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A Guide to Estimating Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in California The Landscape Coefficient Method and WUCOLS III University of California Cooperative Extension California Department of Water Resources A Guide to Estimating Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in California The Landscape Coefficient Method and WUCOLS III University of California Cooperative Extension California Department of Water Resources ---PAGE BREAK--- This Guide is a free publication. Additional copies may be obtained from: Department of Water Resources Bulletins and Reports P. O. Box 942836 Sacramento, California 94236-0001 (916) 653-1097 Photography: L.R. Costello and K.S. Jones, University of California Cooperative Extension Publication Design: A.S. Dyer, California Department of Water Resources Cover photo: The Garden at Heather Farms, Walnut Creek, CA ---PAGE BREAK--- A Guide to Estimating Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in California The Landscape Coefficient Method and WUCOLS III* *WUCOLS is the acronym for Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species. University of California Cooperative Extension California Department of Water Resources August 2000 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Preface This Guide consists of two parts, each formerly a separate publication: Part 1—Estimating the Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in California: The Land- scape Coefficient Method • L.R. Costello, University of California Coopera- tive Extension • N.P. Matheny, HortScience, Inc., Pleasanton, CA • J.R. Clark, HortScience Inc., Pleasanton, CA Part 2—WUCOLS III (Water Use Classification of Landscape Species) • L.R. Costello, University of California Coopera- tive Extension • K.S. Jones, University of California Cooperative Extension Part 1 describes a method for calculating landscape water needs, while Part 2 gives evaluations of wa- ter needs for individual species. Used together, they provide the information needed to estimate irriga- tion water needs of landscape plantings. Part 1 is a revision of Estimating Water Require- ments of Landscape Plants: The Landscape Co- efficient Method, 1991 (University of California ANR Leaflet No. 21493). Information presented in the original publication has been updated and ex- panded. Part 2 represents the work of many individuals and was initiated and supported by the California De- partment of Water Resources. This third revision (WUCOLS III) includes many species not previ- ously evaluated, as well as an update and reorgani- zation of support information. These two publications are companion documents and are intended to be used together. First-time readers are encour- aged to carefully review both parts of this Guide before mak- ing estimates of landscape wa- ter needs. california, California poppy iii ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Contents Part 1—The Landscape Coefficient Method Introduction Chapter 1—Estimating Water Requirements for Crops and Turf Chapter 2—Estimating Water Needs for Landscape Plantings Chapter 3—Using the Landscape Coefficient Formula Chapter 4—Using the Landscape Coefficient to Estimate Landscape Evapotranspiration Chapter 5—Irrigation Efficiency and Calculating the Total Amount of Water to Apply Chapter 6—Putting it all Together: A Worksheet for Calculations Chapter 7—Using Water Estimates in Landscape Planning and Management Chapter 8—Special Planting Situations Part 2—WUCOLS III Project Participants Introduction Getting Started Categories of Water Needs Standard Conditions Plant Types Regions Other Important Information About the Guide Species Evaluations Key to Symbols Species Evaluation List—1999 Common Names Index Turfgrasses Appendices A—Reference Evapotranspiration Values for Selected Locations in California B—Invasive Species C—Glossary D—Additional Resources 1 3 5 9 23 27 29 33 37 39 45 46 49 51 52 53 55 56 59 62 62 63 101 137 139 143 145 147 v ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Part 1 The Landscape Coefficient Method L. R. Costello, Environmental Horticulture Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension N. P. Matheny, Horticultural Consultant HortScience, Inc. J. R. Clark, Horticultural Consultant HortScience, Inc. The Landscape Coefficient Method (LCM) describes a method of estimating irrigation needs of landscape plantings in California. It is intended as a guide for landscape professionals. It includes information that is based on research and on field experience (observation). Readers are advised that LCM calculations give estimates of water needs, not exact values, and adjustments to irrigation amounts may be needed in the field. 1 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Applying only the amount of water landscape plants need to remain healthy and attractive is an efficient use of a natural resource. Introduction Part 1 leads you through the concepts, terms, and formulas needed to estimate irrigation water needs. You will learn: • the key formulas needed for calculations, • the principal concepts that serve as a basis for cal- culations, • how to use the methods in the field, • how to use estimates in irrigation planning and management, • where to find important numbers in reference tables, and • considerations for special landscape situations. Chapters After providing background information on estimat- ing water needs for agricultural crops and turf in Chapter 1, landscape needs are addressed in Chap- ter 2. The landscape coefficient, a key factor in the formula for estimating landscape water require- ments, is introduced in Chapter 2. Subsequent chap- ters give examples of how to calculate and use the landscape coefficient. Chapter 5 addresses irriga- tion efficiency and gives examples of how it is used to determine total water needs. As a way of “put- ting it all together,” a worksheet which summarizes the process is provided in Chapter 6. Special topics are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. The appendices provide further information. Audience All landscape professionals involved in the plan- ning, installation, and maintenance of irrigated land- scapes should find this information of value. This includes architects, planners, contractors, park man- agers, gardeners, consultants, water suppliers, au- ditors, and students. Importance Estimates of landscape water needs are important for at least three reasons: 1. Water Conservation. Water is a limited natural resource. Efficient water use in urban landscapes contributes substantially to the conservation of this resource. Water use efficiency can be achieved by supplying only the amount of wa- ter sufficient to meet plant needs. 3 ---PAGE BREAK--- 2. Economics. Water costs continue to increase. By applying only that amount of water needed by landscapes, and avoiding excess use, money can be saved. 3. Landscape Quality. The potential for plant in- jury caused by water deficits or excess can be minimized by identifying and meeting plant needs. Getting Started First-time readers are encouraged to review the en- tire Guide prior to making water needs estimates. Field examples and a practice worksheet in Chapter 6 show how to use the information presented in pre- vious chapters. Be sure to review the appendices; they contain important numbers for calculations. Formulas and Numbers Formulas and numbers are needed to calculate irri- gation water requirements. Fortunately, the calcu- lations needed here are simple and straightforward. They require only a basic understanding of math- ematics. Once you have reviewed the examples and made some calculations on your own, you should have no difficulty. A worksheet with all the formu- las and sample calculations is included in Chapter 6. 4 ---PAGE BREAK--- Water requirements of both cool and warm season turfgrasses have been established (see Table Water requirements of many agricultural crops have been estab- lished (see Table1). Chapter 1— Estimating Water Requirements for Crops and Turf In agriculture, irrigation water requirements are well established for many crops. In urban landscapes, irrigation requirements have been determined for turfgrasses, but not for most landscape species. This chapter discusses the method used to estimate wa- ter requirements for agricultural crops and turfgrasses. Chapter 2 adapts this method for appli- cation to landscape plantings. Water requirements for agricultural crops and turfgrasses have been established in laboratory and field studies by measuring plant water loss (evapo- transpiration). The total amount of water lost dur- ing a specific period of time gives an estimate of the amount needed to be replaced by irrigation. Since growers and turf managers are not equipped to measure plant water loss in the field, a formula was developed which allows water loss to be calcu- lated. This formula (referred to as the ETc formula) is written as follows: ETc = Kc x ETo Crop Evapotranspiration = Crop Coefficient x Reference Evapotranspiration This formula states that water loss from a crop (crop evapotranspiration, ETc) equals the amount of wa- ter that evaporates from a 4- to 7-inch tall cool sea- son grass growing in an open-field condition (refer- ence evapotranspiration, ETo) multiplied by a fac- tor determined for the crop (crop coefficient, Kc). Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is estimated from a Class A evaporation pan or from a special- ized weather station. Normal year (historical) av- erage values for many locations in California are found in Appendix A. Current daily ETo values are available from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) and can be accessed via the Internet (www.cimis.water.ca.gov) or by con- tacting the California Department of Water Re- sources (see Appendix 5 ---PAGE BREAK--- Low High Deciduous orchard* 0.50 0.97 Deciduous orchard with cover crop** 0.98 1.27 Grape 0.06 0.80 Olive 0.58 0.80 Pistachio 0.04 1.12 Citrus 0.65 year-round Turfgrass Cool season species 0.8 year-round Warm season species 0.6 year-round Source: UC Leaflet Nos. 21427 and 21428 (see references) * Deciduous orchard includes apples, cherries, and walnuts When an active cover crop is present, Kc may increase by 25 to 80%. Kc values Table 1— Crop Coefficients for Various Crops and Turfgrasses Kc values for agricultural crops typically change during the seasons: low values are for early season (March/April) or late season (Sep- tember/October) and high values for midseason (May/June/July). A specialized weather station (CIMIS station) or a Class A evapora- tion pan (background) can be used to determine reference evapo- transpiration (ETo) for a site. Daily CIMIS data is available online at www.cimis. water.ca.gov. The crop coefficient (Kc) is determined from field research. Water loss from a crop is measured over an extended period of time. Water loss and esti- mated reference evapotranspiration are used to cal- culate Kc as follows: Kc = ETc ETo As seen in the above equation, the crop coefficient (Kc) is simply the fraction of water lost from the crop relative to reference evapotranspiration. Typi- cally, crop water loss is less than reference evapo- transpiration and, therefore, the crop coefficient is less than 1.0. For example, if water loss from corn was measured to be 4 inches in a month, and refer- ence evapotranspiration for the same month was 8 inches, then the crop coefficient would be 0.5. Crop coefficients have been established for many crops and for turfgrasses. A sample of values is given in Table 1. In summary, an estimate of crop evapotranspiration is made from reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficient values. Estimates can be made for any location where reference evapotranspiration data exists and for any crop (or turfgrass) that has a crop coefficient. Example: A grape grower in Monterey County wants to estimate how much water the vineyard may lose in the month of July. Using the ETc formula, two numbers are needed: reference evapotranspi- 6 ---PAGE BREAK--- ration (ETo) for July in Monterey and the crop coef- ficient (Kc) for grapes. July ETo for Monterey can be found in Appendix A, and the Kc for grapes is listed in Table 1 (above). With the two values, the following computation is made: ETo = 0.18 inches per day x 31 days = 5.58 inches (average for July in Monterey) Kc = 0.8 (midseason value for grapes) ETc = Kc x ETo ETc = 0.8 x 5.58 = 4.46 inches The grower has estimated that 4.46 inches of water will be lost from the vineyard (via evapotranspira- tion) in the month of July. By using this ETc esti- mate, the grower can calculate irrigation water re- quirements for the vineyard. (For an estimate of the total amount of water to apply, see Chapter The ETc formula is the key formula for estimating water loss from crops and turfgrasses. A version of this formula will be used in Chapter 2 to estimate water loss for landscape plantings. It is recom- mended that you become familiar with the ETc for- mula before continuing. 7 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Chapter 2— Estimating Water Needs for Landscape Plantings Two formulas are used to estimate water needs for landscape plantings: • the landscape evapotranspiration formula and • the landscape coefficient formula. Both formulas are introduced here and then used in subsequent chapters to estimate water needs. The landscape coefficient was developed specifically for estimating landscape water needs and is the princi- pal focus of Chapter 2. The method used for estimating water needs for land- scape plantings is basically the same as that used for crops and turfgrasses. The ETc formula discussed in Chapter 1 is simply modified for application to landscapes. One key change, however, has been made: instead of using the crop coefficient (Kc), a landscape coefficient (KL) has been substituted. The Landscape Evapotranspiration Formula Water needs of landscape plantings can be estimated using the landscape evapotranspiration formula: ETL = KL x ETo Landscape Evapotranspiration = Landscape Coefficient x Reference Evapotranspiration This formula (called the ETL formula) states that water needs of a landscape planting (landscape evapotranspiration, ETL) is calculated by multiply- ing the landscape coefficient (KL) and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). As mentioned above, the ETL formula is basically the same as the ETc formula from Chapter 1, except that a landscape coefficient (KL) has been substi- tuted for the crop coefficient (Kc). This change is necessary because of important differences which exist between crop or turfgrass systems and land- scape plantings (see “Why a Landscape Coeffi- cient”). The following is an example of a simple calcula- tion using the landscape coefficient in the landscape evapotranspiration (ETL) formula. Example: A landscape architect wants to estimate water loss for the month of August from a large groundcover area being considered for a new com- mercial office park in Fresno. The architect looked up the reference evapotranspiration for August in Fresno (Appendix A) and found it to be 7.1 inches. The architect assigned a landscape coefficient value of 0.2. Using this information and the landscape evapotranspiration formula (ETL formula), the ar- chitect makes the following calculations: KL = 0.2 ETo = 7.1 inches for August in Fresno ETL = KL x ETo ETL = 0.2 x 7.1 = 1.42 inches The architect estimates that the groundcover will need 1.4 inches in the month of August. (This is not the total amount of irrigation water needed, how- ever, as irrigation efficiency needs to be considered. This topic is addressed in Chapter 9 ---PAGE BREAK--- In this example, a landscape coefficient was as- signed. In actual practice, KL needs to be calcu- lated. The formula needed to calculate KL is the heart of the landscape coefficient method and is the subject of the next discussion. The Landscape Coefficient Formula As the name implies, the landscape coefficient was derived specifically to estimate water loss from land- scape plantings. It has the same function as the crop coefficient, but is not determined in the same way. Landscape coefficients are calculated from three fac- tors: species, density, and microclimate. These fac- tors are used in the landscape coefficient formula as follows: KL = ks x kd x kmc Landscape Coefficient = species factor x density factor x microclimate factor Soil water availability plays a major role in controlling the rate of water loss from plants (ET rate). Many plants will lose water at a maximum rate as long as it is available. For example, some desert species have been found to maintain ET rates equivalent to temperate zone species when water is available. When soil mois- ture levels decrease, however, ET rates in desert species decline rapidly. In landscape management, it is not the objective to supply all the water needed to maintain maxi- mum ET rates. Rather, it is the intent to supply only a sufficient amount of water to maintain health, appearance and reasonable growth. Maxi- mum ET rates are not required to do this. The ETL formula calculates the amount of water needed for health, appearance and growth, not the maximum amount that can be lost via evapo- transpiration. ET Rates and Plant Water Needs This formula (called the KL formula) states that the landscape coefficient is the product of a species fac- tor multiplied by a density factor and a microcli- mate factor. By assigning numeric values to each factor, a value for KL can be determined. The land- scape coefficient is then used in the ETL formula, just as the crop coefficient is used in the ETc for- mula. Why a Landscape Coefficient? Crop coefficients are used for agricultural crops and turfgrasses, so why not for landscape plantings? There are three key reasons why landscape coeffi- cients are needed instead. 1. Unlike a crop or turfgrass, landscape plantings are typically composed of more than one spe- cies. Collections of species are commonly irri- gated within a single irrigation zone, and the dif- Some desert species, such as mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa torreyana), have been found to maintain ET rates equivalent to temperate zone species when water is available (Levitt et al 1995). When soil moisture levels decrease, however, ET rates in desert species decline rapidly. 10 ---PAGE BREAK--- ferent species within the irrigation zone may have widely different water needs. For example, a zone may be composed of hydrangea, rhodo- dendron, alder, juniper, oleander, and olive. These species are commonly regarded as hav- ing quite different water needs and the selection of a crop coefficient appropriate for one species may not be appropriate for the other species. Crop coefficients suitable for landscapes need to include some consideration of the mixtures of species which occur in many plantings. 2. Vegetation density varies considerably in land- scapes. Some plantings have many times more leaf area than others. For example, a landscape with trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants closely grouped into a small area will have much more leaf area than one with only widely spaced shrubs in the same-sized area. More leaf area typically means an increase in evapotranspira- tion (water loss) for the planting. As a result, a dense planting would be expected to lose a greater amount of water than a sparse planting. To produce a reliable estimate of water loss, a coefficient for landscapes needs to account for such varia- tion in vegetation density. 3. Many landscapes include a range of microclimates, from cool, shaded, protected areas to hot, sunny, windy areas. These variations in climate signifi- cantly affect plant water loss. Experiments in Seattle, Wash- ington, found that a planting in a paved area can have 50% greater water loss than a planting of the same species in a park setting. Other studies in Cali- fornia found that plants in shaded areas lost 50% less water than plants of the same species in an open field condition. This variation in water loss caused by microclimate needs to be accounted for in a coefficient used for landscape plantings. Collectively, these factors make landscape plantings quite different from agricultural crops and turfgrasses, and they need to be taken into account when making water loss estimates for landscapes. The landscape coefficient was developed specifi- cally to account for these differences. Unlike agricultural crops or turfgrass, landscape plantings are typically composed of many species. Collections of species are commonly irrigated within a single irrigation zone, and the different species within the irrigation zone may have widely different water needs. Using a crop coefficient for one species may not be appropriate for the other species. 11 ---PAGE BREAK--- The Landscape Coefficient Factors: Species, Density, and Microclimate Three factors are used to determine the landscape coefficient: • Species • Density • Microclimate These factors are key elements of the landscape co- efficient method and need to be understood fully before KL and ETL calculations are made. As well as describing each factor, the following sections give information on how to assign values to each. Species Factor (ks) The species factor (ks) is used to account for differ- ences in species’ water needs. In established land- scapes, certain species are known to require rela- tively large amounts of water to maintain health and appearance cherry, birch, alder, hydrangea, rhododendron), while others are known to need very little water olive, oleander, hopseed, juniper). This range in water needs is accounted for in the species factor. Species factors range from 0.1 to 0.9 and are di- vided into four categories: Very low < 0.1 Low 0.1 - 0.3 Moderate 0.4 - 0.6 High 0.7 - 0.9 These species factor ranges apply regardless of veg- etation type (tree, shrub, groundcover, vine, or her- baceous) and are based on water use studies for land- scape species (Table 2) and applicable data from agricultural crops (Table An evaluation of plant water needs (based on field observations) has been completed for over 1,800 species. These values are presented in Part 2 (WUCOLS III). Species factor values can be found by looking up the species under consideration, and selecting an appropriate value from the category In agricultural systems, water is applied to pro- duce a crop. Whether it be tomatoes, beans, or apples, growers apply water to optimize yield and quality. In landscape systems, health, appear- ance, and growth are of greatest interest. Irriga- tion is managed to sustain plant defense systems, achieve desired canopy densities and color, gen- erate desired growth, and produce flowers and fruit (in some species). Irrigation is not used to produce a harvestable crop in landscapes. Be- cause of this difference between landscape and agricultural systems, landscapes typically can be managed at a level of irrigation lower than that needed for crop production. Water: Needed for What? 12 ---PAGE BREAK--- range. The following is an ex- ample of using the WUCOLS list to select an appropriate ks value. Example: A landscape man- ager in Pasadena is attempting to determine the water require- ments of a large planting of Al- gerian ivy. In using the ETL for- mula, the manager realizes a value for the species factor (ks) is needed in order to calculate the landscape coefficient (KL). Using the WUCOLS list (Part the manager looks up Algerian ivy (Hedera canariensis) and finds it clas- sified as “moderate” for the Pasadena area, which means that the value ranges from 0.4 to 0.6. Based on previous experience irrigating this species, a low range value of 0.4 for ks is chosen and entered in the KL formula. (If the manager had little or no experi- ence with the species, a middle range value of 0.5 would be selected.) Although the above example is straightforward, the assignment of species factors to plantings can be difficult. Refer to “Assigning Species Factors to Plantings” for guidance in making ks assignments. Some species, such as flannel bush (Fremontodendron spp.), need very little irrigation water to maintain health and appearance. Certain species, such as tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea cooperi), require relatively large amounts of water to maintain health and appearance. 13 ---PAGE BREAK--- Assigning Species Factors to Plantings 1. For single-species plantings— When only one species occurs in the irrigation zone, use the ks value assigned in the WUCOLS list. For example, coyote brush is assigned to the “low” cat- egory and has a ks value from 0.1 to 0.3. 2. For multiple-species plantings— a. When species have similar water needs: In well-planned hydrozones where species of similar water requirements are used, the selection of a ks value is straightforward: simply se- lect the category to which all species are assigned and choose the appropriate value. For example, if all the species are in the moderate category, then a value from 0.4 to 0.6 is selected. b. When species water needs are not similar: In cases where species with different water needs are planted in the same irrigation zone, then the species in the highest water-need category de- termine the ks value. This assignment is required if all plants are to be retained without water stress injury. For example, if species in low, moder- ate, and high categories are planted in the same irrigation zone, then to avoid water stress injury to species in the high category, a ks value from 0.7 to 0.9 would need to be selected. Unfortu- nately, this means that species in the moderate and low categories will receive more water than needed, which may result in injury. Considering that plantings with mixed water needs are not water-efficient in most cases and Potentilla tabernaemontani 0.5 - 0.75 Sedum acre 0.25 Cerastium tomentosum 0.25 Liquidambar styraciflua 0.20 Quercus ilex 0.20 Ficus microcarpa nitida 0.20 Hedera helix ‘Neddlepoint’ 0.20 Drosanthemum hispidum 0.20 Gazania hybrida 0.25-0.50 Vinca major 0.30 Baccharis pilularis 0.20 Plant Species Fraction of ETo Reference: Staats and Klett; Hartin, et al; Pittenger, et al Table 2— Irrigation Needs of Well-Established Landscape Species Determined from Field Research Values are given as the minimum fraction of reference evapotranspi- ration needed to maintain acceptable appearance, health, and rea- sonable growth for the species. See Appendix D for complete refer- ences. Plant injury may occur when species with different water needs are planted in a single irrigation zone. During a drought, irrrigation was withdrawn from this planting of star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminioides) and cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp). Subsequently, star jasmine was severely injured, while cotoneaster was not visibly affected. 14 ---PAGE BREAK--- the incidence of plant injury may increase, some management op- tions are worth considering: • If only a small number or per- centage of plants are in the high category, then the replacement of such plants with species with lower water needs would allow for the selection of a ks in a lower range. • If all plants are to be retained, but a level of appearance some- what less than optimal is ac- ceptable, then a ks value from a lower range may be selected. For example, in the case where plants in the low, moderate, and high categories are in the same irrigation zone, a ks value from the moderate range may be selected with the understanding that some injury to species in the high category may re- sult. • In cases where all plants are to be retained and no water stress injury is acceptable, then supplemental irrigation for species in the high category should be considered. Again using the case where species in low, moderate, and high categories are planted in the same irriga- tion zone, a ks value from the moderate range may be selected for the planting, provided ad- ditional water is supplied to individual plants with higher water needs. This approach re- quires an adjustment to the irrigation system whereby additional sprinklers or emitters are used to deliver supplemental water to species with higher water requirements. 3. For species in the “very low” category— It is important to remember that certain species can maintain health and appearance without ir- rigation after they become established. Such species are grouped in the “very low” category and are assigned a ks of less than 0.1. Essen- tially this classification means that species in this group do not need to be irrigated unless winter rainfall is abnormally low. Accordingly, if no irrigation is supplied, then there is no need to calculate a landscape coefficient and a ks value is not assigned. In low rainfall years, some irri- gation may be needed, however, and a ks value of 0.1 should be sufficient to maintain health and appearance in these species. Density Factor (kd) The density factor is used in the landscape coeffi- cient formula to account for differences in vegeta- tion density among landscape plantings. Vegeta- tion density is used here to refer to the collective leaf area of all plants in the landscape. Differences Certain species, such as these coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), can maintain health and appearance without irrigation (after they become established). Such species are grouped in the “very low” category and are assigned a species factor of less than 0.1. Many California native species are in this category. 15 ---PAGE BREAK--- in vegetation density, or leaf area, lead to differences in water loss. The density factor ranges in value from 0.5 to 1.3. This range is separated into three categories: Low 0.5 - 0.9 Average 1.0 High 1.1 - 1.3 Immature and sparsely planted landscapes typically have less leaf area than mature or densely planted landscapes, and thus lose less water. These plantings are assigned a kd value in the low category. Plantings with mixtures of vegetation types (trees, shrubs, and groundcovers) typically have greater collective leaf areas than plantings with a single vegetation type, and thus will lose more water. These plantings are assigned a density factor value in the high category. Plantings which are full but are predominantly of one vegetation type, are assigned to the average cat- egory. Example: The grounds manager of a college cam- pus in San Diego wants to determine the landscape coefficient for a planting consisting of gazania groundcover and a few widely-spaced escallonia shrubs. Since the plants cover the ground surface completely, the planting is considered to be full. Based on these vegetation density characteristics full and predominantly of one vegetation type), the manager determines that this is an average den- sity planting and assigns a kd value of 1.0. Although this example might infer that the selec- tion of the density factor is fairly simple, it can be difficult to determine. Vegetation density varies considerably and assigning density factors can be confusing. Many cases exist where plant spacing and distribution is not uniform and where a mixture of vegetation types exist. Unfortunately, a standardized system of evaluating vegetation density for landscapes does not exist. Nonetheless, limited information from agricultural systems (principally orchards) can be applied to landscapes. The following sections describe two terms, canopy cover and vegetation tiers, which when applied to landscape plantings provide some guidance in assessing vegetation density. Canopy Cover Canopy cover is defined as the percentage of ground surface within a planting which is shaded by the plant canopy (or, simply, percent ground shading). A planting with full canopy cover will shade 100% of the ground surface, while a 50% canopy cover will cast a shadow on 50% of the ground area. The higher the canopy cover the greater the density of vegetation on a surface area basis. Most mature landscape plantings have a complete canopy cover, i.e., the trees, shrubs, and ground- covers shade 100% of the ground surface. New plantings, immature plantings, and widely-spaced plantings are examples of cases where the canopy cover is less than 100%. Orchard data gives an indication of how canopy cover affects water loss. Studies show that water loss from orchards does not increase as canopy cover increases from 70% to 100%. Below 70% cover, however, orchard water loss declines. Applying this information to landscapes, plantings of trees with a canopy cover of 70% to 100% con- stitutes a complete canopy cover condition, and 16 ---PAGE BREAK--- would be considered as average for density factor assessments. A tree planting with less than 70% canopy cover would be in the low category. For plantings of shrubs and groundcovers, a canopy cover of 90% to 100% constitutes complete cover. This represents an average condition for density fac- tor assessments, while less than 90% cover would be in the low category. Vegetation Tiers Canopy cover gives an assessment of vegetation density on an area basis, i.e., the percent ground area covered by vegetation de- scribes the closeness or sparse- ness of plants in a planting. Another dimension needs to be considered for landscapes: the vertical dimension. Land- scapes are frequently com- posed of plants of various heights: tall trees, low ground- covers, and shrubs somewhere in between. Due to the typical growth form of each vegetation type, “tiers” of vegetation re- sult. When combinations of these vegetation types occur in a planting they add a height ele- ment which will have an affect on water loss. In orchard plantings, for example, field research has shown that the addition of a cover crop increases evapotranspiration from 25% to 80% above a bare soil condition. In other words, adding a groundcover-like planting beneath orchard trees re- sults in a substantial increase in water loss. In landscapes, groundcovers and/or shrubs planted in the understory of trees are likely to have a simi- lar effect on water loss as found in orchard settings. Additionally, by adding trees to a groundcover plant- ing or shrubs to a tree-groundcover planting, an in- crease in water loss would be expected. In most cases, the presence of vegetation tiers in landscapes constitutes a high density condition. For example, a planting with two or three tiers and com- plete canopy cover would be considered to be in the high kd category . Plantings with multiple tiers which do not have a complete canopy cover, however, may not consti- tute a high density condition. A new planting with trees, shrubs, and groundcovers, for example, has three vegetation tiers but canopy density is low. Al- though three tiers are present, this planting would be classified as low density. Landscapes are frequently composed of plants of various heights: trees, groundcovers, and shrubs. Due to the typical growth form of each vegetation type, “tiers” of vegetation result. Plantings with more than one tier are likely to lose more water than a planting with a single tier. Here, the trees and shrubs in the groundcover represent a higher water loss condition than if the groundcover occurred alone. The density factor accounts for differences in vegetation density. 17 ---PAGE BREAK--- Plantings of a single species, such as this iceplant groundcover (Drosanthemum sp), are considered to have average density (kd = 1.0) when full (90 - 100% cover). Plantings of more than one vegetation type: for mixed vegetation types, an average density condi- tion occurs when one vegetation type is predomi- nant while another type occurs occasionally in the planting, and canopy cover for the predominant veg- etation type is within the average density specifica- tions outlined above. For example, a mature groundcover planting (greater than 90% canopy cover) which contains trees and/or shrubs that are widely spaced would be considered to be average density. Additionally, a grove of trees (greater than 70% canopy cover) which contains shrubs and/or groundcover plants which are widely spaced would constitute an average condition. Low Density: kd = 0.5 - 0.9 Low density plantings are characterized largely by canopy covers less than those specified for the av- erage density condition. For instance, a tree plant- ing with less than 70% canopy cover would be as- signed a kd value less than 1.0. The precise value assigned (between 0.5 and 0.9) would be based on the canopy cover assessment: a lower kd value for a thinner canopy cover. Assigning Density Factor Values Canopy cover and vegetation tiers are used to as- sess vegetation density for density factor assign- ments. Since it is very difficult to account for all the variation in vegetation density which occurs in landscapes, the following assignments are made simply as a guide to making reasonable as- sessments. Average Density: kd = 1.0 Plantings of one vegetation type: for trees, canopy cover of 70% to 100% constitutes an av- erage condition. For shrubs or groundcovers, a canopy cover of 90% to 100% is considered to be an average condition. This mixed planting of Wheeler’s pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira ‘Wheeler’s Dwarf’), Indian hawthorne (Rhaphiolepis indica), American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is considered to be average density (kd = 1.0). Trees are widely spaced through the sub-shrub/groundcover planting area. 18 ---PAGE BREAK--- Microclimate Factor (kmc) Microclimates exist in every landscape and need to be considered in estimates of plant water loss. Fea- tures typical of urban landscapes (such as buildings and paving) influence temperature, wind speed, light intensity and humidity. These features vary con- siderably among landscapes, resulting in differences in microclimate. To account for these differences, a microclimate factor (kmc) is used. The microclimate factor ranges from 0.5 to 1.4, and is divided into three categories: Low 0.5 - 0.9 Average 1.0 High 1.1 - 1.4 The microclimate factor is relatively easy to set. An “average” microclimate condition is equivalent to reference evapotranspiration conditions, an open-field setting without extraordinary winds or heat inputs atypical for the location. This microcli- mate is not substantially affected by nearby build- ings, structures, pavements, slopes, or reflective sur- faces. For example, plantings in a well-vegetated park which are not exposed to winds atypical of the area, would be assigned to the average microclimate category. For shrubs and groundcovers, canopy cover less than 90% constitutes a density less than average and a kd value less than 1.0 would be assigned. Plantings with mixed vegetation types generally have greater canopy covers than those of a single type. For instance, a groundcover planting with canopy cover of 50% constitutes a low density con- dition and a kd of 0.7 might be assigned. If an occa- sional tree occurs in the planting, then the principal effect is one of increasing canopy cover, and an upward adjustment in kd to 0.8 or 0.9 would be war- ranted. High Density: kd = 1.1 - 1.3 When canopy cover is full for any vegetation type, then increases in density result from increases in the number of plants of other vegetation types. For example, by adding trees to a mature groundcover planting (groundcover canopy cover = 100%), an increase in vegetation density occurs. The addition of shrubs to the planting further increases the den- sity. This mix of vegetation types creates a layering or tiering of vegetation which represents potential increases in water loss. Upward adjustments of kd can be made to account for vegetation tiering. The highest density condition, where all three veg- etation types occur in substantial numbers in a planting, would be assigned a kd of 1.3. In plantings where lesser degrees of vegetation tier- ing occurs a two-tiered planting), then a kd value of 1.1 or 1.2 is appropriate. For shrubs and groundcovers, canopy cover less than 90% constitutes a density less than average (kd < 1.0). This mixed planting would be assigned a low density value (0.5 - 0.9). 19 ---PAGE BREAK--- In a “high” microclimate condition, site features in- crease evaporative conditions. Plantings surrounded by heat-absorbing surfaces, reflective surfaces, or exposed to particularly windy conditions would be assigned high values. For example, plantings in street medians, parking lots, next to southwest-fac- ing walls of a building, or in “wind tunnel” areas would be assigned to the high category. “Low” microclimate condi- tions are as common as high microclimate conditions. Plantings that are shaded for a substantial part of the day or are protected from winds typical to the area would be assigned low val- ues. These include the north side of buildings, courtyards, under building overhangs, and on the north side of slopes. The high and low microclimate categories have ranges of values. For example, the low category ranges from 0.5 to 0.9. The specific value assigned within a category will depend on an assessment of the degree to which the microclimate will affect plant water loss. For example, trees in a parking lot which are exposed to constant winds (atypical for the gen- eral area) will be assigned a higher value in the high category than if the loca- tion was not windy. Con- versely, a courtyard plant- ing in afternoon shade and protected from winds will be assigned a kmc value in the low category, but less than that for a planting without afternoon shading. Example: An irrigation consultant is estimating landscape water require- ments for a large residen- tial development. The buildings, parking lots, Plantings in a well-vegetated park, which are not exposed to winds atypical for the area, would be assigned to the average microclimate category (kmc = 1.0). These conditions are similar to those used for reference evapotranspiration measurements (CIMIS stations). Plantings surrounded by heat-absorbing surfaces, reflective surfaces, or exposed to particularly windy conditions would be assigned a high microclimate value (1.1 - 1.4). 20 ---PAGE BREAK--- walkways, and open areas at the site create substantially different microclimates within plantings. Starting with the open areas, he de- termines that conditions are quite similar to reference ET measurement sites and as- signs them to the average cat- egory (kmc = 1.0). Trees in the parking lot are exposed to heat from the asphalt pave- ment and reflected light from cars and are assigned to the high category. Since the parking lot is not ex- posed to extraordinary winds, however, he chooses a midrange value of 1.2. Shrub and groundcover plantings on the northeast side of buildings are shaded for most of the day and are assigned to the low category. Being protected from winds typical of the area as well, they are given a kmc value of 0.6, in the lower end of the range. Assigning Microclimate Factor Values Average Microclimate: kmc = 1.0 Site conditions equivalent to those used for refer- ence ET measurements represent an average micro- climate. Reference ET is measured in an open-field setting which is not exposed to extraordinary winds or heat inputs from nearby buildings, structures, or vehicles. Plantings in similar conditions would be considered to be in an average microclimate. Plantings in park settings are most typically assigned to this category. Although some hardscape may exist, vegetation dominates the landscape. Large plantings of groundcover, groves of trees, and mix- tures of shrubs, turf, and trees in relatively open ar- eas represent examples of an average microclimate condition. Small parks with adjacent buildings, ex- tensive hardscapes, or exposed to extraordinary winds would not be included in the average category. Low Microclimate: kmc = 0.5 - 0.9 Sites which are shaded or protected from winds typi- cal to the area are considered to be in the low mi- croclimate category (Costello et al. 1996). Features of the site modify the microclimate such that evapo- rative conditions are less than those found in the average microclimate. Plantings located on the north side or northeast side of buildings, shaded by over- head structures, or within courtyard settings are typi- cally assigned a kmc value in the low range. Plantings protected from winds by buildings, structures, or other vegetation also would be assigned to the low category. The specific value assigned for the mi- croclimate factor will depend on the specific site conditions. For example, a planting in a courtyard which is shaded most of the day and protected from winds may be assigned a value of 0.6, while a simi- Plantings that are shaded for a substantial part of the day, or are protected from winds typical to the area, are assigned low microclimate values (0.5 - 0.9). This planting on the northeast side of the office building is shaded for several hours each day. 21 ---PAGE BREAK--- * Species factor values may change during the year, particularly for deciduous species. See Table 1 for seasonal changes in crop coefficients for agricultural crops. Table 3— Summary Table Values for Landscape Coefficient Factors High Moderate Low Very Low Species Factor* (ks) 0.7-0.9 0.4-0.6 0.1-0.3 <0.1 Density (kd) 1.1-1.3 1.0 0.5-0.9 Microclimate (kmc) 1.1-1.4 1.0 0.5-0.9 lar planting which is located on the northeast side of a building may be assigned a value of 0.8. High Microclimate: kmc = 1.1 - 1.4 Sites which are exposed to direct winds atypical for the area, heat inputs from nearby sources, and/or reflected light would be considered to be in the high microclimate category. These features of the site increase evaporative conditions above those found in an average microclimate condition. Plantings lo- cated in medians, parking lots, or adjacent to south or southwest facing walls which are exposed to higher canopy temperatures than those found in a well-vegetated setting would be in the high category. Plantings in wind tunnel locations and those receiv- ing reflected light from nearby windows, cars, or other reflective surfaces are also in high microcli- mate conditions. The specific value assigned will depend on the specific conditions. For example, a shrub planting located next to a southwest facing wall may be assigned a kmc value of 1.2, while a similar planting next to a southwest wall which is composed of reflective glass and is exposed to ex- traordinary winds may be assigned a value of 1.4. 22 ---PAGE BREAK--- Chapter 3— Using the Landscape Coefficient Formula The landscape coefficient formula was introduced in Chapter 2, and the three factors which determine its value were discussed. Now these factors are used to calculate values for the landscape coefficient. A series of field cases show the range of values that can be determined for KL. In Chapter 4, calcula- tions using the landscape coefficient in the ETL for- mula are presented. Using the information presented in Chapter 2, val- ues for the landscape coefficient can be calculated. The following cases show how the landscape coef- ficient is used for a variety of species, density, and microclimate conditions. Species factor values will be taken from the WUCOLS list, while density and microclimate values are based on the planting and site conditions described. For quick reference, the following table gives values for each factor. Landscape Coefficient Factors Species Density Microclimate High 0.7 - 0.9 1.1 - 1.3 1.1 - 1.4 Mod./Ave. 0.4 - 0.6 1.0 1.0 Low 0.1 - 0.3 0.5 - 0.9 0.5 - 0.9 Very Low < 0.1 Case 1—A large, mature planting of star jasmine in a park in San Jose. It is in full sun and has little wind exposure. ks = 0.5 kd = 1.0 kmc = 1.0 KL = 0.5 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 0.5 Analysis: Star jasmine is classified as moderate in the WUCOLS list (moderate range = 0.4 to 0.6) and a midrange ks value of 0.5 is assigned. Since the planting is mature it will be considered full canopy cover = 100%), and being of one vegetation type, it is classified as an average density and kd is 1.0. The microclimate is similar to reference evapo- transpiration conditions (full sun, open area, no ex- traordinary winds) and, therefore, is classified as average and kmc is 1.0. Case 2—A mixed planting of dwarf coyote brush, Pfitzer juniper, oleander, purple hopseed, and olive in an office park in Los Angeles. The planting is full, exposed to sun all day, but not to extraordinary winds. ks = 0.2 kd = 1.2 kmc = 1.0 KL = 0.2 x 1.2 x 1.0 = 0.24 Analysis: All species are classified as low in the WUCOLS list and are assigned a midrange value of 0.2. Canopy cover is 100%, and since all three vegetation types occur, this is classified as a high density planting and a kd value of 1.2 is assigned. The microclimate is average and a value of 1.0 is assigned. Case 3—A mature planting of rockrose, star jasmine, and dichondra in an amusement park in Sacramento. The planting is in full sun and atypical winds are infrequent. ks = 0.8 kd = 1.0 kmc = 1.0 KL = 0.8 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 0.8 Analysis: Species in this planting are in three dif- ferent WUCOLS categories: low (rockrose), mod- 23 ---PAGE BREAK--- erate (star jasmine), and high (dichondra). To main- tain the dichondra in good condition, a ks value of 0.8 is needed. This means, however, that both the rockrose and star jasmine will receive more water than they need. Obviously this is not a water-effi- cient planting. Both the density and microclimate conditions are average and were assigned values of 1.0. Case 4—A widely-spaced planting of camellia on a university campus in San Francisco. Canopy cover of the planting is 40% to 50%. A 4-inch mulch cov- ers the ground throughout the planting. It is in full sun and no extraordinary winds occur. ks = 0.5 kd = 0.5 kmc = 1.0 KL = 0.5 x 0.5 x 1.0 = 0.25 Analysis: Camellia is classified as moderate in the WUCOLS list and is assigned a midrange value of 0.5. This is a low density planting of a single spe- cies and a kd value of 0.5 is assigned. The microcli- mate is average and given a value of 1.0. Case 5—A planting of leatherleaf mahonia and Burford holly in an office park in Pasadena. The planting is full, but shaded in the afternoon by an adjacent building. The building also blocks after- noon winds typical for the area. ks = 0.5 kd = 1.0 kmc = 0.6 KL = 0.5 x 1.0 x 0.6 = 0.30 Analysis: Both species are classified as moderate in the WUCOLS list and are assigned a midrange value of 0.5. The canopy cover is full and since only one vegetation type occurs, it is classified as average density. Since the building shades the plant- ing and protects it from wind, the microclimate is low and a kmc value of 0.6 is assigned. Case 6—A mixed planting of sweetgum, Rhaphiolepis sp., Wheeler's dwarf pittosporum, Raywood ash, and English ivy at a zoo in San Diego. The planting is mature (canopy cover is 100%), in full sun, and ex- posed to continual strong winds not typical for the area windier than the reference ET location). ks = 0.5 kd = 1.2 kmc = 1.3 KL = 0.5 x 1.2 x 1.3 = 0.78 Analysis: All species in this planting are classified as moderate in the WUCOLS list and are assigned a midrange value of 0.5. Since the canopy cover is 100% and all three vegetation types occur, this is a high density planting and a kd of 1.2 is assigned. Since the site is atypically windy for the area, the microclimate is classified as high and a kmc of 1.3 is assigned. Case 7—A new planting of rockrose, manzanita, pink melaleuca, and bushy yate along a freeway in Monterey County. All plants are 5-gallon container stock, planted in full sun, and are not exposed to extraordinary winds. Canopy cover is 20 to 30%. A 4-inch layer of mulch covers the ground through- out the planting. ks = 0.2 kd = 0.5 kmc = 1.0 KL = 0.2 x 0.5 x 1.0 = 0.1 Analysis: All species in this planting are classified as low in the WUCOLS list and a midrange value of 0.2 is given. Since this is a new planting and canopy cover is not full, it is placed in a low density category and assigned a kd value of 0.5. The micro- 24 ---PAGE BREAK--- climate is average and assigned a value of 1.0. (See Chapter 8 for information on irrigating new plantings.) These field examples should provide an understand- ing of how values for each of the landscape coeffi- cient factors are assigned and used. In addition, an appreciation for the diversity of species, differences in vegetation density, and variation in microclimates which exist in landscapes should be realized. In many cases, there will be a different landscape co- efficient for each irrigation zone. For discussions of the following special planting cases, refer to Chapter 8: • New Plantings • Trees in Turf • Individual Specimens • Vines • Herbaceous Plants Landscapes vary considerably in species composition, vegetation density and microclimates. 25 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Chapter 4— Using the Landscape Coefficient to Estimate Landscape Evapotranspiration The landscape coefficient and reference evapotrans- piration now are used to estimate landscape evapo- transpiration for the plantings described in Chapter 3. This chapter completes the process used to produce estimates of landscape water loss. Sub- sequent chapters discuss how to use estimates of ETL to calculate total irrigation water needs and how to apply this information in landscape management programs. In Chapter 3, seven landscape planting cases were described and used for landscape coefficient calcu- lations. These cases will be used here to calculate landscape evapotranspiration with the ETL formula. The ETL formula was described in Chapter 2 and is presented here for quick reference: ETL = KL x ETo Landscape Evapotranspiration = Landscape Coefficient x Reference Evapotranspiration For each case, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values will be taken from Appendix A. All are nor- mal year average values for the month of July for the respective locations. Case 1— KL = 0.5 ETo for San Jose = 7.44 inches ETL = 0.5 x 7.44 = 3.72 inches Case 2— KL = 0.24 ETo for Los Angeles = 6.5 inches ETL = 0.24 x 6.5 = 1.56 inches Case 3— KL = 0.8 ETo for Sacramento = 8.6 inches ETL = 0.8 x 8.6 = 6.88 inches Case 4— KL = 0.25 ETo for San Francisco = 4.9 inches ETL = 0.25 x 4.9 = 1.22 inches Case 5— KL = 0.30 ETo for Pasadena = 7.4 inches ETL = 0.30 x 7.4 = 2.22 inches Case 6— KL = 0.78 ETo for San Diego = 5.8 inches ETL = 0.78 x 5.8 = 4.59 inches Case 7— KL = 0.1 ETo for Monterey = 5.5 inches ETL = 0.1 x 5.5 = 0.55 inches These calculations show that landscape irrigation water needs vary substantially. Estimates range from 0.55 inches to 6.88 inches—more than a 12-fold dif- ference. The two factors used to determine ETL, the land- scape coefficient and reference evapotranspiration, are solely responsible for producing these differ- ences in water loss estimates. For plantings in the same location where the same ETo values will be used), the differences will arise solely from the landscape coefficient. To produce useful estimates of water loss, therefore, it is important to carefully determine the value of KL. 27 ---PAGE BREAK--- Even though the ETL formula has given an estimate of water loss from a landscape, the total amount of irrigation water needed has not been determined. The total amount is calculated from two factors: ETL and irrigation efficiency. The following chapter dis- cusses irrigation efficiency and shows how it is used to determine the total amount of water to apply. 28 ---PAGE BREAK--- Not all water applied to landscapes is used by plants. Some is lost due to runoff, or deep percolation. Irrigation efficiency losses need to be included in water budget calculations. Chapter 5— Irrigation Efficiency and Calculating the Total Amount of Water to Apply The first four chapters have described the process for estimating plant water needs. To calculate the total amount of water to apply, irrigation efficiency needs to be addressed. This chapter introduces the formula for calculating total water needs and dis- cusses the irrigation efficiency factor. How this information applies to irrigation management is dis- cussed in Chapter 6. The ETL formula calculates the amount of irriga- tion water needed to meet the needs of plants. This is not the total amount of water needed to apply, however. Since every irrigation system is ineffi- cient to some degree, the landscape will require water in excess of that estimated by ETL. In this chapter, irrigation efficiency will be discussed and then used to calculate the total amount of water to apply. Irrigation Efficiency Efficiency can be defined as the beneficial use of applied water (by plants). The following formula is used to calculate irrigation efficiency: Irrigation Efficiency = Beneficially Used Water x 100 Total Water Applied An efficiency of 100% would mean that all applied water was used by the planting. This rarely occurs. Consequently, irrigation efficiency is less than 100% in virtually all cases and additional water should be applied to account for efficiency losses. A determination of irrigation efficiency (IE) for landscape plantings is challenging. As yet, a stan- dard method has not been established. The approach used for turf irrigation, distribution uniformity (DU), is not appropriate for most landscape plantings. Three approaches are considered here: calculation, estimation, and goal setting. Each method has sig- nificant limitations, and are presented here only as possible options to consider. 29 ---PAGE BREAK--- Estimation In cases where the total water applied cannot be measured, then irrigation efficiency may be esti- mated. Estimates are based on an assessment of the design and performance of the irrigation system. A system which is well designed and operated can have an efficiency range of 80% to 90%. Poorly designed and operated systems may have efficiencies of less than 50%. A representative range of efficiencies for landscape systems is proposed here to be from 65% to 90%. Estimating is a subjective process where two assess- ments of the same system can vary widely. The utility of an estimate will be related to the knowl- edge and experience of the estimator. Goal Setting Irrigation efficiency values may also be based on a design and/or management goal. For instance, a new landscape may be designed to achieve an irrigation efficiency of 90%. Or, an existing landscape may be managed to achieve an irrigation efficiency of 85%. Both values represent efficiency goals. These efficiency values are then used to estimate the total water needed to achieve the goal. This approach is useful for water budgeting purposes, but does not provide a useful estimate of actual system perfor- mance. All three of these methods are highly approximate. Until a standard method of measuring landscape ir- rigation efficiency is determined, however, they pro- vide some guidance. Calculation To calculate irrigation efficiency, values for ETL and TWA are needed. In landscapes, beneficially used water is the equivalent of ETL (the amount of water estimated to be needed by a planting). This is cal- culated as described in Chapter 4. The total water applied can be determined by operating an irriga- tion system for a scheduled cycle and measuring the total water used (usually read from a water meter). The following example shows a typical calculation: ETL = 4 inches (calculated using the ETL formula) TWA = 5 inches (measured) IE = ETL x 100 = 80% TWA In the above example, the system has an 80% effi- ciency, or 8 out of every 10 gallons of applied water is used beneficially by the planting. Two gallons are lost, perhaps to runoff, evaporation, leakage, or wind spray. To supply 8 gallons of water means that a total of 10 gallons needs to be applied. This approach has limited application for two rea- sons: 1. it requires a water meter to measure the amount of water applied, and 2. it may include efficiency losses associated with poor scheduling. It assumes that applied water is close to optimum for the landscape plants and the system operating capabilities. It may be, however, that inefficiencies are linked to the operating schedule. For example, the irrigation duration may be too long for the plant- ing. 30 ---PAGE BREAK--- Total Water Applied Regardless of the method used to determine irriga- tion efficiency, the total amount of water needed for a landscape planting is calculated using the follow- ing formula: TWA = ETL IE Total Water Applied = Landscape Evapotranspiration Irrigation Efficiency The following are examples of calculations using irrigation efficiency and landscape evapotranspira- tion to determine the total water to apply. The first three cases presented in Chapters 3 and 4 will be used. An irrigation efficiency value of 70% is as- signed for each case. Case 1— ETL = 3.72 inches IE = 70% or 0.7 TWA = 3.72 = 5.31 inches 0.7 (see Case 1 in Chapter 4) Case 2— ETL = 1.56 inches IE = 70% or 0.7 TWA = 1.56 = 2.22 inches 0.7 Case 3— ETL = 6.88 inches IE = 70% or 0.7 TWA = 6.88 = 9.8 inches 0.7 It is clear from these calculations that irrigation ef- ficiency plays a very large role in determining the total amount of water to apply. Water added to ac- count for efficiency losses ranges from 0.67 inches to 2.88 inches. If the efficiency of the system is greater or less than 70%, the total water applied will vary accordingly. The magnitude of this effect can be seen in the fol- lowing calculations where IE values from 30% to 90% are used. The ETL value from the first sample calculation (3.72 inches) is used in each case. @ 30% IE, TWA = 3.72 = 12.4 inches 0.3 @ 60% IE, TWA = 3.72 = 6.2 inches 0.6 @ 90% IE, TWA = 3.72 = 4.1 inches 0.9 These calculations indicate that for the same land- scape plants, at the same location, and under identi- cal environmental conditions, the total amount of water applied varies from 4.1 inches to 12.4 inches, due solely to irrigation efficiency differences. Clearly, the IE factor needs to be addressed very carefully when planning and managing landscapes. 31 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Chapter 6— Putting It All Together: A Worksheet for Calculations Chapters 1 through 5 have introduced a number of formulas and numbers that are used to estimate land- scape water needs. This chapter puts all the equa- tions together to show the calculation process. Sub- sequent chapters discuss considerations for apply- ing estimates and special planting situations. Three steps are needed to estimate irrigation water needs of a planting: 1. calculate the landscape coefficient, 2. calculate landscape evapotranspiration, and 3. calculate the total water applied. These steps are combined in a worksheet format on the following page. After the worksheet, an example is given to show how it is used, followed by a dis- cussion of converting units from inches of water to gallons. Converting Inches to Gallons Landscape evapotranspiration (ETL) and total water applied (TWA) values have been given in units of inches. Frequently, it is of interest to know how many gallons of water are needed. Inches of water can be converted to gallons by using: 1) a conversion factor, and 2) a measure of the area to be irrigated. 1) The conversion factor, 0.62, can be used to convert inches-of-water-per-square-foot to gal- lons. A volume that is one-foot long, one-foot wide, and one-inch deep contains 0.62 gallons of water. This means that there are 0.62 gal- lons of water in a square-foot-inch. (There are 325,851 gallons in an acre-foot of water.) 2) The area to be irrigated needs to be measured. To use the conversion factor, units of square- feet are required. With the area and the conversion factor, gallons of water can be calculated using the following for- mula: Estimated water in gallons = estimated water in inches x area (square feet) x 0.62 Example: It was determined that 2.11 inches of water was needed for a groundcover planting. Let’s say the planting covers 5,000 square feet. To convert inches to gallons: Gallons = 2.11 inches x 5,000 sq. ft. x 0.62 = 6,541 It is estimated that 6,541 gallons of water are needed to maintain the 5,000 square feet of groundcover. 33 ---PAGE BREAK--- Worksheet for Estimating Landscape Water Needs Step 1: Calculate the Landscape Coefficient (KL) KL formula: KL = ks x kd x kmc ks = species factor kd = density factor kmc = microclimate factor ks = (range = 0.1-0.9) (see WUCOLS list for values) kd = (range = 0.5-1.3) (see Chapter 2) kmc = (range = 0.5-1.4) (see Chapter 2) KL = x x = . (ks) (kd) (kmc) Step 2. Calculate Landscape Evapotranspiration (ETL) ETL formula: ETL = KL x ETo KL = landscape coefficient ETo = reference evapotranspiration KL = (calculated in Step 1) ETo = inches (listed in Appendix A for month and location) ETL = x = inches. (KL) (ETo) Step 3. Calculate the Total Water to Apply (TWA) TWA formula: TWA = ETL ETL = landscape evapotranspiration IE IE = irrigation efficiency ETL = (calculated in Step 2) IE = (measured, estimated, or set) (see Chapter 5) TWA = ETL = inches IE 34 ---PAGE BREAK--- Worksheet Example A landscape manager in San Bernardino is inter- ested in estimating water requirements for a large planting of African daisy (Osteospermum fruticosum) for the month of July. The planting is in an open area and is not exposed to extraordinary winds for the area. The manager estimates that irri- gation efficiency is 70% and, using the work-sheet, follows the three steps (see below). The landscape manager has estimated that the groundcover will need 2.11 inches of water for the month of July. Using this estimate, the manager can develop an irrigation schedule. Other factors may need to be considered before deciding if this estimate is appropriate for the planting. Chapter 7 addresses these considerations. Step 1. KL = ks x kd x kmc ks = 0.2 (from WUCOLS list) kd = 1.0 (complete canopy cover and one vegetation type) kmc = 1.0 (open area, no extraordinary winds) KL = 0.2 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 0.2 Step 2. ETL = KL x ETo KL = 0.2 (from Step 1) ETo = 7.4 inches (for July in San Bernardino) (see Appendix A) ETL = 0.2 x 7.4 = 1.48 inches Step 3. TWA = ETL IE ETL = 1.48 inches (from Step 2) IE = 0.7 (70% irrigation efficiency estimated by landscape manager) TWA = 1.48 inches = 2.11 inches 0.7 (To convert 2.11 inches of water to gallons, see "Inches to Gallons".) 35 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Chapter 7— Using Water Estimates in Landscape Planning and Management Before water needs estimates are used for landscape planning and management purposes, a few points need to be considered. In Chapter 7, five special topics which are relevant to using estimates are ad- dressed. The following chapter discusses some spe- cial planting situations. The previous chapters have described how to esti- mate irrigation water needs for landscape plantings. These estimates can be used in landscape planning and management to: • develop water budgets for planned or existing landscapes, • assist in the design of landscapes to meet irriga- tion goals, • assist in designing and managing effective hydrozones, • help in the determination of irrigation system ef- ficiency along with measurements of total water use), and • serve as an auditing tool by providing assessments of the amount of water landscapes need compared to that actually being used. When using landscape water estimates for these purposes, however, a few considerations are impor- tant to note. These are discussed briefly under the following special topics headings. Field Adjustments The landscape coefficient method provides esti- mates of water needs, not exact values. Conse- quently, adjustments likely are needed in the field. If plants are showing signs of water stress, then an upward adjustment will be needed. Conversely, when it appears that too much water is being ap- plied, then a downward adjustment is warranted. It is strongly recommended that when irrigation wa- ter estimates are implemented in the field that they be followed by careful monitoring. Irrigation Schedules An estimate of water needs is the first step in devel- oping an irrigation schedule. Irrigation frequency, duration, and cycles also need to be determined to create a schedule. These are determined from the soil infiltration rate, rooting depth, sprinkler appli- cation rate, allowable depletion amounts, and soil water holding capacity. Each of these factors needs to be evaluated to determine how frequently to irri- gate, how long to irrigate at any one time, and how many irrigation cycles are needed. Soil Evaporation Water loss may occur from the soil as well as from plants. This is most common when ground shading is less than 100% and a mulch is not present. The rate of evaporative water loss from soils depends on soil wetness, texture, structure, and density. When soil evaporation contributes to landscape water losses, water estimates should be increased by 10% to 20%. With sufficient mulching, how- ever, bare soil surfaces will not be a source of water loss. 37 ---PAGE BREAK--- When irrigating with reclaimed water, planners and managers will need to monitor water quality. When irrigating with low quality reclaimed water, upward adjust- ments in water budgets may be needed to reduce the potential of plant injury. Salts and Leaching Fractions When soil salt concentrations are sufficiently high to cause plant injury, the application of water in excess of that needed to meet plant needs is neces- sary. This process is called “leaching” and the per- centage of applied water used to move salts below the root zone is called the “leaching fraction”. For example, if 100 gallons of water is applied, and 25 gallons percolated below the root zone to remove salts, this would be a 25% leaching fraction. The leaching fraction needed for a landscape will de- pend on soil salt concentrations, tolerable levels, depth of the root zone, and soil physical properties. To determine an appropriate leaching fraction, it is recommended that managers consult with a quali- fied soil laboratory. The leaching fraction will add water to that needed for plants (ETL), and the total water applied (TWA) will increase. Reclaimed Water The use of reclaimed water in landscape irrigation is becoming more common. Reclaimed water var- ies in quality, however, depending on the source and treatment process. Some reclaimed water is of high quality with little potential to injure plants. In other cases, reclaimed water may be of low quality, containing injurious levels of salts or specific ele- ments. When irrigating with reclaimed water, plan- ners and managers will need to assess and monitor water quality. Some upward adjustments in water estimates may be needed to reduce plant injury po- tential with low quality water. Consult a qualified laboratory when making such adjustments. 38 ---PAGE BREAK--- Chapter 8— Special Planting Situations Although the application of the landscape coeffi- cient method has been described for many landscape cases, there are some special planting situations that require further consideration. These cases are de- scribed in Chapter 8. This concludes the process of making water needs estimates for landscape plantings. Remember, the appendices contain im- portant reference informa- tion to use in calculations. New plantings, trees in turf, individual plants, vines, and herbaceous plants represent special cases which require further consideration in making water needs estimates. All are common elements of landscapes. New Plantings In terms of irrigation wa- ter needs, the key differ- ences between new and mature plantings are in density factor assignments and irrigation efficiency. Typically, canopy cover is substantially less in a new planting and the low- est kd value, 0.5, is appropriate. Irrigation efficiency is also typically low for new plantings. A landscape coefficient (KL) calculation for a new planting was made in “Using the Landscape Coef- ficient Formula” (Chapter 3, example In the ex- ample, a kd value of 0.5 was used which produced a KL of 0.1 (ks = 0.2, kmc = 1.0). Based on experience, it may be thought that irrigat- ing a new planting at one tenth of reference evapo- transpiration is insufficient. Generally, landscape managers believe that new plantings need even more water than mature plantings. When irrigation effi- ciency (IE) is considered, however, the amount of water needed increases substantially. Indeed, it is because of very low efficiencies when irrigating new plantings that the total amount of water is much greater than that needed solely for the plants. A sample calculation helps to show the role of irri- gation efficiency in new planting irrigation. Using example 7, ETL = 0.1 for a new planting in Monterey New landscape plantings require special consideration. The actual amount of water needed to maintain health and appearance in new plants is lower than that needed for established plantings (mainly because the density factor is low). However, irrigation efficiency losses are usually very high in new plantings, and the total amount of water needed may be equivalent to that of established plantings. 39 ---PAGE BREAK--- The water needs of most tree species planted in turf are generally met by the relatively high water needs of turf. Trees with relatively high water needs, such as these white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), should be used in turf areas. County in July. The total amount of water needed is calculated using the TWA formula: TWA = ETL IE Selecting an irrigation efficiency of 10%, TWA = 0.1 = 1.0 inch 0.1 Ten times more water needs to be applied than that actually needed for the plants. This is based on a 10% irrigation efficiency for a new planting which is sprinkler irrigated. An IE of 10% is reasonable because most of the root mass of new plantings is confined to the rootball, with available water con- sisting of only that held in the rootball and, in some cases, a small volume of adjacent soil. Sprinklers deliver water to the entire planted area, not just the rootballs, so much of the water falls outside the us- able area. For instance, in a planting area of 100 sq. ft., only 10 sq. ft. may be occupied by rootball. Thus, if wa- ter is distributed uniformly, only 10% of the water applied falls in the root zone, which produces a 10% irrigation efficiency. Irrigation efficiencies for some new plantings may be even less than 10%. If a planting is sparse and root zone occupies less than 10% of the irrigated area, and/or some of the water that lands on the rootball is lost to evaporation, percolation, or run- off, then IE may be less than 10%. As roots develop into the adjacent soil, however, irrigation efficiency increases rapidly. For instance, if after one year, roots have developed into the ad- jacent soil to the point that half the planting area has some root mass, then water landing on half the area potentially may be absorbed by plants. In this case, irrigation efficiency has increased 5-fold to 50% (assuming no loss from runoff, evaporation, etc.). It should be recognized that sprinkler irrigation of new plantings of container grown plants) is not efficient. Other methods should be considered for water conservation purposes. Drip systems de- liver water directly to rootballs and, therefore, have higher efficiency. Potentially, hand watering is also more water efficient than sprinkler irrigation, pro- vided it is done carefully. 40 ---PAGE BREAK--- In times when the water supply for turf becomes restricted drought years), the water needs of trees in turf may not be met. These white birch (Betula pendula) died when water was withdrawn from the turf during a drought year. Notice that the juniper (Juniperus sp.) were not injured. As root development increases into the adjacent soil, sprinkler irrigation efficiency increases, while drip irrigation efficiency may actually decrease if emit- ters are not moved or supplemented to supply the larger root zone. Dual systems of both drip emit- ters and sprinklers may have the greatest potential for maximizing efficiency for new and developing plantings: the drip system being used for the new planting and the sprinklers employed once the root system has developed. Trees in Turf The water needs of most tree species planted in turf are generally met by the relatively high water needs of turf. Turf crop coefficients range from 0.6 (warm season species) to 0.8 (cool season species). This range is sufficient to satisfy the needs of all trees in the moderate, low, and very low WUCOLS catego- ries. Trees in the high category may need supple- mental water, particularly if they are planted in warm season turf. Trees in cool season turf are not likely to need supplemental water. Aside from meeting total water needs, some other factors need to be considered regarding trees in turf: 1. Species Selection. Not all tree species can be expected to perform well in turf. Species in the low and very low WUCOLS categories may be injured or killed by turf irrigation. Many spe- cies are adapted to dry summer conditions oak species) and frequent irrigations associated with turf may result in root injury, typically from disease or poor aeration. Species selection is very important. When specifying trees in turf, species should be limited largely to those clas- sified as “high” on the WUCOLS list. Species from the “moderate” category may be used in some cases, but there will be a greater potential for injury. 2. New Turf Around Established Trees. When new turf (and associated irrigation) is installed around established trees, precautions are needed to avoid injury to the trees. This is particularly the case for trees that were not formerly irri- gated. By supplying water to the root zone of established trees the potential for injury from disease or poor aeration increases substantially. Certain species oaks) are more sensitive to such changes than other species. The root crown area is particularly sensitive and needs 41 ---PAGE BREAK--- special consideration. To help ensure the sur- vival of both the turf and trees in this situation, it is recommended that a certified arborist be consulted. 3. Drought Years. In times when the water supply for turf becomes restricted drought years), the water needs of trees in turf may not be met. During previous droughts in California, many trees in turf areas were severely injured or killed when water was withheld from turf. Frequently, the turf recovers when irrigation resumes, but the trees do not. It is very important to provide water directly to trees during such times. 4. Newly-Planted Trees. Water supplied to meet turf needs is often not sufficient for newly planted trees in turf. Although turf irrigation is likely sufficient for most species once estab- lished, newly planted trees have special require- ments. In most cases after planting, the roots of new trees are confined to the rootball, or a rela- tively small volume of soil. Much of the water supplied in turf irrigation (typically via sprin- klers) does not rewet the rootball sufficiently. It is only the water that lands on the rootball that can be absorbed, and in most cases this is not adequate to meet the needs of the tree. As a result, many trees are very slow to develop in turf, and some are injured or killed. Supple- mental water (delivered manually or by drip sys- tems) are strongly recommended for trees in turf. In addition to special water needs, newly planted trees in turf also may be inhibited biologically by the turf. This is an effect known as “allel- opathy,” where one plant inhibits the develop- ment of another by the release of phytotoxic ma- terials from its roots. Turf species are recog- nized as having allelopathic effects on young trees and, therefore, an area (2 ft. radius) around newly planted trees should be kept turf-free. Ideally mulch is applied to the soil surface in the turf-free zone to reduce evaporation and minimize the potential for mower or trimmer in- jury. 5. Shallow Rooting and Turf irriga- tion typically supplies water to the surface 3 to 6 inches of soil, the active root zone for most turf species. Consequently, turf irrigations are relatively shallow and frequent when com- pared to tree irrigation depths of 1 to 3 ft.). As a result, tree roots in turf areas tend to develop close to the soil surface. There has been some concern regarding the potential for reduced an- chorage associated with shallow root systems of trees in turf. It is thought that large trees may have a higher potential for Although this occurrence has been observed, there is no documentation to show that the potential for tree is higher in turf than elsewhere. Nev- ertheless, it is generally held that deep irriga- tions for trees in turf are beneficial. They not only increase the potential for root development deeper in the soil profile, but they also increase the size of the soil volume from which roots can extract water. Individual Plants To this point, the landscape coefficient method has been used to estimate water needs of plantings groups of plants). It also can be used to estimate water needs of individual plants. The three factors (species, density, and microclimate) are used to de- termine a landscape coefficient as before. A few 42 ---PAGE BREAK--- considerations apply for individual plants, however, and they are discussed for shrubs and trees sepa- rately. Shrubs ks: Species factor values are found in the WUCOLS list. kd: For most shrubs, an average density factor of 1.0 will be appropriate. For very large shrubs, an upward adjustment to 1.1 may be warranted. kmc: In most cases, the microclimate factor would be assigned as discussed in Chapter 2. Trees ks: Species factor values are found in the WUCOLS list. kd: For small trees 15 feet tall), an average density factor of 1.0 would be appropriate. For larger trees, an upward adjustment to 1.1 or 1.2 accounts for the increase in leaf area found in many canopies. kmc: In most cases, the microclimate factor would be assigned as discussed in Chapter 2. For large trees, however, an upward adjustment to 1.2 or 1.3 to account for wind flow through the canopy may be appropriate. Example: The urban forester for the city of Modesto is interested in estimating water needs for a large Modesto ash tree located in a downtown city plaza for the month of July. First, the forester needs to assign values for each of the landscape coefficient factors. In the WUCOLS list Fraxinus velutina ‘Modesto’ is classified as “moderate” with a ks value of 0.4. Since this is a large, dense tree, the forester uses a density factor value of 1.1. The microclimate in the plaza war- rants a “high” microclimate factor value. In addi- tion, the forester wants to adjust for wind flow through the canopy since no trees or buildings are nearby to attenuate the wind. The forester selects a kmc value of 1.5. Using these values, a calculation of the landscape coefficient can be made. KL = ks x kd x kmc KL = 0.4 x 1.1 x 1.5 = 0.66 Water needs for individual trees or shcubs can be estimated using the landscape coefficient method. Species, density and microcli- mate factors all need to be considered. 43 ---PAGE BREAK--- With the landscape coefficient calculated, the land- scape evapotranspiration formula is used to calcu- late ETL: ETL = KL x ETo KL = 0.66 ETo = 8.0 inches (for July in Modesto) ETL = 0.66 x 8.0 inches = 5.28 inches The urban forester has estimated that the tree needs 5.28 inches of water for the month of July to main- tain good appearance, health, and growth. A fur- ther adjustment to this value is needed to account for irrigation efficiency (see Chapter An alternative method for estimating water loss from an individual tree is described in Lindsey and Bassuk (1991). This method uses leaf area index (LAI) to account for density differences in tree canopies. Vines Vines occur in many landscapes and need to be con- sidered in water loss estimates. Vines can contrib- ute substantial leaf area to a planting whether they occur on walls, trellises, ar- bors, poles, or on the ground. Water needs evalu- ations for many vine species are included in the WUCOLS list. Although the microclimate factor (kmc) will not be affected by the presence of vines, the density factor (kd) is af- fected. Vines add another vegetation type or tier (in some cases) to a landscape and, therefore, increase the vegetation density. They also may contribute to canopy cover. Upward adjustments in kd are likely needed when vines are present. These can range from small increases (0.1) to large (0.3) depending on the amount of vegetation (leaf area) added. Annuals Estimates of water needs for plantings of annual species can be made using the landscape coefficient formula. As for woody plantings, values for KL and ETo are needed. ETo values are obtained as de- scribed previously, while KL needs to be calculated from the three factors, ks, kd, and kmc. The micro- climate factor, kmc, is determined as before, and kd will range from 0.5 to 1.0 depending on the fullness of the plantings. The species factor, ks, is more dif- ficult to determine as many species are not included in the WUCOLS list. Generally, the water require- ments of annual plants are relatively high and a ks range of 0.4 to 0.8 is suggested for most species. By assigning values for ks, kd, and kmc, the land- scape coefficient, KL, can be calculated and an esti- mate of water needs (ETL) is determined. A species factor range of 0.4 to 0.8 is suggested to be appropriate for most annual species. 44 ---PAGE BREAK--- Part 2 WUCOLS III* 1999 Edition L. R. Costello University of California Cooperative Extension K.S. Jones University of California Cooperative Extension *WUCOLS is the acronym for Water Use Classification of Landscape Species. The WUCOLS list is intended solely as a guide to help landscape professionals identify irrigation water needs of landscape species. It can be used either for the selection of species or to assist in developing irrigation schedules for existing landscapes. It is not intended to be used as a “required,” “mandatory,” “approved,” or “master” list by local, regional, or statewide governments, govern- ment agencies, or water authorities for the selection of plant species. This list should not be used in part or in entirety to restrict species selection only to those species listed here. In addition, the evaluations of irrigation water requirements presented here should not be considered absolute and are not intended to be used as such, i.e., the user is not “required” to use these evalua- tions. This is a guide to species water needs. 45 ---PAGE BREAK--- PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Project Leader L. R. Costello, Environmental Horticulture Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension San Mateo and San Francisco Counties Project Coordinator K. S. Jones, Horticulture Associate University of California Cooperative Extension San Mateo and San Francisco Counties REGIONAL COMMITTEES North-Central Coast Barrie D. Coate, Horticultural Consultant—Barrie D. Coate & Associates, Los Gatos, 1992, 1994,1999* Laurence R. Costello, Horticulture Advisor—UC Cooperative Extension, San Mateo and San Francisco Counties 1992, 1994, 1999 Katherine S. Jones, Horticulture Associate—UC Cooperative Extension, San Mateo and San Francisco Counties 1992, 1994, 1999 James MacNair, Horticultural Consultant—MacNair & Associates, Glen Ellen, 1992, 1994, 1999 Nelda Matheny, Horticultural Consultant—Hort Science, Inc., Pleasanton 1992 John Meserve, Horticultural Consultant—Santa Rosa, 1999 Tony Norris, Parks and Landscaping Superintendant—City of Richmond, 1999 Linda Novy, President & C.E.O.—Gardener's Guild, Inc., San Rafael, 1992 Richard Sealana, Land Management Consultant—Sealana Associates, Fremont, 1992, 1994, 1999 Dan Sheehy, Area Manager—Cagwin & Dorward, Inc., Novato 1992, 1994, 1999 M. Nevin Smith—Suncrest Nurseries, Watsonville, 1999 Central Valley Fred Allen, Landscape Architect—City of Modesto, 1992 Ralph Carhart, Landscape Architect—CalTrans, Division of Maintenance, Sacramento 1992 Ann Chandler, Owner—Cornflower Farms Nursery, Elk Grove 1992 Pam Elam Geisel, Farm Advisor—UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno County,1992, 1994, 1999 Larry Fitzgerald, former Container Production Manager—Oki Nursery, Sacramento, 1992 Gary Hickman, Farm Advisor—UC Cooperative Extension, San Joaquin County, 1992, 1999 Martin Hildebrandt—Scenic Nursery, Modesto, 1999 Ed Perry, Farm Advisor—UC Cooperative Extension, Stanislaus County, 1992, 1994, 1999 Lance Walheim, Horticultural Consultant—Exeter, 1992 South Coastal Randy Baldwin, General Manager—San Marcos Growers, Santa Barbara, 1992, 1994 Jeff Cope—City of Santa Barbara, 1999 Drake, Horticultural Consultant—San Diego, 1999 Scott Molentin, Landscape Architect—Estrada Land Planning, San Diego, 1992, 1994 ,1995 Wesley A. Humphrey, Horticultural Consultant—Fallbrook, 1992, 1994, 1999 Frederick M. Lang, Landscape Architect—South Laguna,1992 Lynn Ocone, Garden Writer—Sunset Magazine, Los Angeles 1992 Rick Mosbaugh, President—Statice Landscape Inc., Los Angeles 1992, 1994 Ray Sodomka, Owner—Turk Hesselund Nursery, Montecito, 1992, 1994, 1999 Tom Larson—Integrated Urban Forestry, Laguna Hills, 1992, 1994, 1999 South Inland Mike Evans, Partner—Tree of Life Nursery, San Juan Capistrano 1992, 1994 Michael MacCaskey, Garden Writer—Sunset Magazine, Los Angeles, 1992 L. K. Smith, Landscape Architect—Newbury Park, 1992, 1994, 1995 Kenneth K. Kammeyer, Landscape Architect—Kammeyer & Associates, Corona ,1992, 1994, 1999 High & Low Desert Ronald L. Baetz, Administrative Services Officer—Desert Water Agency, Palm Springs, 1992 Jerry Clark, Landscape Architect—City of Palm Desert ,1999 William Deady, Horticultural Consultant—Morongo Valley, 1992, 1994 David Harbison, Water Management Specialist—Coachella Valley Water District, Coachella, 1992, 1994, 1999 Eric Johnson, Desert Landscape Consultant—Palm Desert, 1992, 1994 Bob Perry, Landscape Architect—Claremont ,1992, 1994, 1999 Ruth Watling, Horticultural Consultant—Mountain Center, 1999 * Year(s) of participation on WUCOLS Committee 46 ---PAGE BREAK--- REGIONAL COMMITTEES Front: B. Coate, R. Sealana Back: R. Carhart, G. Hickman, J. MacNair, K. Jones, D. Sheehy, N. Matheny, L. Walheim, P. Geisel, E. Perry, F. Allen, A. Chandler, L. Novy, L. Fitzgerald, L. Costello Front and kneeling: F. Lang, K. Smith, T. Larson, R. Perry, L. Ocone, L. Costello Back: W. Humphrey, S. Molentin, R. Sodomka, K. Smith, M. MacCaskey, M. Evans, R. Baldwin Left to right: R. Perry, E. Johnson, W. Deady, K. Jones, R. Baetz, D. Harbison 1998 Front: R. Sealana, K. Jones Back: L. Costello, J. MacNair, J. Meserve, M. Hildebrandt, G. Hickman, N. Smith, P. Geisel, E. Perry Absent from photo: B. Coate, T. Norris, D. Sheehy Left to right: R. Watling, K. Jones, W. Humphrey, C. Drake, R. Perry, J. Cope, K. Smith, D. Harbison, R. Sodomka, J. Clark, L. Costello, S. Molentin, K. Kammeyer 1992 47 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Introduction Water conservation is an essential consideration in the design and management of California land- scapes. Effective strategies that increase water use efficiency need to be identified and implemented. One key strategy to increase efficiency is that of matching water supply to plant needs. By supply- ing only the amount of water needed to maintain landscape health and appearance, unnecessary ap- plications that exceed plant needs can be avoided. To do so, however, requires some knowledge of species needs. This Guide provides irrigation water needs evalua- tions for over 1,900 species used in California land- scapes. It is based on the observations and field experience of 41 knowledgeable landscape horti- culturists in California (see list of Regional Com- mittees). It was developed to provide guidance in the selection and maintenance of plants based on irrigation water needs. Specifically, it can be used to: • assist landscape architects, designers, and plan- ners in selecting plants for water efficient land- scapes, • assist landscape managers in evaluating water needs of existing plantings and in creating irriga- tion schedules that match species needs, • provide options for landscape managers who wish to create hydrozones, i.e., to change species com- position to reduce wide variations in water needs within plantings, and • provide a basis for estimating water needs for new landscapes. The project was initiated and funded by the Water Use Efficiency Office of the California Department of Water Resources. Work was directed by the Uni- versity of California Cooperative Extension (San Francisco and San Mateo County office). The first edition of the Guide was completed in 1992. A sec- ond edition was published in 1994, and this third edition was completed in 1999. In each edition, ad- ditional species evaluations have been included. The third edition was funded by the U.S. Bureau of Rec- lamation. The WUCOLS guide provides water needs evaluations for over 1900 species. Plants can be selected according to their water needs and grouped into water conserving hydrozones. 49 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Getting Started If you are using the Guide for the first time, we sug- gest you begin by reading the following sections on “Categories of Water Needs”, “Standard Condi- tions”, “Plant Types”, and “Regions”. These sec- tions contain background information which is needed to use the Guide effectively. If you have used the Guide before, and are familiar with the terms and the evaluation process, proceed directly to “Species Evaluations,” page 62. Be ad- vised, however, that new information has been in- troduced in WUCOLS III. The following will help you locate information on important topics. What does High, Moderate, Low and Very Low mean? See “Categories of Water Needs,” page 52. What are Standard Conditions? See “Standard Conditions,” page 53. What is meant by Plant Types ? See “Plant Types,” page 55. What is meant by Regions? See “Regions,” page 56. How do I calculate the right amount of irrigation water to apply? See “Part 1” of this guide. Is there more to know? See “Other Important Information About the Guide,” page 59 and “Appendix B, Invasive Species,” page 143. Cotinus smoke tree, Low 51 ---PAGE BREAK--- Categories of Water Needs The key question addressed by WUCOLS commit- tee members was the following: In order to be maintained in good condition, in the region of California being considered, and under the standard conditions outlined, does the species need high, moderate, low, or very low amounts of irrigation water? This question served as the starting point for the evaluation process. After defining the terms “Re- gions” and “Standard Conditions” (see following sections), species were evaluated as needing High, Moderate, Low, and Very Low amounts of irriga- tion water. Expressed as a percentage of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), these categories were quantitatively defined as follows: High = 70 - 90% ETo Moderate = 40 - 60% ETo Low = 10 - 30% ETo Very Low (VL) = <10% ETo Water needs categories assigned for each species were determined by consensus of the committee. Assignments were made for each of six regions. When disagreements occurred, the higher water need category was assigned. For example, if some evalu- ators thought the species needed a “moderate” rank- ing, while others thought “low” was appropriate, then the “moderate” assignment was used. Species assigned to the Very Low (VL) category were considered to need little or no irrigation dur- ing years of average rainfall. If the committee did not have experience growing the species in the region, a question mark was assigned. This does not imply that a species should not be tried. If the species was considered inappropriate for the region, a forward slash ( / ) was assigned. Using ETo percentages, calculations of irrigation water requirements can be made. For example, a species assigned to the moderate category is evaluated as needing between 40% and 60% of ref- erence evapotranspiration to be maintained in good condition. Say, for the month of July, ETo is 6 inches, then the species needs between 2.4 inches and 3.6 inches of irrigation water for the month. For more information on calculating water requirements for landscapes, see Part 1. The following examples show how Categories of Water Needs are used. Evaluations for Acer • Regions 1 and (moderate)…....irrigate at 40-60% of ETo • Regions 2 and (high).…………irrigate at 70-90% of ETo • Regions 5 and / (not appropriate) Evaluations for Acacia smallii: • Regions 1, 2 and / (not appropriate) • Region (very low)…. little or no irrigation needed • Regions 4 and 6.….L (low).……........irrigate at 10-30% of ETo 52 ---PAGE BREAK--- Evaluations for Zexmenia hispida: • Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and committee mem- bers did not know species water needs NOTES: 1. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is defined in “Standard Conditions.” 2. Cases where there are question marks in several regions usually indicate plants that are new to the nursery trade in California. Consult horti- cultural literature for more information about spe- cies water needs. It is helpful to look at all the evaluations for each species, for all six regions) to get a general assessment of species needs. If there is variation among regions for a species, looking at all evalua- tions for the species can help you select an irriga- tion level at the high or low end of the category's range. Standard Conditions The following conditions were applied to all spe- cies evaluations. Established Plants Species irrigation water needs are assessed for plants that have become “established” in the landscape. “Established” meaning that substantial root devel- opment has occurred in the landscape soil adjacent to the rootball. The landscape soil becomes the prin- cipal source of water for established plants rather than the rootball soil. The time for establishment varies among species and with soil conditions, but generally occurs by the second or third year after planting. After establishment, roots of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, etc., become intertwined in the soil, creating a common rootzone. Reference Evapotranspiration Conditions (ETo) ETo is defined as water loss from a large field of 4-to-7-inch-tall, cool-season grass that is not water stressed. Although ETo can be measured directly, it is usually calculated from weather data. Daily ETo information for many regions of the state is avail- able through the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). Evaluations are made for site conditions equivalent to those used for ETo measurements, i.e., full sun, no extraordinary winds, no shading from nearby structures or plants, and no heat inputs from nearby sources such as buildings, pavements, or reflective surfaces. As an exception, Cerastium tomentosum, snow in summer, Medium 53 ---PAGE BREAK--- shade-requiring species Japanese aucuba) are evaluated for shade conditions. Shade species are considered to be those plants which when exposed to full sun for some part of the day will show vis- ible injury. Since species vary in their shade re- quirements (for example, all day versus afternoon shade), any species requiring some shade to avoid injury (in the region) is evaluated for shade. See “Appendix D, Additional Resources,” for in- formation on how to obtain CIMIS data. Good Quality Plant performance can vary substantially depend- ing on the amount of water supplied. Small amounts may simply prevent the dehydration of plant tissues, but appearance is likely to be affected. Increasing amounts may improve appearance (leaf color, canopy density or fullness), but may not be enough to promote growth. More water may be sufficient to maintain good appearance and support typical (average) growth for the species (and flower or fruit production if desired). Still more water may result in excessive growth; while more water may cause decline (typically from root disease) in certain spe- cies. Since both appearance and some growth (not excessive) are important in most landscapes, evalu- ations were made to provide sufficient water for the species to be maintained as such, i.e., in good con- dition. This is somewhat difficult to evaluate pre- cisely for some species, however, so whenever a question was raised as to whether a species required a greater or lesser amount of water to maintain good quality, the higher evaluation (more water) was as- signed. Groundwater Not Available Although some species of plants develop root sys- tems deep enough to extract groundwater Quercus lobata), groundwater is not available in all planting sites. A species capable of extracting groundwater may not be able to do so because the water is simply not available. Therefore, evalua- tions are made for conditions where the only sources of water were rainfall and irrigation. In areas where groundwater is available and a species is known to utilize ground water, then adjustments in irrigation scheduling should be made for that species (or group of species). Plants Must Be Irrigatable In some cases the soil surface may be sealed around plants (particularly trees) by pavements or other surface barriers. This inhibits the infiltration of wa- ter into the rootzone. In other cases the soil volume capable of holding water may be so small and may dry so rapidly that it may be difficult to maintain available water in the rootzone. In either case, the amount of water identified as being needed to main- tain good quality may not be sufficient simply be- cause the plant is not “irrigatable.” Evaluations made here assume as a standard condition that the species can be irrigated, i.e., the water applied can enter and be held in the rootzone sufficiently long for uptake. 54 ---PAGE BREAK--- Rosa sp. climbing rose, High to Medium and Solanum jasminoides, potato vine, Medium Plant Types The species list includes over 1,900 species of land- scape plants which are identified by botanical and common names. The plants are listed alphabetically according to botanical names. An index of com- mon names follows the species list. Each plant falls into one or more of the following vegetation types: Trees, Shrubs, Groundcovers, Vines, Perennials (includes ferns, grasses, and bulbs) and Biennials. Plant types are entered on the list for each plant under “Type” as: Tree Shrub Vine Groundcover Perennial Biennial Cultivars, with some exceptions, are not mentioned. It is presumed that most cultivars will have the same water requirements as the species. Examples of ex- ceptions include the following: 1. Nandina domestica the cultivar ‘Purpurea’ was included because it was thought to require more water than the species in three regions, 2. Lonicera japonica ‘Halliana’ was included be- cause the cultivar was thought to be more com- mon than the species, 3. Illicium floridanum ‘Alba’ was included because it was the only example of the species listed. Turfgrasses Turfgrasses were not evaluated by the committee. For your convenience, several turf species are listed in the “Species Evaluations” section. Water use re- quirements listed are from University of California Publication 21491, Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Map, Central Coast of California. This publica- tion also contains other important information re- garding turfgrass irrigation such as regional ET vari- ability, correcting for rainfall, dew, and fog and cal- culating sprinkler run times. 55 ---PAGE BREAK--- Regions Since there are substantially different climate zones1 in California, species are evaluated for six regions which represent different climatic conditions. Region 1 North-Central Coastal (California Climate Zones 14, 15, 16, and 17) (CIMIS ETo Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8)2 Region 2 Central Valley (California Climate Zones 8, 9 and 14), (CIMIS ETo Zones 12, 14, 15, and 16) Region 3 South Coastal (California Climate Zones 22, 23 and 24), (CIMIS ETo Zones 1, 2, 4 and 6) Region 4 South Inland Valleys and Foothills (California Cli- mate Zones 18, 19, 20 and 21), (CIMIS ETo Zone 9) Region 5 High and Intermediate Desert (California Climate Zone 11), (CIMIS ETo Zones 14 and 17) Region 6 Low Desert (California Climate Zone13), (CIMIS ETo Zone 18) 1 California climate zones are described in University of Cali- fornia Publication 3328, Generalized Plant Climate Zones of California and Sunset Western Garden Book. 2 ETo Zones are described in the California Irrigation Man- agement Information System (CIMIS) Reference Evapo- transpiration Map, 1999 (see map on page 141). Notes on Regions Within each region there is some variability in cli- mate patterns among the cities listed. For example, some cities may be considerably warmer than oth- ers during the summer months, yet they are within the same region. This variability can only be re- duced by increasing the number of regions, which would cause the list to become enlarged and some- what more complicated. For certain locations (considered atypical for the region), it may be useful to consider evaluations from another region that more closely characterizes the location of interest. For example, if a city in Region 1 has a climate more closely characterized by Region 2, then Region 2 species evaluations should be considered for that location. Such assess- ments will need to be based on the judgement of the user. If a city is not listed and is located in California Climate Zone 14 which overlaps regions 1 and 2, it will be necessary to decide if the city is more simi- lar in climate to Petaluma (coastal influence) or Sacramento Valley. If a city is located in a California Climate Zone which was not evaluated (zones 1, 2, 3, and 7— mainly high elevation, cold winter areas) an esti- mate may be made by looking at all the evaluations for the species in question. Hardiness is typically the major factor in determining if a species is ap- propriate or not. The main difference between the California high and intermediate desert regions is that the high desert is colder in the winter; as the elevation increases so does the frequency of temperatures below freezing. 56 ---PAGE BREAK--- Cistus purpureus, orchid rockrose, Low to Very Low As a result, species which are listed as appropriate for the low desert and inappropriate for the high desert may be marginally hardy and appropriate to try in the intermediate desert. Some Cities that Characterize Each Region REGION 1 REGION 2 REGION 3 North-Central Central Valley South Coastal Coastal Concord Auburn Anaheim Cupertino Bakersfield Camarillo Healdsburg Chico Fallbrook Livermore Coalinga Fullerton Los Altos Hills Fresno Irvine Napa Los Banos Laguna Beach Novato Marysville La Mesa Oakland Merced Long Beach Petaluma Modesto Los Angeles Salinas Red Bluff Mission Viejo San Francisco Redding Oxnard San Jose Roseville Santa Ana San Luis Obispo Sacramento Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Stockton San Diego Santa Rosa Tracy San Juan Capistrano Visalia Santa Monica Ventura Vista Whittier REGION 4 REGION 5 REGION 6 South Inland Intermediate Low Desert Valley & High Desert Altadena Apple Valley Borrego Springs Azuza Barstow Chino Bishop Brawley Corona Boulder City Coachella Covina China Lake Desert Center El Monte Gorman Desert Hot Springs Escondido Independence Death Valley Hemet Joshua Tree El Centro Ojai Lancaster Indian Wells Pasadena Lone Pine Indio Perris Mojave Jacumba Pomona Olancha Needles Ramona Palmdale Palm Desert Riverside Pear Blossom Palm Springs San Bernardino Tehachapi Rancho Mirage San Fernando Victorville Thermal Santa Paula Sun City Thousand Oaks Van Nuys 57 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- 1 2 3 4 5 6 L L M L L L 1 2 3 4 5 6 L L L L M M Other Important Information About the Guide Variation in Regional Evaluations Variation in species evaluations among regions oc- curs in many cases. Two patterns of variation are found: 1. where the variation ranges from less water needed in cooler climates to more in warmer ones, and 2. where less water is required in warmer climates than in cooler ones. The following examples are typical cases: Case 1— Laurus nobilis, sweet bay This is the most common variation. It merely indi- cates that certain species were thought to require more water in warmer climates. Case 2—Gleditsia tricanthos, honey locust A warmer region indicates a lower water require- ment than a cooler region. This case reflects differ- 1 2 3 4 5 6 L L VL L / M ences in observation and experience among regional committees. Zauchneria spp., California fuchsia This example shows both cases. Sometimes, for certain California natives and other drought toler- ant species, there was agreement that the plant would grow with little or no irrigation, but opinions varied as to how well it would perform in a managed land- scape under those conditions. Drought Stress/Insect Attack Relationships Although some species perform well with little or no irrigation water, their susceptibility to insect at- tack and injury may increase with water stress. For example, many Eucalyptus species perform well in non-irrigated conditions in many parts of Califor- nia. When drought stressed, however, they become susceptible to attack and injury from the Eucalyp- tus long-horned borer. This is the case as well for Monterey pine (California five-spined engraver beetle) and white alder (Flatheaded borer). For these species, evaluations were made with consideration given to water stress and pest interactions. For ex- ample, although Eucalyptus globulus will perform well in Regions 3 and 4 with little summer water, it was assigned to the “moderate” category to mini- mize its susceptibility to borer injury. Shade Most species were evaluated for full sun conditions. Light intensity and duration varies with seasons, microclimates and proximity to the coast. Many 59 ---PAGE BREAK--- species which can be grown in full sun in coastal locations require a measure of shade in inland ar- eas. Others require some shade in all locations. Here, each species was evaluated for the conditions which would produce best appearance and flowering or fruit production for the region. Because of the lack of a standard method for identifying species shade requirements, however, plants needing shade are not noted on the list. Consult horticultural literature for more information on species light requirements. Winter Irrigation Although deciduous species are not typically irri- gated in the winter months, there may be some need to do so in desert regions. Warm, windy conditions can dehydrate shoots and buds. In addition, some evergreen species may need winter irrigation dur- ing drought years or in desert climates. Summer Deciduous Species As a drought adaptation, certain species shed their leaves when soil moisture level become low (e.g. California buckeye). Usually, such species do not require irrigation water and are designated Very Low on the list. In cases of low spring rainfall, or when retention of summer leaves is desired, irrigation may be needed. Special Conditions Special conditions such as new plantings or a need for rapid growth may require upward adjustments in spe- cies water needs. Revegetation Species Species selected for reveg- etation sites should be lim- ited to those which are well adapted to the location and do not require irrigation af- ter establishment. Species used principally for reveg- etation not typically used in irrigated landscape, such as mule fat and poison oak) are not included on the species list. Invasive Species Certain species considered invasive both in wild- land areas and managed landscapes are available in California nurseries. Their inclusion on this list is not meant to encourage their use, but to alert you that these species can be invasive. For detailed in- formation, see “Invasive Species” (Appendix Rhus lancea, African sumac, Medium to Low 60 ---PAGE BREAK--- Astilbe hybrid, false spirea, High to Medium Using Field Data Although substantial information exists on the irri- gation water needs of agricultural species and turfgrasses, little information is available for woody and herbaceous landscape species. Field studies have quantified the irrigation requirements for six groundcover species (Pittenger, 1990) and three tree species (Hartin, 1991). This information has been used in these evaluations. Considering that over 1,900 tree, shrub, groundcover, vine, and perennial species are available from California nurseries, how- ever, a considerable amount of work still needs to be done before field data alone can be used to deter- mine species water needs. Limitations of the List This list is limited in a number of ways: 1. It is subjective it is based largely on field observations rather than scientific data). As such, evaluations are not definitive and may change as more research-based information be- comes available. 2. It is a partial list—not all landscape species are included. It is a large list which includes most plants available from California nurseries, but it does not include all plants. Additions to the list are expected as new species are introduced or less common species are evaluated. 3. Not all regions of California are included in the evaluations. Extrapolations may be needed from a region evaluated to one that is not. 61 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluations The three plant species listed below are examples of entries on the Species Evaluation List. As a quick reference, a key to symbols is included below. For more information on terms and the evaluation pro- cess, see previous sections. T Ailanthus altissima tree of heaven VL VL L L L L L S Brugmansia spp. angel’s trumpet M / M H / / Gc Dodonaea procumbens hopseed L L L ? ? ? Key to Symbols CATEGORIES OF WATER NEEDS H High M Moderate L Low VL Very Low / Inappropriate ? Unknown PLANT TYPES T Tree S Shrub V Vine Gc Groundcover P Perennial (includes ferns, grasses and bulbs) Bi Biennial WUCOLS REGIONS 1 North Central Coastal 2 Central Valley 3 South Coastal 4 South Inland Valley 5 High and Intermediate Desert 6 Low Desert INVASIVE SPECIES LL Greater Statewide Concern L Lesser Statewide Concern 1 2 3 4 5 6 62 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Abelia chinensis Chinese abelia M ? ? ? / / S Abelia floribunda Mexican abelia M ? M M / / S Gc Abelia X grandiflora glossy abelia M M M M / / S Abelia 'Sherwoodii' Sherwood dwarf abelia M M M M / / T Abies spp. fir M / M M / / T Abies pinsapo Spanish fir L / L / / / S Abutilon X hybridum flowering maple M H H H / / S Abutilon palmeri indian mallow ? ? L ? ? ? S T Acacia abyssinica Abyssinian acacia / ? / ? / L T Acacia aneura mulga / ? ? ? / L T Acacia baileyana Bailey acacia L L L L / / L T S Acacia berlandieri guajillo ? ? ? M / L T Acacia boormanii Snowy River wattle ? ? L ? ? ? T Acacia cognata (A.subporosa) bower wattle L L M M / / T S Acacia constricta whitethorn acacia ? L L L L L T S Acacia craspedocarpa leatherleaf acacia ? ? ? ? L L T Acacia cultriformis knife acacia L L L L / / T Acacia dealbata silver wattle VL L L L / / L T Acacia decurrens green wattle VL L L L / / L T Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia ? ? L L / L S Acacia glaucoptera clay wattle L / L L / / T S Acacia greggii catclaw acacia L L L L L L T S Acacia longifolia Sydney golden wattle L L L L / / L T Acacia melanoxylon blackwood acacia VL L L L / / L T Acacia pendula weeping acacia L L M M / L T Acacia pennatula pennatula acacia ? ? VL ? L L T S Acacia podalyriifolia pearl acacia VL VL L M / / S Gc Acacia redolens prostrate acacia VL VL L L L L S Acacia rigens needleleaf acacia / / ? ? ? ? T Acacia rigidula rigidula acacia / / ? ? ? ? T Acacia salicina willow acacia L L L M / M T S Acacia saligna blue leaf wattle L L L L / M T Acacia schaffneri twisted acacia / / ? ? / L T Acacia smallii desert sweet acacia / / VL L / L T Acacia stenophyla eumong/shoestring acacia VL L L L / L T S Acacia subporosa subporosa acacia L / L ? ? ? S Acacia vestita hairy wattle ? ? L L ? ? T Acacia willardiana palo blanco / / ? L / L P Acanthus mollis bear's breech M M M M / M T S Acca sellowiana (Feijoa sellowiana) pineapple guava L L L M / M T Acer buergerianum trident maple M M M / / / T Acer campestre hedge maple M M ? ? / / T S Acer circinatum vine maple M H / / / / T Acer X freemanii Freeman maple M M ? ? ? ? T Acer griseum paperbark maple M M ? ? ? ? T Acer big leaf maple M H M H / / T Acer negundo box elder M M M M / / T Acer oblongum evergreen maple (oblongum) M / M M / / T Acer palmatum Japanese maple M M H H / / T Acer paxii evergreen maple (paxii) M M M M / / T Acer platanoides Norway maple M M / H / / T Acer rubrum scarlet red maple M H H H / / T Acer saccharinum silver maple M M / M / / T Acer saccharum sugar maple M / / / / / T Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala amur maple M M ? ? ? ? T Acer truncatum Chinese maple M M / H / / P Achillea ageratifolia Greek yarrow L M M M M M P Achillea clavennae silvery yarrow L L L L / / P Achillea filipendulina fern leaf yarrow L L L L M M P Achillea X kellerii kellerii achillea M ? L ? ? ? P Achillea millefolium & hybrids common yarrow L L L L M M L 63 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE Gc P Achillea tomentosa woolly yarrow L L L L M M P Aconitum napellus garden monkshood M M / / / / P Acorus gramineus sweet flag H H H H H H V Actinidia arguta kiwi/Tara M M M ? / / V Actinidia deliciosa kiwi H H H H / / S Adenanthos drummondii woolly bush ? ? L ? ? ? S Adenanthos sericea woolly bush L ? ? ? ? ? P Adenophora bulleyana ladybells H ? ? ? ? ? P Adenophora liliifolia lilyleaf ladybells H ? M ? ? ? S Adenostoma fasciculatum chamise VL VL VL VL / / T S Adenostoma sparsifolium red shanks/ribbonwood VL ? VL VL / / P Adiantum spp. maidenhair fern H H H H H H S P Aeonium spp. Canary Island rose L / L L / L T Aesculus californica California buckeye VL VL VL L / / T Aesculus X carnea red horsechestnut M M M M / / T S Aesculus pavia red buckeye M ? ? ? ? ? P Aethionema armenium 'Warley Rose' Warley rose stone cress M ? ? ? ? ? T Afrocarpus gracilior (Podocarpus gracilior) African fern pine M M M M ? M S Agapetes 'Ludgvan Cross' Ludgvan cross agapetes M ? M ? ? ? S Agapetes serpens (Pentapetpterygium) agapetes (serpens) M ? M ? ? ? P Agapanthus africanus lily-of-the-Nile M M M M / M P Agapanthus campanulatus M M M M / M P Agapanthus inapertus major L ? M M / M P Agapanthus praecox spp. orientalis & cvs M M M M / M P Agastache aurantica giant hyssop M M M M M M P Agastache cana mosquito plant M M M M M M P Agastache coccinea pink agastache M M M M M M P Agastache rugosa wrinkled agastache M M M M M M T Agathis australis Australian agathis/ kauri M / M / / / T Agathis robusta Queensland kauri M / M M / / S P Agave spp. agave L L L L / L T Agonis flexuosa peppermint tree L / L M / / P Agyranthemum 'Chelsea girl' agyranthemum ? ? M M ? ? T Ailanthus altissima tree of heaven VL VL L L L L L Gc Ajuga reptans carpet bugle M M M H H H V Akebia quinata fiveleaf akebia M M M M / / T Albizia distachya plume albizia L / L / / / L T Albizia julibrissin silk tree L L M M M M T Alectryon excelsus alectryon/titoki M / M / / / V Allamanda cathartica golden trumpet vine / / M / / / P Allium spp. allium M M M M ? ? T Allocasuarina torulosa forest oak L ? ? / ? ? T Allocasuarina verticillata (Casuarina stricta) coast beefwood L L L L M M T Alnus cordata Italian alder M M M M / / T Alnus glutinosa black alder M M M H / / T Alnus oregona Oregon alder H H / / / / T Alnus rhombifolia white alder H H H H H / P Alocasia spp. elephant's ear H H H H / / T S Aloe spp. aloe L L L L / L P Alonsoa warscewiczii alonsoa M ? M ? ? ? P Alopecurus pratensis 'Aureus' golden foxtail ? ? M ? ? ? S Aloysia machrostachya aloysia ? ? ? ? L L S Aloysia lemon verbena L L L L L L S P Alpinia zerumbet shell ginger H / H H / H P Alstroemeria spp. Peruvian lily M M M M ? M S Alyogyne hakeifolia red centered hibiscus / / L L / / S Alyogyne huegelii blue hibiscus L L L L / L 64 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Alyssum montanum mountain alyssum L L ? ? ? ? P Amaryllis belladona naked lady VL VL VL L L L S Ambrosia deltoidea triangleleaf bursage ? ? ? ? L L S Ambrosia dumosa white bursage ? ? / / L L S Amorpha fruiticosa false indigobush ? ? ? ? M ? V Ampelopis brevipedunculata blueberry creeper M M / M M M P Anaclycus pyrethrum var depressus Mount Atlas daisy ? ? ? ? ? ? P Anagallis monellii pimpernel ? ? M / / / S Gc Andromeda polifolia bog rosemary H H / / / / P Androsace lanuginosa rock jasmine M ? ? ? ? ? P Anemone X hybrida Japanese anemone M M M M M M P Anemone pulsatilla (see Pulsatilla vulgaris) P Anemone sylvestris snowdrop windflower ? ? M ? ? ? V Anemopaegma chamberlaynii yellow trumpet vine ? ? M M / / P Gc Anemopsis californica yerba mansa ? ? ? ? H H P Angelonia angustifolia angel flower ? ? M ? ? ? T Angophora cordifolia (Angophora costata) gum L / L M / / P Anigozanthos flavidus kangaroo paw L L L L / M P Anigozanthos viridis green kangaroo paw L L L L / M S Anisacanthus spp. desert honeysuckle ? ? L L L L S Anisodontea X hypomadarum South African mallow M M M M / M S Anisodontea scabrosa false mallow M M M M / M T Annona cherimola cherimoya M / M M / / P Antennaria rosea pussy toes L L ? ? ? ? P Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal grass M ? ? ? ? ? Gc V Antigonon leptopus coral vine M / L L / L Gc Aptenia cordifolia ice plant (Aptenia) L L L L / H GC Aptenia 'Red Apple' ice plant (Red Apple) L L L L / H L P Aquilegia spp. columbine L L M M M M P Arabis spp. rockcress L M M ? ? ? V Araujia sericifera cruel vine ? ? L ? ? ? T Araucaria araucana monkey puzzle tree L M / M / / T Araucaria bidwilii bunya-bunya L M M M / / T Araucaria heterophyla Norfolk Island pine M M M / / / T Arbutus 'Marina' Marina arbutus L L M M / / T Arbutus menziesii madrone L L / / / / T S Arbutus unedo strawberry tree L L L L M M T Archontophoenix cunninghamiana king palm M M M M / / S Gc Arctostaphylos cultivars manzanita cultivars L L L L / / S T Arctostaphylos diversiloba (Comarostaphylis diversiloba) summer holly VL L VL L / L S Gc Arctostaphylos spp. manzanita VL L L L / / Gc P Arctotheca calendula cape weed M M M M / M L P Arctotis hybrids African daisy M M L L / M Gc Ardisia japonica Japanese ardesia, marlberry M / H / / / T Arecastrum romanzoffianum (See Syagrus romanzoffiana) Arenaria spp. (See Sagina) Irish, Scotch moss P Arenaria montana sandwort ? M M M ? ? S Arenga engleri Ryukyu Island palm ? ? M ? ? ? P Argyranthemum frutescens Marguerite daisy M M M M / M P Aristea ecklonii little Tyler/blue stars M ? M M / / P Aristea major tall aristea M ? ? ? ? ? V Aristolochia californica California Dutchman's pipe L L ? M / / V Aristolochia durior Dutchman's pipe M M ? M / / V Aristolochia elegans calico flower / / M M / / P Armeria alliacea sea pink P Armeria caespitosa juniperifolia) thrift ? ? M M M M Gc P Armeria maritima sea pink M M M M M M 65 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Armeria setacea thrift ? ? M M M M P Arnica montana arnica M ? ? ? ? ? P Arrhenatherum elatius ssp bulbosum bulb oat grass ? ? M M M M S Gc Artemisia spp. (shrubby) sagebrush VL L L L L L Gc P Artemisia spp. (herbaceous) tarragon/angel's hair etc. L L L L M M P Arthropodium cirrhatum star lily M ? M ? / / P Arum italicum Italian Arum VL L VL ? ? ? P Arundo donax giant reed M M M M M M L L Arundinaria (See Chimonobambusa, Drepanostachyum, Pleioblastus, Semiarundinaria, Thamnocalamus & other genera) P Arundinaria gigantea cane reed L L M M / M V Asarina antirriniflora (Maurandya) snapdragon vine M ? M ? / M V Asarina barclaiana (Maurandya) climbing snapdragon M ? M ? ? ? V Asarina erubescens (Maurandya) creeping gloxinia M ? M ? ? ? Gc P Asarum caudadum wild ginger M M H ? / / P Asclepias tuberosa butterfly weed M M M M M M P Asclepias (wild species) milk/silk weed L L L L L L P Asparagus spp. ornamental asparagus M M M M / M P Asphodeline lutea Jacob's rod/kings spear L ? ? ? ? ? P Asphodeline taurica Asphodel L ? ? ? ? ? P Aspidistra elatior cast iron plant L L M M / M P Asplenium bulbiferum mother fern M M H H / / P Asplenium nidus bird's nest fern M M H / / / P Asplenium scolopendrium Hart's tongue fern L ? L ? ? ? P Astelia nervosa chathamica silver spear M / M ? ? ? P Astelia nivicola astelia M ? ? ? ? ? P Aster spp. aster M M M M M M P Asteriscus maritimus gold coin, Canary Island daisy M M L M / / P Asteriscus sericeus (See Naupilus sericecus) P Astilbe hybrids false spirea M H / / / / P Astrantia major rosea greater masterwort M M ? ? ? ? S Athanasia acerosa athanasia L ? ? ? ? ? P Athyrium filix-femina lady fern M H H H H / P Athyrium nipponicum 'Pictum' painted lady fern M M ? ? ? ? S Gc Atriplex spp. saltbush VL VL VL VL L VL L P Aubrieta deltoidea rock cress L M ? ? ? ? S Aucuba japonica Japanese aucuba M M M M / M P Aurinia saxatilis hardy alyssum/basket of gold L L M M ? ? T Azadirachta indica neem M ? ? ? ? ? S Azaliadendron 'Hardjizer's Beauty' Hardijizer's beauty M ? ? ? ? ? S T Azara dentata orono M / M ? / / S T Azara integrifolia azara M / M ? / / S T Azara box leaf azara M / M M M / P Babiana stricta hybrids baboon flower L L L ? / / S Baccharis pilularis consanguinea coyote brush L L L L / / S Gc Baccharis pilularis cvs. dwarf coyote brush L L L L / / S Baccharis sarothroides desert broom VL L VL L L L S Gc Baccharis 'Centennial' bentennial baccharis VL L VL L L L Bacopa 'Snowflake' (See Sutera spp.) S T Baeckea virgata tall baeckia L ? ? ? ? ? P Baileya multiradiata desert marigold ? ? ? L L L P Ballota pseudodictamnus Grecian horehound VL VL ? ? ? ? S Bambusa spp. bamboo (Bambusa) L L M M M M P S Banksia ericifolia heath-leafed banksia L ? ? ? ? ? T S Banksia integrifolia tree banksia L / M M / M T S Banksia praemorsa cut-leaf banksia ? ? ? ? ? T S Banksia speciosa showy banksia L / M ? / M P Baptista australis false indigo L L ? ? ? ? 66 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Barleria obtusa barleria ? ? M M / / T Bauhinia X blakeana Hong Kong orchid tree M / M M / M V Bauhinia corymbosa phanera ? ? M ? / M T Bauhinia forficata Brazilian butterfly tree M M M M / / T S Bauhinia galpinii red orchid bush L \ M M / / Bauhinia punctata (see galpinii) T Bauhinia variegata (purpurea) purple orchid tree M / M M / M P Baumea rubiginosa baumea ? ? H ? ? ? T S Beaucarnea recurvata (See Nolina recurvata) V Beaumontia grandiflora Easter lily vine M / M H / / P Begonia fuchoides rosea fuchsia begonia M M M M / / P Begonia grandis hardy begonia M M M M / / P Begonia 'Richmondensis' Richmond begonia M M M M / M P Begonia semperflorens Wax begonia M M M M / M P Bellis perenis English daisy M M M M / / S V Berberidopsis corallina coral plant M ? ? ? ? ? S GC Berberis spp. barberry L L L L L M Gc Berberis X 'Irwinii' barberry M M M ? M M P Bergenia cordifolia heartleaf bergenia M M M H H H P Bergenia crassifolia winter blooming bergenia M M M H H H P Berlandiera lyrata chocolate scented daisy ? M ? M M M P Beschorneria yuccoides Mexican lily / / M ? ? ? T Betula fontinalis (occidentalis) water birch H / H H / / T Betula utilis var. jaquemontii white barked Himalayan birch H H / / / / T Betula nigra river/red birch H H H H / / T Betula occidentalis (See B. fontinalis) T Betula pendula European white birch H H H H / / T Betula japonica Japanese mountain birch H H ? ? ? ? P Bidens triplinervia tickseed VL ? ? ? ? ? V Bignonia capreolata cross vine M ? ? ? ? ? P Billbergia spp. queen's tears etc. M / M M / M T Bischofia javanica toog / / M ? / / P Blechnum occidentale hammock fern H ? H ? ? ? P Blechnum penna-marina alpine water fern ? ? ? ? ? ? P Blechnum spicant deer fern L ? M ? ? ? P Bletilla striata hyacinth orchid M M M ? ? ? P Bolax gummifera (glebaria) bolax/glebaria M ? ? ? ? ? S Boronia spp. boronia M / M / / / P Bothriochloa barbinoides cane bluestem L ? ? ? ? ? S Gc Bougainvillea spp. bougainvillea L L L L / M P Bouteloua curtipendula sideoats gramma VL L ? ? ? ? P Bouteloua gracilis blue gramma L L ? ? M ? T acerifolius flame tree L / L M / / T discolor Queensland lace bark M / L M / / T X hybridus hybrid M / M M / M T populneus bottle tree L L L L M M T rupestris Queensland bottle tree / / L L / M P Brachycome spp. Swan River daisy M M M M M M P greyi (Senecio greyi) groundsel L ? M ? ? ? T Brahea armata blue hesper palm L L L L L L T Brahea brandegeei San Jose hesper palm L ? M ? ? ? T Brahea edulis Guadalupe palm L ? L L L L Brassaia (See Schefflera Bravoa geminiflora (See Polyanthes geminiflora) S Breynia nivosa (distacha) Hawaiian snow bush ? ? H H / / P Briza media quaking grass L ? M M M M L P Brodiaea spp. brodiaea VL VL L L / / 67 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Brugmansia spp. angel's trumpet M / M H / / S Brunfelsia pauciflora yesterday today and tomorrow M M M H / H P Brunnera Siberian bugloss H H H ? ? ? S Buddleja alternifolia fountain butterfly bush L L M / M M S Buddleja davidii butterfly bush L L M M M M S Buddleja marrubiifolia woolly butterfly bush ? L ? L / L P Bulbine frutescens stalked bulbine L ? L L / L P Bulbinella robusta bulbinella L ? ? ? ? ? T Bursera hindsiana bursera ? ? / / / M T Butia capitata pindo palm L L L L L L S Buxus japonica Japanese boxwood M M M M M M S Buxus sempervirens English boxwood M M M / M M S Caesalpinea cacalaco cascalote ? ? ? ? / L S Caesalpinea gilliesii desert bird of paradise L L L L M M S Caesalpinea mexicana Mexican bird of paradise ? / ? L / L S Caesalpinea platyloba ? ? ? ? ? ? S Caesalpinea pulcherrima dwarf poinciana L L M M / M P Calamagrostis spp. feather reed L ? M M ? ? P Calamintha spp. calamint M M ? ? ? ? P Calceolaria spp. slipper flower/slipperwort M / M ? ? ? S Calliandra californica Baja fairy duster / / VL L / L S Calliandra emarginata dwarf powderpuff ? ? ? ? ? ? S Calliandra fairy duster / / VL VL / L S Calliandra haematocephala pink powder puff / / M M / H S Calliandra tweedii trinidad flame bush / / M M / M S Callicarpa bodinieri beauty berry M M ? ? ? ? S Callicarpa dichotoma lavender beautyberry M M M ? ? ? S Callicarpa japonica beauty berry M M ? M / / T S Callistemon citrinus bottle brush L L L L / M T S Callistemon pinifolius pine-leafed bottlebrush ? ? L L ? ? T S Callistemon salignus pink tips/white bottlebrush L M M ? / ? T S Callistemon speciosus Albany bottlebrush ? ? M ? / M T S Callistemon subulatus callistemon (subulatus) ? ? L ? ? ? T S Callistemon viminalis weeping bottle brush L L M M / M S Calluna vulgaris Scotch heather M M / / / / T Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar M M M M M / S Calocephalus brownii cushion bush L / L L / L T Calodendrum capense cape chestnut L / M M / / S Calostemma purpureum garland lily M ? ? ? ? ? S Calothamnus quadrifidus net bush L ? M ? / ? S Calycanthus floridus Carolina allspice M ? ? ? ? ? S Calycanthus occidentalis western spice bush L L M M / / P Calyophus drummondii calyophus (drummondii) M ? ? ? ? M Gc Calyophus hartwegii Sierra sundrop L ? ? ? ? M S Camellia japonica camellia M M M H / H S Camellia sasanqua sasanqua camellia M M M M / H P Camissonia cherianthifolia (Oenothera) beach evening primrose L ? L / / / Gc Campanula poscharskyana Serbian bell flower M M M M / M P Campanula spp. bell flower M M M M / M V Campsis spp. trumpet creeper L L M M M M P Canna spp. canna M M M H M M S Cantua buxifolia magic flower M / M ? ? ? S Capparis spinosa caper bush L / L ? ? ? P Carex (garden spp.) sedge M M M M / M Gc Carissa macrocarpa (prost.cvs.) Natal plum L / M M / M S Carissa spp. Natal plum L / M M / M P Carlina acaulis stemless carline thistle ? ? ? ? ? ? S Carnegiea gigantea saguaro / / VL L / L S Carpenteria californica bush anemone L L L M / / T Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' European hornbeam M M / / / / 68 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE Gc Carpobrotus spp. ice plant (Carpobrotus) L M VL L / L L L T Carya illinoensis pecan L M M M M M S P Caryopteris X clandonensis blue mist M M M M / / S P Caryopteris incana common bluebeard ? ? ? M ? ? T Caryota mitis clustered fishtail palm / / M / / / T S Caryota urens fishtail wine palm H / M H / / T Casimiroa edulis white sapote M / M M / / Cassia australis (See Senna australis) Cassia artemesioides (See Senna artemesioides) Cassia bicapsularis candolleana) See Senna bicapsularis Cassia didymobotria (See Senna didymobotria) S Cassia eremophila (C.nemophila) desert cassia / ? L L L L Cassia goldmanii (See Senna polyantha) T Cassia gold medallion tree L L M M / / Cassia lindheimeriana (See Senna lindheimeriana) Cassia odorata (See Senna odorata) Cassia (See Senna Cassia spectabilis (C.excelsa) Cassia splendida (See Senna splendida) Cassia sturtii (See Senna sturtii) S Cassia tomentosa (See Senna multiglandulosa) S Cassia wizlizeni shrubby cassia ? ? L ? / L T Castanopsis cuspidata copper false chestnut ? ? ? ? ? ? T Castanospermum australe Moreton Bay chestnut L / M M / / T Casuarina cunninghamiana river she-oak L L L L M M Casuarina stricta (See Allocasuarina verticilliata) T Catalpa bungei umbrella catalpa L ? ? ? ? ? T Catalpa speciosa western catalpa L M M M M M P Catananche caerulea cupid's dart M L M ? ? ? P Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle M M M M M M P Cautleya spicata cautleya H ? ? ? ? ? S Gc Ceanothus spp. California lilac VL L VL L L / S Gc Ceanothus cultivars ceanothus L L L L L / T Cedrus atlantica Atlas cedar M M L M M M T Cedrus deodora deodar cedar L M L M M M T Cedrus libani cedar of Lebanon M M L M ? ? T Celtis australis European hackberry L M / / M M T Celtis occidentalis common hackberry L L / M M M T Celtis reticulata western hackberry L / / / L L T Celtis sinensis Chinese hackberry L M / M M M P Centaurea cineraria dusty miller (cineraria) L L M M / M P Centaurea dealbata Persian knapweed M ? M ? ? ? P Centaurea gymnocarpa velvet centaurea L L M M / M P Centaurea montana perennial cornflower L ? ? ? ? ? P Centaurea rupestris centaurea (rupestris) ? ? ? ? ? ? P Centranthus ruber red valerian VL VL L L / M L P Centratherum punctatum porcupine flower ? ? M ? ? ? S Cephalocereus spp. old man cactus VL / VL L L L Gc spp. ice plant L L L L / L Gc Cerastium tomentosum snow in summer M M M M M M T Ceratonia siliqua carob L L L L / L 69 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Ceratostigma abyssinicum African plumbago L / M M M M S Ceratostigma griffithii Burmese plumbago L M M M M M Gc Ceratostigma plumbaginoides dwarf plumbago L M M M M M S Ceratostigma willmottianum Chinese plumbago M M M M ? ? T japonicum Katsura tree M M ? ? / / T Cercidium floridum (See Parkinsonia florida) T Cercidium little leaf palo verde / VL VL L / L T Cercidium praecox Sonoran palo verde / L VL L / L T Cercidium 'Sonorae' Sonora cercidium ? ? ? ? / L T Cercis canadensis eastern redbud M M M M / / S Cercis chinensis Chinese redbud M M ? ? ? ? T S Cercis mexicana Mexican redbud L L ? ? ? ? T S Cercis occidentalis western redbud VL VL L L / / T Cercis reniformis southwest redbud L L ? ? ? ? T S Cercis siliquastrum Judas tree M M ? ? ? S Cercocarpus betuloides mountain ironwood VL VL VL VL VL / S Cercocarpus minutiflorus San Diego mountain mahogany L ? VL VL / / S Cereus peruvianus Peruvian apple cactus / ? L L / L S V Cestrum auranticum orange cestrum M / M M ? ? S Cestrum elegans red cestrum M / M M / M S Cestrum fasciculatum var. 'Newellii Newell cestrum M ? M ? ? ? S Cestrum nocturnum night jessamine M M M M / M S Chaenomeles cvs. flowering quince L L M M L M P Chaenorhinium glareosum dwarf snapdragon M ? ? ? ? ? T S Chamaecyparis spp. false cypress M M / / / / S P Chamaedorea spp. chamaedorea / / H H / H Gc P Chamaemelum nobile chamomile L M M M M M T S Chamaerops humilis Mediterranean fan palm L L M M M M S Chamelaucium uncinatum Geraldton wax flower L L L M / M P Chasmanthe aethiopica chasmanthe L ? L L ? ? P Chasmanthium latifolium sea oats L M M M M M P Cheilanthes lanosa hairy lip fern M ? ? ? ? ? P Cheiranthus cheiri (See Erysimum cheiri) T Chilopsis linearis desert willow VL VL VL L M M S Chimonanthus praecox wintersweet ? ? M ? ? ? S Chimonobambusa marmorea (Arundinarea) marbled bamboo L L M M / M T Chimonobambusa quadrangularis square-stemmed bamboo L L M M / M T Chionanthus retusus Chinese fringe tree M M M M / / T Chionanthus virginicus white fringe tree M / ? ? ? ? T X Chitalpa tashkentensis chitalpa L M L L L M S Choisya ternata Mexican orange M M M M / M P Chondropetalum tectorum cape reed H ? M ? ? ? T Chorisia insignis white floss silk tree M / M L / M T Chorisia speciosa floss silk tree L / L L / M S Chorizema cordata flame pea M ? ? ? ? ? frutescens (See Argyranthemum frutescens) maximum (See Leucanthemum X superbum) parthenium (See Tanacetum parthenium) P villosa (See Heterotheca villosa) S nauseosus albicaulis rabbit brush / / ? ? VL ? P Chusquea coronalis bamboo H ? M H ? ? P Cibotium glaucum Hawaiian tree fern / / H H / / T Cinnamomum camphora camphor tree M / M M / M V Cissus antarctica kangaroo treebine L M M M / M 70 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE V Cissus rhombifolia grape ivy M / M M / M V Cissus trifoliata treebine ? / ? ? ? L S Gc Cistus spp. rockrose L L L L L L L T S Citrus spp. orange, lemon etc. M M M M / M V Clematis armandii evergreen clematis M M M M M M V Clematis hybrids and cvs deciduous clematis M M H H M M S Clematis integrifolia bushy clematis M M ? ? ? ? V Clematis lasiantha pipestem clematis L L VL L / / V Clematis ligusticifolia western virgin's bower M ? ? L / / V Clematis pauciflora small flowered clematis ? ? VL L ? ? S Cleome isomeris bladder pod VL VL VL VL L L P Clerodendrum bungei cashmere bouquet L M M ? ? ? T S Clerodendrum trichotomun harlequin glory bower M ? ? ? ? ? S Clerodendrum ugandense butterfly bush M ? M M / M T S Clethra alnifolia summersweet M / ? ? ? ? S Cleyera japonica sakaki M M M ? ? ? S Clianthus puniceus parrot's beak L L M M ? ? P Clivia miniata Kaffir lily M M L M / M V Clytostoma callistigioides violet trumpet vine M M M M / M S Cneoridium dumosum bushrue ? ? ? ? L L V Cobaea scandens cup and saucer vine M M ? ? ? ? T S Cocculus laurifolius laurel leaf cocculus M M M M / M P Colchicum agrippium autumn crocus VL VL M M M M S Coleonema album white breath of heaven M M M M / / S Coleonema pulchrum breath of heaven M M M M / / S T Comarostaphylis diversifolia (See Archtostaphylos diversifolia) V Combretum fruticosum combretum / / M M / / S Convolvulus cneorum bush morning glory L L L L L L Convolvulus mauritanicus (see C. Sasbatius) Gc P Convolvulus sabatius ground morning glory L L L L M M S Gc Coprosma X kirkii creeping coprosma L L M M / / Coprosma pumila (See C.petriei) / S Gc Coprosma petriei 'Verde vista' verde vista coprosma L L M M / / S Coprosma repens mirror plant M M M M / / L T S Cordia boissieri Texas olive ? ? ? L L L S Cordia parvifolia little leaf cordia ? ? L L / L T Cordyline australis New Zealand cabbage tree L M L M M M L T S Cordyline indivisa blue dracaena palm L L ? ? ? ? S Cordyline stricta palm lily / M M M / M S Cordyline terminalis ti plant M / M / / / P Coreopsis auriculata'Nana' dwarf coreopsis L L L L M M P Coreopsis gigantea giant coreopsis ? ? VL L / / P Coreopsis lanceolata coreopsis L L L L M M P Coreopsis maritima sea dahlia L ? VL ? ? ? P Coreopsis verticilata cvs. threadleaf coreopsis L L L L M M P Corethrogyne californica black bush ? ? / / VL / T Cornus alba red-barked dogwood M M ? ? / / Gc Cornus canadensis bunchberry M M ? ? / / T Cornus capitata evergreen dogwood M M M ? / / T Cornus 'Eddie's White Wonder' Eddie's white wonder dogwood M M ? ? / / T Cornus kousa Japanese dogwood M M / / / / T Cornus kousa chinensis Chinese dogwood M M / / / / T Cornus florida eastern dogwood M M H H / / T Cornus nuttallii western dogwood M M / M / / Cornus sericea (See C. stolonifera) S Cornus stolonifera red osier dogwood H H / H / / S Corokia cotoneaster wire-netting bush M M M M M M S Corokia X virgata corokia M ? M ? ? ? S Correa spp. Australian fuchsia L L L L / M 71 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Cortaderia sellowana cvs. pampas grass VL L L L L L L L S T Corylopsis spicata winter hazel M ? ? ? / / S Corylus avelleana contorta Harry Lauder's walking stick M M / / / / S Corylus cornuta californica western hazelnut L ? / / / / T S Corylus maxima filbert L / / / / / T Corynocarpus laevigata New Zealand laurel M / H / / / P Cosmos atrosanguineus chocolate cosmos M M M ? ? ? T S Cotinus smoke tree L L L L L / T S Cotinus obvatus American smoke tree L ? ? ? ? ? S Cotoneaster spp. (shrubs) cotoneaster L L L M M M L L Gc Cotoneaster spp.(ground covers) cotoneaster M M M M M M P Cotula lineariloba silver button plant H H M ? ? ? P Cotula 'Silver Mound' cotula H H ? ? ? ? S P Cotyledon spp. cotyledon L L L L / L S Coursetia axillaris baby bonnets ? ? ? ? ? L S Cowania mexicana cliff rose L / / L L L S P Crassula spp. crassula L L L L / L P Craspedia globosa drumsticks M M M M ? ? T Crataegus spp. hawthorn M M / M M / L T Crinodendron hookerianum lantern tree ? ? ? ? ? ? T Crinodendron patagua lily-of-the-valley tree M / M M / / P Crinum spp. crinum lily, spider lily M M M M ? M P Crocrosmia hybrids (Tritonia) montbrieta L L L L / L S Crotalaria agatiflora canary-bird bush L / M M / H T S japonica Japanese M H H H / / T Cupaniopsis anacardioides carrotwood M / M M / / P Cuphea hyssophyla false heather M M M M / / P Cuphea ignea cigar plant M M M M / / P Gc Cuphea llavea bat-faced cuphea M ? ? ? / / S P Cuphea micropetela cuphea (micropetala) ? ? M ? / / T X Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland cypress M M M / M M T Cupressus arizonica ssp. arizonica Cuayamaca cypress VL VL VL L L L T Cupressus arizonica var.glabra smooth Arizona cypress VL VL VL L L L T Cupressus goveniana Gowen cypress ? ? ? ? ? ? T Cupressus guadalupensis forbesii tecate cypress L L VL VL / / T Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey cypress M M M / / / L T Cupressus sempervirens Italian cypress L M L L M M T Cussonia paniculata little cabbage tree / / M ? / S P Cyathea cooperii Australian tree fern H H H H / / S Cycas revoluta sago palm M M M M M M P Cyclamen hederifolium cyclamen L L M ? / M P Cyclamen persicum hybrids florists' cyclamen M M M M / M Gc P Cymbalaria muralis Kenilworth ivy M M H H / / P Cyperus albostriatus dwarf umbrella plant P Cyperis spp. umbrella sedge/papyrus H H H H H H P Cyrtanthus dobo lily M ? ? ? ? ? P Cyrtanthus purpureus fire lily M ? ? ? ? ? P Cyrtomium falcatum holly fern M M H M / M Gc Cytisus X kewensis Kew broom M M / / M / S Cytisus spp. broom (Cytisus) L L / M / / L L S Daboecia cantabrica Irish heath M ? ? ? / / S Dahlia imperialis tree dahlia M M M M / ? P Dahlia spp. dahlia M M M H H H T Dalbergia sissoo sissoo / / / / / M S Dalea bicolor dalea (bicolor) / / L L / M Gc Dalea capitata dalea (capitata) / / ? ? M M S Dalea dalea ? ? ? ? ? ? S Dalea frutescens black dalea / / M / M M P Dalea gattingeri (Petalostemum purpureum) purple prairie clover ? ? ? ? ? ? Gc Dalea greggii trailing indigo bush ? / L L L L 72 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Dalea lutea dalea (lutea) / / / ? M M Gc Dalea orcutii Baja indigo bush / / L L / L S Dalea pulchra indigo/pea bush / / M / M M T Dalea spinosa (See Psorothamnus spinosa) S Dalea versicolor dalea (versicolor) / / M / M M P Dalechampia dioscorifolia purple wings ? ? M ? ? ? S Gc Dampiera diversifolia dampiera L / M ? ? ? P Dampiera trigona dampiera L / M ? ? ? S Daphne X burkwoodii Burkwood daphne M M ? ? ? ? S Daphne caucasica daphne (caucasia) M ? M ? ? ? S Daphne odora winter daphne M M M M / / P Darmera peltata umbrella plant/Indian rhubarb H ? ? ? ? ? S Dasylirion spp. desert spoon VL / L L L L P Davallia trichomanoides squirrel's foot fern L M M H / H Gc Delosperma spp. ice plant (Delosperma) L M L L / L L P Delphinium spp. delphinium M M M M M M T S Dendriopoterium menendezii dendriopoterium ? ? M ? / ? S Dendromecon spp. bush poppy VL L VL L / / P Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass L L L L / / S Deutzia spp. bridal wreath M M / M M / P Dianella intermedia Turutu M ? M ? ? ? P Dianella tasmanica blueberry M ? M M / ? P Dianthus spp. pink/carnation M M M M M M P Diascia spp. twinspur M M M M / / P Dicentra spp. bleeding heart M M M H / / P Dichelostemma capitatum wild hyacinth L L M ? ? ? Gc Dichondra argenta silver dichondra ? ? M ? ? ? Gc Dichondra micrantha dichondra M M M H / H P Dichorisandra blue ginger / / H ? / ? P Dichroa febrifuga evergreen hydrangea ? ? M ? ? ? S P Dicksonia antarctica Tasmanian tree fern H H H H / / P Dicliptera suberecta velvet honeysuckle L ? M ? ? M P Dictamnus spp. burning bush/dittany L L ? ? ? ? P Dierama spp. fairy wand M M M ? ? ? P Dietes bicolor fortnight lily L L M M / M P Dietes iridioides fortnight lily L L M M / M P Dietes vegeta (See D. iridioides) P Digitalis lutea hardy/straw foxglove M M ? ? ? ? P Digitalis X mertonensis foxglove M M M M M M S Dioon spp. Mexican cycad / / M M M M T Diospyros kaki Japanese persimmon L M M M M M Diplacus (see Mimulus) V Dipogon lignosus Australian pea H ? ? ? ? ? V Distictis buccinatoria blood red trumpet vine M M M M / M V Distictis 'Rivers' royal trumpet vine M M M M / M Disygotheca elegantissima (see Schlefflera elegantissima) Gc Dodonaea procumbens hopseed bush (procumbens) L L L ? ? ? S Dodonaea viscosa hopseed bush L L L M / M S Dodonaea viscosa 'Purpurea' purple hopseed bush L L L M / M V Dolichos labab see Labab purpureus T S Dombeya spp. dombeya / / M M / / T Dombeya cacuminum strawberry snowball / / M M / / P Doronicum orientale caucasium) leopard's bane M ? M ? ? ? S Doryanthes palmeri spear lily L / L L / / S Dorycnium hirsutum hairy canary clover / ? L ? ? ? T Dracaena draco dragon tree L / VL L / / S Drepanostachyum falcatum (Arundinaria) blue bamboo L L M M / M S Drepanostachyum hookerianum bamboo L L M M / M 73 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Drimys lanceolata pepper tree M ? ? ? ? ? T Drimys winteri winter's bark M ? ? ? ? ? Gc Drosanthemum spp. ice plant (Drosanthemum) L L L L / L P Dryopteris arguta sheild/wood fern M ? M ? ? ? P Dryopteris dilatata broad buckler fern M ? M ? ? ? P Dryopteris wood fern M M M M / / P Dryopteris felix-mas male fern M ? ? ? ? ? Gc Duchesnea indica Indian mock strawberry M M M M / M L P Dudleya spp. dudleya, live forever L L VL L L L S Duranta erecta repens) sky flower / / M M / M S Duranta stenostachya Brazilian sky flower / / M M / / P Dyckia spp. dyckia L ? L L ? ? P Gc Dymondia margaretae dymondia L L L L / / Dyssodia acerosa shrubby dogweed ? ? ? ? ? L P Dyssodia pentachaeta golden fleece ? M ? ? M M S P Echeveria spp. hens and chickens L L L L / M P Echinacea spp. cone flower M M M M M M S Echinocactus spp. barrel cactus VL VL L L / L Note: Many Echinocactus spp. are now in other genera including Ferrocactus, Echinopsis, Parodia, Sclerocactus and others P Echinops exaltus globe thistle M M M ? ? M P Echinopsis spp. (Trichocereus spp.) torch cactus L L L L L L S P Echium candicans (fastuosum) pride of Madeira L L L L / M L S P Echium pininana pride of Teneriffe L L ? ? ? ? Bi Echium 'Purple Tower' purple tower echium L L ? ? ? ? Bi Echium wildpretii tower of jewels L L M M / / S Edraianthus graminifolius grassy bells L L ? ? ? ? T S Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive L L L L M M L S Eleagnus X ebbengei Ebbinge's silverberry L L ? ? M M S Elaeagnus pungens silverberry L L L L L L T Elaeocarpus decipiens Japanese blueberry tree M ? M ? ? ? P Elymus spp. (also see Leymus spp.) wild rye L L L L M M P Encelia californica California encelia / / VL L / L S Encelia farinosa brittle bush / / VL L L L S Enkianthus campanulatus red-veined enkianthus M H ? ? ? / S P Ensete ventricosum Abyssinian banana H H H H / H S Epacris gunii Australian heath M ? ? ? ? ? P Epidendrum reed stem hybrids epidendrum M / M M ? ? P Epilobium spp.(Zauchneria) California fuchsia L L VL L M M Gc Epimedium grandiflorum bishop's hat M M / / / / P Equisetum spp. horsetail H H H H H H S Eremophila glabra emu bush L L L ? / L S Eremophila maculata spotted emu bush L L L L / L S Eremophila racemosa Easter egg bush ? ? L L ? ? P Erianthus ravennae plume grass ? ? ? ? ? ? S Gc Erica spp. heath M M M / / / L S Ericameria laricifolia (Haplopappus) turpentine bush / / / / L L P Erigeron divergens native fleabane ? ? ? ? ? ? P Erigeron formosissimus fleabane M ? ? ? ? ? P Erigeron glaucus beach aster L / M M / / P Erigeron karvinskianus fleabane L M M M M M P Erigeron speciosus Oregon fleabane ? ? ? ? ? ? S P Eriogonum spp. buckwheat L L VL L L L P confertiflorum golden yarrow L ? VL VL / / P lanatum chalk buckwheat L ? ? ? ? ? Erodium chaemedryoides (See E. reichardii) P Gc Erodium cranessbill L M M M M M P Erodium corsicum heron's-bill ? ? ? ? ? ? 74 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Erodium reichardii alpine geranium L M M M M M P Eryngium pandanifolium sea holly M ? ? ? ? ? P Eryngium variifolium sea holly M ? ? ? ? ? T Eryobotrya deflexa bronze loquat M M M M / M T Eryobotrya japonica loquat L L M M / M P Erysimum 'Bowles Mauve' Bowles mauve wallflower L L M M ? ? P Erysimum cheiri (Cherianthus cheiri) wallflower M M M M M M P Erysimum helveticum wallflower M ? ? ? ? ? P Erysimum hyeraciifolium Siberian wallflower L L L ? ? ? P Erysimum 'Jubilee' jubilee wallflower L L L ? ? ? P Erysimum linifolium wallflower L L L M / M P Erysimum menziesii wallflower L L L ? ? ? P Erysimum pulchellum wallflower L L L ? ? ? P Erysimum suffrutescens (concinnum) Pt. Reyes wallflower L L ? ? ? ? P Erysimum 'Wenlock Beauty' Wenlock beauty wallflower ? ? L ? ? ? T americana(E.coralloides) naked coral tree / / L L / / T X bidwillii coral tree L L L L / / T caffra Kaffir bloom coral tree / / L L / / T S crista-galli cockspur coral tree M M L L / M T falcata coral tree (falcata) / / L / / / T humeana Natal coral tree / M L M / / T X sykesii Sykes coral tree / / L L / / S Escallonia spp. escallonia M M M M / M P californica California poppy VL VL L L L L S Espostoa lantana Peruvian old man cactus ? ? L L L L T Eucalyptus camaldulensis red gum L L L L M M L T Eucalyptus campaspe silver gimlet ? L M ? / M T Eucalyptus cinerea ash leaved gum, silver dollar tree VL L L M ? ? T Eucalyptus citriodora lemon scented gum L / L M / M T Eucalyptus cladocalyx sugar gum L / L L / / T Eucalyptus deglupta mindinao gum / / M M / / T Eucalyptus red cap gum L L M M / M T Eucalyptus ficifolia red flowering gum L / M M / / T Eucalyptus formanii Forman's mallee ? ? L ? ? L T Eucalyptus globulus blue gum L L L M / / L L Eucalyptus grandis flooded/rose gum M M M M / / T Eucalyptus gunnii cider gum L L L L ? ? T Eucalyptus kruseana book-leaf mallee VL / L ? / ? T Eucalyptus largiflorens black box ? ? ? ? ? ? T Eucalyptus lehmannii bushy yate L L L L / / T Eucalyptus leucoxylon white ironbark L L L L / M T Eucalyptus loxophleba York gum ? VL ? VL / / T Eucalyptus macranda long flowered marlock VL VL VL L / L T Eucalyptus maculata spotted gum L / M M / / T Eucalyptus microtheca coolibah L L L L M M T Eucalyptus nicholii Nichol's willow leaf peppermint L L M M M M T Eucalyptus polyanthemos silver dollar gum L L L L M M T Eucalyptus preissiana bell mallee VL / L ? / ? T Eucalyptus pulverulenta silver mountain gum L M M M / M L T Eucalyptus robusta swamp mahogany L L L L / / T Eucalyptus rudis flooded gum L L L L M M T Eucalyptus sargentii Salt River mallet ? VL ? L / L T Eucalyptus sideroxylon red iron bark L L L L M M T Eucalyptus spathulata swamp mallee L / L L / M T Eucalyptus torelliana cadaga / / ? ? ? ? T Eucalyptus torquata coral gum L L L M / M T Eucalyptus viminalis manna gum L L L M / M T Eucalyptus woodwardii lemon flowered gum VL ? L ? ? L P Eucomis bicolor hybrids pineapple lily M ? ? ? ? ? T glutinosa hardy M ? ? ? ? ? 75 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T x intermedia M M ? ? ? ? T lucida (billardieri) leatherwood M M ? ? ? ? S Euonymous alatus burning bush M M ? ? ? ? Gc Euonymus fortunei purple winter creeper M M M M M / V Euonymus fortunei radicans winter creeper M M / M M M S Euonymus japonicus evergreen euonymus L L M M M M S Euonymus kiautschovicus euonymus L ? ? ? ? ? P Eupatorium spp. mistflower M ? M ? M M P Euphorbia characias euphorbia L L L L ? ? T S Euphorbia cotinifolia Carribean copper plant / / M / / / P Euphorbia cyparissias cypress spurge L ? ? ? ? ? P Euphorbia dulsis euphorbia (dulsis) M ? ? ? ? ? S Euphorbia lambii tree euphorbia ? ? ? ? ? ? S Euphorbia milii crown of thorns / L L L / L P Euphorbia myrsinites euphorbia L ? L L ? ? P Euphorbia (epithymoides) cushion spurge L L ? ? ? ? S Euphorbia pulcherrima poinsettia / / L M / M S Euphorbia rigida euphorbia / L VL L / L P Euphorbia segueriana niciciana euphorbia ? ? ? ? ? ? S Euphorbia tirucalli milk bush / / VL / / L S P Euryops pectinatus euryops/shrub daisy L L L L M M S P Euryops pectinatus viridis green euryops M M M M M M P Evolvulus pilosus (nuttallianus) evolvulus ? ? M M / ? S Fabiana imbricana pichi ? ? M ? ? ? T Fagus sylvatica European beech M H / / / / P Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed ? ? ? ? ? ? S Fallugia paradoxa Apache plume / ? VL VL L L P Farfugium japonicum (Ligularia) farfugium/ligularia H H H ? ? ? Fargesia murielae see Thamnocalamus spathaceus S P Fargesia nitida (See Sinarundinaria nitida) P Fascicularia pitcairnifolia fascicularia ? ? L ? ? ? V X Fatshedera lizei tree ivy M M M H / H S Fatsia japonica Japanese aralia M M M M / H Feijoa sellowiana (See Acca sellowiana) S Felicia amelloides blue marguerite M M M M / M S Felicia fruticosa shrub aster L L L M / M S Ferocactus spp. barrel cactus VL VL VL L L L P Festuca californica California fescue L M M M M M P Festuca cinerea fescue (cinerea) L ? M ? ? ? P Festuca idahoensis Idaho fescue VL L ? ? ? ? P Festuca muelleri Mueller's fescue ? ? M M ? ? P Festuca glauca blue fescue L L M M M M P Gc Festuca rubra creeping red fescue L / H H / / P Festuca tenuifolia fescue (tenuifolia) M ? ? ? ? ? T Ficus auriculata Roxburgh fig / / M M / / T Ficus barteri banana-leaf fig ? ? ? ? ? ? T S Ficus benjamina weeping Chinese banyan / / M / / M T Ficus carica edible fig M M M M M M L T S Ficus elastica rubber plant / / M M / / T Ficus florida Florida fig / / M M / / T Ficus Moreton Bay fig / / M M / / T Ficus microcarpa Indian laurel fig/ laurel fig M / M M / M T Ficus microcarpa 'Green Gem" green gem ficus M / L M / M T Ficus (See Ficus rubiginosa) V Ficus pumila creeping fig M M M M M M T Ficus retusa nitida (See Ficus microcarpa) 76 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Ficus rubiginosa rusty leaf fig M / M M / / Filipendula hexapetela see Filipendula vulgaris P Filipendula vulgaris Meadowsweet H ? ? ? ? ? S Forestiera neomexicana desert olive ? ? L L L L S X intermedia L L M M M M S Fothergilla gardenii dwarf fothergilla M M ? ? ? ? S Fouquieria splendens ocotillo / / VL L L L Gc Fragaria spp. strawberry M M M M M M P Francoa ramosa bridal wreath M M M M / / P Francoa sonchifolia bridal wreath M ? M ? / / T S Franklinia alatamaha (Gordonia altmahama) franklin tree franklin tree M / / / / / T Fraxinus americana white ash M M / / / / T Fraxinus griffithi Griffith ash ? ? ? ? ? ? T Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash M M / / / / T Fraxinus 'Moraine' moraine ash M M / / M M T Fraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood' raywood ash M M M M M / T Fraxinus green ash M M / / M / T Fraxinus uhdei evergreen ash M M M M H H T Fraxinus velutina Arizona ash M M M M M M T Fraxinus velutina 'Modesto' Modesto ash M M M M M M S Fremontodendron spp. flannel bush VL VL VL L / / P Fuchsia spp. fuchsia M M H H / / S Furcraea spp. furcraea L / / L L ? P Gaillardia grandiflora blanket flower L L M M M M P Galium odoratum sweet woodruff M M H / / / P Galtonia candicans summer hyacinth ? ? ? ? ? ? S Galvesia juncea Baja bush-snapdragon / / VL L / M S Galvesia speciosa island bush snapdragon L L VL L ? M S Gamolepis gamolepis M M M M / H S Gardenia spp. gardenia M M M M / M S Garrya eliptica coast silktassel L L L M / / S Garrya flavescens ashy silktassel / ? L L / / S Garrya fremontii Fremont silktassel L L VL / / / P Gasteria spp. mother-in-law's tongue etc. L L L L / ? S Gaultheria mucronata (Pernettya mucronata) prickly heath M ? ? ? ? ? Gc Gaultheria procumbens creeping wintergreen M M / / / / S Gaultheria shallon salal M M / H / / P Gaura lindheimeri gaura M M M M M M Gc Gazania spp. gazania M M M M M M T Geijera parviflora Australian willow M M L M M M V Gelsemium rankinii swamp jessamine ? ? ? ? ? ? V Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina jessamine L L M M / M Gc Genista lydia Lydia woadwaxen M ? M ? / / Gc Genista pilosa (Vancouver Gold) Vancouver gold genista M M / M ? M S Genista spp. broom (Genista) L L M M / M L L P Gentiana scabra procumbens gentian H ? ? ? ? ? P Geranium spp. cranesbill M M M M M M P Gerbera jamesonii Transvaal daisy M M M M / M P Geum spp. avens M M M M M / T Ginkgo biloba maiden hair tree M M M M M ? P Gladiolus spp. gladiolus L L L L / / P Gladiolus hybrids & selections gladiolus M M M M / / P Gc Glechoma hederaceae ground ivy L M M H / / T Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust L L M L L L P Globularia cordifolia creeping globe daisy L ? ? ? ? ? P Globularia X indubia globe daisy M ? ? ? ? ? P Goniolimon incanum (Limonium speciosum) statice L L L M / M 77 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Goniolimon tataricum (Limonum tataricum) Tartarian statice L ? M ? ? ? T Gordonia axillaris gordonia H ? ? ? ? ? T Gordonia lasianthus lob lolly bay M ? H ? ? ? S Graptopetalum spp. graptopetalum VL L L L / M S Grevillea spp. grevillea L L L L / M T Grevillea robusta silk oak L L L M / M S Grewia occidentalis lavender star flower M M M M / M P Grindelia camporum gum plant ? ? L ? ? ? S Griselinia littoralis kapuka M / M / / / S Griselinia lucida puka M / M / / / P Gunnera magellanica gunnera H / H H / / S Gutierrezia sarothrae snakeweed ? ? / / L L P Gypsophila cerastioides baby's breath ? L M M / / P Gypsophila paniculata baby's breath L L M M / M P Gypsophila repens creeping baby's breath M M M M / / Habranthus andersonii (See H. tubispanthus) / P Habranthus robustus (Zephranthes) pampas lily M M M M / M Habranthus texanus (See H. tubispanthus) P Habranthus tubispathus habranthus M M M M / / S Hakea laurina sea urchin tree L L L L / / S Hakea suaveolens sweet hakea L L L L / / P Hakonechloa macra hakone grass M M ? ? ? ? S X Halmiocistus B866sahucci halmiocistus L ? L L ? ? S X Halmiocistus wintonensis halmiocistus L ? L L ? ? S Halimium lasianthum sun rose L L L ? ? ? S Hamamelis virginiana common witch hazel M M / / / / S Hamelia patens Texas firecracker bush ? ? ? ? / M V S Hardenbergia comptoniana western Australia coral pea M M M M / M V S Hardenbergia violacea lilac vine M M M M / M T caffrum Kaffir plum M / M M / / T Harpullia arborea tulipwood / / M / / / P Haworthia spp. haworthia L L L L / L S Hebe spp. hebe M M M M / / GC V Hedera canariensis Algerian ivy M M M M M M L GC V Hedera helix English ivy M M M M M M L L Gc V Hedera nepalensis Himalayan ivy M ? ? ? ? ? P Hedychium coccinium red ginger lily / / H H / H P Hedychium coronarium white ginger lily M / H H / H P Hedychium flavescens yellow ginger L ? H H / H P Hedychium garnerianum Kahili ginger M / H H / H P Hedychium greenei red ginger / / H H / H P Helenium bigelovii Bigelow sneezeweed L L ? ? ? ? P Helenium hoopesii orange sneezeweed L L ? ? ? ? S Helianthemum appenium white rock rose ? ? ? ? ? ? P Helianthemum nummularium helianthemum L L L L / / P Helianthus angustifolius swamp sunflower H ? ? ? ? ? P Helianthus maximiliani Maximilian sunflower M L ? ? ? ? P bracteatum straw flower ? L M M ? ? P petiolare licorice plant ? M M M ? ? L S rosemarinifolium ( See Ozothamnus roasemarinifolius) P Helictotrichon sempervirens blue oat grass L L M M M M P Heliopsis helianthoides scabra golden sunflower H ? ? ? ? ? P Heliotropum arborescens common heliotrope M M M M ? M P Helleborus spp. Christmas/Lenten rose M M M M / / P Hemerocallis spp. day lily M M M M M M Gc Herniaria glabra green carpet H M M M / / S Hesperaloe funifera Coahuilan hesperaloe / / VL L L L 78 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Hesperaloe parviflora red/ yellow yucca / / VL L L L S Hesperantha spp. hesperantha L ? ? L ? ? S Heterocentron elegans Spanish shawl / / ? ? ? ? S Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon VL VL L L / / P Heterotheca villosa villosa) hairy golden aster L ? ? ? ? ? P Heuchera maxima island alum root M / M M / / P Heuchera micrantha alum root M M M M M M P Heuchera sanguinea coral bells M M M M M M P X Heucherella tiarelloides 'Bridget Bloom' Bridget bloom heucherella H H M ? ? ? P Hibanobambusa tranquillans inyouchikuzoku H ? ? ? ? ? S Hibbertia aspera hibbertia (aspera) M / ? ? ? ? S Hibbertia cuniformis cut leaf Guinea flower M M M ? / M S Gc Hibbertia pedunculata hibbertia (pedunculata) M / ? ? M V Hibbertia scandens Guinea gold vine M M M M / M S Hibbertia vestita hibbertia (vestita) M / ? ? ? ? P Hibiscus moscheutos mallow rose M M M ? ? ? S Hibiscus mutabilis confederate rose M M ? M ? ? S Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chinese hibiscus M M M M / H S Hibiscus syriacus rose of Sharon L M M M M M P Hibiscus trionum flower-of-an-hour M ? ? ? ? ? P Hippeastrum spp. amaryllis M M M M ? ? P Hippolytia herderi (Tanacetum herderi) hippolytia ? ? ? ? ? ? S Holodiscus discolor sea foam L ? M M / / P Homeria spp. cape tulip ? ? M M ? ? Homoglossum watsonium (See Gladiolus spp.) P Hosta spp. plantain lily M M / / / / P Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon' chameleon houttuynia M M M ? ? ? S Howea forsterana Kentia palm / / M M / / P Hunnemannia fumarifolia Mexican tulip poppy L L M M ? ? S V Hydrangea anomala petiolaris climbing hydrangea M H / H / / S Hydrangea arborescens snowball hydrangea M H ? ? ? ? S Hydrangea aspera villosa lacecap hydrangea M H ? ? ? ? S Hydrangea hydrangea M H M H H H S Hydrangea paniculata 'Grandiflora' peegee hydrangea M ? M ? ? ? S Hydrangea quercifolia oakleaf hydrangea M ? M M H H S Hydrangea serrata blue bird hydrangea H ? ? ? ? ? S Hymenoclea monogyra cheese bush ? ? ? ? VL VL T Hymenosporum flavum sweet shade M / M M / / Hymenoxys acaulis (See Tetraneuris acaulis) S Hypericum beanii Henry St. John's wort M M M M M / Gc Hypericum calycinum Aaron's beard M M M M M / S Gc Hypericum empetrifolium nanum hypericim (e nanum) M ? ? ? ? / S P Hypericum frondosum hypericum ( frondosum) M ? ? ? ? / S Hypericum 'Hidecote' St.Johnswort M M M M M / S Hypericum X inodorum 'Albury Purple' Albury purple hypericum M ? ? ? ? / P Hypericum kelleri Keller hypericum M ? ? ? ? / S P Hypericum X moseranum gold flower M M M M M / S Hypericum olympicum olympic hypericum L ? ? ? ? / S Hypericum 'Rowallane' Rowall hypericum M ? ? ? ? / P S Hypoestes aristata ribbon bush ? ? M ? ? ? P Hyptis emoryi desert lavender ? ? ? ? / L P Iberis gibraltarica Gibraltar candytuft M ? ? ? ? ? P Iberis sempervirens evergreen candy tuft M M M M M M S Ilex X altaclarensis 'Wilsonii' Wilson holly M M M M M M S Ilex aquifolium English holly L M M M M M L S Ilex cornuta 'Burfordii' Burford holly L M M M M M 79 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Ilex crenata box-leaved holly M ? M M ? ? S Ilex dimorphophilla Okinawan holly M M M M / ? P Ilex integra Nepal holly ? ? ? ? ? ? S Ilex X meserveae blue boy/girl etc. cvs. M M M M / ? S Ilex verticillata winterberry ? ? ? ? ? ? S Ilex vomitoria yaupon L M L L M M P Illicium floridanum 'Alba' white Florida anise-tree M ? ? ? ? ? P S Impatiens sodeni (oliveri) poor man's rhododendron M / H / / / S Impatiens uguensis impatiens (uguensis) H ? H ? ? ? P Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra' Japanese blood grass H H M M ? M L S Indigofera decora (incarnata) Chinese indigo M ? ? ? ? ? P Inula ensifolia inula M ? ? ? ? ? S Iochroma cyanea violet tubeflower M ? M M / / S Iochroma fuchsioides red tubeflower M ? M M ? ? P Ipheion uniflorum (Tritelia) spring star flower L L L ? ? ? V Ipomea indica (acuminata) blue dawn flower L M L M / M P Ipomopsis rubra standing cypress L ? ? ? ? ? P Iris spp. Douglas iris hybrids L L M M H / P Iris spp. bearded iris L L M M M M P Iris spp. Siberian iris M M H ? ? ? P Iris spp. Japanese iris H H H H / / P Iris spp. Spanish/Dutch iris M M M M M M S Isocoma spp. (Haplopappus) goldenbush ? ? VL VL VL VL P Isolepis cernua (Scirpus cernuus) low bull rush H H H H H H P S Isoplexis chalcantha isoplexis L ? ? ? ? ? S Isopogon formosus rose cone flower/drumsticks L ? ? ? ? ? S Itea ilicifolia holly sweetspire M M M M ? ? Gc Iva hayesiana poverty weed VL VL VL L / / P Ixia spp. African corn lily L l M M ? ? S Ixora coccinia jungle geranium ? ? M ? / ? T Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda M M M M / M S V Jasminum angulare South African jasmine ? / M ? ? ? S V Jasminum azoricum lemon scented jasmine M ? M ? ? ? S V Jasminum beesianum jasmine (beesianum) M ? ? ? ? ? S Jasminum floridum showy jasmine L M M M / M Jasminum grandiflorum see J officinale f.grandiflorum S Jasminum humile Italian jasmine L M M M / M V Jasminum leratii jasmine (leratii) M ? M M / / S Jasminum mesnyi primrose jasmine L M M M / M S Jasminum nitidum angel wing jasmine L M M M / M S Jasminum nudiflorum winter jasmine L L ? ? ? ? S Jasminum officinale f. grandiflorum common jasmine L L M M ? ? S Jasminum parkeri dwarf jasmine L L M ? ? ? V Jasminum polyanthum pink jasmine M M M M / M SV Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine M ? M ? ? M V Jasminum X stephanense Stephan jasmine M ? ? ? ? ? T Jatropha integerrima spicy jatropha ? ? L ? ? L T Jubaea chilensis Chilean wine palm L M L M / / T Juglans californica S. California black walnut M / L L / / T Juglans hindsii California black walnut M M / L / / T Juglans major Arizona walnut ? ? ? ? ? M T Juglans nigra eastern black walnut M M / / / / T Juglans regia English walnut M M M M / / P Juncus spp. rush H H M M ? ? L P Juniperus californica California juniper L L L L L L T Juniperus scopulorum'Tolleson' Tolleson's juniper L L M M M M T Juniperus spp. juniper L L L M M M S Justicia aurea yellow plume flower ? ? H H ? ? S Justicia brandegeana shrimp plant M M M M / M S Justicia californica chuparosa M / VL L L M S Justicia candicans red justicia ? ? ? ? ? ? 80 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE S Justicia carnea Brazilian plume flower M H H H / H P Justicia leonardii justicia (leonardii) ? ? ? ? ? ? S Justicia sonorea Sonoran justicia ? ? ? ? ? L S Justicia spicigera Mexican honeysuckle / ? L L / L P Kalanchoe spp. kalanchoe L L L L / M Gc P Keckiella antirhinnoides yellow penstemmon ? ? L L / / Gc P Keckiella cordifolia heart-leaved penstemmon ? ? VL L / / V Kennedia nigricans black coral pea L ? ? ? ? ? V Kennedia rubicunda dusky coral pea L ? ? ? ? ? S Kerria japonica Japanese rose M M ? M M ? P Kirengeshoma koreana yellow waxbells H ? ? ? ? ? P Kirengeshoma palmata yellow waxbells H ? ? ? ? ? P Kniphofia triangularis (galpinii) coral poker M M L L / M P Kniphofia uvaria red hot poker M M L L / M P Koelaria glauca blue hair grass M ? M M M ? T Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese flame tree M M M M / M T Koelreuteria elegans Chinese flame tree M M M M / M T Koelreuteria paniculata golden rain tree M M L L M M S Kolkwitzia amabalis beauty bush L M M M M / S Kunzea spp. kunzea L / M ? ? ? V Labab purpureus (Dolichos labab) hyacinth bean M M M ? ? ? T Laburnum X watereri golden chain tree M M / / / / P Lachenalia spp. cowslip L L ? ? ? ? TS Lagerstroemia X fauerei crape L L M M M M T S Lagerstroemia indica crape L L M M M M T Lagunaria patersonii primrose tree L / L L / / S Lambertia intermis lambertia L ? ? ? ? ? P Gc Lamiastrum galeobdolon yellow archangel M M M ? ? ? Gc Lamium maculatum spotted deadnettle M M M ? ? ? Gc Lampranthus spp. ice plant (Lampranthus) L L L L / L S Lantana camara lantana L L L L / M S Gc Lantana montevidensis (sellowiana) trailing lantana L L L L / M T Larix decidua European larch M / / / / / P Larrea tridentata creosote VL VL VL L L L P Gc Laurentia fluviatilis blue star creeper M M M M ? M T S Laurus nobilis sweet bay L L L L M M T Laurus 'Saratoga' Saratoga laurel L L L L M M S Lavandula spp. lavender L L L L M M S Lavatera assurgentiflora tree mallow L M L L / M S Lavatera hybrids lavatera L L M M ? ? S Lavatera maritima bush mallow L L M M ? ? S Lechenaultia formosa orange L ? ? ? ? ? Lemaireocereus thurberi (See Stenocereus thurberi) S Leonotis leonurus lion's tail L L L L M M P Leontopodium alpinium eidelweiss M M ? ? ? ? S Lepechinia hastata Mexican pitcher sage L ? M ? ? ? T S Leptospermum laevigatum Australian tea tree L L L L / / T S Leptospermum petersonii lemon scented tea tree L ? M M / / T S Leptospermum polygalifolium tea tree ? ? ? ? / / T Leptospermum rotundifolium tea tree L L ? L / / S Gc Leptospermum rupestre (humifusum) tea tree L ? ? ? / / T S Leptospermum scoparium New Zealand tea tree M M M M / / T Leucadendron argenteum Silver tree L / L / / / T Leucadendron galpinii Galpin's leucadendron ? / ? ? ? ? T Leucadendron hybrids hybrid leucadendron L ? ? ? ? ? P Leucanthemum X superbum Shasta daisy M M M M M M P Leucojum aestivum summer snowflake ? L M M ? ? S spp. purple sage, Texas ranger etc. L L L L L L S Leucospermum cordifolium nodding pincushion / / L / / / S Leucothoe fontanesiana drooping laurel M ? ? ? ? ? 81 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Lewisia columbiana rupicola columbia lewisia L / ? ? ? ? P Lewisia cotyledon bitter root L / ? ? ? ? P Lewisia hybrids lewisia L / ? ? ? ? P Leymus spp. (also see Elymus spp.) wild rye VL VL M M ? ? P Liatris spicata gay feather M M M M M M P Libertia spp. libertia L ? M ? ? ? P Ligularia tussilaginea (See Farfugium japonicum) S Ligustrum japonicum Japanese privet M M M M M M T Ligustrum lucidum glossy privet L L M M M M L S Ligustrum ovalifolium California privet L L M M ? ? S Ligustrum X vicaryi golden privet L L M M ? ? P Lilium (garden hybrids) lily M M M M M M P Limonium commune var. californicum coastal statice L L L M / / P Limonium perezii statice L L L M / M L P Limonium speciosum (See Goniolemon incanum) P Limonium tataricum (See Goniolemon tataricum) P Linaria purpurea toadflax L M L M M M P Linaria supina toadflax ? ? ? ? ? ? P Linum spp. flax VL VL M ? M M T Liquidambar styraciflua sweet gum M M M M M / T Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree M H M H / / P Liriope spp. lilyturf M M M M M M T Lithocarpus densiflorus tanbark oak L / L L / / T Lithocarpus edulis (Pasania edulis) Japanese false oak P Lithodora diffusa heavenly blue M M / / / / T Livistona australis Australia fountain palm / / M M / / T Livistona chinensis Chinese fan palm ? / M M / / T Livistona mariae central Australian fan palm / / ? ? ? ? T Livistona rigida livistona (rigida) / / ? ? ? ? P Lobelia 'Brightness' brightness lobelia H H H ? ? ? P Lobelia chinensis lobelia (chinensis) H ? ? ? ? ? P Lobelia fulgens Mexican cardinal flower H H H ? ? ? S P Lobelia laxiflora Mexican bush lobelia ? ? VL VL ? M S Lobelia ricardii lobelia (ricardii) ? ? M ? ? ? P Lobelia richmondensis perennial lobelia M ? M ? ? ? P Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia ? ? ? ? ? ? S Lobostemon fruiticosus eight-day-healing bush / ? L ? ? ? P Lomandra longifolia spiny headed mat rush ? ? M ? ? ? V Lonicera confusa honeysuckle (confusa) ? ? M ? ? ? V Lonicera hildebrandiana giant Burmese honeysuckle M M M M M M S Lonicera hispidula honeysuckle (hispidula) L ? L VL ? ? V Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle M M L L M M L V Gc Lonicera japonica 'Halliana' Hall's honeysuckle M M L L M M L S Lonicera nitida box honeysuckle L M / M / / V Lonicera periclymenum flowering woodbine L L ? ? ? ? V Lonicera sempervirens trumpet honeysuckle M M / M M M S Lonicera subspicata chaparral honeysuckle L ? L VL ? ? V Lonicera tatarica tatarian honeysuckle M ? ? ? ? ? T Lophostemon confertus Brisbane box M / M M / / S Loropetalum chinense fringe flower L M M ? ? ? Gc Lotus corniculatus birdsfoot trefoil L M M M / M L P Lotus scoparius deer weed VL VL VL VL L L S T Luculia pinceana luculia M / ? ? ? ? S Luma apiculata palo Colorado M / M M / / S Lupinus albifrons silver lupine VL L / L / / S Lupinus arboreus coastal bush lupine L / L / / / L S Lupinus excubitus grape soda lupine VL VL ? ? ? ? P Lupinus (Russell hybrids) Russell lupines M M / / / / 82 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Lupinus sparsiflorus arroyo lupin ? ? ? ? ? ? P Luzula nivea snowy woodrush M ? ? ? ? ? P Luzula purpurea purple woodrush M ? ? ? ? ? P Luzula sylvatica greater woodrush M ? ? ? ? ? P alpina alpine campion M M ? ? ? ? P chalcedonica Maltese cross M M M M M M P coronaria rose campion/crown pink L L L L M M S Lycianthus rantonnetii Paraguay potato bush M M M M M / M S Lycium exertum boxthorn / ? ? ? ? ? S Lycium fremontii wolfberry / L L L L L T Lyonothamnus floribundus Catalina ironwood L / VL L / / T S Lysiloma candida palo blanca / / ? ? / M T S Lysiloma var. thornberi feather bush ? / L L / M P Gc Lysimachia spp. loosestrife/moneywort H H H H / / L T Macadamia spp. macadamia nut M / M M / / V Macfadyena unguis-cati cat's claw L L L L L L S Mackaya bella forest bell bush M ? M M / / P Macleaya spp. plume poppy M ? M ? ? ? T Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia M M M M / H T Magnolia hybrids hybrid magnolias M M ? ? ? ? T S Magnolia X loebneri loebner magnolia M M ? ? ? ? T S Magnolia sieboldii oyama magnolia M M ? ? ? ? T Magnolia X soulangiana saucer magnolia M M M M / / T Magnolia stellata star magnolia M M M M / / T Magnolia X veitchii veitch magnolia M M ? ? ? S Mahonia aquifolium Oregon grape M M M M M M S Mahonia bealei leatherleaf mahonia M M M M M M S Mahonia fortunei chinese mahonia M M ? ? ? ? S Mahonia 'Golden Abundance' golden abundance mahonia L L L M M M S Mahonia lomariifolia Chinese holly grape M M L M M M S Mahonia nervosa longleaf mahonia M ? ? M ? ? S Mahonia nevinii Nevin mahonia VL L L L M M S Mahonia pinnata & cvs. California holly grape L L M M M M Gc Mahonia repens creeping mahonia L L L M M / P Maianthemum dilatatum May lily M H ? ? ? ? S Maireana sedifolia pearl bluebush ? ? L ? ? ? S Malacothamnus clementinus San Clemente Island bush mallow S Malacothamnus fasciculatus bush mallow VL L VL L / / S Malacothamnus fremontii Fremont's bush mallow VL L ? ? ? ? Gc Maleophora spp. ice plant (Maleophora) L L L L / L L S Malosma laurina (Rhus laurina) laurel sumac VL L VL L / / T Malus spp.(edible) apple M M M M M / T Malus hybrids crabapple M M / M M / S Malvaviscus arboreus Turk's cap M ? M M / / V Mandevilla laxa Chilean jasmine M / M M / M S Mandevilla splendens mandevilla M / M M / M V Mandevilla cvs. 'Alice Dupont' etc. M / M H / H Mandevilla suaveolens (See M. laxa) P Manfreda spp. manfreda L ? ? ? ? ? T Markhamia lutea (hildebrandtii) markhamia ? / M / / / V Mascagnia lilacina purple orchid vine ? ? ? ? ? M V Mascagnia macroptera yellow orchid vine ? ? ? ? ? M P Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fern ? ? M H ? ? Maurandya antirriniflora (See Asarina antirriniflora) Maurandya barclaiana (See Asarina barclaiana) Maurandya erubescens (See Asarina erubescens) 83 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Maytenus boaria mayten tree M M M M / / S T Maytenus mangle dulce ? ? ? ? ? ? P Gc Mazus reptans mazus M H M H ? ? T S Melaleuca armillaris bracelet VL / L M / M T S Melaleuca decussata totem poles (lilac melaleuca) VL / L M / M T S Melaleuca elliptica granite VL / L M / M T Melaleuca ericifolia heath melaleuca L / ? ? ? ? S Melaleuca fulgens melaleuca (fulgens) L ? L M / M S Melaleuca huegelii chenile ? / L M / M S Melaleuca incana grey L ? L M / M T Melaleuca lanceolata black tea ? L ? L / / T Melaleuca linariifolia flax leaf paper bark L L L L / / T Melaleuca nesophila pink melaleuca L L L L / / T Melaleuca quinquinervia (See Melaleuca virididfolia var rubifolia) T Melaleuca swamp paper bark ? / ? L / / T Melaleuca squamea swamp ? ? L M / M T Melaleuca prickly-leaved paperback L L L M / M T Melaleuca thymifolia thyme L L ? ? ? ? T Melaleuca viridiflora var. rubiflora cajeput tree L L M M / M L S Melaleuca wilsonii Wilson melaleuca L L ? ? ? ? P Melampodium leucanthum blackfoot daisy L / ? L L L T Melia azedarach chinaberry VL L VL L L L S Melianthus major honey bush L M M M / M P Gc Melissa officinalis lemon balm ? M M ? ? ? Gc P Mentha spp. mint L M M M M M L V Merremia aurea merremia (aurea) ? ? ? ? / M V Merremia quinquefolia merremia (quinquefolia) ? ? ? ? / M T Meryta sinclairii puka / / M ? / / T Metasequoia dawn redwood H H H H / / T Metrosideros excelsa New Zealand Christmas tree L / M M / / S Metrosideros collinia Lehua of Hawaii ? ? ? ? ? ? Metrosideros tomentosa (see M. excelsa) T Michelia champaca fragrant Himalayan champaca M ? M ? / / T Michelia doltsopa wong-lan M M M M / / S Michelia figo banana shrub M M M H / H T Michelia X foggi 'Jack Fogg' Jack Fogg michelia M ? ? ? ? ? S Gc Microbiota decussata Siberian cypress M ? ? ? ? ? P Microlepia strigosa lace fern M / M H / / P Milium effusum golden wood millet M ? ? ? ? ? V Milletia reticulata evergreen wisteria M ? M M / / V Milletia taiwanensis Chinese evergreen wisteria H ? ? ? ? ? S Mimulus spp. (shrubby) monkey flower L L L L / / P Mimulus spp. (herbaceous) monkey flower H H H H / / P Mirabilis california wishbone bush ? ? M ? ? ? P Mirabilis jalapa four o'clock VL L / L M M P Mirabilis multiflora giant four o'clock ? L ? ? ? ? P Miscanthus sinensis eulalia grass H H M M M M P Miscanthus transmorrisonensis evergreen eulalia H H M M M M P Molinia caerulea Moor grass M ? ? ? ? ? P Monarda didyma bee balm M M M M M M P Monardella linoides ssp. viminea San Diego willowy mint L ? M ? ? ? P Monardella macrantha scarlet monardella L ? ? ? ? ? P Monardella odoratissima mountain pennyroyal / ? M ? ? ? P Monardella villosa coyote mint VL VL VL L ? M P Monochaetum volcanicum monochaetum M ? ? ? ? ? S Montanoa grandiflora daisy tree M ? M ? ? ? P Moraea spp. (summer growing) moraea M M ? ? ? ? P Moraea spp.(winter growing) morea VL VL ? ? ? ? P Morina longifolia whorlflower M ? ? ? ? ? 84 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Morus alba white mulberry M M M M M M Gc V Muehlenbeckia axillaris creeping wire vine M M M M / M Gc V Muehlenbeckia complexa mattress vine L L M M / M P Muhlenbergia capillaris hairy awn muhly L ? M ? M M P Muhlenbergia dumosa bamboo muhly L ? M M M M P Muhlenbergia emersleyi bull grass M ? ? ? ? M P Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Lindheimer muhly L ? ? M ? M P Muhlenbergia pubescens soft muhly L ? ? ? ? M P Muhlenbergia rigens deer grass L M L M M M S Murraya paniculata orange jessamine / H M M / M P Muscari macrocarpum grape hyacinth VL VL VL VL M H S P Musa spp. banana H H H H / H T S Myoporum laetum myoporum L M M M / / L S Gc Myoporum X 'Pacificum' pacifica saltbush L L L M / / S Gc Myoporum parvifolium & cvs. myoporum L L L L / M P Myosotis scorpioides forget-me-not M M / M / H L S Myrica californica Pacific wax L L L M / / S Myrica bayberry M M ? ? / / S Myrica rubra Chinese strawberrry tree ? ? ? ? ? ? S Myrsine africana African boxwood L L L M / / S Myrtus communis true L L L M M M T Nageia nagi (Podocarpus nagi) Nageia M M M M ? M S Nandina domestica heavenly bamboo L L L M M M S Nandina domestica 'Purpurea' heavenly bamboo (Nana) M M M M M M P Narcissus spp. daffodil VL VL L L L L P Nassella cernua nodding needlegrass VL L VL VL VL L P Nassella lepida foothill needlegrass VL L VL VL VL L P Nassella pulchra purple needlegrass VL L VL VL VL L P Nassella tenuissima Texas needle grass ? ? VL VL VL L P Nauplius sericeus (Asteriscus sericeus) Canary island daisy L ? VL / / / T Neodypsis decaryi triangle palm ? / M M / / P Neomarica caerulea poor man's orchid L ? M ? ? ? P Nepeta spp. catmint/catnip L M M M M M P Nephrolepis cordifolia southern sword fern M M M M M M P Nephrolepis exaltata Boston fern / M M M M M P Nerine spp. nerine L L L L M M S Nerium oleander oleander L L L L M M L P Nierembergia hippomanica cup flower M M M M / M TS Nolina recurvata (Beaucarnea recurvata) bottle palm / / L L / L S P Nolina spp. bear grass VL VL VL VL L L T Nyssa sylvatica sour gum/tupelo M M M H / / S Ochna serrulata bird's eye bush L / M M / / S Odontonema strictum firespike ? ? ? ? ? ? Gc Odontospermum hybrida gold coin ? L M M ? ? P Oenanthe javanica water dropwort H ? ? ? ? ? L Oenothera berlandieri (See Oenothera speciosa) P Oenothera caespitosa tufted (white) evening primrose L ? / L L L Oenothera cherianthifolia (See Camissonia cherianthifolia) P Oenothera fruiticosa golden sundrops M ? VL / / / Oenothera missouriensis (See O. macrocarpa) P Gc Oenothera macrocarpa Ozark sundrops M M L ? L L P Oenothera pallida evening primrose (pallida) L ? L ? L L P Oenothera rosea evening primrose (rosea) M ? L ? ? ? Gc P Oenothera speciosa Mexican/white evening primrose L L L L M M Gc P Oenothera speciosa 'Rosea' pink evening primrose L L L L M M Gc P Oenothera stubbei Baja evening primrose L L L L L L 85 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE Oenothera tetragona (See O. fruticosa spp. glauca) T Olea europaea olive VL VL L L M M L T Olmediella Guatemalan holly M / M M / / T Olneya tesota desert ironwood / / / / L L P Omphalodes cappadocica navelwort M M M ? ? ? P Omphalodes verna creeping forget-me-not M ? ? ? ? ? P Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern H H M ? ? ? P Ophiopogon clarkii Clark lily turf M M M M M M P Ophiopogon jaburan giant lily turf M M M M M M P Ophiopogon japonicus mondo grass M M M M M M P Ophiopogon planiscapus var. nigrescens black mondo grass M M M M M M S Opuntia spp. prickly pear/cholla VL VL VL L L L P Origanum spp. dittany/oregano etc. M M L L M L P Ornithogalum chincherinchee ? ? L L ? ? P Orthosiphon labiatus shell bush M ? ? ? ? ? P Orthrosanthus chimboracensis centroamericanus orthrosantus L ? ? ? ? ? P Orthrosanthus multiflorus orthrosantus L ? ? ? ? ? S Osmanthus spp. sweet olive/osmanthus M M M M M M P Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern H H H H / / P Osmunda regalis royal/flowering fern H H H ? / / Gc Osteospermum spp. African daisy L L L L / M P S Otatea acuminata (aztecorum) Mexican weeping bamboo M ? M M / H P Otholobium fruiticans blue cape pea ? ? M ? ? ? P Oxalis spp. sorrel/shamrock M M M M ? ? P Oxera pulchella royal climber ? / M M / / T Oxydendrum arboreum sourwood tree M M / ? ? / P Oxypetalum caeruleum (See Tweedia caesulea) S Ozothamnus rosemarinifolius ozothamnus M ? L ? ? ? T Pachycormis discolor elephant tree ? ? L ? / L T Pachypodium lamerei Madagascar palm ? / L M / M Gc Pachysandra terminalis Japanese spurge M M M / M / P Paeonia spp. peony M M / / / / V Pandorea jasminoides bower vine M / M M / / V Pandorea pandorana wonga wonga vine M / M M / / P Panicum virgatum cvs. switch grass M ? ? ? ? ? P Panicum (native spp.) switch grass ? ? L L VL VL P Papaver orientale oriental poppy M M M M M H P Papaver pilosum poppy L / M ? ? ? P Parahebe spp. veronica/speedwell M ? M ? ? ? T Parkinsonia aculeata Mexican palo verde/ Jerusalem thorn VL VL L L L L T Parkinsonia florida (Cercidium floridum) blue palo verde VL VL VL L / L T Parrotia persica Persian witch hazel M ? / ? ? / V Parthenocissus henryana silver vein creeper M ? M ? ? ? Gc V Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper M M M M M M Gc V Parthenocissus tricuspidata Boston ivy M M M M M M Pasania edulis (See Lithocarpus edulis) V Passiflora spp. passion vine M M M M / M P Pattersonia drummondii pattersonia M ? M ? ? ? T Paulownia kawakamii sapphire dragon tree ? ? M M ? / T Paulownia tomentosa empress tree M H M M ? / S Pavonia praemorsa yellow mallow ? ? M ? ? ? P Pelargonium cordifolium heartleaf geranium M ? M M ? ? P Pelargonium domesticum Martha Washington pelargonium M M M M / M 86 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Pelargonium X hortorum garden geranium L L M M / M Gc P Pelargonium peltatum ivy geranium M M M M / M P Gc Pelargonium sidoides geranium (sidoides) M ? L ? ? ? P Pelargonium tomentosum peppermint-scented geranium M M L M ? ? P Pellaea mucronata bird's foot fern L ? M ? ? ? P Pellaea rotundifolia button fern M ? M ? ? ? P Pennisetum alopecuroides black pennisetum L L L L L L P Pennisetum orientale Chinese fountain grass M ? L ? ? ? Pennisetum machrostachym (see P. setaceum) P Pennisetum setaceum fountain grass L L L L L L L L P Pennisetum setaceum cvs, purple/burgundy fountain grass M L M L L L P Penstemon hybrids penstemon (hybrids) M M M M M M P Penstemon wild spp. penstemon (wild) L L L L L L Pentapterygium (See Agapetes) S Perityle incana Guadalupe island rock daisy / ? ? ? ? / Pernetteya mucronata (See Gaultheria mucronata) S P Perovskia spp. Russian sage M M M M L L T Persea americana avocado M M M M / / Petalostemon purpureum (See Dalea gattingeri) V Petrea volubilis queens wreath ? / M M ? ? P Phalaris spp. (ornamental) ribbon grass M M M M / / L S Philadelphus lewisii californicus wild mock orange M ? M M ? ? S Philadelphus mexicanus evergreen mock orange L M M M M M S Philadelphus X virginalis double mock orange M M M / / / S P Philodendron bipinnatifidum (selloum) tree philodendron M M M M / M P Phlebodium aureum (Polypodium aureum) rabbit's foot fern M ? M ? ? ? P Phlomis caballeroi phlomis (caballeroi) ? ? L L ? ? S P Phlomis cashmeriana phlomis (cashmeriana) ? ? L L ? ? P Phlomis cretica phlomis (cretica) ? ? L L ? ? S P Phlomis fruticosa Jerusalem sage L L L L M M S P Phlomis italica phlomis (italica) L M L L ? ? P Phlomis lanata phlomis (lanata) L ? L L ? ? P Phlomis purpurea phlomis (purpurea) ? ? L L ? ? P Phlomis russeliana phlomis (russeliana) L ? M M ? ? S Phlomis tuberosa phlomis (tuberosa) M ? L L ? ? P Phlox (shrubby cvs.) phlox M M M M M M Gc P Phlox subulata moss pink M M / / M M T Phoenix canariensis Canary Island date palm L L L L M M T Phoenix dactylifera date palm L L L L M M T Phoenix reclinata Senegal date palm / / M M / M T Phoenix roebelenii pigmy date palm L / M M / M T Phoenix rupicola cliff date palm / / M M / / S Phormium hybrids flax L M M M / M S Phormium tenax New Zealand flax L L L M / M T S Photinia X fraseri Fraser photinia M M M M M M T S Photinia serratifolia serrulata) Chinese photinia M M / M M M S Phygelius X rectus cape fuchsia M ? M ? ? ? Gc Phyla nodiflora (Lippia nodiflora) cape weed L M L L / M L scolopendrium (See Asplenium scolopendrium) S spp. bamboo (Phylostachys) L L M M M M P Physostegia virginiana obedient plant M M M M M M T Picea abies Norway spruce M M M / / / T Picea glauca Alberta spruce M M / / M / T Picea mariana black spruce ? ? ? ? ? / T Picea omorika Serbian spruce ? ? ? ? ? / 87 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Picea orientalis oriental spruce ? ? ? ? ? / T Picea pungens Colorado spruce M M M M M / S Pieris formosa var.forestii Chinese pieris M M / / / / S Pieris japonica (taiwanensis) lily-of-the-valley shrub M M / / / / S Pimelea ferruginia rice flower M / / / ? ? S Pimelea prostrata rice flower M / / / ? ? P Pinellia ternata pinellia M ? M ? ? ? T Pinus attenuata knobcone pine L L L L / / T Pinus X attenuradiata knobcone-Monterey pine M / L M / / T Pinus brutia Calabrian pine L L L L M M T Pinus brutia ssp. eldarica eldarica pine L L L L L L T Pinus canariensis Canary Island pine L L L M M M T Pinus contorta beach pine M M / / / / T Pinus coulteri Coulter pine L L L L M / T Pinus densiflora Japanese red pine M M / M / / T Pinus edulis pinyon pine L L VL L L / Pinus eldarica (See P brutia spp. eldarica) T Pinus flexilis limber pine ? ? L ? ? ? T Pinus halepensis Aleppo pine L L L L L L T Pinus heldreichii Bosnian pine M ? ? ? ? ? T Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey pine L L / / / / Pinus leucodermis (See P. heldreichhi) T Pinus single leaf pinyon pine L / L L L / T Pinus montezumae Montezuma pine L ? L L / / S Pinus mugo mugo pine L L / M M / T Pinus muricata bishop pine M M L / / / T Pinus nigra Austrian black pine M M / M M / T Pinus parviflora Japanese white pine M M / / ? / T Pinus patula Jelecote pine M M M M M M T Pinus pinaster cluster pine M M L / / / L T Pinus pinea Italian stone pine L L L L M M L T Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine L L / L / / T Pinus radiata Monterey pine M / M M / / L T Pinus roxburghii chir pine M M M M M M T Pinus sabiniana foothill/Gray pine VL VL VL L / / T Pinus strobus eastern white pine M ? / / ? / T Pinus sylvestris Scotch pine M M / M / / T Pinus thumbergii Japanese black pine M M M M M M T Pinus torreyana Torrey pine L L L M / / T Pisonia umbellifera bird catcher tree ? / M ? / / T Pistacia chinensis Chinese pistache L L M M M M T S Pistacia lentiscus mastic tree VL ? M M ? ? T Pistacia vera pistachio L L M M / / T Pithecellobium flexicaule Texas ebony ? ? / ? / L T Pithecellobium pallens tenaza ? ? ? ? L L V Pithecoctenium crucigerum pithecoctenium ? ? M M ? ? T S Pittosporum crassifolium evergreen pittosporum M M M M / / T S Pittosporum eugenioides tarata M M M M / / T Pittosporum phillyraeoides willow pittosporum M M L L / M T S Pittosporum rhombifolium Queensland pittosporum M / M M / / T S Pittosporum tenuifolium tawhiwhi M M M M / / S Pittosporum tobira mock orange L M M M M M S Pittosporum tobira 'Wheelers Dwarf' dwarf pittosporum M M M M M M T Pittosporum undulatum victorian box M / M M / / T Platanus X acerifolia and cvs. London plane M M M M H H T Platanus occidentalis 'Glabrata' Texas sycamore ? ? ? ? ? ? T Platanus racemosa California sycamore M M M M H H T Platanus wrightii Arizona sycamore M ? M M H H S Platycladus orientalis oriental arborvitae M M M M M M 88 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Platycodon grandiflorus balloon flower M M M M M M S Plecostachys straw flower L L L L M M S P Gc Plectranthus spp. Swedish ivy M / M M / / P Pleioblastus spp. dwarf bamboo M ? M ? ? ? S Plumbago auriculata (campense) cape plumbago L M M M / M S Plumbago scandens summer snow ? ? ? M / L S Plumeria rubra frangipani / / L / / M P Poa costineata Australian blue grass M ? ? ? ? ? Podocarpus gracilior (See Afrocarpus gracillior) T Podocarpus henkelii long leaf yellow wood M H M M M / T Podocarpus latifolius yellow wood M ? M / / / T S Podocarpus yew pine M M M M M M Podocarpus nagi (See Nageia nagi) S Podocarpus nivalis alpine totara M ? ? ? ? ? T Podocarpus totara totara ? ? M M ? ? V Podranea ricasoliana pink trumpet vine / M M M / M P Polemonium spp. Jacob's ladder H H M M ? ? P Poliomintha longiflora Mexican oregano L ? ? ? L L P Polyanthes tuberosa tuberose M M L ? L L S Polygala X dalmaisiana sweet pea shrub L M M M / / P Polygonatum odoratum (japonicum) Soloman's seal H / M ? ? ? V Polygonum aubertii silver lace vine L L L L M M P Polypodium (native spp.) plypody VL ? ? ? ? ? P Polypodium (subtropical spp.) polypody M ? ? ? ? ? P Polystichum californicum sword fern L M M H / / P Polystichum munitum western sword fern M M M H / H P Polystichum polyblepharum Japanese lace fern M H H H M M P Polystichum X setigerum Alaskan fern M H H H M M T Populus alba 'Pyramidalis' bolleana poplar M M M M H H T Populus balsamifera balsam/balm of Gilead poplar M M M M H H T Populus X canadensis Carolina poplar H H ? M H H T Populus fremontii western cottonwood M M M M H H T Populus 'Mohavensis' Mohave poplar ? ? ? ? M M T Populus nigra 'Italica' Lombardy poplar M M M M H H T Populus 'Red Caudina' cottonless cottonwood ? ? ? ? ? ? T Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood H H M M H / S P Portulacaria afra elephant's food L L L L / L S Potentilla fruticosa cvs. cinquefoil M M / / M / Gc Potentilla neumanniana (tabernaemontani) spring cinquefoil M M M M / M P Gc Pratia angulata pratia H H H H / / T Prosopis alba Argentine mesquite / L L L M M Prosopis chilensis (See P. glandulosa) T Prosopis glandulosa Chilean mesquite / L L L L L T Prosopis glandulosa glandulosa Honey mesquite / L L L L L T Prosopis juliflora Arizona mesquite ? ? L L L L T Prosopis pubescens screwbean mesquite / L L L M M T Prosopis velutina velvet mesquite / L L L M M S Prostanthera denticulata mint bush L ? ? ? ? ? S Prostanthera lasianthos victorian dogwood M ? ? ? ? ? S Prostanthera rotundifolia round leaf mint bush L M L M / / S P Protea spp. protea M / M M / / Gc P Prunella spp. self heal M M M M ? ? T S Prunus caroliniana Carolina laurel cherry L L M M M M T S Prunus ilicifolia holly leaf cherry L L VL VL / / T S Prunus lauroceracus English laurel M M / H / / T S Prunus lusitanica Portugal laurel L L / / / / 89 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T S Prunus lyonii Catalina cherry L L L L / / T Prunus sargentii Sargent cherry M ? M ? ? / T Prunus spp. (edible) almond L M M M M / apricot M M M M M / T Prunus spp. (edible) cherry M M M M M / peach M M M M M / peach (low chill only) M M M M / M nectarine M M M M M / plum M M M M M / plum (low chill only) L M M M / M prune L M M M M / T Prunus spp. (ornamental) flowering cherry M M M M M / flowering peach L M M M M / flowering plum L M M M M M T Pseudobomax ellipticum shaving brush ? ? L ? / L V Pseudogynoxys chenopodiodes (Senecio) Mexican flame vine M M M ? ? ? T Pseudolarix kaempheri golden larch ? ? / / ? / T S Pseudopanax lessonii houpara M ? M / / ? S Pseudosasa japonica arrow bamboo M ? M M ? ? P Pseudosasa japonica tsutsumiana dwarf arrow bamboo M ? M M ? ? Psidium cattleianum (See P. littorale var. longipes) S T Psidium guajava common guava / / M / / M S T Psidium littorale var. longipes strawberry guava M M M / / M S P Psilostrophe cooperi paper flower ? ? ? ? L L S P Psilostrophe tagetina paper flower ? ? ? L L L S Psoralea pinnata blue pea M ? L M ? ? S Psorothamnus spinosa (Dalea spinosa) smoke tree / L / L L L P Pteris spp. brake fern M M M H H / P Pulmonaria spp. lungwort M H / ? ? ? P Pulsatilla vulgaris (Anemone pulsatilla) Pasque flower M M \ ? ? ? T Punica granatum pomegranate L L M M M M S Punica granatum 'Nana' dwarf pomegranate L L M M M M P Puya spp. puya VL ? L L / M S Gc Pyracantha spp. firethorn L L L M M M L P Pyrethropsis hosmariense Moroccan daisy L ? L ? ? ? Pyrethrum roseum (See Tanacetum coccinium) V Pyrostegia venusta flame vine / / M M / M P Pyrrosia spp. felt fern L / L ? ? ? T Pyrus calleryana cultivars Callery pear M M M M M M T Pyrus communis edible pear M M M M M / T Pyrus kawakamii evergreen pear M M M M M M T Quercus agrifolia coast live oak VL VL L L / M T S Quercus berberidifolia California scrub oak VL VL VL VL L / T Quercus buckleyi Texas red oak ? ? / ? ? ? T Quercus canyon live oak VL L L L / / T Quercus coccinea scarlet oak M M / M / / T Quercus douglasii blue oak VL VL VL L / / T S Quercus dumosa Nutall's scrub oak VL VL VL VL L / T Quercus engelmannii mesa oak / L L L / / T Quercus fusiformis escarpment live oak ? ? ? ? ? L T Quercus ilex holly oak L L L L M M T Quercus kelloggii California black oak L M / M / / T Quercus lobata valley oak L L / M / / T Quercus muhlenbergii chinquapin oak L ? ? L L M T Quercus palustris pin oak M M M M / / T Quercus robur English oak M M ? M ? / 90 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Quercus rubra red oak M M / M / / T Quercus shumardii Shumard red oak M M ? / / / T Quercus suber cork oak L L L L L L T Quercus texana Spanish oak L ? ? L L M T Quercus tomentella island oak L ? L / / / T Quercus virginiana southern live oak M M M M M M T Quercus wislizeni interior live oak VL VL VL VL M / T Quillaja saponaria soapbark tree VL L L ? ? ? T Radermachera sinica Asian bell flower / / M / / / P Ranunculus californicus California buttercup VL VL VL VL ? ? P Ranunculus cortusaefolius buttercup L ? L ? ? ? P Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup H M L ? ? ? P Raoulia australis golden scabweed L / / ? ? ? P Ratibida columnifera Mexican hat M ? L ? ? ? T Ravanea rivularis ravanea / / M M / / P Rehmannia elata Chinese foxglove H H M H M M P Reineckia carnea reineckia M ? ? ? ? ? Gc Rhagodia rhagodia L ? VL ? ? ? S Rhamnus alaternus Italian buckthorn L L L M / / S Rhamnus californicus coffeeberry L L VL L / M S Rhamnus croceus redberry L L VL L / M S Rhamnus croceus ilicifolia hollyleaf redberry L L VL L / M S Rhaphiolepis indica Indian hawthorne L L M M M M T Rhaphiolepis 'Majestic Beauty' majestic beauty L L M M M M S Rhaphiolepis umbellata Yeddo hawthorne L L M M ? ? S Rhapis excelsa lady palm / / M M / / S Rhododendron spp. azalea M M H H / / S Rhododendron spp. rhododendron M M H H / / P Rhodohypoxis spp. rose grass M ? L ? ? ? P Rhodophiala bifida rhodophiala L ? ? ? ? ? V Rhoicissus capensis evergreen grape M / M M / M T S Rhopalostylis baueri Norfolk palm ? / M M / / T S Rhopalostylis sapida Nikau palm ? / H H / / S Gc Rhus aromatica fragrant sumac ? ? ? ? ? ? S Rhus evergreen sumac ? ? ? ? ? ? S Rhus integrifolia lemonade berry L L VL L / / T Rhus lancea African sumac L L L L M M T Rhus lanceolata prairie flameleaf sumac ? ? ? ? L L Rhus laurina (see Malosma laurina) S Rhus lentii pink-flowering sumac / ? L ? ? ? S Rhus littleaf sumac ? ? ? ? ? ? S Rhus ovata sugar bush L L VL L M M S Rhus trilobata squawbush L L L L L / S T Rhus typhina staghorn sumac L L L ? L / S Rhus virens evergreen sumac ? ? ? ? ? ? S neriglume ruby grass ? ? ? ? ? ? S Ribes aureum golden currant L L L L L / S Ribes indecorum white flowering currant L L L L L / S Ribes malvaceum chaparral currant VL VL VL L / / S Ribes sanguineum red flowering currant L L L M / / S Ribes speciosum fuchsia flowering gooseberry L L L M / / S Ribes thacherianum Santa Cruz Island gooseberry / ? M ? ? ? S Gc Ribes viburnifolium evergreen currant L L L M / / T Robinia X ambigua locust L L L L M M T Robinia pseudoacacia black locust L L L L L L L P Rodgersia aesculifolia rogersia (aesculifolia) M ? ? ? ? ? P Rodgersia pinnata rogersia (pinnata) M ? ? ? ? ? P Rohdea japonica rohdea L M M M ? ? S P Romneya coulteri Matilija poppy VL VL VL L / / V Rosa banksiae Lady Banks rose L L M M M M S Rosa californica California wild rose L L L L / / 91 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE V Rosa 'Cecile Brunner' Cecile Brunner rose L L M M M M S Rosa hybrids..bush rose M M M M H H V Rosa hybrids..climbing climbing roses M M M M H H S Rosa minutifolia Baja California wild rose L ? L ? M ? S Rosa rugosa Japanese rose L M M ? M M S Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana mountain wood rose M ? ? ? M ? P Roscoea purpurea roscoea M ? ? ? ? ? S P Rosmarinus officinalis rosemary L L L L M M P Gc Rosemarinus 'Prostratus' trailing rosemary L L L L M M S Rubus lineatus bramble (lineatus) M ? ? ? ? ? S Rubus pentalobus (calcynioides) bramble M M M / / / S Rubus ursinus California blackberry L L M ? ? ? P Rudbeckia spp. coneflower M M M M ? ? S Ruellia X brittoniana dwarf ruellia M ? L ? M L S Ruellia californica rama parda ? ? VL VL / L S Ruellia macrantha Christmas pride M / M ? ? ? S Ruellia peninsularis Baja ruellia / ? M M / M P Rumohra adiantiformis leather leaf fern M M M M / / P Ruscus spp. butcher's broom L L L ? ? ? T Sabal spp. palmetto / / M M / / Gc P Sagina subulata Irish moss M M M H H H Gc P Sagina subulata 'Aurea' Scotch moss M M M H H H T S Salix spp. willow H H H H H H S Salvia apiana white sage VL L VL VL L L S Salvia argentea silver sage L L L L ? ? P Salvia azurea grandiflora prairie sage M M L ? ? ? P Salvia 'Bee's Bliss' bee's bliss sage L ? L ? L ? P Salvia eyelash-leafed sage M ? M ? ? ? P Salvia buchananii Buchanan's sage M ? M M ? ? P Salvia cacaliaefolia Guatemalan blue sage M ? M M ? ? P Salvia californica Baja California sage / ? VL VL ? ? P Salvia chamaedryoides blue sage L L L L M M P Salvia chiapensis Chiapas sage M ? M M ? ? S Salvia clevelandii & hybrids Cleveland/Alan Chickering etc. L L VL L L L S P Salvia coahuilensis Coahuila sage L ? L ? ? ? P Salvia coccinea Texas sage L M M M M M P S Salvia confertiflora spike sage M ? M ? ? ? S Salvia 'Costa Rica Blue' Costa Rica blue sage M ? M ? ? ? P Salvia 'Dara's Choice' Sonoma sage L L L L L L P S Salvia darcyi Darcy sage M ? ? ? ? ? P Salvia discolor Andean silver leaf sage M / ? ? ? ? P Salvia dorisiana grapefruit-scented sage M ? M ? ? ? P Salvia dorrii purple sage / M L ? L L P S Salvia elegans pineapple sage M M M M ? ? P Salvia farinacea nealy cup sage M M M M / M P Salvia 'Firescape' Firescape sage ? ? ? ? ? ? P Salvia forskaohlei (hians) sage (forskaohlei/hians) M ? ? ? ? ? P S Salvia fulgens Mexican cardinal sage M ? M ? ? ? P S Salvia gesneriflora scarlet sage M ? M ? ? ? P Salvia glechomaefolia sage (glechomaefolia) M ? ? ? ? ? Salvia grahamii (See S. S Salvia greggii & hybrids autumn sage L L L L M M P S Salvia guarantica anise scented sage M / ? ? ? ? Salvia hians (See S. forskaohlei) P S Salvia involucrata roseleaf sage M ? M ? ? ? S Salvia iodantha sage (iodantha) M ? M ? ? ? S Salvia X jamensis cvs. sage (jamensis cvs.) L ? ? ? ? ? S Salvia karwinskii Karwinski's sage M ? ? ? ? ? P Salvia koyamae maniko M ? ? ? ? ? S P Salvia leucantha Mexican bush sage L L L L / M S Salvia purple sage L / L L / M 92 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P S Salvia madrensis sage M ? ? ? ? ? P Salvia 'Maraschino' maraschino sage M ? M ? ? ? P Salvia 'Mrs. Beard' Mrs. Beard sage ? ? M ? ? ? S Salvia mellifera black/green sage L L L L / M S Salvia mexicana Mexican sage M / M ? ? ? S Salvia cherry/Graham sage ? M L M L L P S Salvia muelleri royal purple autumn sage L M L ? M M Salvia muirii ? ? ? ? ? ? S Salvia munzii San Miguel Mountain sage L ? VL L L / P S Salvia officinalis garden/kitchen sage L M M M M M P Salvia patens gentian sage M M M ? ? ? P Salvia pratensis haematodes medow sage M M ? ? ? ? S Salvia penstemonoides big red sage M ? ? ? ? ? S Salvia 'Purple Majesty' purple magesty sage M M M ? ? ? S Salvia regla mountain sage L ? M ? ? ? P Salvia reptans sage (reptans) L ? ? ? ? ? P Salvia roemeriana cedar sage M ? ? ? ? ? P Salvia sinaloensis Sinaloan blue sage M ? M ? ? ? P Salvia sonomensis creeping/Sonoma sage L ? ? ? ? ? P S Salvia spathacea hummingbird/pitcher sage L ? L ? ? ? P Salvia X superba hybrids & cvs. sage (superba) M M M ? ? ? P Salvia thymoides blue salvia L ? L ? ? ? P Salvia uliginosa bog sage M M M ? / / P Salvia verticillata 'Purple Rain' purple rain sage M ? ? M ? ? P S Salvia 'Waverly' Waverly sage M ? M ? ? ? T S Sambucus spp. elderberry L L L L M M S P Santolina spp. lavender cotton L L L L L L T Sapium sebiferum Chinese tallow tree M M M M / / L Gc P Saponaria ocymoides rock soapwort L L M M / / S Sarcococca confusa sweet box L M M ? / / S Gc Sarcococca hookerana humilis sweet sarcococca L M M M / / S Sarcococca ruscifolia fragrant sarcococca L M M M / / S Sasa spp. bamboo (Sasa) L L M M / M S Gc Sasaella masamuniana albostriata white striped dwarf bamboo M ? M ? ? ? P Satureja chandleri San Miguel savory L ? ? ? ? ? P Satureja douglasii yerba buena L ? M ? ? ? P Satureja mexicana savory L ? ? ? ? ? P Saxifraga spp. saxifrage M M M H H H P Scabiosa spp. pincushion flower M M M M M M Gc P Scaevola aemula 'Diamond Head' blue wonder L L M M / / Gc P Scaevola 'Mauve Clusters' fan flower L L M M / / S Schlefflera (Brassaia) Queensland umbrella tree / / M / / M S Schefflera arboricola Hawaiian elf schefflera / / H H / H S Schefflera elegantissima (Dizygotheca) thread leaf false aralia M M M M / M T S Schefflera pueckleri (Tupidanthus) Australian umbrella tree / / M H / H T Schinus molle California pepper tree VL L VL L M M L T Schinus polygamous Peruvian pepper tree VL L L L L M T Schinus terebinthefolius Brazilian pepper tree M M M M / M L P Schizostylis coccinia Kaffir lily M M M M / M P Schoenoplectus lacustris var.tabernaemontani zebra rush M ? H H ? ? T Schotia latifolia forest Boer bloom ? ? M ? ? ? T Sciadopitys verticillata Japanese umbrella pine M ? M / / / P Scilla hughii bluebell VL VL ? ? ? ? P Scilla peruviana Peruvian lily VL VL M M ? ? Scirpus cernuus (See Isolepis cernua) P Gc Sedum spp. stone crop L L L L L L P Selliera radicans swamp weed M ? M ? ? ? P Semiaquilegia ecalcarata semiaquilegia H ? M ? ? ? 93 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P S Semiarundinaria fastuosa Narihira bamboo M ? M M ? M P Sempervivum spp. house leek L L L L / L P Senecio cineraria dusty miller L L L L / M Senecio confusus (See Pseudogynoxys chenopodiodes) S Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii bush groundsel VL ? L L / M Senecio greyi (See greyi) Gc Senecio mandraliscae kleinia / / L M / M S Senna australis (Cassia australis) Australian senna/cassia S Senna artemesioides (Cassia artemesioides) feathery cassia/senna L L L L L L S Senna bicapsularis (Cassia candolleana) New Zealand cassia/senna L L L / / L S Senna didymobotrya (Cassia didymobotrya) senna/cassia didymobotrya ? ? L ? ? ? S Senna lindheimeriana (Cassia lindheimeriana) Lindheim's senna/cassia S Senna multiglandulosa (Cassia tomentosa) wooly senna VL / L ? / M S Senna odorata (Cassia odorata) senna/cassia (odorata) ? ? L L / L S Senna polyantha (Cassia goldmanii) Goldman's senna/cassia ? ? L ? ? ? S Senna (Cassia silver cassia/senna ? ? L L L L S Senna spectabilis (Cassia excelsa) senna/cassia (spectabilis/excelsa) ? ? L L ? ? S Senna splendida (Cassia splendida) golden wonder ? ? L ? ? ? S Senna sturtii (Cassia sturtii) Sturt's cassia/senna / / L L L L T Sequoia sempervirens coast redwood H H H H / / T Sequoiadendron giganteum giant sequoia M M / M / / S Serissa foetida serissa M / M M ? ? P Sesleria spp. moor grass M ? M ? / / P Setaria palmifolia palm grass H ? M M ? ? L P Setcreasea pallida 'Purple Heart' purple heart setcreasea / / M M H H S Shepherdia argentea silver buffaloberry L ? VL VL ? ? P Gc Shibatea kumasasa Okame-Zaza bamboo M ? M ? ? ? P Sidalcea spp. false mallow M M M ? ? ? P Sideritis syriaca sideritis L ? ? ? ? P Silene spp. moss pink/campion M M L L ? M S Simmondsia chinensis jojoba VL VL VL VL L L S Sinarundinaria nitida (Fargesia nitida) blue fountain bamboo M ? ? ? ? ? P Sinningia tubiflora velvet slipper L ? ? ? P Sisyrinchium bellum blue-eyed grass VL VL L L M M P Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass M M M M M M P Sisyrinchium convolutum sisysrinchium (convolutum) H ? ? ? ? ? P Sisysrinchium striatum sisysrinchium (striatum) M ? M ? / / S Skimmia japonica Japanese skimmia M M / / / / S Skimmia reevesiana Reeves skimmia ? ? / / / / V Solandra maxima cup of gold vine M M M M / / S Solanum aviculaare kangaroo apple L ? ? ? ? ? V S Solanum crispum Chilean potato tree M ? ? ? ? ? V Solanum jasminoides potato vine M M M M / M V Solanum wendlandii Costa Rican L / M / / M V Solanum xantii purple L L L L / L Gc P Soleirolia soleirolii baby's tears H H H H / H S Gc Sollya Australian bluebell creeper L L L L / / V Sollya parvifolia vining bluebell ? ? ? ? ? ? T Sophora japonica Japanese pagoda tree L L M M M M T S Sophora secundiflora Texas mountain laurel L L L L M M T Sorbus aucuparia European mountain ash / M / / M / 94 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T Sorbus hupehensis mountain ash ? ? / / ? / T Sparmannia africana African linden H / M ? / ? S Spartium junceum Spanish broom VL VL VL L VL / L P spp. / / H / / / T Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree / / M / / / P Sphaeralcea spp. desert/globe mallow L L L L / L S Spiraea spp. spiraea M M M M M M P Sporobolus airoides alkalai dropseed L ? ? ? ? L P Sprekelia formosissima Aztec lily L L L L L L P Stachys albotomentosa betony ? ? L ? ? ? P Stachys byzantina lamb's ears L L M M / M T Stenocarpus sinuatus firewheel tree / / M M / / P Stenocereus thurberi (Lemaireocereus) organ pipe cactus / / VL L / L P Stenomesson variegatum stenomesson M ? ? ? ? ? V Stephanotis floribunda Madagascar jasmine / / M M / M T Stewartia pseudocamellia Japanese stewartia M / / / / / V ciliatum butterfly vine M / M ? ? ? P Stipa cernua nodding feather grass VL ? L L L L P Stipa gigantea giant needle grass M ? L L L L P Stipa lepida foothill stipa VL VL L L L L P Stipa pulchra feather grass VL L VL L L L P Stipa stipa spinosa desert bunch grass ? ? L L L L P Stipa tenuissima Mexican feather grass L ? L L L L P Stokesia laevis stokes aster M M M M M M T Strelitzia nicolai giant bird of paradise M / M M / M S Strelitzia reginae bird of paradise M M M M / M S Streptosolen jamesonii marmalade bush / / M H / / T Styrax japonicum Japanese snowbell M M / / M / S Styrax officinale californicum California storax L L L L M / S Styrax officinale redivivus snowdrop bush L L / ? ? / P S Sutera spp. sutera M ? L ? ? ? S Swainsonia galegifolia winter sweet pea M ? ? ? ? ? T Syagrus romanzoffiana queen palm L M M M M M S albus snowberry L L L L ? / S orbiculatus coralberry M ? ? ? ? / S mollis creeping snowberry L L ? ? ? / S spp. ring bellflower M ? M ? ? ? S Syringa X chinensis Chinese lilac M M / ? ? / S Syringa X hyacinthiflora Canadian lilac M M / ? ? / S Syringa patula Korean lilac M M / ? ? / S Syringa X persica Persian lilac L L / ? M / S Syringa vulgaris lilac L L / M M / S paniculatum Australian brush cherry M M M M / / S smithii Smith's brush cherry ? ? M M / ? S Tabebuia golden trumpet tree ? / M M / M T Tabebuia impetiginosa (ipe) pink/lavender trumpet tree / / M M / / T Tagetes lemmoni mountain marigold L L L L M M S P Tagetes lucida Mexican tarragon M M M M M M P Talinium calcynium flame flower L ? ? ? ? ? P Tamarix spp. tamarisk VL VL L L L L L L T S Tanacetum coccinium (Pyrethrum roseum) painted daisy M / L ? ? ? P Tanacetum haradjanii tansy L ? L ? ? ? Tanacetum herderi (See Hippolyta herderi) P Tanacetum parthenium parthenium) feverfew L L M M M M T Taxodium distichum bald cypress M M M M / / T Taxodium mucronatum Montezuma cypress M M M M / / T S Taxus baccata English yew M M M M M / 95 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE T S Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Irish yew M M M M M / S Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew M ? M ? ? ? S Taxus 'Meyeri' Meyer's Yew M ? ? ? ? ? S Taxus X media cvs. Yew (media cvs.) M ? M ? ? ? S Tecoma 'Orange Jubilee' orange jubilee tecoma M M ? ? / M S T Tecoma X smithii Smith's tecoma ? ? M ? ? ? T S Tecoma stans yellow bells / / L L / L V Tecomanthe speciosa tecomanthe M ? ? ? ? ? S V Tecomaria capensis cape honeysuckle M M M M / M P Tellima grandiflora fringe cups M ? ? ? ? ? P Telopea speciosissima waratah M / ? ? ? ? S gymnanthera Japanese M M M M M / S Tetraneuris acaulis (Hymenoxis acaulis) sweet shade ? ? ? ? / M S Tephrosia grandiflora hoary pea M ? ? ? ? ? V Tetrapanax papyrifer rice paper plant L M M M / M Gc Tetrastigma voinieranum Javan grape / / M M / M P Gc Teucrium chamaedrys germander L L L L M M S Gc Teucrium cossonii Majorcan germander VL L L L / L S Teucrium fruticans bush germander L L L L / M P Teucrium hyrcanicum germander (hyrcanicum) L ? ? ? ? ? S Teucrium marum cat thyme L L L L ? ? P S Teucrium scorodonia 'Crispum' germander (crispum) M ? M ? ? ? P Thalictrum aquilegifolium purple meadow rue H ? M ? ? ? P Thalictrum coreanum meadow rue (coreanum) M ? ? ? ? ? P Thalictrum delavayi lavender shower H ? M M ? ? P Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum meadow rue M ? L L ? ? P Thalictrum flavum spp glaucum meadow rue (flavum) H ? M ? ? ? P Thalictrum dipterocarpum (See T. delavayi) H ? ? ? ? ? P Thalictrum polycarpum medow rue M ? M M M M P Thalictrum rochenbrunianum lavender mist H ? ? ? ? ? Thalictrum speiosissimum (See T. flavum spp glaucum) P Thamnocalamus spathaceus (Fargesia murieliae) umbrella bamboo M ? M M ? ? T S Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander / / M M / M T Thevetia thevetioides giant thevetia / / M M / M S Thuja occidentalis American arborvitae M M M M M M S Thuja orientalis (See Platycadus orientalis) V Thunbergia alata black eyed susan M M M M M M V Thunbergia battiscombei thunbergia (battiscombei) M ? M M M M V Thunbergia grandiflora sky flower M / M / / M V Thunbergia gregorii orange clock vine M / M M / M V Thunbergia mysorensis thumbergia (mysorensis) M ? M / / / GC P Thymus spp. thyme M M M M M M P Thysanolaena maxima tiger grass ? ? M M ? ? S Tiarella wherryi sugar scoop M / M ? M ? S Tibuchina heteromalla glory bush M / M ? / / S Tibuchina urvilleana (semidecandra) princess flower M / M H / H T Tilia americana American linden M M / / / / T Tilia cordata little leaf linden M M / / / / T Tipuana tipu tipu tree M / M M / / P Todea barbara crepe fern M ? M ? ? ? T Toona sinensis (Cedrela sinensis) Chinese toon ? ? L ? ? ? P Trachelium caeruleum throatwart M ? M ? ? ? Gc V Trachelospermum asiaticum Asian star jasmine M M M M M M S Gc Trachelospermum jasminoides star jasmine M M M M M M T Trachycarpus fortunei windmill palm L M M M / M T Trachycarpus takil takil fan palm ? / M M / M 96 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Tradescantia X andersoniana spiderwort M M M M M M P Tradescantia fluminensis wandering Jew M / M ? ? ? P Tradescantia pallida spiderwort M ? M ? ? ? Trichocereus spp. (See Echinopsis spp.) S P Trichostema lanatum woolly/mountain blue curls VL VL VL L / M Trichostema parishii (See T. lanatum) / P Tricyrtis hirta toad lily M ? L ? ? ? Gc Trifolium fragiferum O'Connor O'Connors legume (landscape use) M M M M M M Gc Trifolium fragiferum O'Connor O'Conners legume (revegetation use) L L L L L L Gc Trifolium repens white clover M / H H ? ? Tristania conferta (See Lophostemon confertus) Tristania laurina (See Tristaniopsis laurina) T Tristaniopsis laurina little leaf M / M M / / P Tritelia laxa Ithuriel's spear Vl VL L L ? ? P Tritonia spp. tritonia S Trixis californica trixis ? ? ? ? L M P Trollius spp. globeflower H H M M H H P Tropaeolum majus nasturtium M M / M / M L T Tsuga canadensis Canadian hemlock M / / / / / P Tulbaghia fragrans sweet garlic M M M M / M P Tulbaghia violacea society garlic M M M M / M Tupidanthus (See Schefflera pueckleri) P Tweedia caesulea (Oxypetalum caeruleum) blue flowered milkweed M ? M ? ? ? S Ugni molinae Chilean guava M M M M ? ? S T Ungnadia speciosa Mexican buckeye ? ? ? ? L M T Ulmus americana American elm M M M M ? / T Ulmus glabra Scotch elm M ? ? ? ? ? T Ulmus parvifolia Chinese evergreen elm M M M M M M T Ulmus pumila Siberian elm L L / L M M T Umbellularia californica California bay M M M M / / P Urginea maritima sea squill L ? L ? / / S Vaccinium moupinense Himalayan blueberry M ? ? ? / / S Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry M M / / / / S Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry M M / / / / S Vaccinium vitis-idaea foxberry M ? / / / / P Gc Vancouveria spp. inside-out flower M ? ? ? ? ? S Vauquelinia californica Arizona rosewood L ? / / M M S Vauquelinia corymbosa var. heterodon narrow leaf rosewood ? ? / / ? L P Velthemia bracteata forest lily L ? M / ? ? P Verbascum bombiciferum mullein M ? L ? ? ? P Verbascum phoeniceum purple mullein L L L L / / P Verbena bonariensis verbena (bonariensis) VL M L L M M Gc P Verbena gooddingii Goodding verbena L L L L / M P Verbena hybrids garden verbena L L M M / M Gc P Verbena lilacina lilac verbena L ? L L / L Gc Verbena peruviana Peruvian verbena L L L L / M Gc P Verbena rigida vervian M M M M / M Gc Verbena stricta hoary vervian L M M M M M Gc Verbena tenera (pulchella) rock verbena M ? ? M M M Gc Verbena tenuisecta moss verbena L L L L / M P Veronica spp. veronica M M M / / M Gc Veronica repens speedwell M M M / / / 97 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Veronicastrum virginicum blackroot M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum 'Anne Russel' Anne Russel viburnum M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum awabuki awabuki viburnum M ? M ? ? ? S Viburnum X bodnantense Bodnant viburnum M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum X burkwoodii Burkwood viburnum L M M / M / S Viburnum carlesii Korean spice viburnum M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum carlesii cvs. Cayuga,Chesapeake, Eskimo Viburnum M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum davidii David viburnum M M / / / / S Viburnum japonicum Japanese viburnum M M M M M / S Viburnum 'Mohawk' Mohawk viburnum M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum odoratissimum sweet viburnum L M M / M / S Viburnum opulus European cranberry bush L M M M M / S Viburnum plicatum tomentosum doublefile viburnum M M M M ? / S Viburnum X pragense Prague viburnum ? ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum X viburnum M ? ? ? ? ? S Viburnum leatherleaf viburnum M M M M M M S Viburnum setigerum tea viburnum ? ? M ? ? ? S Viburnum suspensum sandanqua viburnum M M M M M M S Viburnum tinus laurustinus M M M M M M S Viburnum trilobum American cranberry M ? ? ? ? ? V Vigna caracalla snail vine M / M M / M S Viguiera deltoidea goldeneye / ? ? ? L L S Viguiera laciniata San Diego County viguiera / ? VL ? ? ? T Villebrunea pedunculata villebrunea ? ? M ? ? ? Gc Vinca major periwinkle M M M M M M L Gc Vinca minor periwinkle M M M M M M P Viola adunca western dog violet M ? M ? ? ? P Viola cornuta horned violet M ? M ? ? ? P Gc Viola hederacea Australian violet M M M H M M P Viola japonica violet (japonica) M ? ? ? ? ? P Gc Viola labradorica Labrador violet M M M H H H P Gc Viola odorata sweet violet M M M H H H P Viola sempervirens redwood violet L ? ? ? ? ? T Vitex agnus-castus chaste tree L L L M M M V Vitis californica California wild grape L M VL L M M V Vitis girdiana desert grape L M L L M M V Vitis labrusca American grape L L M M M M V Vitis vinifera European grape L L M M M M P Wachendorfia red root H ? ? ? ? ? P Wahlenbergia gloriosa royal bluebell M ? ? ? ? ? T Washingtonia filifera California fan palm L M L L M M T Washingtonia robusta Mexican fan palm L M L L M M P Watsonia spp. watsonia L M L M M M L P Gc Wedelia trilobata trailing daisy ? ? H / / ? S Weigela coraeensis white weigela ? ? M ? ? ? S Weigela florida weigelia M M M M M / S Westringia fruiticosa (rosmariniformis) coast rosemary L L L L / M S Westringia glabra violet westringia L ? L ? / M S Westringia longifolia westringia (longifolia) L ? L ? / M S Westringia raleighi Raleigh westringia L ? L ? / M S Westringia 'Wynyabbie Gem' Wynyabbie gem westringia L ? L ? / M V Wisteria spp. wisteria M M M M M M P Woodwardia fimbriata giant chain fern M M M M / / P Woodwardia radicans European chain fern H / H H H H P Xanthorrhoea spp. grass tree L / L L ? ? P Xeronema calistemon poor knight's lily M ? ? ? ? ? P tenax bear grass L ? ? ? ? ? S P Xylococcus bicolor mission manzanita ? ? VL L M / S Xylosma congestum shiny xylosma L L M M M M S T Yucca spp. yucca L L L L L L 98 ---PAGE BREAK--- Species Evaluation List--1999 REGIONAL EVALUATIONS TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 INVASIVE P Zaluzianskya katherinae zaluzinskya M ? ? ? ? ? S Zamia pumila Florida arrowroot / / M H / / P Zantedeschia aethiopia calla lily M M M M / M L P Zantedeschia spp. & hybrids pink/yellow calla lily M M M M / M P Zauschneria spp. (see Epilobium) T Zelkova serrata saw leaf zelkova M M L M M M P spp. zephyr flower M M M M / M Zephryanthes robusta (See Habranthus robustus) P Zexmenia hispida zexmenia ? ? ? ? ? ? GC P Zinnia grandiflora prairie zinnia M M M M M M T Ziziphus jujuba Chinese jujube L L L M M M T Ziziphus obtusifolia graythorn / ? ? ? ? ? Gc P Zoyzia tenuifolia Mascarene grass M M M M M M 99 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Aaron's beard Hypericum calycinum Abyssinian acacia Acacia abyssinica Abyssinian banana Ensete ventricosum African boxwood Myrsine africana African corn lily Ixia spp. African daisy Arctotis hybrids African daisy Osteospermum spp. African fern pine Afrocarpus gracilior (Podocarpus gracilior) African linden Sparmannia africana African plumbago Ceratostigma abyssinicum African sumac Rhus lancea African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata agapetes (serpens) Agapetes serpens (Pentapetpterygium) agave Agave spp. Alaskan fern Polystichum X setigerum Albany bottlebrush Callistemon speciosus Alberta spruce Picea glauca Albury purple hypericum Hypericum X inodorum 'Albury Purple' alectryon/titoki Alectryon excelsus Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis Algerian ivy Hedera canariensis 'Alice Dupont' etc. Mandevilla cvs. alkalai dropseed Sporobolus airoides allium Allium spp. almond Prunus spp. (edible) aloe Aloe spp. aloysia Aloysia machrostachya alpine campion alpina alpine geranium Erodium reichardii alpine totara Podocarpus nivalis alpine water fern Blechnum penna-marina alum root Heuchera micrantha amaryllis Hippeastrum spp. American arborvitae Thuja occidentalis American cranberry Viburnum trilobum American elm Ulmus americana American grape Vitis labrusca American linden Tilia americana American smoke tree Cotinus obvatus amur maple Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala Andean silver leaf sage Salvia discolor angel flower Angelonia angustifolia angel wing jasmine Jasminum nitidum angel's trumpet Brugmansia spp. anise scented sage Salvia guarantica Anne Russel viburnum Viburnum 'Anne Russel' Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa apple Malus spp.(edible) apricot Arabian jasmine Jasminum sambac Argentine mesquite Prosopis alba Arizona ash Fraxinus velutina Arizona mesquite Prosopis juliflora Arizona rosewood Vauquelinia californica Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii Arizona walnut Juglans major 101 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME arnica Arnica montana arrow bamboo Pseudosasa japonica arroyo lupin Lupinus sparsiflorus ash leaved gum, silver dollar tree Eucalyptus cinerea ashy silktassel Garrya flavescens Asian bell flower Radermachera sinica Asian star jasmine Trachelospermum asiaticum Asphodel Asphodeline taurica astelia Astelia nivicola aster Aster spp. athanasia Athanasia acerosa Atlas cedar Cedrus atlantica Australia fountain palm Livistona australis Australian agathis/ kauri Agathis australis Australian blue grass Poa costineata Australian bluebell creeper Sollya Australian brush cherry paniculatum Australian fuchsia Correa spp. Australian heath Epacris gunii Australian pea Dipogon lignosus Australian senna/cassia Senna australis (Cassia australis) Australian tea tree Leptospermum laevigatum Australian tree fern Cyathea cooperii Australian umbrella tree Schefflera pueckleri (Tupidanthus) Australian violet Viola hederacea Australian willow Geijera parviflora Austrian black pine Pinus nigra autumn crocus Colchicum agrippium autumn sage Salvia greggii & hybrids avens Geum spp. avocado Persea americana awabuki viburnum Viburnum awabuki azalea Rhododendron spp. azara Azara integrifolia Aztec lily Sprekelia formosissima baboon flower Babiana stricta hybrids baby bonnets Coursetia axillaris baby's breath Gypsophila cerastioides baby's breath Gypsophila paniculata baby's tears Soleirolia soleirolii Bailey acacia Acacia baileyana Baja bush-snapdragon Galvesia juncea Baja California sage Salvia californica Baja California wild rose Rosa minutifolia Baja evening primrose Oenothera stubbei Baja fairy duster Calliandra californica Baja indigo bush Dalea orcutii Baja ruellia Ruellia peninsularis bald cypress Taxodium distichum balloon flower Platycodon grandiflorus balsam/balm of Gilead poplar Populus balsamifera bamboo Chusquea coronalis bamboo Drepanostachyum hookerianum bamboo (Bambusa) Bambusa spp. bamboo (Phylostachys) spp. bamboo (Sasa) Sasa spp. 102 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME bamboo muhly Muhlenbergia dumosa banana Musa spp. banana-leaf fig Ficus barteri banana shrub Michelia figo barberry Berberis spp. barberry Berberis X 'Irwinii' barleria Barleria obtusa barrel cactus Echinocactus spp. barrel cactus Ferocactus spp. bat-faced cuphea Cuphea llavea baumea Baumea rubiginosa bayberry Myrica beach aster Erigeron glaucus beach evening primrose Camissonia cherianthifolia (Oenothera) beach pine Pinus contorta bear grass Nolina spp. bear grass tenax bearded iris Iris spp. bear's breech Acanthus mollis beauty berry Callicarpa bodinieri beauty berry Callicarpa japonica beauty bush Kolkwitzia amabalis bee balm Monarda didyma bee's bliss sage Salvia 'Bee's Bliss' bell flower Campanula spp. bell mallee Eucalyptus preissiana bentennial baccharis Baccharis 'Centennial' betony Stachys albotomentosa big leaf maple Acer big red sage Salvia penstemonoides Bigelow sneezeweed Helenium bigelovii bird catcher tree Pisonia umbellifera bird of paradise Strelitzia reginae bird's eye bush Ochna serrulata bird's foot fern Pellaea mucronata bird's nest fern Asplenium nidus birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus bishop pine Pinus muricata bishop's hat Epimedium grandiflorum bitter root Lewisia cotyledon black alder Alnus glutinosa black box Eucalyptus largiflorens black bush Corethrogyne californica black coral pea Kennedia nigricans black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa black dalea Dalea frutescens black eyed susan Thunbergia alata black locust Robinia pseudoacacia black mondo grass Ophiopogon planiscapus var. nigrescens black pennisetum Pennisetum alopecuroides black spruce Picea mariana black tea Melaleuca lanceolata black/green sage Salvia mellifera blackfoot daisy Melampodium leucanthum blackroot Veronicastrum virginicum blackwood acacia Acacia melanoxylon 103 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME bladder pod Cleome isomeris blanket flower Gaillardia grandiflora bleeding heart Dicentra spp. blood red trumpet vine Distictis buccinatoria blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium bellum blue bamboo Drepanostachyum falcatum (Arundinaria) blue bird hydrangea Hydrangea serrata blue boy/girl etc. cvs. Ilex X meserveae blue cape pea Otholobium fruiticans blue dawn flower Ipomea indica (acuminata0 blue dracaena palm Cordyline indivisa blue fescue Festuca glauca blue flowered milkweed Tweedia caesulea (Oxypetalum caeruleum) blue fountain bamboo Sinarundinaria nitida (Fargesia nitida) blue ginger Dichorisandra blue gramma Bouteloua gracilis blue gum Eucalyptus globulus blue hair grass Koelaria glauca blue hesper palm Brahea armata blue hibiscus Alyogyne huegelii blue leaf wattle Acacia saligna blue marguerite Felicia amelloides blue mist Caryopteris X clandonensis blue oak Quercus douglasii blue oat grass Helictotrichon sempervirens blue palo verde Parkinsonia florida (Cercidium floridum) blue pea Psoralea pinnata blue sage Salvia chamaedryoides blue salvia Salvia thymoides blue star creeper Laurentia fluviatilis blue wonder Scaevola aemula 'Diamond Head' bluebell Scilla hughii blueberry Dianella tasmanica blueberry creeper Ampelopis brevipedunculata Bodnant viburnum Viburnum X bodnantense bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia bog sage Salvia uliginosa bolleana poplar Populus alba 'Pyramidalis' book-leaf mallee Eucalyptus kruseana boronia Boronia spp. Bosnian pine Pinus heldreichii Boston fern Nephrolepis exaltata Boston ivy Parthenocissus tricuspidata bottle brush Callistemon citrinus bottle palm Nolina recurvata (Beaucarnea recurvata) bottle tree populneus bougainvillea Bougainvillea spp. bower vine Pandorea jasminoides bower wattle Acacia cognata (A.subporosa) Bowles mauve wallflower Erysimum 'Bowles Mauve' box-leaved holly Ilex crenata box elder Acer negundo box honeysuckle Lonicera nitida box leaf azara Azara boxthorn Lycium exertum bracelet Melaleuca armillaris 104 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME brake fern Pteris spp. bramble Rubus pentalobus (calcynioides) bramble (lineatus) Rubus lineatus Brazilian butterfly tree Bauhinia forficata Brazilian pepper tree Schinus terebinthefolius Brazilian plume flower Justicia carnea Brazilian sky flower Duranta stenostachya breath of heaven Coleonema pulchrum bridal wreath Deutzia spp. bridal wreath Francoa ramosa bridal wreath Francoa sonchifolia Bridget bloom heucherella X Heucherella tiarelloides 'Bridget Bloom' brightness lobelia Lobelia 'Brightness' Brisbane box Lophostemon confertus brittle bush Encelia farinosa broad buckler fern Dryopteris dilatata brodiaea Brodiaea spp. bronze loquat Eryobotrya deflexa broom (Cytisus) Cytisus spp. broom (Genista) Genista spp. Buchanan's sage Salvia buchananii buckwheat Eriogonum spp. bulb oat grass Arrhenatherum elatius ssp bulbosum bulbinella Bulbinella robusta bull grass Muhlenbergia emersleyi bunchberry Cornus canadensis bunya-bunya Araucaria bidwilii Burford holly Ilex cornuta 'Burfordii' Burkwood daphne Daphne X burkwoodii Burkwood viburnum Viburnum X burkwoodii Burmese plumbago Ceratostigma griffithii burning bush Euonymous alatus burning bush/dittany Dictamnus spp. bursera Bursera hindsiana bush anemone Carpenteria californica bush germander Teucrium fruticans bush groundsel Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii bush mallow Lavatera maritima bush mallow Malacothamnus fasciculatus bush morning glory Convolvulus cneorum bush poppy Dendromecon spp. bushrue Cneoridium dumosum bushy clematis Clematis integrifolia bushy yate Eucalyptus lehmannii butcher's broom Ruscus spp. buttercup Ranunculus cortusaefolius butterfly bush Buddleja davidii butterfly bush Clerodendrum ugandense butterfly vine ciliatum butterfly weed Asclepias tuberosa button fern Pellaea rotundifolia cadaga Eucalyptus torelliana cajeput tree Melaleuca viridiflora var. rubiflora Calabrian pine Pinus brutia calamint Calamintha spp. calico flower Aristolochia elegans 105 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME California bay Umbellularia californica California black oak Quercus kelloggii California black walnut Juglans hindsii California blackberry Rubus ursinus California buckeye Aesculus californica California buttercup Ranunculus californicus California Dutchman's pipe Aristolochia californica California encelia Encelia californica California fan palm Washingtonia filifera California fescue Festuca californica California fuchsia Epilobium spp.(Zauchneria) California holly grape Mahonia pinnata & cvs. California juniper Juniperus californica California lilac Ceanothus spp. California pepper tree Schinus molle California poppy californica California privet Ligustrum ovalifolium California scrub oak Quercus berberidifolia California storax Styrax officinale californicum California sycamore Platanus racemosa California wild grape Vitis californica California wild rose Rosa californica calla lily Zantedeschia aethiopia Callery pear Pyrus calleryana cultivars callistemon (subulatus) Callistemon subulatus calyophus (drummondii) Calyophus drummondii camellia Camellia japonica camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Canadian hemlock Tsuga canadensis Canadian lilac Syringa X hyacinthiflora canary-bird bush Crotalaria agatiflora Canary island daisy Nauplius sericeus (Asteriscus sericeus) Canary Island date palm Phoenix canariensis Canary Island pine Pinus canariensis Canary Island rose Aeonium spp. cane bluestem Bothriochloa barbinoides cane reed Arundinaria gigantea canna Canna spp. canyon live oak Quercus cape chestnut Calodendrum capense cape fuchsia Phygelius X rectus cape honeysuckle Tecomaria capensis cape plumbago Plumbago auriculata (campense0 cape reed Chondropetalum tectorum Cape reed Elegia capensis cape tulip Homeria spp. cape weed Arctotheca calendula cape weed Phyla nodiflora (Lippia nodiflora) caper bush Capparis spinosa carob Ceratonia siliqua Carolina allspice Calycanthus floridus Carolina jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina laurel cherry Prunus caroliniana Carolina poplar Populus X canadensis carpet bugle Ajuga reptans Carribean copper plant Euphorbia cotinifolia 106 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME carrotwood Cupaniopsis anacardioides cascalote Caesalpinea cacalaco cashmere bouquet Clerodendrum bungei cast iron plant Aspidistra elatior cat thyme Teucrium marum Catalina cherry Prunus lyonii Catalina ironwood Lyonothamnus floribundus catclaw acacia Acacia greggii catmint/catnip Nepeta spp. cat's claw Macfadyena unguis-cati cautleya Cautleya spicata Cayuga,Chesapeake, Eskimo Viburnum Viburnum carlesii cvs. ceanothus Ceanothus cultivars Cecile Brunner rose Rosa 'Cecile Brunner' cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani cedar sage Salvia roemeriana centaurea (rupestris) Centaurea rupestris central Australian fan palm Livistona mariae chalk buckwheat lanatum chamaedorea Chamaedorea spp. chameleon houttuynia Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon' chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum chamomile Chamaemelum nobile chaparral currant Ribes malvaceum chaparral honeysuckle Lonicera subspicata chasmanthe Chasmanthe aethiopica chaste tree Vitex agnus-castus cheese bush Hymenoclea monogyra chenile Melaleuca huegelii cherimoya Annona cherimola cherry Prunus spp. (edible) cherry/Graham sage Salvia Chiapas sage Salvia chiapensis Chilean guava Ugni molinae Chilean jasmine Mandevilla laxa Chilean mesquite Prosopis glandulosa Chilean potato tree Solanum crispum Chilean wine palm Jubaea chilensis chinaberry Melia azedarach chincherinchee Ornithogalum Chinese abelia Abelia chinensis Chinese dogwood Cornus kousa chinensis Chinese evergreen elm Ulmus parvifolia Chinese evergreen wisteria Milletia taiwanensis Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis Chinese flame tree Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese flame tree Koelreuteria elegans Chinese fountain grass Pennisetum orientale Chinese foxglove Rehmannia elata Chinese fringe tree Chionanthus retusus Chinese hackberry Celtis sinensis Chinese hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chinese holly grape Mahonia lomariifolia Chinese indigo Indigofer decora (incarnata) Chinese jujube Ziziphus jujuba Chinese lilac Syringa X chinensis 107 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME chinese mahonia Mahonia fortunei Chinese maple Acer truncatum Chinese photinia Photinia serratifolia serrulata) Chinese pieris Pieris formosa var.forestii Chinese pistache Pistacia chinensis Chinese plumbago Ceratostigma willmottianum Chinese redbud Cercis chinensis Chinese strawberrry tree Myrica rubra Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum Chinese toon Toona sinensis (Cedrela sinensis) chinquapin oak Quercus muhlenbergii chir pine Pinus roxburghii chitalpa X Chitalpa tashkentensis chocolate cosmos Cosmos atrosanguineus chocolate scented daisy Berlandiera lyrata Christmas pride Ruellia macrantha Christmas/Lenten rose Helleborus spp. chuparosa Justicia californica cider gum Eucalyptus gunnii cigar plant Cuphea ignea cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea cinquefoil Potentilla fruticosa cvs. Clanwilliam daisy Euryops speciosissimus Clark lily turf Ophiopogon clarkii clay wattle Acacia glaucoptera Cleveland/Alan Chickering etc. Salvia clevelandii & hybrids cliff date palm Phoenix rupicola cliff rose Cowania mexicana climbing hydrangea Hydrangea anomala petiolaris climbing roses Rosa hybrids..climbing climbing snapdragon Asarina barclaiana (Maurandya) cluster pine Pinus pinaster clustered fishtail palm Caryota mitis Coahuila sage Salvia coahuilensis Coahuilan hesperaloe Hesperaloe funifera coast beefwood Allocasuarina verticillata (Casuarina stricta) coast live oak Quercus agrifolia coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens coast rosemary Westringia fruiticosa (rosmariniformis) coast silktassel Garrya eliptica coastal bush lupine Lupinus arboreus coastal statice Limonium commune var. californicum cockspur coral tree crista-galli coffeeberry Rhamnus californicus Colorado spruce Picea pungens columbia lewisia Lewisia columbiana rupicola columbine Aquilegia spp. combretum Combretum fruticosum common bluebeard Caryopteris incana common guava Psidium guajava common hackberry Celtis occidentalis common heliotrope Heliotropum arborescens common jasmine Jasminum officinale f. grandiflorum common witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana common yarrow Achillea millefolium & hybrids cone flower Echinacea spp. 108 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME coneflower Rudbeckia spp. confederate rose Hibiscus mutabilis coolibah Eucalyptus microtheca copper false chestnut Castanopsis cuspidata coral bells Heuchera sanguinea coral gum Eucalyptus torquata coral plant Berberidopsis corallina coral poker Kniphofia triangularis (galpinii) coral tree X bidwillii coral tree (falcata) falcata coral vine Antigonon leptopus coralberry orbiculatus coreopsis Coreopsis lanceolata cork oak Quercus suber corokia Corokia X virgata Costa Rica blue sage Salvia 'Costa Rica Blue' Costa Rican Solanum wendlandii cotoneaster Cotoneaster spp. (shrubs) cotoneaster Cotoneaster spp.(ground covers) cottonless cottonwood Populus 'Red Caudina' cotyledon Cotyledon spp. Coulter pine Pinus coulteri cowslip Lachenalia spp. coyote brush Baccharis pilularis consanguinea coyote mint Monardella villosa crabapple Malus hybrids cranesbill Geranium spp. cranessbill Erodium crape Lagerstroemia indica crassula Crassula spp. creeping baby's breath Gypsophila repens creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens creeping coprosma Coprosma X kirkii creeping fig Ficus pumila creeping forget-me-not Omphalodes verna creeping globe daisy Globularia cordifolia creeping gloxinia Asarina erubescens (Maurandya) creeping mahonia Mahonia repens creeping red fescue Festuca rubra creeping snowberry mollis creeping wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens creeping wire vine Muehlenbeckia axillaris creeping/Sonoma sage Salvia sonomensis creosote Larrea tridentata crepe fern Todea barbara crinum lily, spider lily Crinum spp. cross vine Bignonia capreolata crown of thorns Euphorbia milii cruel vine Araujia sericifera Cuayamaca cypress Cupressus arizonica ssp. arizonica cup and saucer vine Cobaea scandens cup flower Nierembergia hippomanica cup of gold vine Solandra maxima cuphea (micropetala) Cuphea micropetela cupid's dart Catananche caerulea cushion bush Calocephalus brownii 109 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME cushion spurge Euphorbia (epithymoides) cut-leaf banksia Banksia praemorsa cut leaf Guinea flower Hibbertia cuniformis cyclamen Cyclamen hederifolium cypress spurge Euphorbia cyparissias daffodil Narcissus spp. dahlia Dahlia spp. daisy tree Montanoa grandiflora dalea (bicolor) Dalea bicolor dalea (capitata) Dalea capitata dalea Dalea dalea (lutea) Dalea lutea dalea (versicolor) Dalea versicolor dampiera Dampiera diversifolia dampiera Dampiera trigona daphne (caucasia) Daphne caucasica Darcy sage Salvia darcyi date palm Phoenix dactylifera David viburnum Viburnum davidii dawn redwood Metasequoia day lily Hemerocallis spp. deciduous clematis Clematis hybrids and cvs deer fern Blechnum spicant deer grass Muhlenbergia rigens deer weed Lotus scoparius delphinium Delphinium spp. dendriopoterium Dendriopoterium menendezii deodar cedar Cedrus deodora desert bird of paradise Caesalpinea gilliesii desert broom Baccharis sarothroides desert bunch grass Stipa stipa spinosa desert cassia Cassia eremophila (C.nemophila) desert grape Vitis girdiana desert honeysuckle Anisacanthus spp. desert ironwood Olneya tesota desert lavender Hyptis emoryi desert marigold Baileya multiradiata desert olive Forestiera neomexicana desert spoon Dasylirion spp. desert sweet acacia Acacia smallii desert willow Chilopsis linearis desert/globe mallow Sphaeralcea spp. dichondra Dichondra micrantha dittany/oregano etc. Origanum spp. dobo lily Cyrtanthus dombeya Dombeya spp. double mock orange Philadelphus X virginalis doublefile viburnum Viburnum plicatum tomentosum Douglas iris hybrids Iris spp. dragon tree Dracaena draco drooping laurel Leucothoe fontanesiana drumsticks Craspedia globosa dudleya, live forever Dudleya spp. dusky coral pea Kennedia rubicunda dusty miller Senecio cineraria dusty miller (cineraria) Centaurea cineraria 110 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Dutchman's pipe Aristolochia durior dwarf arrow bamboo Pseudosasa japonica tsutsumiana dwarf bamboo Pleioblastus spp. dwarf coreopsis Coreopsis auriculata'Nana' dwarf coyote brush Baccharis pilularis cvs. dwarf fothergilla Fothergilla gardenii dwarf jasmine Jasminum parkeri dwarf pittosporum Pittosporum tobira 'Wheelers Dwarf' dwarf plumbago Ceratostigma plumbaginoides dwarf poinciana Caesalpinea pulcherrima dwarf pomegranate Punica granatum 'Nana' dwarf powderpuff Calliandra emarginata dwarf ruellia Ruellia X brittoniana dwarf snapdragon Chaenorhinium glareosum dwarf umbrella plant Cyperus albostriatus dyckia Dyckia spp. dymondia Dymondia margaretae Easter egg bush Eremophila racemosa Easter lily vine Beaumontia grandiflora eastern black walnut Juglans nigra eastern dogwood Cornus florida eastern redbud Cercis canadensis eastern white pine Pinus strobus Ebbinge's silverberry Eleagnus X ebbengei Eddie's white wonder dogwood Cornus 'Eddie's White Wonder' edible fig Ficus carica edible pear Pyrus communis eidelweiss Leontopodium alpinium eight-day-healing bush Lobostemon fruiticosus eldarica pine Pinus brutia ssp. eldarica elderberry Sambucus spp. elephant tree Pachycormis discolor elephant's ear Alocasia spp. elephant's food Portulacaria afra empress tree Paulownia tomentosa emu bush Eremophila glabra English boxwood Buxus sempervirens English daisy Bellis perenis English holly Ilex aquifolium English ivy Hedera helix English laurel Prunus lauroceracus English oak Quercus robur English walnut Juglans regia English yew Taxus baccata epidendrum Epidendrum reed stem hybrids escallonia Escallonia spp. escarpment live oak Quercus fusiformis x intermedia eulalia grass Miscanthus sinensis eumong/shoestring acacia Acacia stenophyla euonymus Euonymus kiautschovicus euphorbia Euphorbia characias euphorbia Euphorbia myrsinites euphorbia Euphorbia rigida euphorbia Euphorbia segueriana niciciana euphorbia (dulsis) Euphorbia dulsis 111 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME European beech Fagus sylvatica European chain fern Woodwardia radicans European cranberry bush Viburnum opulus European grape Vitis vinifera European hackberry Celtis australis European hornbeam Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' European larch Larix decidua European mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia European white birch Betula pendula euryops/shrub daisy Euryops pectinatus evening primrose (pallida) Oenothera pallida evening primrose (rosea) Oenothera rosea evergreen ash Fraxinus uhdei evergreen candy tuft Iberis sempervirens evergreen clematis Clematis armandii evergreen currant Ribes viburnifolium evergreen dogwood Cornus capitata evergreen eulalia Miscanthus transmorrisonensis evergreen euonymus Euonymus japonicus evergreen grape Rhoicissus capensis evergreen huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum evergreen hydrangea Dichroa febrifuga evergreen maple (oblongum) Acer oblongum evergreen maple (paxii) Acer paxii evergreen mock orange Philadelphus mexicanus evergreen pear Pyrus kawakamii evergreen pittosporum Pittosporum crassifolium evergreen sumac Rhus evergreen sumac Rhus virens evergreen wisteria Milletia reticulata evolvulus Evolvulus pilosus (nuttallianus) eyelash-leafed sage Salvia fairy duster Calliandra fairy wand Dierama spp. false cypress Chamaecyparis spp. false heather Cuphea hyssophyla false indigo Baptista australis false indigobush Amorpha fruiticosa false mallow Anisodontea scabrosa false mallow Sidalcea spp. false spirea Astilbe hybrids fan flower Scaevola 'Mauve Clusters' farfugium/ligularia Farfugium japonicum (Ligularia) fascicularia Fascicularia pitcairnifolia feather bush Lysiloma var. thornberi feather grass Stipa pulchra feather reed Calamagrostis spp. feathery cassia/senna Senna artemesioides (Cassia artemesioides) felt fern Pyrrosia spp. fern leaf yarrow Achillea filipendulina fescue (cinerea) Festuca cinerea fescue (tenuifolia) Festuca tenuifolia feverfew Tanacetum parthenium parthenium) filbert Corylus maxima fir Abies spp. fire lily Cyrtanthus purpureus 112 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Firescape sage Salvia 'Firescape' firespike Odontonema strictum firethorn Pyracantha spp. firewheel tree Stenocarpus sinuatus fishtail wine palm Caryota urens fiveleaf akebia Akebia quinata flame flower Talinium calcynium flame pea Chorizema cordata flame tree acerifolius flame vine Pyrostegia venusta flannel bush Fremontodendron spp. flax Phormium hybrids flax Linum spp. flax leaf paper bark Melaleuca linariifolia fleabane Erigeron formosissimus fleabane Erigeron karvinskianus flooded gum Eucalyptus rudis flooded/rose gum Eucalyptus grandis Florida arrowroot Zamia pumila Florida fig Ficus florida florists' cyclamen Cyclamen persicum hybrids floss silk tree Chorisia speciosa flower-of-an-hour Hibiscus trionum flowering cherry Prunus spp. (ornamental) flowering maple Abutilon X hybridum flowering peach flowering plum flowering quince Chaenomeles cvs. flowering woodbine Lonicera periclymenum foothill needlegrass Nassella lepida foothill stipa Stipa lepida foothill/Gray pine Pinus sabiniana forest bell bush Mackaya bella forest Boer bloom Schotia latifolia forest lily Velthemia bracteata forest oak Allocasuarina torulosa forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides Forman's mallee Eucalyptus formanii X intermedia sage Salvia madrensis fortnight lily Dietes bicolor fortnight lily Dietes iridioides fountain butterfly bush Buddleja alternifolia fountain grass Pennisetum setaceum four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa foxberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea foxglove Digitalis X mertonensis fragrant Himalayan champaca Michelia champaca fragrant sarcococca Sarcococca ruscifolia fragrant sumac Rhus aromatica frangipani Plumeria rubra franklin tree Franklinia alatamaha (Gordonia) Fraser photinia Photinia X fraseri Freeman maple Acer X freemanii Fremont silktassel Garrya fremontii Fremont's bush mallow Malacothamnus fremontii 113 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME fringe cups Tellima grandiflora fringe flower Loropetalum chinense fuchsia Fuchsia spp. fuchsia begonia Begonia fuchoides rosea fuchsia flowering gooseberry Ribes speciosum furcraea Furcraea spp. Galpin's leucadendron Leucadendron galpinii gamolepis Gamolepis garden geranium Pelargonium X hortorum garden monkshood Aconitum napellus garden verbena Verbena hybrids garden/kitchen sage Salvia officinalis gardenia Gardenia spp. garland lily Calostemma purpureum gaura Gaura lindheimeri gay feather Liatris spicata gazania Gazania spp. gentian Gentiana scabra procumbens gentian sage Salvia patens Geraldton wax flower Chamelaucium uncinatum geranium (sidoides) Pelargonium sidoides germander Teucrium chamaedrys germander (crispum) Teucrium scorodonia 'Crispum' germander (hyrcanicum) Teucrium hyrcanicum giant bird of paradise Strelitzia nicolai giant Burmese honeysuckle Lonicera hildebrandiana giant chain fern Woodwardia fimbriata giant coreopsis Coreopsis gigantea giant four o'clock Mirabilis multiflora giant hyssop Agastache aurantica giant lily turf Ophiopogon jaburan giant needle grass Stipa gigantea giant reed Arundo donax giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum giant thevetia Thevetia thevetioides Gibraltar candytuft Iberis gibraltarica gladiolus Gladiolus spp. gladiolus Gladiolus hybrids & selections globe daisy Globularia X indubia globe thistle Echinops exaltus globeflower Trollius spp. glory bower Clerodendrum phillippinum glory bush Tibuchina heteromalla glossy abelia Abelia X grandiflora glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum gold coin Odontospermum hybrida gold coin, Canary Island daisy Asteriscus maritimus gold flower Hypericum X moseranum gold medallion tree Cassia golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium californicum golden abundance mahonia Mahonia 'Golden Abundance' golden chain tree Laburnum X watereri golden currant Ribes aureum golden fleece Dyssodia pentachaeta golden foxtail Alopecurus pratensis 'Aureus' golden larch Pseudolarix kaempheri 114 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME golden privet Ligustrum X vicaryi golden rain tree Koelreuteria paniculata golden scabweed Raoulia australis golden sundrops Oenothera fruiticosa golden sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides scabra golden trumpet tree Tabebuia golden trumpet vine Allamanda cathartica golden wonder Senna splendida (Cassia splendida) golden wood millet Milium effusum golden yarrow confertiflorum goldenbush Isocoma spp. (Haplopappus) goldeneye Viguiera deltoidea Goldman's senna/cassia Senna polyantha (Cassia goldmanii) Goodding verbena Verbena gooddingii gordonia Gordonia axillaris Gowen cypress Cupressus goveniana granite Melaleuca elliptica grape hyacinth Muscari macrocarpum grape ivy Cissus rhombifolia grape soda lupine Lupinus excubitus grapefruit-scented sage Salvia dorisiana graptopetalum Graptopetalum spp. grass tree Xanthorrhoea spp. grassy bells Edraianthus graminifolius graythorn Ziziphus obtusifolia great blue lobelia Lobelia siphilitica greater masterwort Astrantia major rosea greater woodrush Luzula sylvatica Grecian horehound Ballota pseudodictamnus Greek yarrow Achillea ageratifolia green ash Fraxinus green carpet Herniaria glabra green euryops Euryops pectinatus viridis green gem ficus Ficus microcarpa 'Green Gem' green kangaroo paw Anigozanthos viridis green wattle Acacia decurrens grevillea Grevillea spp. grey Melaleuca incana Griffith ash Fraxinus griffithi ground ivy Glechoma hederaceae ground morning glory Convolvulus sabatius groundsel greyi (Senecio greyi) Guadalupe island rock daisy Perityle incana Guadalupe palm Brahea edulis guajillo Acacia berlandieri Guatemalan blue sage Salvia cacaliaefolia Guatemalan holly Olmediella Guinea gold vine Hibbertia scandens gum Angophora cordifolia (Angophora costata) gum plant Grindelia camporum gunnera Gunnera magellanica habranthus Habranthus tubispathus hairy awn muhly Muhlenbergia capillaris hairy canary clover Dorycnium hirsutum hairy golden aster Heterotheca villosa villosa) hairy lip fern Cheilanthes lanosa 115 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME hairy wattle Acacia vestita hakone grass Hakonechloa macra Hall's honeysuckle Lonicera japonica 'Halliana' halmiocistus X Halimiocistus sahucci halmiocistus X Halmiocistus wintonensis hammock fern Blechnum occidentale Hardijizer's beauty Azaliadendron 'Hardjizer's Beauty' hardy alyssum/basket of gold Aurinia saxatilis hardy begonia Begonia grandis hardy glutinosa hardy/straw foxglove Digitalis lutea harlequin glory bower Clerodendrum trichotomun Harry Lauder's walking stick Corylus avelleana contorta Hart's tongue fern Asplenium scolopendrium Hawaiian elf schefflera Schefflera arboricola Hawaiian snow bush Breynia nivosa (distacha) Hawaiian tree fern Cibotium glaucum haworthia Haworthia spp. hawthorn Crataegus spp. heart-leaved penstemmon Keckiella cordifolia heartleaf bergenia Bergenia cordifolia heartleaf geranium Pelargonium cordifolium heath Erica spp. heath-leafed banksia Banksia ericifolia heath melaleuca Melaleuca ericifolia heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica heavenly bamboo (Nana) Nandina domestica 'Purpurea' heavenly blue Lithodora diffusa hebe Hebe spp. hedge maple Acer campestre helianthemum Helianthemum nummularium Henry St. John's wort Hypericum beanii hens and chickens Echeveria spp. heron's-bill Erodium corsicum hesperantha Hesperantha spp. hibbertia (aspera) Hibbertia aspera hibbertia (pedunculata) Hibbertia pedunculata hibbertia (vestita) Hibbertia vestita Himalayan blueberry Vaccinium moupinense Himalayan ivy Hedera nepalensis hippolytia Hippolytia herderi (Tanacetum herderi) hoary pea Tephrosia grandiflora hoary vervian Verbena stricta holly fern Cyrtomium falcatum holly leaf cherry Prunus ilicifolia holly oak Quercus ilex holly sweetspire Itea ilicifolia hollyleaf redberry Rhamnus croceus ilicifolia honey bush Melianthus major honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa glandulosa honeysuckle (confusa) Lonicera confusa honeysuckle (hispidula) Lonicera hispidula Hong Kong orchid tree Bauhinia X blakeana hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa hopseed bush (procumbens) Dodonaea procumbens 116 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME horned violet Viola cornuta horsetail Equisetum spp. houpara Pseudopanax lessonii house leek Sempervivum spp. hummingbird/pitcher sage Salvia spathacea hyacinth bean Labab purpureus (Dolichos labab) hyacinth orchid Bletilla striata hybrid X hybridus hybrid leucadendron Leucadendron hybrids hybrid magnolias Magnolia hybrids hydrangea Hydrangea hypericum ( e. nanum) Hypericum empetrifolium nanum hypericum ( frondosum) Hypericum frondosum ice plant (Aptenia) Aptenia cordifolia ice plant (Carpobrotus) Carpobrotus spp. ice plant spp. ice plant (Delosperma) Delosperma spp. ice plant (Drosanthemum) Drosanthemum spp. ice plant (Lampranthus) Lampranthus spp. ice plant (Maleophora) Maleophora spp. ice plant (Red Apple) Aptenia 'Red Apple' Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis impatiens (uguensis) Impatiens uguensis incense cedar Calocedrus decurrens Indian hawthorne Rhaphiolepis indica Indian laurel fig/ laurel fig Ficus microcarpa indian mallow Abutilon palmeri Indian mock strawberry Duchesnea indica indigo/pea bush Dalea pulchra inside-out flower Vancouveria spp. interior live oak Quercus wislizeni inula Inula ensifolia inyouchikuzoku Hibanobambusa tranquillans Irish heath Daboecia cantabrica Irish moss Sagina subulata Irish yew Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Irish, Scotch moss Arenaria spp. (See Sagina) island alum root Heuchera maxima island bush snapdragon Galvesia speciosa island oak Quercus tomentella isoplexis Isoplexis chalcantha Italian alder Alnus cordata Italian Arum Arum italicum Italian buckthorn Rhamnus alaternus Italian cypress Cupressus sempervirens Italian jasmine Jasminum humile Italian stone pine Pinus pinea Ithuriel's spear Tritelia laxa ivy geranium Pelargonium peltatum jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia Jack Fogg michelia Michelia X foggi 'Jack Fogg' Jacob's ladder Polemonium spp. Jacob's rod/kings spear Asphodeline lutea Japanese anemone Anemone X hybrida Japanese aralia Fatsia japonica Japanese ardesia, marlberry Ardisia japonica 117 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Japanese aucuba Aucuba japonica Japanese black pine Pinus thumbergii Japanese blood grass Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra' Japanese blueberry tree Elaeocarpus decipiens Japanese boxwood Buxus japonica Japanese japonica Japanese dogwood Cornus kousa Japanese false oak Lithocarpus edulis (Pasania edulis) Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Japanese iris Iris spp. Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica Japanese lace fern Polystichum polyblepharum Japanese maple Acer palmatum Japanese mountain birch Betula japonica Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Japanese persimmon Diospyros kaki Japanese privet Ligustrum japonicum Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora Japanese rose Kerria japonica Japanese rose Rosa rugosa Japanese skimmia Skimmia japonica Japanese snowbell Styrax japonicum Japanese spurge Pachysandra terminalis Japanese stewartia Stewartia pseudocamellia Japanese gymnanthera Japanese umbrella pine Sciadopitys verticillata Japanese viburnum Viburnum japonicum Japanese white pine Pinus parviflora Japanese yew Taxus cuspidata jasmine (beesianum) Jasminum beesianum jasmine (leratii) Jasminum leratii jasmine (tortulosum Jasminum tortuosum Javan grape Tetrastigma voinieranum Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Jelecote pine Pinus patula Jerusalem sage Phlomis fruticosa jojoba Simmondsia chinensis jubilee wallflower Erysimum 'Jubilee' Judas tree Cercis siliquastrum jungle geranium Ixora coccinia juniper Juniperus spp. justicia (leonardii) Justicia leonardii Kaffir bloom coral tree caffra Kaffir lily Clivia miniata Kaffir lily Schizostylis coccinia Kaffir plum caffrum Kahili ginger Hedychium garnerianum kalanchoe Kalanchoe spp. kangaroo apple Solanum aviculaare kangaroo paw Anigozanthos flavidus kangaroo treebine Cissus antarctica kapuka Griselinia littoralis Karwinski's sage Salvia karwinskii Katsura tree japonicum Keller hypericum Hypericum kelleri kellerii achillea Achillea X kellerii 118 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Kenilworth ivy Cymbalaria muralis Kentia palm Howea forsterana Kew broom Cytisus X kewensis king palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana kiwi Actinidia deliciosa kiwi/Tara Actinidia arguta kleinia Senecio mandraliscae knife acacia Acacia cultriformis knobcone-Monterey pine Pinus X attenuradiata knobcone pine Pinus attenuata Korean lilac Syringa patula Korean spice viburnum Viburnum carlesii kunzea Kunzea spp. Labrador violet Viola labradorica lace fern Microlepia strigosa lacecap hydrangea Hydrangea aspera villosa Lady Banks rose Rosa banksiae lady fern Athyrium filix-femina lady palm Rhapis excelsa ladybells Adenophora bulleyana lambertia Lambertia intermis lamb's ears Stachys byzantina lantana Lantana camara lantern tree Crinodendron hookerianum laurel leaf cocculus Cocculus laurifolius laurel sumac Malosma laurina (Rhus laurina) laurustinus Viburnum tinus lavatera Lavatera hybrids lavender Lavandula spp. lavender beautyberry Callicarpa dichotoma lavender cotton Santolina spp. lavender mist Thalictrum rochenbrunianum lavender shower Thalictrum delavayi lavender star flower Grewia occidentalis leather leaf fern Rumohra adiantiformis leatherleaf acacia Acacia craspedocarpa leatherleaf mahonia Mahonia bealei leatherleaf viburnum Viburnum leatherwood lucida (billardieri) Lehua of Hawaii Metrosideros collinia lemon balm Melissa officinalis lemon flowered gum Eucalyptus woodwardii lemon scented gum Eucalyptus citriodora lemon scented jasmine Jasminum azoricum lemon scented tea tree Leptospermum petersonii lemon verbena Aloysia lemonade berry Rhus integrifolia leopard's bane Doronicum orientale caucasium) lewisia Lewisia hybrids Leyland cypress X Cupressocyparis leylandii libertia Libertia spp. licorice plant petiolare lilac Syringa vulgaris lilac verbena Verbena lilacina lilac vine Hardenbergia violacea lily Lilium (garden hybrids) 119 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME lily-of-the-Nile Agapanthus africanus lily-of-the-valley shrub Pieris japonica (taiwanensis) lily-of-the-valley tree Crinodendron patagua lilyleaf ladybells Adenophora liliifolia lilyturf Liriope spp. limber pine Pinus flexilis Lindheimer muhly Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Lindheim's senna/cassia Senna lindheimeriana (Cassia lindheimeriana) lion's tail Leonotis leonurus little cabbage tree Cussonia paniculata little leaf cordia Cordia parvifolia little leaf linden Tilia cordata little leaf Tristaniopsis laurina little leaf palo verde Cercidium little Tyler/blue stars Aristea ecklonii littleaf sumac Rhus livistona (rigida) Livistona rigida lob lolly bay Gordonia lasianthus lobelia (chinensis) Lobelia chinensis lobelia (ricardii) Lobelia ricardii locust Robinia X ambigua loebner magnolia Magnolia X loebneri Lombardy poplar Populus nigra 'Italica' London plane Platanus X acerifolia and cvs. long flowered marlock Eucalyptus macranda long leaf yellow wood Podocarpus henkelii longleaf mahonia Mahonia nervosa loosestrife/moneywort Lysimachia spp. loquat Eryobotrya japonica low bull rush Isolepis cernua (Scirpus cernuus) luculia Luculia pinceana Ludgvan cross agapetes Agapetes 'Ludgvan Cross' lungwort Pulmonaria spp. Lydia woadwaxen Genista lydia macadamia nut Macadamia spp. Madagascar jasmine Stephanotis floribunda Madagascar palm Pachypodium lamerei Madagascar periwinkle Catharanthus roseus madrone Arbutus menziesii magic flower Cantua buxifolia maiden hair tree Ginkgo biloba maidenhair fern Adiantum spp. majestic beauty Rhaphiolepis 'Majestic Beauty' Majorcan germander Teucrium cossonii male fern Dryopteris felix-mas mallow rose Hibiscus moscheutos Maltese cross chalcedonica mandevilla Mandevilla splendens manfreda Manfreda spp. mangle dulce Maytenus maniko Salvia koyamae manna gum Eucalyptus viminalis manzanita Arctostaphylos spp. manzanita cultivars Arctostaphylos cultivars maraschino sage Salvia 'Maraschino' marbled bamboo Chimonobambusa marmorea (Arundinarea) 120 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Marguerite daisy Argyranthemum frutescens Marina arbutus Arbutus 'Marina' markhamia Markhamia lutea (hildebrandtii) marmalade bush Streptosolen jamesonii Martha Washington pelargonium Pelargonium domesticum Mascarene grass Zoyzia tenuifolia mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus Matilija poppy Romneya coulteri mattress vine Muehlenbeckia complexa Maximilian sunflower Helianthus maximiliani May lily Maianthemum dilatatum mayten tree Maytenus boaria mazus Mazus reptans meadow rue Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum meadow rue (coreanum) Thalictrum coreanum meadow rue (flavum) Thalictrum flavum spp glaucum Meadowsweet Filipendula vulgaris Mediterranean fan palm Chamaerops humilis medow rue Thalictrum polycarpum medow sage Salvia pratensis haematodes melaleuca (fulgens) Melaleuca fulgens merremia (aurea) Merremia aurea merremia (quinquefolia) Merremia quinquefolia mesa oak Quercus engelmannii Mexican abelia Abelia floribunda Mexican bird of paradise Caesalpinea mexicana Mexican buckeye Ungnadia speciosa Mexican bush lobelia Lobelia laxiflora Mexican bush sage Salvia leucantha Mexican cardinal flower Lobelia fulgens Mexican cardinal sage Salvia fulgens Mexican cycad Dioon spp. Mexican fan palm Washingtonia robusta Mexican feather grass Stipa tenuissima Mexican flame vine Pseudogynoxys chenopodiodes (Senecio) Mexican hat Ratibida columnifera Mexican honeysuckle Justicia spicigera Mexican lily Beschorneria yuccoides Mexican orange Choisya ternata Mexican oregano Poliomintha longiflora Mexican palo verde/ Jerusalem thorn Parkinsonia aculeata Mexican pitcher sage Lepechinia hastata Mexican redbud Cercis mexicana Mexican sage Salvia mexicana Mexican tarragon Tagetes lucida Mexican tulip poppy Hunnemannia fumarifolia Mexican weeping bamboo Otatea acuminata (aztecorum) Mexican/white evening primrose Oenothera speciosa Meyer's Yew Taxus 'Meyeri' milk bush Euphorbia tirucalli milk/silk weed Asclepias (wild species) mindinao gum Eucalyptus deglupta mint Mentha spp. mint bush Prostanthera denticulata mirror plant Coprosma repens mission manzanita Xylococcus bicolor 121 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME mistflower Eupatorium spp. mock orange Pittosporum tobira Modesto ash Fraxinus velutina 'Modesto' Mohave poplar Populus 'Mohavensis' Mohawk viburnum Viburnum 'Mohawk' mondo grass Ophiopogon japonicus monkey flower Mimulus spp. (shrubby) monkey flower Mimulus spp. (herbaceous) monkey puzzle tree Araucaria araucana monochaetum Monochaetum volcanicum montbrieta Crocrosmia hybrids (Tritonia) Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey pine Pinus radiata Montezuma cypress Taxodium mucronatum Montezuma pine Pinus montezumae Moor grass Molinia caerulea Moor grass Sesleria spp. moraea Moraea spp. (summer growing) moraine ash Fraxinus 'Moraine' morea Moraea spp.(winter growing) Moreton Bay chestnut Castanospermum australe Moreton Bay fig Ficus Moroccan daisy Pyrethropsis hosmariense mosquito plant Agastache cana moss pink Phlox subulata moss pink/campion Silene spp. moss verbena Verbena tenuisecta mother-in-law's tongue etc. Gasteria spp. mother fern Asplenium bulbiferum Mount Atlas daisy Anaclycus pyrethrum var depressus mountain alyssum Alyssum montanum mountain ash Sorbus hupehensis mountain ironwood Cercocarpus betuloides mountain marigold Tagetes lemmoni mountain pennyroyal Monardella odoratissima mountain sage Salvia regla mountain wood rose Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana Mrs. Beard sage Salvia 'Mrs. Beard' Mueller's fescue Festuca muelleri mugo pine Pinus mugo mulga Acacia aneura mullein Verbascum bombiciferum myoporum Myoporum laetum myoporum Myoporum parvifolium & cvs. Nageia Nageia nagi (Podocarpus nagi) naked coral tree americana(E.coralloides) naked lady Amaryllis belladona Narihira bamboo Semiarundinaria fastuosa narrow leaf rosewood Vauquelinia corymbosa var. heterodon nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Natal coral tree humeana Natal plum Carissa macrocarpa (prost.cvs.) Natal plum Carissa spp. native fleabane Erigeron divergens navelwort Omphalodes cappadocica nealy cup sage Salvia farinacea 122 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME nectarine needleleaf acacia Acacia rigens neem Azadirachta indica Nepal holly Ilex integra nerine Nerine spp. net bush Calothamnus quadrifidus Nevin mahonia Mahonia nevinii New Zealand cabbage tree Cordyline australis New Zealand cassia/senna Senna bicapsularis (Cassia candolleana) New Zealand Christmas tree Metrosideros excelsa New Zealand flax Phormium tenax New Zealand laurel Corynocarpus laevigata New Zealand tea tree Leptospermum scoparium Newell cestrum Cestrum fasciculatum var. 'Newellii Nichol's willow leaf peppermint Eucalyptus nicholii night jessamine Cestrum nocturnum Nikau palm Rhopalostylis sapida nodding feather grass Stipa cernua nodding needlegrass Nassella cernua nodding pincushion Leucospermum cordifolium Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophyla Norfolk palm Rhopalostylis baueri Norway maple Acer platanoides Norway spruce Picea abies Nutall's scrub oak Quercus dumosa oakleaf hydrangea Hydrangea quercifolia obedient plant Physostegia virginiana O'Conners legume(revegetation use) Trifolium fragiferum O'Connor O'Connors legume(landscape use) Trifolium fragiferum O'Connor ocotillo Fouquieria splendens Okame-Zaza bamboo Shibatea kumasasa Okinawan holly Ilex dimorphophilla old man cactus Cephalocereus spp. oleander Nerium oleander olive Olea europaea olympic hypericum Hypericum olympicum orange cestrum Cestrum auranticum orange clock vine Thunbergia gregorii orange jessamine Murraya paniculata orange jubilee tecoma Tecoma 'Orange Jubilee' orange sneezeweed Helenium hoopesii orange, lemon etc. Citrus spp. Oregon alder Alnus oregona Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia Oregon fleabane Erigeron speciosus Oregon grape Mahonia aquifolium organ pipe cactus Stenocereus thurberi (Lemaireocereus) oriental arborvitae Platycladus orientalis oriental poppy Papaver orientale oriental spruce Picea orientalis ornamental asparagus Asparagus spp. orono Azara dentata orthrosantus Orthrosanthus chimboracensis centroamericanus orthrosantus Orthrosanthus multiflorus ostrich fern Matteuccia struthiopteris oyama magnolia Magnolia sieboldii 123 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Ozark sundrops Oenothera macrocarpa ozothamnus Ozothamnus Pacific wax Myrica californica pacifica saltbush Myoporum X 'Pacificum' painted daisy Tanacetum coccinium (Pyrethrum roseum) painted lady fern Athyrium nipponicum 'Pictum' palm grass Setaria palmifolia palm lily Cordyline stricta palmetto Sabal spp. palo blanca Lysiloma candida palo blanco Acacia willardiana palo Colorado Luma apiculata pampas grass Cortaderia sellowana cvs. pampas lily Habranthus robustus (Zephranthes) paper flower Psilostrophe cooperi paper flower Psilostrophe tagetina paperbark maple Acer griseum Paraguay potato bush M Lycianthus rantonnetii parrot's beak Clianthus puniceus Pasque flower Pulsatilla vulgaris (Anemone pulsatilla) passion vine Passiflora spp. pattersonia Pattersonia drummondii peach peach (low chill only) pearl acacia Acacia podalyriifolia pearl bluebush Maireana sedifolia pecan Carya illinoensis peegee hydrangea Hydrangea paniculata 'Grandiflora' pennatula acacia Acacia pennatula penstemon (hybrids) Penstemon hybrids penstemon (wild) Penstemon wild spp. peony Paeonia spp. pepper tree Drimys lanceolata peppermint-scented geranium Pelargonium tomentosum peppermint tree Agonis flexuosa perennial cornflower Centaurea montana perennial lobelia Lobelia richmondensis periwinkle Vinca major periwinkle Vinca minor Persian knapweed Centaurea dealbata Persian lilac Syringa X persica Persian witch hazel Parrotia persica Peruvian apple cactus Cereus peruvianus Peruvian lily Alstroemeria spp. Peruvian lily Scilla peruviana Peruvian old man cactus Espostoa lantana Peruvian pepper Schinus polygamous Peruvian verbena Verbena peruviana phanera Bauhinia corymbosa phlomis (caballeroi) Phlomis caballeroi phlomis (cashmeriana) Phlomis cashmeriana phlomis (cretica) Phlomis cretica phlomis (italica) Phlomis italica phlomis (lanata) Phlomis lanata phlomis (purpurea) Phlomis purpurea phlomis (russeliana) Phlomis russeliana 124 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME phlomis (tuberosa) Phlomis tuberosa phlox Phlox (shrubby cvs.) pichi Fabiana imbricana pigmy date palm Phoenix roebelenii pimpernel Anagallis monellii pin oak Quercus palustris pincushion flower Scabiosa spp. pindo palm Butia capitata pine-leafed bottlebrush Callistemon pinifolius pineapple guava Acca sellowiana (Feijoa sellowiana) pineapple lily Eucomis bicolor hybrids pineapple sage Salvia elegans pinellia Pinellia ternata pink jasmine Jasminum polyanthum pink powder puff Calliandra haematocephala pink tips/white bottlebrush Callistemon salignus pink/carnation Dianthus spp. pink/lavender trumpet tree Tabebuia impetiginosa (ipe) pink/yellow calla lily Zantedeschia spp. & hybrids pink-flowering sumac Rhus lentii pink evening primrose Oenothera speciosa 'Rosea' pink melaleuca Melaleuca nesophila pink trumpet vine Podranea ricasoliana pinyon pine Pinus edulis pipestem clematis Clematis lasiantha pistachio Pistacia vera pithecoctenium Pithecoctenium crucigerum plantain lily Hosta spp. plum plum (low chill only) plume albizia Albizia distachya plume grass Erianthus ravennae plume poppy Macleaya spp. plypody Polypodium (native spp.) poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima polypody Polypodium (subtropical spp.) pomegranate Punica granatum ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa poor knight's lily Xeronema calistemon poor man's orchid Neomarica caerulea poor man's rhododendron Impatiens sodeni (oliveri) poppy Papaver pilosum porcupine flower Centratherum punctatum Portugal laurel Prunus lusitanica potato vine Solanum jasminoides poverty weed Iva hayesiana Prague viburnum Viburnum X pragense prairie flameleaf sumac Rhus lanceolata prairie sage Salvia azurea grandiflora prairie zinnia Zinnia grandiflora pratia Pratia angulata prickly-leaved paperback Melaleuca prickly heath Gaultheria mucronata (Pernettya mucronata) prickly pear/cholla Opuntia spp. pride of Madeira Echium candicans (fastuosum) pride of Teneriffe Echium pininana 125 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME primrose jasmine Jasminum mesnyi primrose tree Lagunaria patersonii princess flower Tibuchina urvilleana (semidecandra) prostrate acacia Acacia redolens protea Protea spp. prune Pt. Reyes wallflower Erysimum suffrutescens (concinnum) puka Griselinia lucida puka Meryta sinclairii purple heart setcreasea Setcreasea pallida 'Purple Heart' purple hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa 'Purpurea' purple magesty sage Salvia 'Purple Majesty' purple meadow rue Thalictrum aquilegifolium purple mullein Verbascum phoeniceum purple needlegrass Nassella pulchra purple Solanum xantii purple orchid tree Bauhinia variegata (purpurea) purple orchid vine Mascagnia lilacina purple prairie clover Dalea gattingeri (Petalostemum purpureum) purple rain sage Salvia verticillata 'Purple Rain' purple sage Salvia dorrii purple sage Salvia purple sage, Texas ranger etc. spp. purple tower echium Echium 'Purple Tower' purple wings Dalechampia dioscorifolia purple winter creeper Euonymus fortunei purple woodrush Luzula purpurea purple/burgundy fountain grass Pennisetum setaceum cvs, pussy toes Antennaria rosea puya Puya spp. quaking grass Briza media queen palm Syagrus romanzoffiana queen's tears etc. Billbergia spp. queens wreath Petrea volubilis Queensland bottle tree rupestris Queensland kauri Agathis robusta Queensland lace bark discolor Queensland pittosporum Pittosporum rhombifolium Queensland umbrella tree Schlefflera (Brassaia) rabbit brush nauseosus albicaulis rabbit's foot fern Phlebodium aureum (Polypodium aureum) Raleigh westringia Westringia raleighi rama parda Ruellia californica ravanea Ravanea rivularis raywood ash Fraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood' red-barked dogwood Cornus alba red-veined enkianthus Enkianthus campanulatus red buckeye Aesculus pavia red cap gum Eucalyptus red centered hibiscus Alyogyne hakeifolia red cestrum Cestrum elegans red flowering currant Ribes sanguineum red flowering gum Eucalyptus ficifolia red ginger Hedychium greenei red ginger lily Hedychium coccinium red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis 126 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME red horsechestnut Aesculus X carnea red hot poker Kniphofia uvaria red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium red iron bark Eucalyptus sideroxylon red justicia Justicia candicans red oak Quercus rubra red orchid bush Bauhinia galpinii red osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera red root Wachendorfia red shanks/ribbonwood Adenostoma sparsifolium red tubeflower Iochroma fuchsioides red valerian Centranthus ruber red/ yellow yucca Hesperaloe parviflora redberry Rhamnus croceus redwood violet Viola sempervirens Reeves skimmia Skimmia reevesiana reineckia Reineckia carnea rhagodia Rhagodia rhododendron Rhododendron spp. rhodophiala Rhodophiala bifida ribbon bush Hypoestes aristata ribbon grass Phalaris spp. (ornamental) rice flower Pimelea ferruginia rice flower Pimelea prostrata rice paper plant Tetrapanax papyrifer Richmond begonia Begonia 'Richmondensis' rigidula acacia Acacia rigidula ring bellflower spp. river she-oak Casuarina cunninghamiana river/red birch Betula nigra rock cress Aubrieta deltoidea rock jasmine Androsace lanuginosa rock soapwort Saponaria ocymoides rock verbena Verbena tenera (pulchella) rockcress Arabis spp. rockrose Cistus spp. rogersia (aesculifolia) Rodgersia aesculifolia rogersia (pinnata) Rodgersia pinnata rohdea Rohdea japonica roscoea Roscoea purpurea rose Rosa hybrids..bush rose campion/crown pink coronaria rose cone flower/drumsticks Isopogon formosus rose grass Rhodohypoxis spp. rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus roseleaf sage Salvia involucrata rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis round leaf mint bush Prostanthera rotundifolia Rowall hypericum Hypericum 'Rowallane' Roxburgh fig Ficus auriculata royal bluebell Wahlenbergia gloriosa royal climber Oxera pulchella royal purple autumn sage Salvia muelleri royal trumpet vine Distictis 'Rivers' royal/flowering fern Osmunda regalis rubber plant Ficus elastica 127 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME ruby grass neriglume rush Juncus spp. Russell lupines Lupinus (Russell hybrids) Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian sage Perovskia spp. rusty leaf fig Ficus rubiginosa Ryukyu Island palm Arenga engleri S. California black walnut Juglans californica sage (forskaohlei/hians) Salvia forskaohlei (hians) sage (glechomaefolia) Salvia glechomaefolia sage (iodantha) Salvia iodantha sage (jamensis cvs.) Salvia X jamensis cvs. sage (reptans) Salvia reptans sage (superba) Salvia X superba hybrids & cvs. sagebrush Artemisia spp. (shrubby) sago palm Cycas revoluta saguaro Carnegiea gigantea sakaki Cleyera japonica salal Gaultheria shallon Salt River mallet Eucalyptus sargentii saltbush Atriplex spp. San Clemente Island bush mallow Malacothamnus clementinus San Diego County viguiera Viguiera laciniata San Diego mountain mahogany Cercocarpus minutiflorus San Diego willowy mint Monardella linoides ssp. viminea San Jose hesper palm Brahea brandegeei San Miguel Mountain sage Salvia munzii San Miguel savory Satureja chandleri sandanqua viburnum Viburnum suspensum sandwort Arenaria montana Santa Cruz Island gooseberry Ribes thacherianum sapphire dragon tree Paulownia kawakamii Saratoga laurel Laurus 'Saratoga' Sargent cherry Prunus sargentii sasanqua camellia Camellia sasanqua saucer magnolia Magnolia X soulangiana savory Satureja mexicana saw leaf zelkova Zelkova serrata saxifrage Saxifraga spp. scarlet monardella Monardella macrantha scarlet oak Quercus coccinea scarlet red maple Acer rubrum scarlet sage Salvia gesneriflora Scotch elm Ulmus glabra Scotch heather Calluna vulgaris Scotch moss Sagina subulata 'Aurea' Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris screwbean mesquite Prosopis pubescens sea dahlia Coreopsis maritima sea foam Holodiscus discolor sea holly Eryngium pandanifolium sea holly Eryngium variifolium sea oats Chasmanthium latifolium sea pink Armeria alliacea sea pink Armeria maritima sea squill Urginea maritima 128 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME sea urchin tree Hakea laurina sedge Carex (garden spp.) self heal Prunella spp. semiaquilegia Semiaquilegia ecalcarata Senegal date palm Phoenix reclinata senna/cassia (odorata) Senna odorata (Cassia odorata) senna/cassia (spectabilis/excelsa) Senna spectabilis (Cassia excelsa) senna/cassia didymobotrya Senna didymobotrya (Cassia didymobotrya) sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis Serbian bell flower Campanula poscharskyana Serbian spruce Picea omorika serissa Serissa foetida Shasta daisy Leucanthemum X superbum shaving brush Pseudobomax ellipticum sheild/wood fern Dryopteris arguta shell bush Orthosiphon labiatus shell ginger Alpinia zerumbet Sherwood dwarf abelia Abelia 'Sherwoodii' shiny xylosma Xylosma congestum showy banksia Banksia speciosa showy jasmine Jasminum floridum shrimp plant Justicia brandegeana shrub aster Felicia fruticosa shrub pincushion Pterocephalus dumetorum shrubby cassia Cassia wizlizeni shrubby dogweed Dyssodia acerosa Shumard red oak Quercus shumardii Siberian bugloss Brunnera Siberian cypress Microbiota decussata Siberian elm Ulmus pumila Siberian iris Iris spp. Siberian wallflower Erysimum hyeraciifolium sideoats gramma Bouteloua curtipendula sideritis Sideritis syriaca Sierra sundrop Calyophus hartwegii silk oak Grevillea robusta silk tree Albizia julibrissin silver buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea silver button plant Cotula lineariloba silver cassia/senna Senna (Cassia silver dichondra Dichondra argenta silver dollar gum Eucalyptus polyanthemos silver gimlet Eucalyptus campaspe silver lace vine Polygonum aubertii silver lupine Lupinus albifrons silver maple Acer saccharinum silver mountain gum Eucalyptus pulverulenta silver sage Salvia argentea silver spear Astelia nervosa chathamica silver tree Leucadendron argenteum silver vein creeper Parthenocissus henryana silver wattle Acacia dealbata silverberry Elaeagnus pungens silvery yarrow Achillea clavennae Sinaloan blue sage Salvia sinaloensis single leaf pinyon pine Pinus 129 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME sissoo Dalbergia sissoo sisysrinchium (convolutum) Sisyrinchium convolutum sisysrinchium (striatum) Sisysrinchium striatum sky flower Duranta erecta repens) sky flower Thunbergia grandiflora slipper flower/slipperwort Calceolaria spp. small flowered clematis Clematis pauciflora Smith's brush cherry smithii Smith's tecoma Tecoma X smithii smoke tree Cotinus smoke tree Psorothamnus spinosa (Dalea spinosa) smooth Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica var.glabra snail vine Vigna caracalla snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae snapdragon vine Asarina antirriniflora (Maurandya) snow in summer Cerastium tomentosum snowball hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens snowberry albus snowdrop bush Styrax officinale redivivus snowdrop windflower Anemone sylvestris Snowy River wattle Acacia boormanii snowy woodrush Luzula nivea soapbark tree Quillaja saponaria society garlic Tulbaghia violacea soft muhly Muhlenbergia pubescens Soloman's seal Polygonatum odoratum (japonicum) Sonoma sage Salvia 'Dara's Choice' Sonora cercidium Cercidium 'Sonorae' Sonoran justicia Justicia sonorea Sonoran palo verde Cercidium praecox sorrel/shamrock Oxalis spp. sour gum/tupelo Nyssa sylvatica sourwood tree Oxydendrum arboreum South African jasmine Jasminum angulare South African mallow Anisodontea X hypomadarum southern live oak Quercus virginiana southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora southern sword fern Nephrolepis cordifolia southwest redbud Cercis reniformis Spanish broom Spartium junceum Spanish fir Abies pinsapo Spanish oak Quercus texana Spanish shawl Heterocentron elegans Spanish/Dutch iris Iris spp. spp. spear lily Doryanthes palmeri speedwell Veronica repens spicy jatropha Jatropha integerrima spiderwort Tradescantia X andersoniana spiderwort Tradescantia pallida spike sage Salvia confertiflora spiny headed mat rush Lomandra longifolia spiraea Spiraea spp. spotted deadnettle Lamium maculatum spotted emu bush Eremophila maculata spotted gum Eucalyptus maculata 130 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME spring cinquefoil Potentilla neumanniana (tabernaemontani) spring star flower Ipheion uniflorum (Tritelia) square-stemmed bamboo Chimonobambusa quadrangularis squawbush Rhus trilobata squirrel's foot fern Davallia trichomanoides St.Johnswort Hypericum 'Hidecote' staghorn sumac Rhus typhina stalked bulbine Bulbine frutescens standing cypress Ipomopsis rubra star jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides star lily Arthropodium cirrhatum star magnolia Magnolia stellata statice Goniolimon incanum (Limonium speciosum) statice Limonium perezii stemless carline thistle Carlina acaulis stenomesson Stenomesson variegatum Stephan jasmine Jasminum X stephanense stokes aster Stokesia laevis stone crop Sedum spp. straw flower bracteatum straw flower Plecostachys strawberry Fragaria spp. strawberry guava Psidium littorale var. longipes strawberry snowball Dombeya cacuminum strawberry tree Arbutus unedo Sturt's cassia/senna Senna sturtii (Cassia sturtii) subporosa acacia Acacia subporosa sugar bush Rhus ovata sugar gum Eucalyptus cladocalyx sugar maple Acer saccharum sugar scoop Tiarella wherryi summer holly Arctostaphylos diversiloba (Comarostaphylis diversiloba) summer hyacinth Galtonia candicans summer snow Plumbago scandens summer snowflake Leucojum aestivum summersweet Clethra alnifolia sun rose Halimium lasianthum sutera Sutera spp. swamp Melaleuca squamea swamp jessamine Gelsemium rankinii swamp mahogany Eucalyptus robusta swamp mallee Eucalyptus spathulata swamp paper bark Melaleuca swamp sunflower Helianthus angustifolius swamp weed Selliera radicans Swan River daisy Brachycome spp. Swedish ivy Plectranthus spp. sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana sweet bay Laurus nobilis sweet box Sarcococca confusa sweet flag Acorus gramineus sweet garlic Tulbaghia fragrans sweet gum Liquidambar styraciflua sweet hakea Hakea suaveolens sweet olive/osmanthus Osmanthus spp. sweet pea shrub Polygala X dalmaisiana 131 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME sweet sarcococca Sarcococca hookerana humilis sweet shade Hymenosporum flavum sweet shade Tetraneuris acaulis (Hymenoxis acaulis) sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet viburnum Viburnum odoratissimum sweet violet Viola odorata sweet woodruff Galium odoratum switch grass Panicum virgatum cvs. switch grass Panicum( native spp.) sword fern Polystichum californicum Sydney golden wattle Acacia longifolia Sykes coral tree X sykesii takil fan palm Trachycarpus takil tall aristea Aristea major tall baeckia Baeckea virgata tamarisk Tamarix spp. tanbark oak Lithocarpus densiflorus tansy Tanacetum haradjanii tarata Pittosporum eugenioides tarragon/angel's hair etc. Artemisia spp. (herbaceous) Tartarian statice Gonilimon tataricum (Limonium tataricum) Tasmanian tree fern Dicksonia antarctica tatarian honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica tawhiwhi Pittosporum tenuifolium tea tree Leptospermum polygalifolium tea tree Leptospermum rotundifolium tea tree Leptospermum rupestre (humifusum) tea viburnum Viburnum setigerum tecate cypress Cupressus guadalupensis forbesii tecomanthe Tecomanthe speciosa tenaza Pithecellobium pallens Texas ebony Pithecellobium flexicaule Texas firecracker bush Hamelia patens Texas mountain laurel Sophora secundiflora Texas needle grass Nassella tenuissima Texas olive Cordia boissieri Texas red oak Quercus buckleyi Texas sage Salvia coccinea Texas sycamore Platanus occidentalis 'Glabrata' thread leaf false aralia Schefflera elegantissima (Dizygotheca) threadleaf coreopsis Coreopsis verticilata cvs. thrift Armeria caespitosa juniperifolia) thrift Armeria setacea throatwart Trachelium caeruleum thumbergia (mysorensis) Thunbergia mysorensis thunbergia (battiscombei) Thunbergia battiscombei thyme Thymus spp. thyme Melaleuca thymifolia ti plant Cordyline terminalis tickseed Bidens triplinervia tiger grass Thysanolaena maxima tipu tree Tipuana tipu toad lily Tricyrtis hirta toadflax Linaria purpurea toadflax Linaria supina Tolleson's juniper Juniperus scopulorum'Tolleson' 132 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME toog Bischofia javanica torch cactus Echinopsis spp. (Trichocereus spp.) Torrey pine Pinus torreyana totara Podocarpus totara totem poles (lilac melaleuca) Melaleuca decussata tower of jewels Echium wildpretii toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia trailing daisy Wedelia trilobata trailing indigo bush Dalea greggii trailing lantana Lantana montevidensis (sellowiana) trailing rosemary Rosemarinus 'Prostratus' Transvaal daisy Gerbera jamesonii tree banksia Banksia integrifolia tree dahlia Dahlia imperialis tree euphorbia Euphorbia lambii tree ivy X Fatshedera lizei tree mallow Lavatera assurgentiflora tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima tree philodendron Philodendron bipinnatifidum (selloum) treebine Cissus trifoliata triangle palm Neodypsis decaryi triangleleaf bursage Ambrosia deltoidea trident maple Acer buergerianum trinidad flame bush Calliandra tweedii tritonia Tritonia spp. trixis Trixis californica true Myrtus communis trumpet creeper Campsis spp. trumpet honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens tuberose Polyanthes tuberosa tufted (white) evening primrose Oenothera caespitosa tufted hairgrass Deschampsia caespitosa tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera tulipwood Harpullia arborea Turk's cap Malvaviscus arboreus turpentine bush Ericameria laricifolia (Haplopappus) Turutu Dianella intermedia twinspur Diascia spp. twisted acacia Acacia schaffneri umbrella bamboo Thamnocalamus spathaceus (Fargesia murieliae) umbrella catalpa Catalpa bungei umbrella plant/Indian rhubarb Darmera peltata umbrella sedge/papyrus Cyperis spp. valley oak Quercus lobata Vancouver gold genista Genista pilosa (Vancouver Gold) veitch magnolia Magnolia X veitchii velvet centaurea Centaurea gymnocarpa velvet honeysuckle Dicliptera suberecta velvet mesquite Prosopis velutina velvet slipper Sinningia tubiflora verbena (bonariensis) Verbena bonariensis verde vista coprosma Coprosma petriei 'Verde vista' veronica Veronica spp. veronica/speedwell Parahebe spp. vervian Verbena rigida viburnum Viburnum X 133 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME victorian box Pittosporum undulatum victorian dogwood Prostanthera lasianthos villebrunea Villebrunea pedunculata vine maple Acer circinatum vining bluebell Sollya parvifolia violet (japonica) Viola japonica violet trumpet vine Clytostoma callistigioides violet tubeflower Iochroma cyanea violet westringia Westringia glabra Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia wallflower Erysimum cheiri (Cherianthus cheiri) wallflower Erysimum helveticum wallflower Erysimum linifolium wallflower Erysimum menziesii wallflower Erysimum pulchellum wandering Jew Tradescantia fluminensis waratah Telopea speciosissima Warley rose stone cress Aethionema armenium 'Warley Rose' water birch Betula fontinalis (occidentalis) water dropwort Oenanthe javanica watsonia Watsonia spp. Waverly sage Salvia 'Waverly' Wax begonia Begonia semperflorens weeping acacia Acacia pendula weeping bottle brush Callistemon viminalis weeping Chinese banyan Ficus benjamina weigelia Weigela florida Wenlock beauty wallflower Erysimum 'Wenlock Beauty' western Australia coral pea Hardenbergia comptoniana western catalpa Catalpa speciosa western cottonwood Populus fremontii western dog violet Viola adunca western dogwood Cornus nuttallii western hackberry Celtis reticulata western hazelnut Corylus cornuta californica western redbud Cercis occidentalis western spice bush Calycanthus occidentalis western sword fern Polystichum munitum western virgin's bower Clematis ligusticifolia westringia (longifolia) Westringia longifolia white alder Alnus rhombifolia white ash Fraxinus americana white barked Himalayan birch Betula utilis var. jaquemontii white breath of heaven Coleonema album white bursage Ambrosia dumosa white clover Trifolium repens white Florida anise-tree Illicium floridanum 'Alba' white floss silk tree Chorisia insignis white flowering currant Ribes indecorum white fringe tree Chionanthus virginicus white ginger lily Hedychium coronarium white ironbark Eucalyptus leucoxylon white mulberry Morus alba white rock rose Helianthemum appenium white sage Salvia apiana white sapote Casimiroa edulis 134 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME white striped dwarf bamboo Sasaella masamuniana albostriata white weigela Weigela coraeensis whitethorn acacia Acacia constricta whorlflower Morina longifolia wild ginger Asarum caudadum wild hyacinth Dichelostemma capitatum wild mock orange Philadelphus lewisii californicus wild rye Elymus spp. (also see Leymus spp.) wild rye Leymus spp. (also see Elymus spp.) willow Salix spp. willow acacia Acacia salicina willow pittosporum Pittosporum phillyraeoides Wilson holly Ilex X altaclarensis 'Wilsonii' Wilson melaleuca Melaleuca wilsonii windmill palm Trachycarpus fortunei winter blooming bergenia Bergenia crassifolia winter creeper Euonymus fortunei radicans winter daphne Daphne odora winter hazel Corylopsis spicata winter jasmine Jasminum nudiflorum winter sweet pea Swainsonia galegifolia winterberry Ilex verticillata winter's bark Drimys winteri wintersweet Chimonanthus praecox wire-netting bush Corokia cotoneaster wishbone bush Mirabilis california wisteria Wisteria spp. wolfberry Lycium fremontii wong-lan Michelia doltsopa wonga wonga vine Pandorea pandorana wood fern Dryopteris woolly bush Adenanthos drummondii woolly bush Adenanthos sericea woolly butterfly bush Buddleja marrubiifolia woolly yarrow Achillea tomentosa woolly/mountain blue curls Trichostema lanatum wooly senna Senna multiglandulosa (Cassia tomentosa) wrinkled agastache Agastache rugosa Wynyabbie gem westringia Westringia 'Wynyabbie Gem' yaupon Ilex vomitoria Yeddo hawthorne Rhaphiolepis umbellata yellow archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon yellow bells Tecoma stans yellow ginger Hedychium flavescens yellow mallow Pavonia praemorsa yellow oleander Thevetia peruviana yellow orchid vine Mascagnia macroptera yellow penstemmon Keckiella antirhinnoides yellow plume flower Justicia aurea yellow trumpet vine Anemopaegma chamberlaynii yellow waxbells Kirengeshoma koreana yellow waxbells Kirengeshoma palmata yellow wood Podocarpus latifolius yerba buena Satureja douglasii yerba mansa Anemopsis californica yesterday today and tomorrow Brunfelsia pauciflora 135 ---PAGE BREAK--- Common Names Index COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Yew (media cvs.) Taxus X media cvs. yew pine Podocarpus York gum Eucalyptus loxophleba yucca Yucca spp. zaluzinskya Zaluzianskya katherinae zebra rush Schoenoplectus lacustris var.tabernaemontani zephyr flower spp. zexmenia Zexmenia hispida 136 ---PAGE BREAK--- Turfgrasses From: University of California ANR publication 24191, Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Map, Central Coast of California. annual bluegrass cool season 80% of ETo annual ryegrass cool season 80% of ETo Bermudagrass warm season 60% of ETo colonial bentgrass cool season 80% of ETo creeping bentgrass cool season 80% of ETo hard fescue cool season 80% of ETo highland bentgrass cool season 80% of ETo Kentucky bluegrass cool season 80% of ETo kikuyugrass warm season 60% of ETo meadow fescue cool season 80% of ETo perennial ryegrass cool season 80% of ETo red fescue cool season 80% of ETo rough-stalked bluegrass cool season 80% of ETo seashore paspalum warm season 60% of ETo St. Augustinegrass warm season 60% of ETo tall fescue cool season 80% of ETo zoysiagrass warm season 60% of ETo Grass Type Irrigation Requirements 137 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK--- Appendix A— Reference Evapotranspiration Values for Selected Locations in California Table 1 gives average values for reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in selected California lo- cations. All values are reported in inches per day. To calculate inches per month, select a location in the column on the left, then select a month and read the value corresponding to the location. Multiply the column value times the number of days in the month. For example, reference evapotranspiration in Sacramento for the month of August is 7.75 inches (.25 x 31 = 7.75). The numbers in Appendix A are normal year (histori- cal) averages, derived from several years of data for the month and location. Ad- justments to normal year values may be needed to ac- count for: 1. Variation in actual ETo totals for a month. From year to year the actual amount of evaporation may be substantially different than the his- torical average. For ex- ample, the historical av- erage ETo for August in Sacramento is 7.75 inches. If the summer was particularly cool, however, the actual value may be 25% less than average, or about 5.8 inches. Conversely, the actual amount may be substantially greater dur- ing a very hot summer. Adjustments to reflect actual ETo conditions will be appropriate in some years. 2. Variation in location. Adjustments in ETo may be needed for the location of the landscape plant- ing. The climatic conditions at the ETo measur- ing site may be substantially different than those at the landscape site. For example, San Fran- cisco does not have a CIMIS station. CIMIS stations closest to San Francisco are in Marin County and San Mateo County. To use data from either Marin or San Mateo for San Francisco, a downward adjustment in ETo would be needed since both locations are considerably warmer than San Francisco. It is important to know Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values are collected at various sites in California. The ETo site closest to your location may or may not have climatic conditions similar to your site. If not, then adjusments in ETo values will be needed. For example, using Marin County or San Mateo County data for San Francisco will likely produce an overestimate of landscape water needs. 139 ---PAGE BREAK--- Appendix A—Table 1 Reference Evapotranspiration Rates for Selected Cities* Daily Average Reference Evapotranspiration by ETo Zone (inches per day) ETo Zone City Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1 Santa Monica 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.02 2 Santa Cruz 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.04 3 Monterey/Salinas 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 4 San Diego 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.06 5 Santa Rosa 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 6 Los Angeles 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.06 7 Alturas 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.16 0.09 0.04 0.02 8 San Jose 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.03 9 San Bernardino Pasadena 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.06 10 Paicines 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.10 0.05 0.03 11 Sonora 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.26 0.24 0.19 0.12 0.07 0.05 12 Fresno 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.03 13 Quincy 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.29 0.25 0.19 0.12 0.06 0.03 14 Sacramento 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.28 0.25 0.19 0.13 0.07 0.05 15 Bakersfield 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.19 0.13 0.07 0.04 16 Hanford 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.29 0.30 0.27 0.21 0.14 0.08 0.05 17 Needles 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.32 0.28 0.22 0.14 0.09 0.06 18 Palm Springs 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.23 0.16 0.10 0.07 * For comprehensive descriptions of each zone and to locate your region in a zone, see the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) color map opposite this page. where ETo measurements are being taken and then decide whether meaningful differences ex- ist between your location and the measurement location. The assistance of a qualified biometeoroligist is recommended if adjustments for location are needed. 140 ---PAGE BREAK---       8  $  4 6   7 !  3  1 2 17 3 $   16  3 15  5 3 12   11    10    13  $  14 18 
9 ---PAGE BREAK--- Appendix A—Table 2 Calculations of Species Water Needs for July for Several Locations in California Listed are normal year ETo values1 for July and three categories of water needs. Select the appropriate location and water need category. Look down the column to find the estimated water need. This was calculated by multiplying ETo x a water need category (low, medium or high). For example, for Los Angeles in July, the normal year ETo = 6.5 inches. For a planting in the medium category, (0.4 - 0.6) the estimated water need ranges from 2.6 to 3.9 inches. Estimated species water needs (inches per month)2 for JULY 1. Normal year values and zones are derived from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) Reference Evapotranspiration Map, 1999. 2. Please note; these values are not adjusted for irrigation efficiency. ETo WUCOLS REGION ETo LOW MEDIUM HIGH Zones 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 NORTH CENTRAL 4 Novato 5.8 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2 1, 2 San Francisco 4.6-4.9 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 8 Concord 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 8 San Jose 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 3 Monterey 5.5 0.5 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.8 4.4 4.9 6 San Luis Obispo 6.5 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.8 CENTRAL VALLEY 14 Auburn 8.6 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.7 14 Sacramento 8.6 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.7 12 Modesto/Stockton 8.0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.4 12 Fresno 8.0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.4 15 Bakersfield 8.6 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.7 14 Redding 8.6 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.7 SOUTH COASTAL 4 Santa Barbara 5.8 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2 4 Ventura 5.8 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2 6 Los Angeles 6.5 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.8 1, 2 Laguna Beach 4.7-4.9 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 4 San Diego 5.8 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2 SOUTH INLAND VALLEY 9 San Fernando 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 9 Pasadena 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 9 Riverside 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 9 Ramona 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 9 San Bernardino 7.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 HIGH DESERT 17 Palmdale 9.9 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 17 Lancaster 9.9 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 17 Victorville 9.9 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 17 Bishop 9.9 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 17 Independence 9.9 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 LOW DESERT 18 Palm Springs 9.6 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.6 18 Coachella 9.6 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.6 18 Needles 9.6 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.6 18 El Centro 9.6 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.6 142 ---PAGE BREAK--- Notes on Invasive Species Acacia baileyana—mainly near habitations Acacia dealbata—Northern coastal to southern inland regions Acacia decurrens—Northern coastal Acacia longifolia—Minor threat along coast Acacia melanoxylon—Northern coastal and inland to southern coastal Achillea millefolium—Coastal and inland areas in moist places Ailanthus altissima—Urban and natural areas around the world Albezia distachya—Coastal areas Aptenia cordifolia ‘Red Apple’—Coastal zones, mainly southern Arctotheca calendula—Northern and southern coastal bluffs, foothills Arundo donax—All regions in moist areas, seasonal water courses Atriplex glauca—Southern coastal foothills Altriplex semibaccata - Coastal to inland areas Briza media - Grasslands Carpobrotus edulis —Coastal and inland regional through- out California Carpobrotus chilensis — Coastal and inland regional throughout California Centranthus ruber—Coastal, inland and foothill regions throughout California Cistus ladanifer—coastal sage scrub and chaparral Coprosma repens—Only coastal Cordyline australis—Only coastal Cortaderia sellowana—Coastal regions, dunes, scrub and Monterey pine forest Cotoneaster pannosus—Disturbed sites, many communi- ties, central and northern coast Crataegus monogyna—Central and northern coast Cupressus macrocarpa—Northern coastal Cytisus canariensis—Foothill regions, northern California and Central Valley Cytisus racemosus—Foothill regions, northern California and Central Valley Cytisus scoparius—Coastal scrub, oak woodland Cytisus striatus—Coastal scrub, oak woodland Delosperma spp. —Potential threat on coast Duchesnia indica—Potential threat on coast Echium candicans (fastuosum)—Coastal Elaeagnus angustifolia—interior riparian areas Erica lusitanica—possible threat to wildlands Eucalyptus camaldulensis—Southern coastal canyons and foothills Eucalyptus globulus—Coastal canyons and foothills, riparian areas Eucalyptus pulverulenta—Southern coastal Ficus carica—Central Valley, south coastal and Channel Islands riparian woodlands Genista monspessulanus—Coastal scrub, oak woodland Appendix B— Invasive Species Certain species, if grown adjacent to wildland ar- eas, have the ability to “invade” native habitats to the detriment of the native species. Others cause problems in managed landscapes. Species of both types are listed here. It is incumbent on landscape architects, designers, and managers to learn which plants are considered to be invasive, and use appro- priate caution in their use. Invasive species are indicated on the list by LL, or L. Examples: LL Arundo donax Considered an important wildland weed (can displace native species in natural communi- ties in one or more regions). L Acacia decurrens Considered a wildland weed of secondary im- portance, or is potentially invasive, or is a spe- cies which is limited to one region, landscaped areas or roadsides. LL Genista spp. NOT ALL Genista species are considered in- vasive. Refer to “Notes on Invasive Species” for information about Genista monspessulanus French broom. 143 ---PAGE BREAK--- Hedera canariensis—Coastal and inland regions in moist and shady places Hedera helix—Coastal and inland regions in moist and shady places petiolare—north coastal scrub Ilex aquifolium—Coastal forests Imperata cylindrica, I brasiliensis—on federal noxious weed list Juncus spp.—potential to naturalize moist areas Ligustrum lucidum—Mendocino coast Limonium perezii—Southern coastal beaches and bluffs Lonicera japonica ‘Halliana’—Coastal and inland regions; moist, shady places Lotus corniculatus—Roadside weed Lupinus arboreus—North coast dunes Lysimachia nummularia—widely naturalized in other states, not in CA to date Malephora crocea—south coast bluffs, margins of wetlands Melaleuca viridifolia (quinqueneveria)—severe problem in Florida wetlands, not in CA to date Mentha pulegium—invades Santa Rosa Plain (Sonoma County) Myoporum laetum—Northern and southern coastal foothills Myosotis spp.—Coastal forests Nereum oleander—Riparian areas Oenanthe javanica—potential to naturalize in damp habitats Olea europaea—Southern coastal and inland foothills Pennisetum setaceum—All dry climate regions, grasslands, desert canyons Phalaris aquatica—coastal sites with moist soil Phyla nodiflora—Wet places, vernal pools Pinus pinaster—Sparingly naturalized central coast Pinus pinea—Sparingly naturalized central coast Pinus radiata—Central and northern coastal Pyracantha spp.—Central coastal Robinia pseudoacacia—Northern valleys and foothills to southern mountains and foothills Sapium sebiferum—severe problem in Gulf coast wetlands, bottomland forests, beginning to appear in CA in wetlands in Yolo county and along the American River near Sacramento Schinus mole—Coastal canyons and foothills statewide Schinus terebinthifolius—Coastal lowlands, wet places Spartium junceum—Coastal scrub, oak woodlands Tamarix chinensis, T gallica, T parviflora, T ramosissima (pendantra)—Coastal through desert riparian areas Tropaeolum majus —Moist coastal regions Vinca major—Riparian areas, oak woodland, mostly coastal Watsonia bulbillifera—North coast Watsonia marginata—North coast Zantedeschia aethiopica—Coastal streams 144 ---PAGE BREAK--- Appendix C— Glossary Acre-foot The amount of water which covers an acre (43,560 ft.2) to the depth of one foot (12 inches). One acre-foot equals 325,850 gallons. CIMIS California Irrigation Management Information Sys- tem. A network of weather stations located around the state which collects reference evapotranspira- tion data. The network is managed by the Califor- nia Department of Water Resources. Conversion Factor (0.62 gallons/ft. 2-inch) Used to convert water volume from inches per unit area to gallons per unit area. There are 0.62 gallons in a square foot-inch. Crop Coefficient (Kc) Fraction of water lost from the crop relative to ref- erence evapotranspiration. Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) Water loss from a crop. Vegetation Density An evaluation of vegetation surface area per unit volume taking into consideration factors such as tree canopy cover and tiers of vegetation. Density Factor (kd) One of three factors used to generate a landscape coefficient. Adjusts the landscape coefficient to ac- count for the effect of vegetation density on water loss from a hydrozone. ET Evapotranspiration. The sum of water losses through evaporation from the soil and transpi- ration from the plant. ETo Reference Evapotranspiration. The approximation of water loss from a field of 4-to-7-inch-tall cool- season grass that is not water stressed. ETo is mea- sured at CIMIS weather stations in various locations around the state. ETL Estimated water needs of the landscape. Calculated by multiplying the landscape coefficient (KL) by Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo). Hydrozone A portion of a landscaped area having plants with similar water needs that are served by one irriga- tion valve or set of valves with the same schedule. Irrigation Efficiency A measure of the portion of the total applied irriga- tion water beneficially used (primarily to satisfy plant water needs). Losses (non-beneficial water use) include unused runoff and evaporation from wet soil surfaces. Landscape Coefficient (KL) The functional equivalent of the crop coefficient. Used for estimating water needs from landscape plantings. Landscape coefficient = species factor x microclimate factor x density factor. Microclimates Areas having different environmental conditions within a climatic zone. 145 ---PAGE BREAK--- Microclimate Factor (kmc) One of three factors used to generate a landscape coefficient. Adjusts the landscape coefficient to ac- count for the effect of microclimate on water loss from a hydrozone. Species Factor (ks) One of three factors used to generate a landscape coefficient. Adjusts the landscape coefficient to ac- count for water loss from a hydrozone due to the plant species composition. Square foot-inch The amount of water which covers one square foot of area to the depth of one inch. One square foot- inch equals 0.62 gallons. TWA Total water applied. An estimate of the total amount of water to apply to a landscape planting. Calcu- lated by dividing ETL (estimated water needs of the planting) by IE (irrigation efficiency). WUCOLS Water Use Classification of Landscape Species. A Guide to the Water Needs of Landscape Plants. 146 ---PAGE BREAK--- Appendix D— Additional Resources References Cal Poly Irrigation Training and Research Center, Landscape Water Manager, (irrigation manage- ment software) California Polytechnic State Uni- versity, San Luis Obispo, CA. Clebsch, 1997, A Book of Salvias, Sages for Every Garden, Timber Press, Portland, OR. Coate, 1990, Water-Conserving Plants and Landscapes for the Bay Area, East Bay Mu- nicipal Utility District, Alamo, CA. Cornell University Bailey Hortorium Staff, 1976, Hortus Third, MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. Costello, L.R., D. Thomas, and J. DeVries, 1996, “Plant water loss in a shaded environment: a pilot study.” J. of Arboriculture 22(2):106-108. Evans, M. and J. Bohn, Tree of Life Wholesale Nursery Catalog 1998, San Juan Capistrano. Feldman and Fogle C. 1989, Sunset Waterwise Gardening, Lane Publishing Com- pany, Menlo Park, CA. Gibeault, V. J. L. Meyer, R. Autio, R. Strohman, 1986, “Turfgrass Alternatives With Low Water Needs.” California Agriculture, 40 8):19-20. Greenlee, 1992, The of Ornamen- tal Grasses, Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. Griffiths, 1994, Index of Garden Plants, Royal Horticultural Society, Timber Press, Portland, OR. Harris, R.W., J. R. Clark, and N. P. Matheny, 1999, Arboriculture: The Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs and Vines, 3rd Edi- tion. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hartin, Meyer, 1991 Research conducted at U.C. South Coast Field Station on four landscape tree species. U.C. Cooperative Extension, San Bernardino County. (personal communication). Hartin, Pittenger, 1988, Suggested Landscape Trees For the San Bernardino Valley, Univer- sity of California Cooperative Extension San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Johnson, E. and Scott 1993, How to Grow the Wildflowers, Ironwood Press, Tucson. Johnson, E. and Scott 1993, The Low Water Flower Gardener, Ironwood Press, Tucson. Keator, 1990, Complete Garden Guide to the Native Perennials of California, Chronicle Books, San Francisco. Keator, 1994, Complete Garden Guide to the Native Shrubs of California, Chronicle Books, San Francisco. Levitt, D. J. R. Simpson, J. L. Tipton, 1995, Water Use of Two Landscape Trees in Tucson Arizona, Journal American Society of Horti- cultural Science, 120(3):409-416. 147 ---PAGE BREAK--- Lindsey, P. and N. Bassuk, 1991,“Specifying soil volumes to meet the water needs of mature ur- ban street trees in containers.” J. Arboric. 17 (6):141-149. Macoboy, 1988, What Flower is That? Portland House, New York, NY. MacNair, Estimating Water Use and Irrigation Schedules for Ornamental Landscape, pre- sented at the 1992 Northern California Zeriscape Conference. Metcalf, L. 1987, The Cultivation of New Zealand Trees and Shrubs, Reed Methuen Pub- lishers Ltd., Aukland. Meyer, J. L. and V. A. Gibeault, 1986, “Turfgrass Performance Under Reduced Irrigation.” Cali- fornia Agriculture, 40 8):19-20. Ottesen, 1989, Ornamental Grasses, the Am- ber Wave, McGraw Hill, NY. Perry, 1992, Trees and Shrubs for Dry Califor- nia Landscapes, Land Design Publishing, Claremont CA. Pittenger, D.R, D.R. Hodel and D. A. Shaw, 1990, “Relative water requirements of six groundcover species.” HortScience, 25 1985. (Abstr.) . Sachs, R. 1991, “Stress-adapted Landscapes Save Water, Escape Drought Injury,” Califor- nia Agriculture, 45(6):19-21. Saratoga Horticultural Foundation, 1983, Success List of Water Conserving Plants, San Martin, CA. Schwankl, Hanson, Prichard 1993, Low- Volume Irrigation: a Handbook for Water Managers, University of California Irrigation Program, University of California, Davis. Shuler, 1993, Low Water Use Plants for Cali- fornia and the Southwest, Fisher Books, Tuc- son. Smith, M.N., 1997, A Guide to Ornamental Plants for Coastal California with Cultural Notes, Suncrest Nurseries Inc., Watsonville, CA. Staats, D. and J.E. Klett, 1993, “Evaluation of wa- ter conservation potential of non-turf groundcovers versus Kentucky bluegrass.” Colorado State University, Department of Hor- ticulture. Fort Collins, CO. (unpublished). Sunset Book and Magazine Editors, 1998, Sunset Western Garden Book, Menlo Park, CA. Turner, R.J., Wasson, Ed., 1997, Botanica, My- nah, New York. Woods, 1992, of Perennials, a Gardener’s Guide, Facts on File, New York. Vermeulen, 1998, Cacti, Rebo Productions, Lisse, The Netherlands. 148 ---PAGE BREAK--- 149 University of California Publications ANR# 2975 Beutel, 1977, Saving Water in Home Orchards. 3328 Generalized Plant Climate Map of Califor- nia, 1988. 2149 Gibeault, Meyer, Harivandi, Henry, Cockerham, 1991, Managing Turfgrass During Drought. 21333 Furuta, 1993, Protea Culture. 21405 Gibeault, 1985, Turfgrass Water Con- servation. 2976 Harris, Coppock, 1976, Saving Wa- ter in Landscape Irrigation. 4091 McClintock, and Leiser, 1979, An An- notated Checklist of Woody Ornamental Plants of California, Oregon and Washing- ton. 3276 McClintock, Mathias and Lewis, Ed., 1982, An Annotated Checklist of Or- namental Plants of Coastal Southern Cali- fornia. 21432 Snyder, Harivandi, 1988, Lawn Wa- tering Requirements Along California’s Central Coast. 21426 Snyder, Pruitt, and Shaw, 1987, Determining Daily Reference Evapotrans- piration (ETo). 21491 Snyder, Harivandi, Lanini, 1991, Turfgrass Evaporation Map Central Coast of California. UC Press Hickman, James, Ed., 1993, The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California, University of Cali- fornia Press, Berkeley. Mathias, Mildred, Ed., 1982, Flowering Plants in the Landscape, University of California Press, Berkeley. Other Resources • California Department of Water Resources Office of Water Use Efficiency 901 P Street P. O.Box 942836 Sacramento, California 94236-0001 (916) 651-9676 www.owue.water.ca.gov • California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) California Department of Water Resources Office of Water Use Efficiency P. O. Box 942836 Sacramento, California 94236-0001 (916) 651-7030 www.cimis.water.ca.gov • California Department of Water Resources Information: (800) 272-8869 ---PAGE BREAK--- 150 • Species list on the Internet: www.dpla.water.ca.gov/urban/conservation/ landscape/wucols/wucols.html • Integrated Pest Management www.ipm.ucdavis.edu • University of California Cooperative Extension San Mateo and San Francisco Counties 625 Miramontes Street, Suite 200 Half Moon Bay, California 94019 (650) 726-9059 • UC Cooperative Extension—County Offices (check local phone directory) Additions Additions to the WUCOLS list can be made. Sub- mit species names to: Irrigation Water Needs Project UCCE 625 Miramontes, Suite 200 Half Moon Bay, California 94019 Submitted names will be sent out for evaluation by committee members and additions will be made periodically. Copies of this Guide This Guide is a free publication. Additional copies may be obtained from: Department of Water Resources Bulletins and Reports P. O. Box 942836 Sacramento, California 94236-0001 (916) 653-1097 ---PAGE BREAK--- ---PAGE BREAK---