageant from the La Palma Park grandstand. ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Anaheim General Plan/Zoning Code Update EIR City of Anaheim • Page 5-51 Anaheim's small town lifestyle continued through the first half of the 20th century. Center Street was the hub of community activity, where people gathered to celebrate local events and festivities and to mark such national and international events as the end of both World Wars, the assassination of President John Kennedy, and the first steps on the moon. In 1950, the town's population had grown to 14,556. But the sleepy little community would soon be propelled into the modern era. National Register The National Register of Historic Places is the nation’s official list of buildings, structures, objects, sites, and districts worthy of preservation. The National Register was established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and maintained by the National Park Service. The purpose of the Act is to ensure that properties significant in national, State, and local history are considered in the planning of Federal undertakings; and to encourage historic preservation initiatives by State and local governments and the private sector. Registration is an integral part of the four essential components of historic preservation: identification, evaluation, registration, and protection. The National Register recognizes resources of local, State, and national significance. The National Register lists eight properties within the City of Anaheim: • Carnegie Library at 241 S. Anaheim Boulevard • Kraemer, Samuel Building (American Savings Bank/First National Bank) at 76 S. Claudina Street • Kroger-Melrose District, roughly bounded by Lincoln Avenue, South Kroger, W. Broadway, and S. Philadelphia • Melrose-Backs Neighborhood Houses at 226 and 228 E. Adele and 303, 317, 317, and 321 N. Philadelphia • Stanton, Philip Achley House at 2200 W. Sequoia Avenue • Truxaw-Gervais House at 887 S. Anaheim Boulevard The following buildings have been destroyed or demolished: • Old Backs House at 215 North Claudina Street • Pickwick Hotel at 225 S. Anaheim Boulevard California Register of Historic Places The State Historic Resources Commission has designed this program for use by State and local agencies, private groups and citizens to identify, evaluate, register and protect California’s historical resources. The California Register is the authoritative guide to the State’s significant historical and archaeological resources. The California Register program encourages public recognition and protection of resources of architectural, historical, archeological, and cultural significance, identifies historical resources for State and local planning purposes, determines eligibility for State historic preservation grant funding, and affords certain protections under the California Environmental Quality Act. Nine properties (those listed above on the National Register) are also registered on the California Register of Historic Places. State Historical Landmarks Historical Landmarks are sites, buildings, features, or events that are of statewide significance and have anthropological, cultural, military, political, architectural, economic, scientific or technical, religious, experimental, or other value. The specific standards now in use were first applied in the designations of ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Page 5-52 • The Planning Center May 2004 Landmark number 770. State historical landmarks are recommended by the State Historical Resources Commission to the Director of California State parks for official designation. The nine-member commission is appointed by the governor and also reviews nominations for listing on the National Register of Historical Places. If a site is primarily of local interest, it may meet the criteria for the California Point of Historical Interest Program. The California Points of Historical Interest Program recognizes resources of local or countywide importance. Two California Historical Landmarks listed with the Office of Historic Preservation currently exist within the City of Anaheim. • No. 112 – North Gate of the City of Anaheim • No. 201 – Pioneer House of the Mother Colony The Anaheim Cemetery, located at 1400 E. Sycamore Street is the oldest public cemetery in Orange County. Established in 1866 by the original Anaheim settlers, it is also the location of the first public mausoleum on the West Coast. The cemetery became Orange County Historic Site #49 in 2002. Anaheim Colony The Anaheim Colony Historic District was established on October 21, 1997 by Anaheim City Council Resolution No. 97R-194. More than 1,100 buildings are on the Qualified Historic Structures List and are deemed “contributors” to the District. These buildings were chosen either for their historic architectural character of a specific time period or for the histories of the people who once lived in them. The boundaries of the Anaheim Colony Historic District are North Street, South Street, East Street, and West Street. In 1999, area residents published the Anaheim Colony Historic District Preservation Plan to promote the preservation and restoration of historic homes in the area. The Plan provides illustrations and guidelines to guide preservation and rehabilitation efforts that are compatible with the scale, style, and character of the historic homes and neighborhoods within the District. Archaeological Resources Archaeological sites are locations that contain significant evidence of human activity. Generally a site is defined by a significant accumulation or presence of one or more of the following: food remains, waste from the manufacturing of tools, tools, concentrations or alignments of stones, modification of rock surfaces, unusual discoloration or accumulation of soil, or human skeletal remains. Archaeological sites are often located along creek areas, ridgelines, and vistas. Many of these types of landforms are located within the Hill and Canyon Area of the City and its Sphere-of-Influence, and one major cultural resource site (CA-Ora-303) has been identified and registered. This site was first recorded in 1970 and listed of a series of small north-facing rockshelters adjacent to SR-91. The artifact assemblage was comprised of manos, hammerstones, choppers, lithic flakes, and some faunal bone. Paleontological Resources Paleontological sites are those areas that show evidence of pre-human activity. Often they are simply small outcroppings visible on the surface or sites encountered during grading. While the sites are important indications, it is the geologic formations that are the most important since they may contain important fossils. Maps for paleontology often show sensitive areas based on the underlying geologic formation. ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Anaheim General Plan/Zoning Code Update EIR City of Anaheim • Page 5-53 Because most of the City is built-out, there are very few areas containing rock croppings. The Hill and Canyon Area contains sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Late Cretaceous to Middle Miocene. The oldest sedimentary rocks belong to the upper Cretaceous Holz Shale and the Schulz Ranch Member of the Williams Formation. These strata are confined to the southeastern corner of the Hill and Canyon Area and no fossils have been reported. Parts of the northeastern, eastern, and southeastern portions of the Hill and Canyon Area include the Paleocene Silverado Formation. Although fossils do not appear to be abundant in the Silverado Formation, its Paleocene geologic age is an important time in the evolutionary history of terrestrial mammals, and any vertebrate fossils recovered would be of scientific importance. For this reason, the Silverado Formation is considered to have moderate paleontological sensitivity. Parts of the northeastern corner, east-central, and most of the south-central portion of the Hill and Canyon Area contain exposures of the Santiago Formation, which is predominantly of Eocene age. Regionally, the Santiago Formation has not produced many fossils. However, because the Santiago Formation has some potential for producing terrestrial vertebrate fossils and the Eocene period was a critical time in the evolutionary history of land mammals, it carries a moderate sensitivity rating. Although mapped as Sespe-Vaqueros undifferentiated, the deposits immediately on both sides of Gypsum Canyon consist entirely of the lower and middle members of the Sespe Formation. Although no fossils have been reported from Sespe rocks in the study area and only sparse remains have been recovered from Sespe beds anywhere in Orange County, it should be noted that significant vertebrate fossils have been recovered from Sespe beds in other areas. For this reason, the Sespe Formation has a moderate sensitivity rating. The youngest bedrock unit exposed in the Hill and Canyon Area is the middle Miocene age Topanga Formation, which occurs along the western boundary of the Hill and Canyon Area. Several occurrences of marine invertebrate fossils have been reported from Topanga strata within this area. Regionally, the Topanga Formation has produced diverse marine invertebrate fossils, predominantly mollusks, and locally very significant marine vertebrate faunas with occasional mixing of terrestrial elements, giving the Topanga Formation a high sensitivity rating. 5.4.3 Thresholds of Significance The criteria used to determine the significance of impacts on cultural resources are taken from City- approved Thresholds of Significance based on the City’s Initial Study and the model Initial Study checklist in Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines. The project would typically result in a significant impact to cultural resources if the project would: • Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource as defined in §15064.5; • Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to § 15064.5; • Directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature; • Disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries; ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Page 5-54 • The Planning Center May 2004 5.4.4 Analysis of Environmental Impacts IMPACT: WOULD THE PROJECT CAUSE A SUBSTANTIAL ADVERSE CHANGE IN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A HISTORICAL RESOURCE AS DEFINED IN §15064.5 Impact Analysis: Identified historic structures and sites that are eligible for National Register of Historic Resources listing, particularly in the Anaheim Colony area, may be vulnerable to development activities accompanying revitalization. The majority of the historically designated structures are located in residential areas of the Anaheim Colony and generally are located within the Anaheim Colony Historic District. However, designation as a historic district does not prevent demolition or alteration of contributing structures. The City of Anaheim, along with many of its citizens, has taken a key role in the preservation and enhancement of its historic resources, and the proposed General Plan and Zoning Code Update supports and expands those efforts. Policies within the proposed General Plan Community Design Element establish specific measures that the City and its citizens will take to continue to enhance its historic buildings and districts. The Historic Preservation section of the Community Design Element takes many of the voluntary policies of the 1999 Anaheim Colony Historic District Preservation Plan and restates them as General Plan policies. The Downtown Revitalization section also contains policies that require new development to incorporate the Colony’s historic context into its design. Relevant Goals and Policies Proposed General Plan policies related to historic preservation in residential areas of the Colony include: • Utilize The Anaheim Colony Design Guidelines as should be the basis for design review of renovations, remodeling, and new construction within residential neighborhoods in the Anaheim Colony Historic District. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 1) • Continue to preserve and/or restore the Colony’s historic structures and streetscapes to reflect the diverse architectural styles, historic features, character, scale and materials of the original house and community. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 2) • Restore and/or incorporate original streetscape patterns including consistent setbacks, parkways, alleys and landscape themes as part of the Colony’s continuing preservation efforts. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 3) • Continue to support the use of the Mills Act Program for owners of eligible historic properties. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 4) • Pursue the rezoning of select residential areas within the Anaheim Colony Historic District as a disincentive for demolition of historic homes and to preclude more intense development. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 5) • Incorporate edges and boundary treatments into the design guidelines of the Anaheim Colony Historic District, including exploring the feasibility of restoring parts of the original colony gates in selected areas as a visual reminder of the City’s origins. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 6) • Designate select residential areas adjacent to the Anaheim Colony Historic District, which contains historic structures as zones of influence subject to the design guidelines of the Anaheim Colony. (Community Design Element, Goal 141.1, Policy 7) Proposed General Plan policies related to promoting respect for historic context in downtown revitalization include: • Use the Anaheim Colony Vision, Principles, and Design Guidelines to ensure that new development to ensure thatreflects the diverse architectural heritage, and that the detailing and ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Anaheim General Plan/Zoning Code Update EIR City of Anaheim • Page 5-55 scale of the area is maintained and/or enhanced. (Community Design Element, Goal 130.1, Policy 1) • Incorporate historic themes and community symbols into the design of the Downtown area to distinguish it as Anaheim’s historic/civic core. (Community Design Element, Goal 130.1, Policy 2) Existing Codes and Standard Conditions • No existing codes or regulations related to cultural resources apply to the proposed General Plan and Zoning Code Update. Level of Significance Before Mitigation: Potentially significant. Mitigation Measures: 5.4-1 City staff shall require property owners/developers to provide studies to document the presence/absence of historic resources for areas with documented or inferred resource presence. On properties where resources are identified, such studies shall provide a detailed mitigation plan, including a monitoring program and recovery and/or in situ preservation plan, based on the recommendations of a qualified specialist. Level of Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant. IMPACT: WOULD THE PROJECT CAUSE A SUBSTANTIAL ADVERSE CHANGE IN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE PURSUANT TO § 15064.5, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY DESTROY A UNIQUE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE OR SITE OR UNIQUE GEOLOGIC FEATURE, OR DISTURB ANY HUMAN REMAINS, INCLUDING THOSE INTERRED OUTSIDE OF FORMAL CEMETERIES Impact Analysis: Archival research indicates a prehistoric resource area (CA-Ora-303) is located in the Hill and Canyon Area and a 1970 registry of artifacts comprised of manos, hammerstones, choppers, lithic flakes, and faunal bones was assigned to locations within north-facing rock shelters within this area. Subsequent field surveys failed to reveal additional artifacts. One geologic formation – the Topanga Formation – has a high potential for yielding paleontological material and grading there, as well as in other formations, will be closely monitored. The Hill and Canyon Area contains the Gypsum Canyon and its drainage course that empties into the Santa Ana River. The topography of the project site is quite varied with steep slopes and ridgelines above the canyon bottoms. Of regionally significant interest is Windy Ridge, located at the southeastern end of the project site, approximately 2,050 feet above mean sea level. The other prominent landform feature, although not of regional significance, is a prominent center hill that is surrounded by a series of slopes and hilltops. The General Plan does not contain any goals or policies that specifically address archeological and paleontological resources and their protection if they are encountered during any development activity. Review and protection are afforded by CEQA for those projects subject to discretionary action, particularly for archaeological resources. However, mitigation is recommended to ensure impact to previously undocumented resources can be avoided. Relevant Goals and Policies • There are no Relevant Goals and Policies related to the protection of archaeological, paleontological, or unique geologic features. ---PAGE BREAK--- 5. Environmental Analysis Page 5-56 • The Planning Center May 2004 Existing Codes and Standard Conditions • No existing codes or regulations related to cultural resources apply to the proposed General Plan and Zoning Code Update. Level of Significance Before Mitigation: Potentially significant. Mitigation Measures: 5.4-2 City staff shall require property owners/developers to provide studies to document the presence/absence of archaeological and/or paleontological resources for areas with documented or inferred resource presence. On properties where resources are identified, such studies shall provide a detailed mitigation plan, including a monitoring program and recovery and/or in situ preservation plan, based on the recommendations of a qualified specialist. 5.4-3 All archaeological resources shall be subject to the provisions of CEQA (Public Resources Code) Section 21083.2. Level of Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant. 5.4.5 Significant Unavoidable Adverse Impacts Implementation of the General Plan Goals and Policies, existing codes and regulations, and the mitigation measures listed above will reduce all cultural resource impacts to a level of insignificance.